22:
173:, a man who held the view that the solution to the poor conditions suffered by labouring classes lay in improved education. Kay-Shuttleworth's guidelines on selecting the commissioners to conduct the inquiry was that they were to "examine the whole question with impartiality", be "laymen of the Church of England", "accustomed to statistical inquiries", and "capable of analysing the opinions on social, political and religious questions which may be presented to them, and of diffusing juster views among all classes". The
1035:("The Fate of the Language"), maintained that the Blue Books were for Welsh history "the most important nineteenth-century historical documents we possess" as their effect was to turn Wales into a more bilingual country, through the requirement to learn English as a second language. Such a judgement also reflects the fact that the publication of the reports, and the controversy that followed, was the catalyst for a much greater level of nonconformist involvement in the politics of Wales than hitherto. Critics such as
244:
including the gentry, clergy, and capitalists for their lack of interest in providing schools. They concluded that schools in Wales were extremely inadequate, often with teachers speaking only
English and using only English textbooks in areas where the children spoke only Welsh, and that Welsh-speakers had to rely on the Nonconformist Sunday Schools to acquire literacy. They also said that amongst the causes of this were the use of the Welsh language and nonconformity.
200:. The commissioners visited every part of Wales during 1846, collecting evidence and statistics. They spoke no Welsh, but it was generally the army of Welsh-speaking assistant commissioners, who were also appointed, who visited the schools, villages, and towns. Schools attended by children from the higher and middle classes were out of scope of the inquiry, so were not included in the survey. The evidence collected from
1814:
122:; at the same time, the Church of England wanted to control education. In 1843, after strong protests against it, Robert Peel's Conservative government abandoned a bill that would have established schools for the poor, and ensured that they were run by Anglicans. The reaction by Nonconformists was fierce, indeed, for many, state interference into education was dangerous and a form of oppression.
1826:
73:, the Blue Books are regarded today as "colonial diktat", and are "the most important ideological intervention by the British state in Wales in the 19th century." However the inquiry did not lead to any governmental action and the hostile reaction was mainly aimed at the comments about Welsh morality. One of the many legacies of the reports that prominent
110:. As was the case throughout England and Wales at the time, there seemed to be a compelling need to provide quality education to all levels of society. The government establishment assumed, even before the inquiry took place, that this would be mainly in the English language, and thus would require trained teachers to be provided.
924:
As time passed, Wales saw campaign after campaign against wantonness, drunkenness etc, and accepted that reform was needed. In an apparent attempt to turn the attacks to the advantage of the
Nonconformists, Jones (Ieuan Gwynedd) suggested that the Welsh nation had been unjustly condemned on religious
951:
describes how the "Treason" in the play is that committed by the Welsh church goers and clergymen and it says that Derfel, and others, "thought that their evidence enhanced and even fed The Blue Books' anti-Welsh judgements". The play so gripped the imagination of the Welsh public, that the reports
611:
The government did not contribute anything to the running of costs of schools in Wales (and
England) until the decision in late 1846 to start funding apprentice teachers and reward school masters who trained them. Until that time schools had to rely solely on school fees and charitable donations.
