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the
Ottoman court. Moreover, he called for another war to reclaim land lost to Russia in the Great Northern War and harsher treaty stipulations on Peter the Great. Particularly, he sent General Stanislaw Poniatowski with the Ottoman forces in an attempt to influence the eventual treaty. He was however, sent away from the negotiations for his aggressive and war mongering negotiating tactics. After the General was sent away, he was ordered to write a strong letter of complaint to the Swedish ambassador to the Sultan Thomas Funck, dated 29 August 1711. Increasing tensions between the Grand Vizier Baltaci Mehmet Pasha and King Charles XII forced the monarch to command another letter of complaint dated 4 October 1711. This letter detailed the true nature of the peace terms to the Sultan for the first time, and combined with complaints from Devlet II Giray to the Sublime Porte regarding the Grand Vizier's weak negotiating and his ill treatment of the Crimean Khan saw the downfall of Baltaci Mehmet Pasha and the return of open hostility with the Russian Tsardom.
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265:, father of the last Polish King, was sent to Constantinople by King Charles XII as his envoy after it became clear to the monarch that he would have no safe passage through Poland back to Sweden to continue the Great Northern War. In his role as envoy, the General was to accomplish the following tasks: (i) to work for the deposition of the Grand Vizier Tchorlulu Ali Pasha, who was considered friendly to the Russians, (ii) to prepare the foundations of a Turkish-Swedish alliance (directed against Russia), (iii) to bring Turkey into a war against Russia; (iv) to prevent the recognition of
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conflict was declared, although there was no military action and the conflict was resolved through the
Russian ambassadors in Constantinople. The Turks declared war on Russia again on 31 October 1712 and 13 April 1713 although the conflicts followed similarly to the first, and no military action was conducted. Skilled ambassadors in Constantinople avoided large scale war and the events culminated in the signing of the
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engagement on small pieces of paper and dated it 1710 rather than 1711. His letters were delivered to the
Swedish Monarch by Captain Busquet and the King tried in vain to make it to the negotiations, favouring a renewed Ottoman campaign to capture Kiev and Ukraine. During the engagement, Ottoman forces surrounded and cut off the large Russian army, leading to their eventual surrender on 22 July.
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obligations. Both Peter P. Shafirov and M.M Sheremetev hoped to leave the
Ottoman Empire following the letters of ratification, but were held against their will by the Turks until the border commission had been completed. The two remained in Istanbul for several years, and acted as diplomats and negotiators on behalf of Peter the Great. They were both imprisoned for as long as 6 months in the
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507:. Both empires were forbidden from constructing fortresses across their extensive borders. However, the issue of Russian access to the Black Sea remained a critical and longstanding issue. The border established after the work of both border commissions in 1714 was once again confirmed in the eternal Peace
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The
Russians also lost the right to a permanent ambassador in the Ottoman Porte. Upon the signing of the Peace Treaty, Peter P. Shafirov and M.M. Sheremetev (the son of the Field Marshall General), were taken to Constantinople, where they were to remain until the full implementation by Russia of its
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The decisive moment of the campaign was the four-day Battle of Stănilești, which began on 18 July 1711. The two armies engaged on the floodplains of the Pruth River in an unprepared battle. The battle was so unexpected that
General Stanislaw Poniatowski hurriedly wrote to King Charles XII during the
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drew the Porte's attention to a potential campaign of religious and political propaganda by
Russian agents amongst Ottoman Christians to successfully convince the Sultan to not reinstate a Russian ambassador and embassy, and to instead maintain diplomats who could be imprisoned in times of war with
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in 1713. The Treaty confirmed the stipulations agreed upon by the Treaty of the Pruth and added a special clause to deliminate the borders between the two states. The Treaty of
Adrianople saw the area surrounding Azov completely returned to the Turks, while Peter the Great 'took his hand away' from
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Within the
Ottoman Empire, the treaty was received relatively positively. A protracted war with Russia was not considered favourable and would have been a large scale and relatively unsustainable conflict. The influence of Swedish King Charles XII was significant however and he continued to live in
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Whilst the Treaty ended the immediate military conflict, the larger geopolitical conflict was still very active. The expansion of Russia into the Caucus and
