588:, allowing Mieszko to take advantage of the many military and political resources of the German Empire, an action that would have been inconceivable prior to conversion. But this alliance was short-lived due to the many conflicting interests of the two empires. After many years of testing his abilities, Mieszko learned his place when he married the German princess Oda in 980, solidifying his alliance with the German Empire. This would lead to the earliest mention of Polish intervention in Silesia when Mieszko used his roughly 3,000 soldiers to annex Silesia, reclaiming the land from Bohemia. This gives some insight into the struggle over the territory, even in the earlier times of the Middle Ages.
525:(1172 - 1196), historians have been able to form an educated hypothesis about the events in the Carpathian basin. However, there has been an interpretation compiled by a number of historians that starts with the Bulgaro-Frankish alliance in 892. This was short lived when Khan Simeon took the throne of Bulgaria in 893, ending the alliance. Bulgaria found new allies in the form of the Moravian kingdom the same year. Hungarians are recorded as the attackers of both the Moravians and Bulgarians. This holds great historical significance as the first large-scale attack led by Hungarians in Western Europe.
666:
his time of need. But this support first came from
Charles. Starting in 1306, he provided arms to Wladislas Lokietek, future King of Poland. This alliance remained very strong from that point on. Charles would also send troops to support Casimir III when he was fighting back against the Teutonic Order. This alliance eventually led to the events in 1335. In August of that year, with the support of King John of Bohemia, Charles was able to maintain Silesia with the signing of the Treaty of Trencin.
124:
226:
147:
63:
533:. The formation of this alliance provided some of the most detailed pieces of information regarding the foreign policy of Hungary and the internal affairs of Central Europe. The occurrence of Christianization in Hungary is crucial to understanding the events preceding the Treaty of Trencin. At end of the 13th century, Hungary would experience one of the greatest power struggles in the kingdom's history. After the death of
641:
732:
135:
603:. This led to the exile of Wladyslaw from both Poland and the duchy of Silesia (inherited from his father) in 1146. The consequences of these actions would create instability in the relations between the elder and younger generations of the Piast dynasty. About 60 years later, Silesia looked very different than in the time of
665:
Rivers occupied by the
Austrians. After successfully diminishing a number of Habsburg provinces, Charles would soon find himself lacking allies. North was where he looked for allies, finding them easily. The Piast dynasty in Poland and the Luxembourgs in Bohemia would give him constant support during
528:
In the many years following the occupation of the
Carpathian basin, the kingdom of Hungary underwent several societal changes. Keeping it brief, an evolution from barbarianism to Christianity was one of the most significant changes. This transition even led to a close relationship between Hungary and
477:
When looking at the history preceding the Treaty of
Trencin, it lines up with the history of the three kingdoms involved in the signing of the treaty. The issues addressed and remedied in the treaty all directly relate to the kingdoms themselves. In order to have a better understanding of what each
626:
by 1311. His alliance with the
Teutonic Knights would diminish about a decade before his death on March 2, 1333. It was at this time that Casimir III would take the throne. In an attempt to establish stability within Poland, Casimir renewed the truce with the knights, setting up his rule only two
673:
and settled the rising conflict with King John of
Bohemia by the provisory Trentschin treaty on St Bartholomew's Day 1335. The representatives of the Polish king, in perpetuity, renounced all claims to Silesia in favour of Bohemia while King John and his son Charles in turn finally waived their
652:
people, a small kingdom that held territory at the time in
Central Europe. This had helped Charles maintain his defense against the Germans and Hungarians. However, after this time, the status of their alliance saw a rapid decline. For a few years, Charles participated in petty feuds with the
607:. Many towns had been established, most of which were governed by Germans. A majority of these towns spoke German and practiced German mannerisms. This would be the case until the end of the Middle Ages when Polish would again become the dominant language amongst commoners.
468:
origin, these Slavs played a crucial part in the disruption of the Franks. While these Slavic people often sought to benefit from
Frankish support, they also rejected Frankish dominance. They craved independence, desiring to break free from the chains of taxation.