125:
The majority of people in Wales at that time spoke only Welsh; Cardiff, the industrial
Valleys and the coalfields of the North-east were bilingual. The three commissioners sent to Wales were English monoglots, who 'knew nothing about the Welsh language, nonconformity or elementary education'. The
877:
The report's publication resulted in a furious reaction in Wales which lasted for years. The clerics of the
Established Church were considered as internal enemies. Staunch Anglicans refuted the report, next came the satirical attacks and statistically-based analytical challenge of the facts from
267:
The commissioners often simply reported verbatim the prejudiced opinions of landowners and local
Anglican clergy, jealous of the successes of the chapels. The more bilious editorial attacks on Welsh culture mostly emanated from Commissioner Lingen and others who worked with him. They often asked
947:, "the play opens in Hell where the Devil decides that the Welsh people are too good and too godly and are becoming more godly by the hour thanks to the influence of non-conformity. He promptly hatches a plan to bring down this pure and godly people". A summary of the play on the website of the
225:
Reports of the commissioners of inquiry into the state of education in Wales: appointed by the
Committee of council on education, in pursuance of proceedings in the House of commons, on the motion of Mr. Williams, of March 10, 1846, for an address to the Queen, praying Her Majesty to direct an
243:
The report found that "Welsh parents endorsed an
English-language future"; that English was already being taught in schools; and that the primary function of the existing Welsh schools was the teaching of English. The report was detailed and its authors criticised several sectors of society,
253:
It is rarely observed that the commissioners complimented the Welsh on their hunger for education, and noted the sacrifices many were prepared to make to acquire it, the intelligence they brought to bear on theological matters, bred in Sunday schools, and their quickness in
3224:
113:
At the time of the report education was not compulsory and schools were largely provided and run by religious institutions, charities and private ventures. In 1833 the government had started to contribute towards the cost of erecting both
25:
Blue Books pt 2, no. 9, p. 66, on the Welsh
Language: "The Welsh language is a vast drawback to Wales, and a manifold barrier to the moral progress and commercial prosperity of the people. It is not easy to over-estimate its evil
3330:
93:
During the second quarter of the 19th century there was much public unrest in Wales and this persuaded the
British Government that the root causes of this needed to be understood. There had been riots in
235:
The report acknowledged that the only schools in most of Wales were the Sunday Schools; in R W Lingen's region, for example, 30,000 pupils attended day school, whilst 80,000 attended Sunday school.
2359:
50:) or just the "Blue Books" are a three-part publication by the British Government in 1847, which caused uproar in Wales for disparaging the Welsh; being particularly scathing in its view of the
226:
inquiry to be made into the state of education in the principality of Wales, and especially into the means afforded to the labouring classes of acquiring a knowledge of the English language
1798:
2460:
1668:
1279:
1415:
2429:
134:(Penguin 1994), 'because of the ignorance and the prejudice of the Commissioners. Wales was alien to them, and they had no experience of teaching working-class children'.
1745:
2407:
3446:
1067:
gained wide publicity for their trenchant criticisms of the reports. Over time these criticisms evolved into an organised political action, which culminated at the
2434:
2402:
2397:
1085:
921:. Generally speaking, the historian John Davies suggested that the chapel people were the only true Welsh, and that Welshness was synonymous with Nonconformity.
1863:
1750:
1448:
2079:
1261:
2546:
2251:
217:
60:
was from the name of a play satirising the reports, and those who gave evidence to the inquiry, which was published seven years after the reports. The
2392:
2266:
2224:
1122:
141:, "the Welsh-language community was so bereft of rights that it was used by politicians in central Europe as an example of linguistic subjugation."
2282:
943:("Treason of the Blue Books"). The play satirised the government commissioners and their Welsh witnesses. According to Phil Carradice, in his book
264:
The report was damning of the Welsh people, and "mildly pornographic in parts" (Brooks),characterising them as dirty, ignorant, lazy, and immoral.
2318:
3106:
3431:
3426:
2541:
2638:
2516:
2475:
2176:
1293:
154:
993:('treason') can also be translated as 'treachery', especially in law, or as 'betrayal' or 'deceit'. The stem of the word is Old Celtic; the
2154:
1274:
1068:
2470:
2256:
1793:
473:
178:
115:
3157:
268:
complicated questions, according to the historian John Davies, and relied on bad translations, and misinterpreted the pupils' answers.
21:
3208:
3116:
2843:
2779:
2424:
1443:
1377:
490:
119:
3370:
3272:
2954:
2806:
2674:
1466:
1372:
66:
says that the name "took hold of the public imagination to such an extent that ever since the report has been known by that name".
1856:
1773:
1438:
2588:
1060:
1046:
859:
Some schools were inspected by more than one group of inspectors so the number of inspections can exceed the number of schools.
