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145:, and a particular foreign policy. This involved diplomacy between Turkey with mutually beneficial trade, and established diplomatic ties between nations. Turkish diplomats were specifically concerned with the security and protection of Turkey's sovereign borders, including Turkey's southern border to the
321:
The treaty's impact is not considered greatly significant, but it did play a part in establishing diplomatic channels between the modern day countries of the Middle East and was hoped to set a framework of security between minor nations at the time, and contributed to the neutrality of the four
157:. Turkey hoped just as the Balkan Pact established friendly relations with European neighboring countries, that a similar treaty or alliance could establish friendly relations with neighboring Middle-Eastern states, as good diplomacy was already underway between Turkey, Iraq and Iran.
266:
many networks of diplomacy formed as a result of the League of
Nations platform for dialogue; this was one of the contributing factors of the betterment of relations between Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan in the Treaty of
192:. Zahir Shah advocated for better Middle Eastern ties and a better cooperation in the Middle East. All four nations – Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan were fearful of the encroaching colonial states, mainly the
313:
In 1943, the treaty was automatically extended for a further five years, because none of the signatories had renounced it. After the end of the extended treaty term, the pact officially ended.
100:
In 1943, the treaty was automatically extended for a further five years because none of the signatories had renounced it. After the end of the extended treaty term, the pact officially ended.
89:. They were therefore interested in diplomacy with Iraq's eastern, non-Arab neighbours. Turkey sought friendly relations with its neighbours and was still recovering from its defeat in
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toward one another, meaning Iraq, Turkey, Iran and
Afghanistan declared that they would not act aggressively to one another and work on the betterment of their relations.
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The Treaty was signed on July 8, 1937, and later ratified on June 25, 1938. The treaty's name is eponymous to the palace it was signed and ratified in the
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of
Afghanistan. Ratifications were exchanged in Tehran on June 25, 1938, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in the
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129:(nicknamed Atatürk, meaning 'Father of the Turks') rose as the predominant figure in the politics of the fallen Turkish empire. Under Atatürk,
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in the North, it seemed that the uniting of Middle
Eastern non-colonial states was the biggest priority to avoid an invasion similar to the
294:, Iran. Not much is known about the treaty, due to many historians considering it insignificant in comparison to other world events in the
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262:, and advocated for dialogue and diplomatic negotiations and relations between nations to avoid a repeat of the war. During the
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121:, the Middle East saw the creation of several new independent states, one of the most significant of these being the
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874:"Turkey's Historical Involvement in Middle Eastern Alliances: Saadabad Pact, Baghdad Pact, and Phantom Pact"
656:"Turkey's Historical Involvement in Middle Eastern Alliances: Saadabad Pact, Baghdad Pact, and Phantom Pact"
239:. All these factors contributed to the need of a document to collect non-colonial Middle Eastern interests.
138:
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149:. Atatürk's administration would attempt to establish friendly relations with all bordering countries. In
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The rise of der Führer: the sociopolitical environment of interwar period
Germany and the Hitler cult
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military government of 1936–1937 was less Arab nationalist than other Iraqi governments. Sidqi was a
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209:
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134:
56:
28:
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Warlords and
Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911–1949
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and was part of an initiative for greater Middle
Eastern-oriental relations spearheaded by King
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Iraqi Arab
Nationalism: Authoritarian, Totalitarian and Pro-Fascist Inclinations, 1932–1941
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36:
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477:, There is an event called the Saadabad Pact, and a focus in the Turkish focus tree.
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686:"Pact of Balkan Agreement Between Yugoslavia, Greece, Romania, and Turkey"
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was established on 10 January 1920. It was founded in the aftermath of
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220:. With majority of the Middle East under colonial subjugation and the
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on July 8, 1937, and lasted for five years. The treaty was signed in
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574:
The
Turkish War of Independence: A Military History, 1919–1923
841:
Cornell, Agnes; Moller, Jorgen; Skaaning, Svend-Erik (2017).
831:(Doctoral dissertation, Southern New Hampshire University).
599:"İşte Atatürk | Atatürk Hakkında Bilmek İstediğiniz Herşey"
302:
in
Germany. The Saadabad Treaty officially was signed as a
16:
1937 treaty between Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Afghanistan
692:. 2005. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014
277:
in Tehran, Iran. The signing place of the treaty/pact.
