511:
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341:. Since Cobenzl was not authorised to treat for a separate peace, and Joseph was authorised only to treat with Austria, the negotiations began at a deadlock. Joseph proposed that a secret treaty could be negotiated, with the British being invited to a public conference for appearance's sake only after negotiations had been effectively complete and the treaty publicly signed and all earlier copies burnt, only in March 1801, after the expiration of the Anglo-Austrian alliance. The British, meanwhile, had by 23 November suspended payment of the second installment of the subsidy that they had agreed to pay Austria on 20 June.
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348:. After a rapprochement had been made, Napoleon withdrew the offer to admit a British representative under any circumstances on 7 December. On 3 December, the French had won their victory at Hohenlinden. New instructions reached Cobenzl on 26 December. He was authorised to sign a preliminary separate peace to obtain a general armistice. In fact, an
578:(Final Recess of the Imperial Deputation), the final document that reorganised the Empire, was signed on 25 February 1803. The Recess did far more than simply satisfy the need to compensate the princes, but it fundamentally restructured the Empire by secularising all ecclesiastical states except for the
336:
The peace conference was supposed to open in Lunéville on 7 October, but
Cobenzl did not arrive for over two weeks, and Lord Grenville never appeared. By 25 October, Cobenzl, without instructions, had gone from Lunéville to Paris. He left a week later, the French having failed to separate him from
256:
on 22–24 and 27 July. On 28 July, both signed a preliminary peace, which was mostly a copy of the Treaty of Campo Formio. The main difference was that the House of
Austria was to be indemnified for its losses with territory in Italy, rather than in Germany. On 30 July, Saint-Julien left for Vienna
228:
On 25 December 1799, Bonaparte wrote to
Francis II to propose peace. The imperial response was delayed. On 20 January 1800, Austria and Britain signed a convention of alliance against France. On 25 January, Austria responded negatively to Bonaparte's offer. When Bonaparte renewed his offer after
384:
was indemnified for his losses in Italy, not
Germany. Since the fighting continued in Italy while negotiations were underway at Lunéville, Cobenzl was forced to adjust his demands successively eastward as the French advanced in Italy. By 5 January, he was willing to accept the
574:). France and Russia greatly influenced the negotiations in the Imperial Deputation, with France urging for larger new territories to be formed, which it hoped would later ally with them, and Russia favouring "a more traditional balance". Eventually, the
367:
was a major issue. The terms of Campo Formio were accepted by
Austria for Germany, and only the nature and the methods of compensation for imperial princes losing territory had to be decided. As of 30 December, the emperor was offering to accept the
333:, who was not initially authorised to negotiate apart from the British. The final round of negotiations thus began with a long period during which France and Austria haggled over the terms of negotiating while the armistices lapsed in late November.
300:
dispatched a counterproject to Paris, which contained a proposed naval armistice. The offer was received on 10 September, and
Napoleon extended the armistice one week to consider the proposal, which was rejected. As a result, by the
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464:
The Treaty of Lunéville declared that "there shall be, henceforth and forever, peace, amity, and good understanding" among the parties. The treaty required
Austria to enforce the conditions of the earlier Treaty of Campo Formio.
521:
Those princes who lost territory, including the Grand Duke of
Tuscany and the Duke of Modena, were to be compensated with territory in Germany east of the Rhine. This was to be accomplished largely thought a programme of
3421:
435:
and the expulsion of the Grand Duke of
Tuscany from Italy in return for an armistice in Italy. Since the Armistice of Steyr was expiring, both sides agreed to extend it as well. As a result, Mantua was lost to Austria.
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455:
to make peace for the Empire. Napoleon demanded that
Francis sign on behalf of himself, his own territories and the Holy Roman Empire. The treaty was finally signed at 5:00 in the evening on 9 February 1801.
291:
After the Saint-Julien fiasco, Thugut expressed a desire for Austria and Britain to negotiate together, but Napoleon rejected the idea of a peace conference. Britain, in turn, rejected French proposals for a
329:
as his plenipotentiary for the peace talks in Lunéville. As Lehrbach had signed the Convention of Hohenlinden and caused Thugut's fall, he was unacceptable to the British. He was replaced by
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in Austrian hands. Cobenzl was not aware of that at the time of his sixth official conference with Joseph on 25 January. France demanded the cession of the fortresses of Mantua,
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on 5 August, but his preliminary peace was rejected by the emperor. On 13 August, Duroc was denied a passport and given a letter from Austrian Foreign Minister
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of the United Kingdom of being unable to meet his obligations as an ally. On 31 December, Cobenzl informed the French that he would negotiate without Britain.