3393:
3062:
2994:
1382:
1316:
971:
2511:
2506:
2387:
2373:
2126:
1604:
1545:
1362:
1139:
1095:
897:
as well as angry nationalistic responses came from editors of the Welsh journals, particularly the 'incisive articles' by
205:
2354:
2214:
1559:
1458:
1115:
925:
rather than nationalistic grounds. Radical leaders led mass meetings to protest against the defamations in the reports.
2159:
1849:
1673:
1201:
3441:
2485:
2465:
2192:
1700:
1036:
879:
3229:
2536:
2302:
2069:
1594:
1403:
1321:
1308:
1254:
1206:
948:
195:
2859:
2290:
1589:
1564:
1350:
910:
3105:
Jones, Gareth Elwyn (2000). "15 The Welsh Language and the Blue Books of 1847". In Jenkins, Geraint H. (ed.).
190:
85:
in 1962 was that Wales embraced bilingualism, through the requirement to learn English as a second language.
3436:
2583:
2490:
1788:
1783:
1387:
1108:
1064:
127:
1021:
The Books remain an invaluable, although slanted, source of information on mid-19th century Welsh society.
427:
With the exception of Monmouth the report provides a breakdown of the different types of schools in Wales.
2295:
2164:
1715:
1345:
520:
216:
The work was completed in 1847 and printed in November of that year in three large blue-covered volumes ("
170:
62:
51:
2742:
1778:
1710:
1569:
1554:
1534:
1367:
2338:
2104:
1927:
1904:
1725:
1705:
1678:
980:
283:
The report provided a breakdown of the 1,657 schools it surveyed by the language used for teaching.
3013:
Vellenga Berman, Carolyn (2009). "Awful Unknown Quantities: Addressing the Readers in Hard Times".
2261:
1288:
934:
3290:
3278:
3030:
2716:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2231:
2074:
1909:
1872:
1740:
1223:
186:
166:
3252:
3163:
2114:
169:. The secretary of the government's Committee of the Privy Council on Education at the time was
165:, who was himself a Welshman by birth and Welsh-speaking, and was concerned about the state of
3410:
Part 3: North Wales, comprising Anglesey, Carnarvon, Denbigh, Flint, Meirioneth and Montgomery
3366:
3268:
3204:
3112:
3058:
2990:
2950:
2839:
2802:
2775:
2670:
2634:
2332:
2328:
2169:
2042:
1488:
1228:
74:
3078:
3260:
3022:
2706:
2571:
2566:
2219:
1652:
1574:
1147:
469:
963:
The play's title referenced the reports' blue covers and evoked a much earlier Welsh myth,
54:, the Welsh language and the morality of the Welsh people in general. The Welsh sobriquet
3302:
1818:
1483:
1476:
1326:
1193:
1030:
3141:
220:" being a widely used term for all kinds of parliamentary reports). The full title was:
126:
report exaggerated the weaknesses of the Welsh education system, according to historian
2480:
2455:
2450:
2197:
1899:
1599:
1584:
1520:
1269:
1218:
1131:
1024:
984:
150:
107:
99:
78:
43:
3420:
3282:
3034:
2720:
2207:
2202:
2062:
1495:
1420:
1409:
1298:
1233:
1188:
1056:
904:
898:
892:
886:
567:
208:
may have been ignored. This was a time when Wales was a stronghold of Nonconformism.
158:
103:
2626:
2578:
2149:
1830:
1735:
1730:
1638:
1331:
1213:
1162:
1157:
975:), a story of the Anglo-Saxons settling in Britain by trickery, when, according to
953:
182:
174:
70:
3177:
3384:
2695:"Review of Why Wales Never Was: the Failure of Welsh Nationalism by Simon Brooks"
952:
have been known in Wales by that sobriquet since then. The play was published by
2057:
2028:
2009:
1975:
1432:
1243:
451:
201:
138:
2914:
1813:
868:
Inspector: Government inspectors & inspectors employed by Mrs Bevan Schools
3264:
3079:"Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales"
3026:
2091:
2052:
1994:
1989:
1937:
1626:
1337:
1090:
1004:
916:
2772:
Wales: England's Colony?: The Conquest, Assimilation and Re-creation of Wales
2694:
2665:
Davies, John; Baines, Menna; Jenkins, Nigel; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008).