Ukraine regions threatened Ottoman control in these areas. Over the next two years, several wars were declared. On 9 December 1711, a new
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The Russian army was fully surrounded by 22 July, leading Peter to open peace negotiations with Grand Vizier Baltaci Memhet Pasha. The situation that arose gave the Ottomans a dominant negotiating position, which was further aggravated by the calls for harsher terms by General
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Despite repetitive calls from Russia to extradite King Charles, the Ottoman Court refused. These repetitive calls and aggressive diplomacy on behalf of King Charles XII lead the Ottomans to declare war on Russia on 20 November 1710. Concurrently, Russia and Moldavia (now
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to negotiate peace with the Turks. In his diploma of authorisation is written: "Whatever Our Vice-Chancellor will generate and decide, that will be strong and indisputable." In his instruction, Peter the Great emphasised his willingness to cede to the
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Notably, Charles was not present in the Ottoman camp, despite being one of the principal reasons why the two empires were at war. Instead, Charles sent General Stanislaw Poniatowski as the emissary of both King Charles of Sweden and then former King
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The Ottomans also demanded the return of Dimitrie Cantemir, the exiled Voivode of Moldavia. Although Peter the Great agreed to all other demands, he refused to return Cantemir, on the basis that Cantemir had fled his camp.
320:. The campaign was ill-prepared and lacked proper planning and logistic support, and although the Russian army was large and well equipped, it was outmanoeuvred by a 70,000 strong Ottoman army under the command of
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throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Sweden’s aggressive expansion in Scandinavia forced a coalition of Eastern European nations to form and contain them, including the Tsardom of Russia. After defeat at the
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of Poland, who had been exiled after the defeat of Charles at the Battle of Poltava. Poniatowski sent several letters from the Ottoman camp back to Charles who was at this point residing in
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argued for harsher terms of surrender on the surrounded Russian army. His reasons for harsher terms were motivated by the increasing threat a united and Imperial Russia posed on the
522:, which had significant vested trading interest in the east had become increasingly worried about the influence of the Russian Navy on their Eastern profits. The English ambassador
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Although Field Marshal Boris Sheremetev was nominally in charge of the Russian Forces, Peter the Great was supreme military commander, and ordered his Vice Chancellor, Baron
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prison and were eager to return home, using every opportunity available to speak with both Ottoman and Russian diplomats to hurry the peace process.
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for merchants to trade in and make profit in Ottoman ports. This enabled the English Levant Company to retain successful trading operations.
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in the summer of 1711, utilising Moldavian support and military access. The army was led by Peter the Great and
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mountain range. Together with the exiled King Charles XII of Sweden, he desired a reduced Russian presence in
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and Crimean regions, as well as the return of King Charles to Sweden to continue the Great Northern War.
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to the Ottoman Empire. The fortress was taken from the Ottomans in 1700 through the signing of the
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Leezenberg, Michael (2015). "The Oriental Origins of Orientalism: The Case of Dimitrie Cantemir".
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Russia. This was a successful smear campaign that prevented Russian merchants from obtaining
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Tolan, John; Veinstein, Gilles; Laurens, Henry; Esposito, John L; Todd, Jane Marie (2012).
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that the issue was resolved and the borders between the two empires were finally settled.
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in the summer of 1709 and his retreat into the Ottoman Empire. In February 1710, General
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and attempted to invade Ottoman occupied Moldavian with the support of exiled ruler (
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Moreover, terms of the treaty included an end to Russian political influence in the
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There were several major influences during the peace negotiations. The Crimean Khan
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The indirect causes of the war can be attributed to the aggressive expansion of the
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Miller, W (1901). "Europe and the Ottoman Power Before the 19th Century".