460:. By installing client dukes in certain areas of their Empire, the Franks quickly became a commanding force in the region. But the Frankish kingdom did not stand unopposed. According to historians, a certain variety of Slavic people were gaining notoriety in the
595:, another term for territories in possession of royalty. This trend continued through 1288 in which seventeen duchies were established. Ten of these territories were in Silesia, further stressing its importance in Polish history. Following his death,
516:
After a long period of raids and battles led against a number of kingdoms, Hungarians decided to pursue a greater purpose. Starting in 894, the
Hungarian people would come to occupy the Carpathian basin. This occupation is better known as
367:, the last Přemyslid ruler, was murdered the following year. The Polish sovereignty turned to the Piast dynasty again when Władysław I, the elbow-high, began to unite the kingdom under his rule. Wenceslaus' successors in Bohemia,
569:”. However, a phrase more commonly found in medieval Polish sources is “duces et principes Poloniae” or “the dukes and princes of Poland”. Regardless, Piast Poland would come to be the accepted nomenclature. In 965,
549:, Charles would soon become the illegitimate ruler of Hungary. Many barons believed this appointment was blasphemy. In August of the same year, the barons would succeed in removing Charles with the appointment of
490:
for quite a long time. In the late 9th century, these "Pagan
Hungarians" were known for their consistent attacks upon different kingdoms. Most notably among these were the Eastern Franks. According to the
451:
In order to understand the events leading to the Treaty of Trencin, it is crucial to understand the history of the relationship between the Franks and Slavs in Central Europe. Throughout the 9th century,
505:. To the knowledge of many historians, this is the first recorded instance of Hungarian action in Western texts. This conflict with the Frankish people continued in 881 when the Hungarians allied with
618:
in his desire for the throne. This led to conflicts between Lokietek and the German Empire. In 1308 he called upon the Teutonic Knights to help retake the castle of Gdansk from Otto and Waldemar,
348:, who finally had to cede Cracow to the Bohemian king one year later. King Wenceslaus failed at first to gain Polish regality as Przemysł II became High Duke and was crowned in 1295 by Archbishop
1104:
486:
It is well known that the vast majority of Europe in the Middle Ages identified with some denomination of either Christianity or a religious belief. In the case of the Hungarians, they remained
541:
would come to an end. Adverse effects also took place as recognition of Central power would lose nearly all significance. This sent the territories of Hungary into a frenzy. However, in 1301,
1099:
336:
his vassal. In the renewed struggle over the Polish Seniorate Province upon the sudden death of Duke Henry IV in 1290, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia forged an alliance with Casimir's brother
328:
as Polish high duke in 1288. Because the Polish sovereignty was weakening, the occasion arose for the Přemyslids to, once again, expand their sphere of influence into Silesia. In 1289 King
513:
in a series of two battles against the Franks. However, following a change of heart in 892, Franks and Hungarians would partner to defeat Svatopluk, a former ally of Hungary.
375:
also claimed the title of a Polish king but could not prevail. While Władysław was crowned king in 1320, the Bohemian aspirations to power rose again in 1310. Count
669:
In 1333 the Polish king Władysław was succeeded by his son Casimir III. He was prepared to compromise. Casimir III resorted to sue the Teutonic Order at the
1109:
518:
545:
would be crowned. His inheritance of the throne would be the first in Hungarian history to be conducted by election over actual inheritance. Backed by
356:
in 1079. When Przemysł II was killed in 1296, Wenceslaus II again took the chance to assume the title of a High Duke. He married Przemysł's daughter
772:
428:
440:
258:
521:". Unfortunately, no existing sources contain reliable accounts of The Conquest. Using pieces of novelistic speculation from a former notary of
1089:
1057:
1030:
780:
395:, he had more Silesian dukes swore an oath of allegiance to him against the resistance of King Władysław. In 1327 he vassalized the dukes of
384:
682:
290:
88:
194:
128:
930:
764:
457:
716:
711:
remained the only Silesian duke, who was not content to accept Bohemian overlordship. However, he had no male heirs and his niece
341:
831:
274:
254:
962:
744:
694:
174:
879:
851:
675:
242:
214:
380:
611:
674:
claims to the Polish throne derived from the Přemyslids. The agreement was to be confirmed, when the rulers met at the
600:
262:
1084:
865:
The surrender of Silesia by Casimir established a border that remained stable and in effect until after World War I.
357:
210:
353:
812:
584:
to the west. He did so by marrying the daughter of Boleslav I of Bohemia. The next year, Poland would convert to
550:
364:
554:
498:
329:
622:
of Germany. Following this event, the knights would help Lokietek gain control of the vast majority of Polish
604:
596:
250:
1094:
1079:
907:
The tragedy of Silesia, 1945-1946: a documentary account with a special survey of the Archdiocese of Breslau
847:
796:
282:
748:
565:
For most of the Middle Ages, the Polish kingdom would fall under the rule of what modern historians call “
522:
510:
270:
534:
213:
Following the integration of this treaty, the three kingdoms of Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland met at the
166:
110:
855:
424:
808:
715:
married Emperor Charles IV in 1353. He signed an inheritance treaty whereupon the death of his widow
712:
408:
372:
302:
294:
182:
178:
84:
217:
later in 1335 to further discuss the division of land. This congress also made the treaty official.