3386:
Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry Into the State of Education in Wales
3143:
Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of Education in Wales
2419:
2119:
1999:
1960:
1955:
1632:
1172:
1152:
1080:
994:
551:
417:
North Wales: Anglesey, Caernarfon, Denbigh, Flint, Merioneth and Montgomery.
32:
Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales
3409:
3404:
3399:
2023:
1965:
1932:
1756:
1508:
1426:
162:
95:
102:
and other places, trouble related to land enclosures in Ceredigion, the
3316:
1720:
1645:
1620:
1527:
976:
3179:
Minutes and Reports of the Committee of Council on Education 1839-1899
2711:
2889:
1841:
1579:
1514:
957:
280:
include Sunday schools or schools for the higher and middle classes.
2867:
1238:
2323:
1695:
1501:
1355:
20:
1100:
2987:
A Union of Multiple Identities: The British Isles, c.1750–c.1850
2834:
Carradice, Phil (2011). "c.51 - The Treason of the Blue Books".
181:
committee on education, were three young English law graduates;
1845:
1104:
431:
Schools for the labouring classes by type (Excluding Monmouth)
1471:
2360:
Qualifications, Curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales
287:
Schools for the labouring classes by language of instruction
137:
According to academic and author Brooks, who is a member of
983:, the Saxons began their campaign of conquest against the
3331:"Llanellen's almost forgotten hero of the Welsh language"
2985:
Brockliss, Laurence W. B.; Eastwood, David, eds. (1997).
1799:
National Assembly for Wales (Official Languages) Act 2012
1669:
Cabinet Secretary for Economy, Energy and Welsh Language
998:
2915:
History debate over anti-Semitism in 1911 Tredegar riot
862:
Committee: Committee, Trustees, Governors or Guardians
2793:
2791:
2631:
Why Wales Never Was: The Failure of Welsh Nationalism
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2609:
933:
Seven years after the report was published, the poet
3053:
Jones, Gareth Elwyn; Roderick, Gordon Wynne (2003).
2836:
Snapshots of Welsh History: Without the Boring Bits
2559:
2499:
2443:
2372:
2347:
2311:
2275:
2244:
2185:
2142:
2135:
2090:
2041:
2008:
1974:
1946:
1918:
1890:
1881:
1766:
1688:
1661:
1613:
1544:
1457:
1396:
1307:
1181:
1138:
1746:Association of Welsh Translators and Interpreters
537:Workmen's Schools (including one Factory school)
204:witnesses was treated seriously whilst that from
3405:Part 2: Brecknock, Cardigan, Radnor and Monmouth
1008:
689:Inspection of Schools for the labouring classes
583:Other Denomination Schools (inc Roman Catholic)
423:South Wales: Glamorgan, Carmarthen and Pembroke.
3394:The Blue Books at the National Library of Wales
3111:. University of Wales Press. pp. 431–457.
251:
69:According to the author and business academic,
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
885:"Eloquent speeches" by Nonconformists such as
153:was commissioned as a result of pressure from
1857:
1116:
616:Funding of schools for the labouring classes
8:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
1751:Wales Interpretation and Translation Service
3253:"Geoffrey of Monmouth and the English Past"
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2699:Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique
2688:
2686:
2080:List of further education colleges in Wales
1048:
1038:
1028:
988:
964:
938:
914:
902:
890:
523:Schools (Baptist, Wesleyan, Methodist etc)
420:Central Wales: Brecon, Cardigan and Radnor.
55:
3400:Part 1: Carmarthen, Glamorgan and Pembroke
3048:
3046:
3044:
2547:Curriculum and Assessment (Wales) Act 2021
2380:
2344:
2139:
1887:
1864:
1850:
1842:
1123:
1109:
1101:
3108:The Welsh Language and Its Social Domains
3100:
3098:
3096:
2710:
2435:National Curriculum for Wales (2008–2026)
1086:History of education in Wales (1701–1870)
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
2765:
2763:
2667:The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
687:
614:
429:
285:
34:, commonly referred to in Wales as the "
3361:(1993) (also in English translation as
3159:Reports on Elementary Schools 1852-1882
2743:"Pam Na Fu Cymru – Why Wales Never Was"
2605:
3447:Public inquiries in the United Kingdom
3396:: introduction and historical context
3298:
3288:
3083:The London University College Magazine
3057:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2669:. Cardiff: University of Wales Press.