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of ecclesiastical principalities as laid out at the Congress of Rastatt. France would supervise the process. Although Austria had been promised the
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Shortly after Duroc had delivered the Austrian response, Saint-Julien was imprisoned and accused of signing a treaty without authorisation.
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to France in exchange for a one-month extension to the armistice. On 25 September, Thugut resigned as Austrian foreign minister.
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his British allies. Cobenzl returned for a meeting with Napoleon before his first negotiation at Lunéville on 9 November with
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on 3 December. Forced to sue for peace, the Austrians signed the Treaty of Lunéville, which largely confirmed the
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to take part in the negotiations although that did not happen. The final week was taken up by the issue of the
302:
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on 20 August. It is thought that his report on the state of the Austrian forces, based on his stay at General
249:
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arrived in Paris on 21 July 1800 and was received with enthusiasm. He met with French Foreign Minister
31:
158:, the Austrian foreign minister. The treaty formally ended Austrian and Imperial participation in the
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lands at Campo Formio, those promises were withdrawn at Lunéville. The Austria acquisition of the
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Marengo, however, the Austrian response was positive. A series of three negotiations followed.
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had already been signed by the commanders in the field on 25 December. On 26 December, the
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280:'s headquarters, influenced Napoleon's decision to launch a new offensive in September.
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The final negotiations concerned mainly boundaries and indemnities in Italy. The
344:
During the negotiations at Lunéville, the French actively sought the alliance of
272:, the architect of the Anglo-Austrian alliance, to Talleyrand. Duroc returned to
4366:
4268:
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3763:
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2232:
2025:
439:
On 1 February, France accepted an Austrian request to allow a representative of
1122:
Das Heilige Römische Reich Deutscher Nation: Vom Ende des Mittelalters bis 1806
261:, although the French had intended for the final treaty to be signed in Paris.
4172:
4011:
3879:
3627:
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1457:
1169:
357:
314:
503:, Lunéville ceded it to France. In another change from Campo Formio, certain
4006:
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2515:
1508:
1125:
1083:
Roberts, L. M. (1901). "The Negotiations Preceding the Peace of Lunéville".
277:
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republics was recognized. The entire left bank of the Rhine, including the
264:
Duroc was not allowed to cross the Austrian lines. Saint-Julian arrived in
1181:
4354:
4349:
4288:
4167:
4041:
2807:
1822:
411:
On 16 January, the Austrian and French commanders in Italy concluded the
142:, who signed on his own behalf as ruler of the hereditary domains of the
1104:
428:
424:
1057:
Reich and Nation: The Holy Roman Empire as Idea and Reality, 1763–1806
626:, Joseph delivered Napoleon's letter renewing his peace offer in June.
590:
was the last major law in the history of the Holy Roman Empire before
570:
The task of compensation was left to an Imperial deputation (German:
546:
432:
416:
390:
265:
1223:
1096:
492:
was also ceded by the Empire, becoming parts of France and the new
3356:
509:
394:
369:
273:
219:
376:) as the boundary of his territory in Italy if he held onto the
4310:
4205:
3395:
2745:
1991:
1350:
1227:
205:
was the sole nation still at war with France for another year.
3422:
François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt
3236:
306:
1068:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
932:
930:
451:
and the Empire. Austria wanted another congress like the
232:
Two armistices preceded the opening of negotiations: the
25:
Treaty of Peace between France and the Emperor of Germany
1010:
1008:
995:
993:
764:
762:
749:
747:
224:
Medallion honouring Napoleon and the Treaty of Lunéville
698:
696:
671:
669:
644:
642:
507:
on the right bank of the Rhine were to be demolished.