823:
819:
736:
325:
321:
1004:
Engel, Pal (2001). "Charles I of Anjou (1301-1342): Relations with Austria, Bohemia, and Poland".
874:
760:
708:
702:
615:
614:, former Silesian duke, was able to acquire Hungarian territories thanks to Hungary’s support of
585:
546:
542:
493:
392:
317:
286:
266:
206:
202:
186:
151:
139:
52:
123:
1053:
1026:
958:
926:
884:
859:
843:
835:
827:
792:
776:
756:
698:
649:
530:
306:
278:
265:. Władysław, however, was expelled by his younger half-brothers and had to seek help from the
784:
461:
404:
368:
337:
333:
313:
198:
225:
376:
298:
170:
41:
436:
349:
747:
was made. In 1348 King Charles IV attached it to the Bohemian crown lands together with
146:
62:
800:
720:
420:
400:
345:
30:
610:
Just before the Treaty of Trencin, many small events of importance occurred. In 1305,
1073:
839:
804:
788:
693:. The agreement was again reaffirmed in 1346 for the Holy Roman Empire by John's son
686:
566:
538:
423:
in 1329. The tensions intensified when King John campaigned and annexed the Silesian
412:
246:
391:
and also the claims to the Polish throne. Though he failed to succeed his father as
923:
Central Europe in the High Middle Ages: Bohemia, Hungary and Poland, c. 900-c. 1300
662:
106:
653:
Habsburgs. But in 1328, he was able to push back by acquiring the region known as
640:
478:
kingdom was experiencing, it is vital to look back at their individual histories.
269:. That was the beginning of the gradual alienation of Władysław. The rule of Duke
1047:
1020:
905:
842:, Bohemian queen from 1740 on, lost most of the Silesian crown land in the 1742
731:
670:
575:
689:(1342). It was not until February 9, 1339, that Casimir ratified the treaty in
681:
King John now had a free hand to continue vassalizing the Silesian duchies of
654:
416:
396:
134:
1049:
The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945-1970
768:
644:
Poland under Casimir III (1333–1370), Silesian duchies shown in light yellow
623:
570:
506:
234:
690:
177:. The agreement was reached by the agency of Casimir's brother-in-law King
619:
487:
190:
360:
and was finally crowned Polish king by Archbishop Jakub Świnka in 1300.
752:
465:
432:
241:
region that stretched along the common border. At Pentecost 1137, Duke
238:
648:
Up until 1322, Charles I of Anjou had held a strong alliance with the
352:. That made Przemysł II the first Polish king after the deposition of
453:
388:
309:, Silesia split up into numerous petty states under his descendants.
701:
with King Casimir III and again in 1372 by Casimir's successor King
261:
bequested the newly established Duchy of Silesia to his eldest son
921:
Berend, Nora; Urbanczyk, Przemyslaw; Wizewski, Przemyslaw (2013).
730:
658:
639:
592:
581:
224:
599:’s sons from his second wife joined forces against his successor
955:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526
657:. This was significant as this was the border lying between the
1022:
Routledge Library Editions: Responding to Fascism 12 volume set
1006:
The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary 895-1526
783:. While the Silesian lands also comprised the former Moravian
743:
With the Treaty of Trentschin, the split of Silesia from the
580:
had severed an alliance between the Christian Czechs and the
697:, elected King of the Romans. It was reaffirmed in the 1348
193:). It initiated the transfer of suzerainty over the former
991:
Piast Poland ?-1385 in A Concise History of Poland
273:
over Silesia was restored under pressure from Emperor
501:
kingdom was raided by a group of people known as the
755:. The Silesian dukes became indirect vassals of the
627:
year prior to the signing of the Treaty of Trencin.
591:
By 1202, the Piast dynasty would begin establishing
116:
102:
94:
80:
72:
24:
557:, although he would change his name to Ladislaus.
447:Slavic/Frankish Relations in the Early Middle Ages
803:were acquired by Poland in the 15th century. The
957:. Translated by Palosfalvi, Tamas. I.B. Tauris.
464:amidst Frankish dominance. Speculated to be of
237:, the first ruler of Poland, had conquered the
1105:Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1918)
1100:Treaties of the Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)
316:, induced by his ambition to gain the Polish
165:was concluded on 24 August 1335 between King
8:
363:In 1305 King Wenceslaus II died and his son
285:in 1232. The marriage of his successor Duke
245:officially renounced the lands in favour of
19:
1052:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
989:Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawadski, Hubert (2019).
925:. Cambridge University Press. p. 56.