2542:Teaching and Higher Education Act 1998
1262:Welsh Academy English–Welsh Dictionary
3194:
3192:
3008:
3006:
2517:Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889
7:
3317:The Dictionary of the Welsh Language
1416:by county or county borough in Wales
63:Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales
3257:A Companion to Geoffrey of Monmouth
2283:Curriculum for Wales (2022–present)
2143:Funding and Governance arrangements
1794:Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011
14:
2693:Jones, Moya (14 September 2018).
3389:. William Clowes and Sons. 1848.
3329:Olding, Frank (7 January 2016).
3015:Victorian Literature and Culture
1824:
1812:
1774:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
259:A History of Education in Wales.
3055:A history of Education in Wales
2989:. Manchester University Press.
2589:History of education in England
2319:Cabinet Secretary for Education
568:Mrs Bevan's Circulating Schools
2797:Jones, Alun R., Thomas, Gwyn,
2741:Williams, Huw (17 July 2015).
972:The Treason of the Long Knives
882:, a Nonconformist journalist.
1:
3432:History of the Welsh language
3427:History of education in Wales
2633:. University of Wales Press.
2512:Elementary Education Act 1880
2507:Elementary Education Act 1870
2430:Raising of school leaving age
2127:List of universities in Wales
1363:Bible translations into Welsh
1096:Education (Scotland) Act 1872
2890:"Tredegar, Past and Present"
2355:Curriculum Council for Wales
1560:National Eisteddfod of Wales
643:Subscriptions and Donations
506:Other Non Sectarian Schools
3201:The Tempus History of Wales
2415:Treachery of the Blue Books
2160:Voluntary controlled school
1674:Welsh Language Commissioner
1168:Treachery of the Blue Books
468:Church of England Schools (
450:Private Schools (including
40:Treachery of the Blue Books
3463:
2913:BBC News, 19 August 2011:
2801:, UoW Press, 2nd ed 1983,
2486:Secondary technical school
2466:British and Foreign school
1701:Coleg Cymraeg Cenedlaethol
945:Snapshots of Welsh History
880:Evan Jones (Ieuan Gwynedd)
865:Patron: Patron or Promotor
3265:10.1163/9789004410398_005
3230:National Library of Wales
3225:"Brad y Llyfrau Gleision"
3027:10.1017/S1060150309090342
2799:Presenting Saunders Lewis
2537:Education Reform Act 1988
2383:
2303:Teaching of Welsh history
2070:Further Education college
1807:
1595:Welsh Learner of the Year
1404:Welsh-speaking population
1322:Medieval Welsh literature
1255:Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru
1049:
1039:
949:National Library of Wales
891:
833:
813:
793:
773:
753:
733:
713:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
675:
664:
653:
642:
631:
626:
623:
620:
596:
582:
566:
550:
536:
519:
505:
489:
467:
449:
444:
441:
438:
435:
391:
371:
351:
331:
311:
306:
303:
300:
297:
294:
291:
108:Chartist march on Newport
36:Treason of the Blue Books
3251:Thomas, Rebecca (2020).
2287:Language of instruction
2245:Exams and qualifications
1590:Welsh Language Music Day
1565:Urdd National Eisteddfod
1351:Mudiad Ysgolion Meithrin
1069:general election of 1868
191:Henry R. Vaughan Johnson
83:The Fate of the Language
2864:Sir Howy Valley History
2770:Johnes, Martin (2019).