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The treaty primarily stipulated the return of the strategic fortress of
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
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erupted as a direct result of the defeat of King Charles XII at the
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Kurat, A.N (1947). "Letters of Poniatowski on the Pruth Campaign".
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In England, the treaty was received relatively well. The English
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in 1700. Peter the Great was also willing to cede to the Swedes
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Subtelny, Orest (1979). "The Ukrainian - Crimean Treaty 1711".
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and several Russian fortresses were to be demolished, and the
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194:. The treaty was a political victory for the Ottoman Empire.
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Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century
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and (vi) to arrange a money loan from the Sublime Porte.
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Ukraine and Zaporizhian Sich on the right bank of the
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451:) as well as Kamenny Zaton (Rocky Backwater, today
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391:and continued Russian expansion south towards the
209:pledged to stop interfering in the affairs of the
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711:. Princeton University Press. pp. 206–254.
686:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 243–264.
301:A Russian army of 80,000 men advanced down the
297:Contemporary drawing of the Prut River Campaign
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581:"Russian Empire | History, Facts, & Map"
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356:the territories and fortresses won in the
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642:. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 121–132.
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
372:, and other provinces, and to recognise
40:This article includes a list of general
709:Europe and the Islamic World: A History
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733:"Swedish Diplomats in Ottoman Empire"
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360:of 1695-1696 and confirmed by the
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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475:Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth
447:), Novobogoroditskaya Fortress (
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1430:Anglo-Ottoman Convention (1913)
234:in 1700, Russia was invaded by
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1381:Brussels Conference Act (1890)
988:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
211:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
188:Russo-Turkish War of 1710–1711
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758:The English Historical Review
640:Bordering Early Modern Europe
684:The Making of the Humanities
671:: 808–817 – via JSTOR.
620:: 238–258 – via JSTOR.
415:with a significant retinue.
186:on 23 July 1711 ending the
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638:Bazarova, Tatiana (2015).
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190:with the assistance of
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1410:Ouchy (1912)
1336:Paris (1856)
1271:Çanak (1809)
1266:Paris (1802)
1251:Tunis (1797)
1241:Jassy (1792)
1172:Pruth (1711)
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1123:Zuhab (1639)
1113:Serav (1618)
1108:Busza (1617)
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178:between the
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120:23 July 1711
112:21 July 1711
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1405:Daan (1911)
1398:(1908–1922)
1229:(1789–1908)
1165:(1703–1789)
1081:(1566–1703)
1032:(1453–1566)
998:(1299–1453)
813:(1700–1721)
764:: 452–471.
738:16 November
590:10 November
376:as King of
303:Pruth River
267:Augustus II
139:Negotiators
67:August 2021
59:introducing
1519:Categories
1202:Niş (1739)
1163:Old Regime
913:Greifswald
893:Adrianople
868:Copenhagen
535:References
275:Ahemet III
221:Background
129:Prut River
42:references
940:Campaigns
923:Stockholm
833:Travendal
489:Reactions
468:Yedikule
393:Caucasus
315:Moldavia
203:Taganrog
182:and the
133:Moldavia
125:Location
903:Stettin
898:Schwedt
873:Hanover
858:Dresden
828:Dresden
505:Dnieper
397:Ukraine
366:Livonia
311:Voivode
283:Moldova
154:Parties
109:Drafted
55:improve
928:Nystad
908:Berlin
843:Warsaw
715:
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445:Dnipro
413:Bender
378:Poland
117:Signed
44:, but
888:Pruth
883:Lutsk
863:Thorn
838:Narva
370:Pskov
313:) of
1396:Fall
996:Rise
740:2020
713:ISBN
688:ISBN
644:ISBN
592:2020
425:Azov
253:The
207:Tsar
176:Prut
170:The
766:doi
669:3/4
1521::
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