184:, and other Muslim Chinese Turkic groups, such as the
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Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support
133:
was officially established with Atatürk as its first
1090:
1031:
982:
D. Cameron Watt: "The Saadabad Pact of 8 July 1937"
137:. Atatürk's reign as president of Turkey saw many
153:, Turkey was able to do this by partaking in the
624:A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010).
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8:
779:"The Appeal of Communism in the Middle East"
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501:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
843:"The Real Lessons of the Interwar Years"
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335:Signatories of the Saadabad Pact/Treaty
1218:Treaties of the Kingdom of Afghanistan
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324:Middle Eastern theater of World War II
251:Establishment of the League of Nations
109:Atatürk and the Turkish Foreign Policy
726:"The King of Afghanistan - Telegraph"
169:Mohammed Zahir Shah at a younger age.
161:Zahir Shah's Middle Eastern Diplomacy
7:
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1127:German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship
125:. A devout Turkish statesman named
1102:Greco-Turkish Friendship Agreement
627:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
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1213:Treaties of the Kingdom of Iraq
1043:Treaty of Alexandropol (Gyumri)
816:League of Nations Treaty Series
534:League of Nations Treaty Series
282:Treaty signing and ratification
1172:Treaties of the Ottoman Empire
925:10.1002/9781444338232.wbeow023
911:Hughes, Matthew (2011-11-13).
93:and the costly victory in the
1:
750:Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986).
654:Volk, Thomas (January 2013).
577:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
497:"The role of the middle east"
182:First East Turkestan Republic
141:, such as Industrialization,
1263:Afghanistan–Turkey relations
1132:Zürich and London Agreements
728:. 2008-03-30. Archived from
571:Erickson, Edward J. (2021).
872:Volk, Thomas (2013-07-01).
777:Laqueur, Walter Z. (1955).
495:Sykes, Percy (1941-01-01).
246:The League of Nations' Flag
95:Turkish War of Independence
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1258:Afghanistan–Iraq relations
1253:Afghanistan–Iran relations
1193:Treaties concluded in 1937
953:Paradox Interactive Forums
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710:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
513:10.1080/03068374108730994
1248:Interwar-period treaties
1208:Treaties of Pahlavi Iran
913:"Anglo-Iraqi War (1941)"
81:and his prime minister,
1107:Treaty of Ankara (1926)
1063:Treaty of Ankara (1921)
917:The Encyclopedia of War
630:. Infobase Publishing.
1198:20th century in Tehran
890:10.3917/eufor.367.0011
827:Hollaway, A.P., 2018.
818:, vol. 190, pp. 22–27.
668:10.3917/eufor.367.0011
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878:L'Europe en Formation
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660:L'Europe en Formation
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1243:Non-aggression pacts
1068:Armistice of Mudanya
1048:Cilicia Peace Treaty
847:Journal of Democracy
546:Wien, Peter (2008).
423:Mohammed Zahir Shah
330:government in Iraq.
1268:Iran–Iraq relations
1238:1937 in Afghanistan
1117:Montreux Convention
1035:War of Independence
783:Middle East Journal
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304:non-aggression pact
275:The Saadabad Palace
178:king of Afghanistan
174:Mohammed Zahir Shah
127:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
73:, the left-leaning
57:Mohammed Zahir Shah
29:non-aggression pact
1203:Treaties of Turkey
1122:Treaty of Saadabad
1092:After Proclamation
1073:Treaty of Lausanne
1025:Treaties of Turkey
977:Text of the treaty
468:In popular culture
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21:Treaty of Saadabad
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763:978-0-521-25514-1
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884:(1): 11–30.
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730:the original
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605:(in Turkish)
603:İşte Atatürk
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222:'red threat'
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1112:Balkan Pact
367:Afghanistan
260:World War I
237:World War I
176:, the last
155:Balkan Pact
147:Middle East
91:World War I
45:Afghanistan
1187:Categories
1033:During the
959:2024-01-13
736:2024-01-13
672:Cairn.info
609:13 January
482:References
113:After the
104:Background
75:Bakr Sidqi
31:signed by
898:0014-2808
795:0026-3141
521:0035-8789
267:Saadabad.
226:communist
210:Palestine
135:President
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218:Yemen
206:India
198:Syria
929:ISBN
894:ISSN
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712:link
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362:Iraq
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216:and
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