305:
of 20 September 1800, Austria ceded the fortresses of
356:
was formed. On 27 December, Francis II informed King
4152:
List of people associated with the French Revolution
4384:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
4160:
3994:
3987:
3872:
3729:
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2413:
2283:
2257:
2174:
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1998:
1943:
1924:
1897:
1834:
1770:
1665:
1598:
1547:
1501:
1474:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
1384:
1357:
1154:
Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire
134:on 9 February 1801. The signatory parties were the
85:
74:
59:
49:
41:
24:
1026:
514:Central Europe from the Peace of Lunéville to the
197:(17 October 1797), which itself had confirmed the
16:1801 Treaty during the War of the Second Coalition
3310:Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen
4485:Peace treaties of the French Revolutionary Wars
1352:Significant civil and political events by year
1239:
8:
4405:
4364:
4340:
4321:
3305:Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick
1085:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
296:. On 7 September, British Foreign Minister,
19:
4307:
4202:
3991:
3509:Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth
3392:
3091:
2765:
2742:
1988:
1347:
1246:
1232:
1224:
1206:French Revolution: Revolutionary campaigns
499:Whereas Campo Formio had not affected the
30:
18:
3774:Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau
3432:Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau
3255:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany
789:
257:accompanied by a French plenipotentiary,
1490:Nationalization of the Church properties
1192:
1059:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
1038:
468:The independence and sovereignty of the
4435:Historiography of the French Revolution
3706:Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville
3417:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
921:
909:
897:
885:
873:
861:
849:
837:
825:
813:
801:
768:
753:
738:
726:
714:
702:
687:
675:
660:
648:
638:
615:
4545:William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville
3442:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
3397:Other significant figures and factions
1014:
999:
254:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord
4500:Treaties of the French First Republic
3489:François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy
3245:James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez
3184:Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
3142:Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth
1622:Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary
7:
3643:Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux
3055:Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno
1842:Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III
1120:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara (2013).
130:) was signed in the Treaty House of
3250:Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth
4505:France–Holy Roman Empire relations
4440:Influence of the French Revolution
4430:Symbolism in the French Revolution
3194:Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen
3155:Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc
1410:Convocation of the Estates General
1147:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
14:
4490:Treaties of the Holy Roman Empire
4082:Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes
3814:Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville
3116:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
2898:François Christophe de Kellermann
2137:Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)
1200:Second League of Armed Neutrality
354:Second League of Armed Neutrality
325:The emperor originally nominated
3809:Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai
3716:Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours
3686:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
3577:Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière
3355:
3320:
3290:
3265:
3222:
3096:
2973:Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise
2754:
1526:Civil Constitution of the Clergy
1180:
1168:
236:(15 June 1800) in Italy and the
105:
92:
4147:Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil
3894:Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne
3819:Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas
3030:Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier
3025:Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer
3005:Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon
2833:Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine
1751:Marie Antoinette is guillotined
1156:. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
563:The treaty was accepted by the
4540:Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
4420:Women in the French Revolution
4022:Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien
3199:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
2863:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
2492:French invasion of Switzerland
1:
4480:1801 in the Holy Roman Empire
4425:Incroyables and merveilleuses
4244:Pierre Claude François Daunou
4032:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
3163:Maximilian Baillet de Latour
3134:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2431:Naval Engagement off Brittany
2184:Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies
2158:Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)
1967:Constitution of the Year VIII
1702:Committee of General Security
1587:National Legislative Assembly
1442:National Constituent Assembly
588:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
576:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
559:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
516:Reichsdeputationshauptschluss
415:, which left the fortress of
4343:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
4137:Charles Alexandre de Calonne
4027:Louis Henri, Prince of Condé
3924:Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte
3824:Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier
3514:Charles Malo François Lameth
3189:Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich
3020:Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr
2963:Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey
2163:Second Battle of Wissembourg
1850:Constitution of the Year III
624:Franz Xaver von Saint-Julien
586:lost their sovereignty. The
185:on 14 June 1800 and then by
4239:Charles-Augustin de Coulomb
3864:Antoine Christophe Saliceti
3799:Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois
3759:Louis Antoine de Saint-Just
3638:Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet
3623:Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve
3618:Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud
3427:Isaac René Guy le Chapelier
3280:William V, Prince of Orange
2150:First Battle of Wissembourg
2107:(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)
1823:Closing of the Jacobin Club
1692:(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)
1649:(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)
1509:Abolition of the Parlements
1482:Women's March on Versailles
208:The Austrians would resume
160:War of the Second Coalition
54:War of the Second Coalition
4566:
4374:French Republican calendar
3929:Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel
3554:Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac
2908:Pierre Choderlos de Laclos
2858:Charles François Dumouriez
2848:Jacques François Dugommier
2662:League of Armed Neutrality
2495:(28 January – 17 May 1798)
2447:Battle of the Bay of Cádiz
2270:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
2249:(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)
1913:Second Congress of Rastatt
1697:Committee of Public Safety
1684:(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)
556:
350:armistice covering Germany
327:Ludwig Conrad von Lehrbach
210:war against France in 1805
166:, as well as the Imperial
4389:Cult of the Supreme Being
4317:
4306:
4212:
4201:
3549:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard
3404:Patriotic Society of 1789
3391:
3207:Karl Philipp Sebottendorf
3129:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg
2741:
2646:Convention of Alessandria
1987:
1932:Law of 22 Floréal Year VI
1393:What Is the Third Estate?