18:
257:. Bolesław died the next year and in his
953:Engel, Pal (2001). Ayton, Andrew (ed.).
826:, his crown lands were inherited by the
993:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
896:
850:. The bulk of Silesia returned to the
427:in 1331. He began to interfere in the
305:. After Henry's death during the 1241
16:1335 treaty between Poland and Bohemia
456:rulers sought to control the central
7:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
948:
946:
944:
942:
818:Upon the death of the Bohemian king
763:status and no representation at the
297:, strengthened the ties between the
340:against the rivaling Polish Piasts
1110:Treaties of the Kingdom of Bohemia
14:
1008:. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers.
383:, married the Přemyslid princess
233:Shortly before his death in 992,
834:and became a constituent of the
145:
133:
122:
61:
910:. Christ Unterwegs. p. 23.
854:upon the implementation of the
723:would finally fall to Bohemia.
473:Establishing the Three Kingdoms
320:of Cracow, paid homage to King
173:together with his son Margrave
1046:Demshuk, Andrew (2012-04-30).
1:
531:Pope Innocent III (1198-1216)
439:in the aftermath of the 1308
229:Bohemia and Silesia 1138—1254
1090:Medieval history of Slovakia
880:Congress of Visegrád (1335)
846:. It was conquered by King
403:, followed by the dukes of
387:, taking over the power in
209:were incorporated into the
1126:
342:Władysław I the Elbow-high
253:. He was urged by Emperor
215:First Congress of Visegrad
1025:. Routledge. p. 65.
735:Silesian coat of arms at
678:later in November 1335.
636:The Signing of the Treaty
537:, the royal bloodline of
379:, the eldest son of King
60:
330:Wenceslaus II of Bohemia
324:and was able to succeed
277:in 1163. Bolesław's son
904:Kaps, Johannes (1952).
848:Frederick II of Prussia
555:Wenceslas II of Bohemia
350:Jakub Świnka of Gniezno
1019:Various (2021-08-05).
858:according to the 1945
781:Archdiocese of Gniezno
740:
645:
230:
189:(present-day Trenčín,
734:
643:
597:Boleslaw III Wrymouth
573:or the prince of the
251:Bolesław III Wrymouth
243:Soběslav I of Bohemia
228:
167:Casimir III of Poland
713:Anna von Schweidnitz
683:Ziębice/Münsterberg
676:Congress of Visegrád
381:Henry VII of Germany
354:Bolesław II the Bold
275:Frederick Barbarossa
179:Charles I of Hungary
48:Trencséni megegyezés
20:Treaty of Trentschin
737:St. Vitus Cathedral
429:Polish-Teutonic War
326:Leszek II the Black
322:Rudolf I of Germany
314:Henry IV of Wrocław
293:, daughter of King
283:High Duke of Poland
21:
1085:History of Silesia
875:History of Silesia
852:Republic of Poland
773:Diocese of Wrocław
741:
709:Bolko II the Small
646:
616:Charles I of Anjou
586:Latin Christianity
547:Pope Boniface VIII
494:Annales Bertiniani
441:takeover of Gdańsk
431:that broke out in
393:King of the Romans
377:John of Luxembourg
373:Rudolph of Austria
369:Henry of Carinthia
318:Seniorate Province
287:Henry II the Pious
267:Holy Roman Emperor
231:
207:Duchies of Silesia
203:Kingdom of Bohemia
187:Kingdom of Hungary
37:Układ w Trenczynie
26:Trenčínská smlouva
1059:978-1-107-02073-3
1032:978-1-136-96016-1
885:Treaty of Namslau
860:Potsdam Agreement
844:Treaty of Breslau
836:Habsburg monarchy
757:Holy Roman Empire
699:Treaty of Namslau
358:Elisabeth Richeza
307:Battle of Legnica
303:Přemyslid dynasty
301:and the Bohemian
279:Henry the Bearded
205:, whereafter the
163:Treaty of Trencin
159:
158:
56:
45:
34:
1117:
1064:
1063:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
986:
969:
968:
950:
937:
936:
918:
912:
911:
901:
856:Oder–Neisse line
824:Battle of Mohács
822:during the 1526
717:Agnes of Austria
543:Charles of Anjou
499:Eastern Frankish
462:Carpathian basin
338:Bolko I of Opole
334:Casimir of Bytom
149:
137:
126:
65:
50:
39:
28:
22:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1002:
998:
988:
987:
972:
965:
952:
951:
940:
933:
920:
919:
915:
903:
902:
898:
893:
871:
767:. According to
729:
638:
633:
563:
484:
475:
449:
425:Duchy of Głogów
299:Silesian Piasts
291:Anne of Bohemia
223:
211:Bohemian Crown.