1346:
1261:
1066:Das Alte Reich, 1495–1806
528:Archbishopric of Salzburg
303:Convention of Hohenlinden
270:Johann Amadeus von Thugut
234:Convention of Alessandria
164:French Revolutionary Wars
63:9 February 1801
29:
4495:Napoleonic Wars treaties
4097:Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target
4062:Joséphine de Beauharnais
3944:Stanislas-Marie Maillard
3914:François-Nicolas Vincent
3899:Pierre Gaspard Chaumette
3073:Charles-Alexandre Linois
2968:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
2948:François Séverin Marceau
2928:François Joseph Lefebvre
2823:Jean-Étienne Championnet
2798:Louis-Alexandre Berthier
2793:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2788:Alexandre de Beauharnais
2778:Eustache Charles d'Aoust
2500:French Invasion of Egypt
2378:Second Battle of Bassano
2112:Battle of Kaiserslautern
1886:Conspiracy of the Equals
1579:The Constitution of 1791
1450:Storming of the Bastille
1143:Whaley, Joachim (2012).
1055:Gagliardo, John (1980).
4077:Jacques-Donatien Le Ray
3949:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3909:Antoine-François Momoro
3904:Charles-Philippe Ronsin
3721:François de Neufchâteau
3671:Charles-François Lebrun
3613:Jean Baptiste Treilhard
3494:Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas
3370:Luis Firmin de Carvajal
3176:Rudolf Ritter von Otto
3171:Karl Mack von Leiberich
2803:Jean-Baptiste Bessières
2617:Second Battle of Zurich
2508:Irish Rebellion of 1798
2354:First Battle of Bassano
2192:Second Battle of Boulou
1993:Revolutionary campaigns
1951:Coup of 30 Prairial VII
1866:Council of Five Hundred
1654:First republic declared
1590:(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)
1571:Declaration of Pillnitz
1295:Constitutional monarchy
1064:Gotthard, Axel (2013).
1027:Stollberg-Rilinger 2013
592:its dissolution in 1806
488:, was ceded to France.
250:Joseph von Saint-Julien
150:. The signatories were
4406:
4365:
4341:
4322:
3834:Prieur de la Côte-d'Or
3829:Jean-Pierre-André Amar
3739:Maximilien Robespierre
3572:Jacques Pierre Brissot
3437:Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès
2868:Louis-Charles de Flers
2853:Thomas-Alexandre Dumas
2818:Jean François Carteaux
2593:First Battle of Zurich
2556:(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)
2511:(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)
2471:Treaty of Campo Formio
2217:Glorious First of June
2145:(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)
2104:Expedition to Sardinia
1782:Desmoulins guillotined
1717:Assassination of Marat
1709:Fall of the Girondists
1681:Revolutionary Tribunal
1673:Execution of Louis XVI
1563:Champ de Mars massacre
1466:Abolition of Feudalism
1152:Wilson, Peter (2016).
518:
501:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
449:Left Bank of the Rhine
393:and by 15 January the
365:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
240:(15 July) in Germany.
225:
195:Treaty of Campo Formio
36:Europe after Lunéville
4279:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
3544:Jean-Charles Pichegru
3524:Jean-François Rewbell
3010:Jean-Charles Pichegru
2893:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
2883:Jacques Maurice Hatry
2654:Battle of Hohenlinden
2527:(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)
2362:Battle of Emmendingen
2309:Battle of Castiglione
2196:(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)
2127:Battle of Hondschoote
1798:Thermidorian Reaction
1762:(throughout the year)
1535:Fête de la Fédération
1461:(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)
1445:(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)
1429:(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)
1124:(in German). Munich:
513:
238:Armistice of Parsdorf
223:
191:Battle of Hohenlinden
177:had been defeated by
146:and on behalf of the
100:First French Republic
4510:February 1801 events
4207:Influential thinkers
3954:Jean-François Varlet
3854:Jean-Lambert Tallien
3849:Jean Bon Saint-André
3676:Pierre-Joseph Cambon
3598:Marquis de Condorcet
3447:Nicolas de Condorcet
3212:Dagobert von Wurmser
3045:Louis-Gabriel Suchet
2988:Pierre-Jacques Osten
2903:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
2838:Louis-Nicolas Davout
2828:Chapuis de Tourville
2370:Battle of Schliengen
2317:Battle of Theiningen
2238:Battle of Aldenhoven
2122:Battle of Wattignies
2091:Battle of Neerwinden
1905:Coup of 18 Fructidor
1418:Death of the Dauphin
1209:Treaty of Lunéville
1189:at Wikimedia Commons
604:Oranienstein Letters
584:free imperial cities
486:Austrian Netherlands
413:Armistice of Treviso
4294:Mary Wollstonecraft
4072:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3859:Pierre Louis Prieur
3804:Jean-Henri Voulland
3779:Jacques-Louis David
3711:Jean Joseph Mounier
3412:Jean Sylvain Bailly
3050:Belgrand de Vaubois
2938:Jean-Antoine Marbot
2878:Emmanuel de Grouchy
2683:Treaty of Lunéville
2322:Battle of Neresheim
2267:Siege of Luxembourg
2246:Siege of Luxembourg
2201:Battle of Tourcoing
2132:Siege of Bellegarde
1959:Coup of 18 Brumaire
1871:Council of Ancients
1646:National Convention
1638:September Massacres
1614:Brunswick Manifesto
1606:France declares war
1373:Assembly of Vizille
1187:Treaty of Lunéville
1175:Traité de Lunéville
1041:, pp. 157–159.
987:, pp. 114–115.
963:, pp. 106–108.
951:, pp. 104–105.
924:, pp. 110–114.
912:, pp. 102–103.
580:Electorate of Mainz
553:Imperial deputation
505:imperial fortresses
453:Congress of Rastatt
389:, by 9 January the
124:Treaty of Lunéville
21:
20:Treaty of Lunéville
4525:Cisalpine Republic
4132:Loménie de Brienne
4107:Madame de Lamballe
4042:Napoléon Bonaparte
3839:Prieur de la Marne
3754:Camille Desmoulins
3608:Marie Jean Hérault
3484:Jean-Sifrein Maury
3479:Arnaud de La Porte
3335:Alexander Korsakov
3121:Count of Clerfayt
3040:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
2953:Auguste de Marmont
2808:Napoléon Bonaparte
2699:Algeciras campaign
2691:Treaty of Florence
2569:Battle of Stockach
2402:Ireland expedition
2386:Battle of Calliano
2346:Battle of Rovereto
2338:Battle of Würzburg
1790:Law of 22 Prairial
1759:Anti-clerical laws
1734:The Death of Marat
1555:Flight to Varennes
1216:Treaty of Florence
840:, pp. 73, 92.
519:
331:Ludwig von Cobenzl
226:
201:(April 1797). The
187:Jean Victor Moreau
179:Napoleon Bonaparte
156:Ludwig von Cobenzl
128:Peace of Lunéville
4530:Helvetic Republic
4520:Batavian Republic
4515:Ligurian Republic
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4331:Cockade of France
4302:
4301:
4264:Antoine Lavoisier
4254:Benjamin Franklin
4234:Anacharsis Cloots
4197:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4117:Louis de Breteuil
3959:Theophile Leclerc
3387:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3340:Alexander Suvorov
3081:
3080:
3015:Józef Poniatowski
2933:Étienne Macdonald
2737:
2736:
2638:Battle of Marengo
2601:Battle of Trebbia
2585:Battle of Cassano
2577:Battle of Magnano
2561:Battle of Ostrach
2463:Battle of Neuwied
2225:Battle of Fleurus
2209:Battle of Tournay
2086:War in the Vendée
2022:Royalist Revolts
1983:
1982:
1540:
1516:Abolition of the
1434:Tennis Court Oath
1426:National Assembly
1255:French Revolution
1222:
1221:
1212:Succeeded by
1185:Media related to
1173:The full text of
1135:978-3-406-72247-9
1075:978-3-534-25929-8
816:, pp. 89–90.
804:, pp. 84–86.
729:, pp. 76–77.
717:, pp. 74–75.