171:John of Bohemia
142:
98:9 February 1339
85:Trencsén Castle
68:
46:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1095:1330s treaties
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:1335 in Europe
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1058:
1038:
1031:
1011:
996:
970:
963:
938:
931:
913:
895:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
882:
877:
870:
867:
838:. Archduchess
805:Lower Silesian
789:Upper Silesian
785:Duchy of Opava
779:of the Polish
728:
725:
721:Duchy of Jawor
637:
634:
632:
629:
562:
559:
497:from 862, the
483:
480:
474:
471:
458:Danubian basin
448:
445:
365:Wenceslaus III
222:
219:
183:Trencin Castle
181:and signed at
157:
156:
155:
154:
143:
131:
118:
114:
113:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
82:
78:
77:
76:24 August 1335
74:
70:
69:
67:Trenčín Castle
66:
58:
57:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1122:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1042:
1039:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1012:
1007:
1000:
997:
992:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
971:
966:
960:
956:
949:
947:
945:
943:
939:
934:
932:9780521786959
928:
924:
917:
914:
909:
908:
900:
897:
890:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
868:
866:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
840:Maria Theresa
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
765:Imperial Diet
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
738:
733:
726:
724:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
672:
667:
664:
660:
656:
651:
642:
635:
630:
628:
625:
621:
617:
613:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
577:
572:
568:
560:
558:
556:
553:, the son of
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Saint Stephen
536:
532:
526:
524:
523:King Bela III
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:
489:
481:
479:
472:
470:
467:
466:Bulgar-Turkic
463:
459:
455:
446:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:In 1280 Duke
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
227:
220:
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216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
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176:
172:
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153:
148:
144:
141:
136:
132:
130:
125:
121:
120:
119:
115:
112:
108:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
75:
71:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
32:
27:
23:
1048:
1041:
1021:
1014:
1005:
999:
990:
954:
922:
916:
906:
899:
864:
817:
745:Polish Crown
742:
719:, 1392, the
707:
680:
668:
647:
609:
605:Boleslaw III
601:Wladyslaw II
590:
574:
564:
527:
519:The Conquest
515:
502:
492:
485:
476:
450:
437:Dobrzyń Land
362:
311:
263:Władysław II
232:
197:province of
162:
160:
107:Ratification
47:
36:
25:
832:Ferdinand I
813:Brandenburg
791:duchies of
775:remained a
687:Nysa/Neisse
685:(1336) and
671:Roman Curia
346:Przemysł II
255:Lothair III
117:Signatories
111:Casimir III
1074:Categories
964:1860640613
891:References
695:Charles IV
655:Medjumurje
535:Andrew III
332:made Duke
271:Bolesław I
175:Charles IV
815:in 1476.
807:duchy of
777:suffragan
769:canon law
761:immediate
727:Aftermath
624:Pomerania
620:margraves
571:Mieszko I
551:Wenceslas
511:Svatopluk
385:Elizabeth
295:Ottokar I
259:testament
235:Mieszko I
169:and King
103:Condition
95:Effective
869:See also
828:Habsburg
820:Louis II
811:fell to
797:Oświęcim
793:Siewierz
759:with no
753:Lusatias
751:and the
739:, Prague
650:Habsburg
612:Lokietek
507:Moravian
454:Frankish
413:Oleśnica
239:Silesian
191:Slovakia
109:by King
81:Location
749:Moravia
703:Louis I
631:Bohemia
593:duchies
576:Polanie
482:Hungary
433:Kuyavia
417:Ścinawa
405:Legnica
397:Wrocław
281:became
221:Prelude
201:to the
199:Silesia
185:in the
152:Hungary
140:Bohemia
89:Hungary
1056:
1029:
961:
929:
809:Krosno
787:, the
771:, the
691:Kraków
567:Piasts
561:Poland
509:ruler
389:Prague
195:Polish
150:
138:
129:Poland
127:
73:Signed
830:king
801:Zator
659:Drava
582:Slavs
503:Ungri
488:Pagan
421:Brzeg
409:Żagań
401:Opole
289:with
249:duke
247:Piast
1054:ISBN
1027:ISBN
959:ISBN
927:ISBN
799:and
663:Mura
661:and
435:and
419:and
399:and
371:and
344:and
161:The
862:.
1076::
973:^
941:^
795:,
705:.
443:.
415:,
411:,
407:,
87:,
53:hu
42:pl
31:cs
1062:.
1035:.
967:.
935:.
578:,
517:"
55:)
51:(
44:)
40:(
33:)
29:(
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