543:Venetian Dalmatia
372:(rather than the
183:Battle of Marengo
148:Holy Roman Empire
120:
119:
113:Holy Roman Empire
4557:
4550:Joseph Bonaparte
4535:French Consulate
4411:
4399:Temple of Reason
4370:
4346:
4327:
4308:
4259:Thomas Jefferson
4203:
4122:de Chateaubriand
4052:Joseph Bonaparte
4047:Lucien Bonaparte
4037:Marie Antoinette
3992:
3979:Sylvain Maréchal
3934:François Hanriot
3769:Louis Philippe I
3696:Louis Philippe I
3691:Philippe Égalité
3633:Olympe de Gouges
3603:Charlotte Corday
3593:Étienne Clavière
3393:
3375:Antonio Ricardos
3360:
3359:
3345:Andrei Rosenberg
3325:
3324:
3295:
3294:
3270:
3269:
3240:Ralph Abercromby
3227:
3226:
3202:
3179:
3166:
3158:
3150:
3137:
3124:
3101:
3100:
3092:
2996:
2943:Marcellin Marbot
2766:
2759:
2758:
2747:Military leaders
2743:
2730:
2722:
2718:Treaty of Amiens
2703:
2695:
2687:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2621:
2620:(25–26 Sep 1799)
2613:
2605:
2604:(17–20 Jun 1799)
2597:
2589:
2588:(27–28 Apr 1799)
2581:
2573:
2565:
2564:(20–21 Mar 1799)
2557:
2549:
2545:Second Coalition
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2475:
2467:
2459:
2455:Treaty of Leoben
2451:
2443:
2442:(14–15 Jan 1797)
2439:Battle of Rivoli
2435:
2427:
2423:Italian campaign
2406:
2398:
2397:(15–17 Nov 1796)
2394:Battle of Arcole
2390:
2382:
2374:
2366:
2358:
2350:
2342:
2334:
2330:Battle of Amberg
2326:
2313:
2305:
2301:Battle of Lonato
2297:
2293:Italian campaign
2271:
2250:
2242:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2188:
2167:
2166:(26–27 Dec 1793)
2154:
2146:
2108:
2100:
2096:Battle of Famars
2064:
1989:
1971:
1963:
1955:
1936:
1917:
1909:
1890:
1882:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1786:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1658:
1650:
1642:
1634:
1626:
1618:
1610:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1567:
1559:
1558:(20–21 Jun 1791)
1538:
1530:
1522:
1513:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1377:
1369:
1365:Day of the Tiles
1348:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1196:Preceded by
1193:
1184:
1172:
1157:
1148:
1139:
1116:
1079:
1060:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
853:
847:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
787:
772:
766:
757:
751:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
691:
685:
679:
673:
664:
658:
652:
646:
627:
620:
572:Reichsdeputation
494:Italian Republic
407:
339:Joseph Bonaparte
199:Treaty of Leoben
168:Kingdom of Italy
152:Joseph Bonaparte
144:House of Austria
111:
109:
108:
98:
96:
95:
70:
68:
34:
22:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4559:
4558:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4449:
4324:La Marseillaise
4313:
4312:Cultural impact
4298:
4208:
4189:
4156:
4112:Madame du Barry
4102:Catherine Théot
4092:Thérésa Tallien
3983:
3974:Gracchus Babeuf
3919:François Chabot
3876:
3868:
3789:Georges Couthon
3784:Marquis de Sade
3749:Jean-Paul Marat
3725:
3681:Bertrand Barère
3647:
3558:
3539:Boissy d'Anglas
3534:Madame de Staël
3499:Antoine Barnave
3467:
3460:
3451:
3398:
3379:
3354:
3349:
3319:
3314:
3289:
3284:
3264:
3259:
3221:
3216:
3200:
3177:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3111:József Alvinczi
3095:
3077:
3059:
3000:Nicolas Oudinot
2990:
2923:Claude Lecourbe
2918:Charles Leclerc
2813:Guillaume Brune
2783:Pierre Augereau
2753:
2748:
2733:
2728:
2726:Treaty of Paris
2720:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2669:
2664:
2656:
2648:
2640:
2624:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2547:
2531:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2478:
2473:
2465:
2457:
2449:
2441:
2433:
2425:
2409:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2279:
2269:
2253:
2248:
2240:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2186:
2170:
2165:
2152:
2144:
2142:Siege of Toulon
2106:
2098:
2081:First Coalition
2067:
2058:
1994:
1979:
1969:
1961:
1953:
1939:
1934:
1920:
1915:
1907:
1893:
1888:
1880:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1830:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1745:
1743:Law of Suspects
1737:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1691:
1689:Reign of Terror
1683:
1675:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1543:
1528:
1520:
1511:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1469:(4–11 Aug 1789)
1468:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1404:
1402:Réveillon riots
1396:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1353:
1342:
1257:
1252:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1136:
1119:
1097:10.2307/3678081
1082:
1076:
1063:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1006:
998:
991:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
872:
868:
860:
856:
848:
844:
836:
832:
824:
820:
812:
808:
800:
796:
788:
775:
767:
760:
752:
745:
737:
733:
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
694:
686:
682:
674:
667:
659:
655:
647:
640:
636:
631:
630:
622:The brother of
621:
617:
612:
600:
561:
555:
549:was confirmed.
462:
401:
323:
289:
246:
218:
136:French Republic
106:
104:
93:
91:
66:
64:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4563:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4475:1801 in France
4472:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4394:Cult of Reason
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4338:
4336:Flag of France
4333:
4328:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4199:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4142:Jacques Necker
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3996:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3964:Claire Lacombe
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3889:Jacques Hébert
3885:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3744:Georges Danton
3741:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3588:Henri Grégoire
3584:
3579:
3574:
3568:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3529:Camille Jordan
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3468:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3389:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3351:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3231:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3126:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3069:
3067:
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3058:
3057:
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3047:
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3032:
3027:
3022:
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3012:
3007:
3002:
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2920:
2915:
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2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2763:
2750:
2749:
2746:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2696:
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1163:External links
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1087:. New Series.
1080:
1074:
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1044:
1043:
1031:
1029:, p. 113.
1019:
1017:, p. 649.
1004:
1002:, p. 581.
989:
977:
975:, p. 109.
965:
953:
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890:
888:, p. 101.
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790:Gagliardo 1980
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2572:(25 Mar 1799)
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2553:Siege of Acre
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2524:Peasants' War
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1150:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1040:
1039:Gotthard 2013
1035:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
994:
990:
986:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
942:
938:
933:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
911:
906:
903:
899:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
876:, p. 93.
875:
870:
867:
864:, p. 96.
863:
858:
855:
852:, p. 82.
851:
846:
843:
839:
834:
831:
828:, p. 94.
827:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
791:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
774:
771:, p. 83.
770:
765:
763:
759:
756:, p. 80.
755:
750:
748:
744:
741:, p. 75.
740:
735:
732:
728:
723:
720:
716:
711:
708:
705:, p. 60.
704:
699:
697:
693:
690:, p. 47.
689:
684:
681:
678:, p. 59.
677:
672:
670:
666:
663:, p. 58.
662:
657:
654:
651:, p. 54.
650:
645:
643:
639:
633:
625:
619:
616:
609:
605:
602:
601:
597:
595:
593:
589:
585:
582:. Almost all
581:
577:
573:
568:
566:
565:Imperial Diet
560:
552:
550:
548:
544:
540:
539:
533:
529:
525:
517:
512:
508:
506:
502:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
466:
459:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
405:
400:
399:Fossa Maestra
396:
392:
388:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
334:
332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
295:
286:
284:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
255:
251:
243:
241:
239:
235:
230:
222:
215:
213:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
175:Austrian army
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
114:
103:
101:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
23:
4415:Phrygian cap
4360:Bastille Day
4274:Thomas Paine
4229:Edmund Burke
4224:Beaumarchais
4218:Les Lumières
4216:
4057:Joseph Fesch
3969:Pauline Léon
3939:Jacques Roux
3878:
3462:
2888:Lazare Hoche
2873:Paul Grenier
2843:Louis Desaix
2702:(8 Jul 1801)
2686:(9 Feb 1801)
2682:
2657:(3 Dec 1800)
2580:(5 Apr 1799)
2381:(6 Nov 1796)
2357:(8 Sep 1796)
2349:(4 Sep 1796)
2341:(3 Sep 1796)
2312:(5 Aug 1796)
2241:(2 Oct 1794)
2220:(1 Jun 1794)
1962:(9 Nov 1799)
1908:(4 Sep 1797)
1845:(1 Apr 1795)
1815:White Terror
1808:guillotined
1785:(5 Apr 1794)
1732:
1712:(2 Jun 1793)
1582:(3 Sep 1791)
1533:
1493:(2 Nov 1789)
1485:(5 Oct 1789)
1413:(5 May 1789)
1391:
1368:(7 Jun 1788)
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1214:
1205:
1198:
1153:
1144:
1121:
1088:
1084:
1065:
1056:
1048:Bibliography
1034:
1022:
985:Roberts 1901
980:
973:Roberts 1901
968:
961:Roberts 1901
956:
949:Roberts 1901
944:
937:Roberts 1901
922:Roberts 1901
917:
910:Roberts 1901
905:
898:Roberts 1901
893:
886:Roberts 1901
881:
874:Roberts 1901
869:
862:Roberts 1901
857:
850:Roberts 1901
845:
838:Roberts 1901
833:
826:Roberts 1901
821:
814:Roberts 1901
809:
802:Roberts 1901
797:
769:Roberts 1901
754:Roberts 1901
739:Roberts 1901
734:
727:Roberts 1901
722:
715:Roberts 1901
710:
703:Roberts 1901
688:Roberts 1901
683:
676:Roberts 1901
661:Roberts 1901
656:
649:Roberts 1901
618:
587:
575:
571:
569:
567:on 7 March.
562:
537:
520:
515:
498:
467:
463:
438:
410:
362:
343:
335:
324:
311:Philippsburg
290:
287:Second round
282:
263:
259:Géraud Duroc
247:
231:
227:
216:Negotiations
207:
172:
138:and Emperor
127:
123:
121:
45:Peace treaty
4284:Abbé Sieyès
4269:Montesquieu
4185:Social Club
4127:Jean Chouan
4017:Louis XVIII
3794:Roger Ducos
3764:Paul Barras
3731:Montagnards
3661:Abbé Sieyès
3464:monarchiens
3272:Netherlands
3201:(Hungarian)
3149:(Hungarian)
3065:French Navy
2991: [
2913:Jean Lannes
2770:French Army
2548:(1798–1802)
2519:(1798–1800)
2503:(1798–1801)
2233:Chouannerie
2194:(Pyrenees)
2059: [
2026:Chouannerie
1818:(Fall 1794)
1806:Robespierre
1015:Wilson 2016
1000:Whaley 2012
545:and all of
402: [
321:Final round
244:First round
86:Signatories
4464:Categories
4173:Cordeliers
4087:Talleyrand
4012:Louis XVII
3874:Hébertists
3628:Jean Debry
3458:Feuillants
3087:Opposition
2983:Michel Ney
2405:(Dec 1796)
2013:Thionville
1916:(Dec 1797)
1889:(May 1796)
1881:5 Oct 1795
1858:Directoire
1738:(painting)
1641:(Sep 1792)
1625:(Jun 1792)
1458:Great Fear
1397:(Jan 1789)
1288:Revolution
1091:: 47–130.
634:References
538:Terraferma
380:, and the
358:George III
315:Ingolstadt
154:and Count
140:Francis II
67:1801-02-09
4007:Louis XVI
4002:Charles X
3653:The Plain
3564:Girondins
3504:Lafayette
3165:(Walloon)
3147:Pál Kray
3123:(Walloon)
2665:(1800–02)
2516:Quasi-War
1975:Consulate
1861:(1795–99)
1316:Consulate
1309:Directory
1126:C.H. Beck
1113:154711492
536:Venetian
530:and some
470:Cisalpine
421:Peschiera
378:Legations
278:Paul Kray
132:Lunéville
79:Lunéville
4367:Panthéon
4355:Muscadin
4350:Marianne
4289:Voltaire
4168:Jacobins
4161:Factions
3701:Mirabeau
3157:(French)
2051:Jemappes
2035:Dauphiné
1518:Nobility
1330:Journals
1323:Glossary
1302:Republic
1274:Timeline
598:See also
532:Bavarian
482:Helvetic
478:Batavian
474:Ligurian
397:and the
162:and the
81:, France
75:Location
4249:Diderot
3995:Figures
3880:Enragés
3586:Father
3297:Prussia
3229:Britain
3178:(Saxon)
3136:(Swiss)
3103:Austria
1105:3678081
429:Ferrara
425:Legnano
189:at the
181:at the
65: (
50:Context
3988:Others
3327:Russia
2761:France
2426:(1797)
2296:(1796)
2031:Vendée
2008:Verdun
1835:1795–6
1778:Danton
1337:Museum
1267:Causes
1132:
1111:
1103:
1072:
547:Istria
445:Sicily
441:Naples
433:Ancona
417:Mantua
391:Mincio
387:Chiese
346:Russia
266:Vienna
248:Count
110:
97:
60:Signed
4445:Films
3362:Spain
2995:]
2063:]
2056:Namur
2041:Lille
2018:Valmy
1109:S2CID
1101:JSTOR
610:Notes
460:Terms
406:]
395:Adige
370:Oglio
274:Paris
3877:and
3461:and
2711:1802
2675:1801
2630:1800
2537:1799
2484:1798
2415:1797
2285:1796
2259:1795
2176:1794
2073:1793
2000:1792
1944:1799
1925:1798
1898:1797
1780:and
1771:1794
1666:1793
1599:1792
1548:1791
1502:1790
1385:1789
1358:1788
1130:ISBN
1070:ISBN
480:and
443:and
431:and
374:Adda
313:and
173:The
126:(or
122:The
42:Type
3237:Sir
1093:doi
307:Ulm
4466::
2993:fr
2061:fr
1128:.
1107:.
1099:.
1089:15
1007:^
992:^
929:^
776:^
761:^
746:^
695:^
668:^
641:^
594:.
541:,
496:.
476:,
472:,
427:,
423:,
408:.
404:it
309:,
212:.
170:.
1247:e
1240:t
1233:v
1138:.
1115:.
1095::
1078:.
69:)
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