2584:Welsh Language Act 1993
2491:Secondary modern school
1789:Welsh Language Act 1993
1784:Welsh Language Act 1967
1648:(north/central-eastern)
1009:
999:
940:Brad y Llyfrau Gleision
57:Brad y Llyfrau Gleision
48:Brad y Llyfrau Gleision
2165:Voluntary aided school
1716:Welsh Language Society
1346:Welsh-medium education
1029:
989:
965:
939:
915:
903:
262:
171:James Kay-Shuttleworth
56:
47:
27:
3335:Abergavenny Chronicle
3199:Morgan, Prys (2008).
2945:Davies, John (1994).
2101:Undergraduate Degree
1779:Welsh Courts Act 1942
1711:Cymreigyddion y Fenni
1570:Sesiwn Fawr Dolgellau
1555:Celtic Media Festival
1027:, in his BBC address
966:Brad y Cyllyll Hirion
24:
3259:. pp. 105–128.
3166:on 23 December 2016.
2444:Defunct school types
2339:Qualifications Wales
2225:Comprehensive school
2150:State-funded schools
2111:Postgraduate Degree
1706:Cymdeithas y Dysgwyr
1679:Welsh Language Board
1280:in the United States
981:Geoffrey of Monmouth
16:Parliamentary report
2262:Welsh Baccalaureate
2215:Secondary Education
1065:Sir Thomas Phillips
935:Robert Jones Derfel
690:
617:
432:
288:
3363:A History of Wales
2947:A History of Wales
2532:Education Act 1944
2527:Education Act 1918
2522:Education Act 1902
2232:All-through school
2075:Sixth form college
2016:Progression step 5
1982:Progression step 4
1948:Progression step 3
1920:Progression step 2
1892:Progression step 1
1874:Education in Wales
1741:Urdd Gobaith Cymru
1224:Singulative number
937:published a play,
889:and the essays of
834:Number of Schools
688:
615:
430:
352:Welsh and English
286:
187:Jelinger C. Symons
167:education in Wales
132:A History of Wales
28:
3442:Welsh nationalism
3365:, Penguin, 1994,
3319:'; Uni. of Wales.
3203:. History Press.
2712:10.4000/rfcb.2247
2640:978-1-7868-3012-8
2597:
2596:
2555:
2554:
2500:Major legislation
2476:Elementary school
2368:
2367:
2240:
2239:
2193:Primary Education
2170:Foundation school
2105:Bachelor's Degree
2044:Further Education
2037:
2036:
1883:Progression steps
1839:
1838:
1726:Dyfodol i'r Iaith
1449:Other occupations
987:. The first word
853:
852:
686:
685:
609:
608:
552:Workhouse Schools
411:
410:
177:appointed by the
75:Welsh nationalist
3454:
3390:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3286:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3221:
3215:
3214:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3162:. Archived from
3154:
3148:
3147:
3138:
3123:
3122:
3102:
3091:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3050:
3039:
3038:
3010:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2961:
2960:
2942:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2870:on 26 April 2012
2866:. Archived from
2860:"Tredegar Riots"
2856:
2850:
2849:
2831:
2810:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2767:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2714:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2662:
2645:
2644:
2623:
2572:Welsh Government
2567:Welsh devolution
2381:
2376:
2345:
2220:Secondary school
2155:Community school
2140:
2094:
2045:
2017:
2012:
1983:
1978:
1949:
1921:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1875:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1843:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1817:
1816:
1653:Patagonian Welsh
1635:(north-western)
1575:Shwmae Sumae Day
1148:Common Brittonic
1125:
1118:
1111:
1102:
1052:
1051:
1050:Gwilym Hiraethog
1042:
1041:
1034:
1012:
1002:
992:
968:
942:
920:
908:
896:
895:
691:
618:
474:National Society
433:
289:
260:
199:
155:William Williams
116:National Society
59:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3417:
3416:
3383:
3380:
3354:
3352:Further reading
3349:
3339:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3310:
3297:
3287:
3275:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3198:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3156:
3155:
3151:
3146:. London. 1847.
3140:
3139:
3126:
3119:
3104:
3103:
3094:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3052:
3051:
3042:
3012:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2964:
2957:
2944:
2943:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2846:
2833:
2832:
2813:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2769:
2768:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2725:
2723:
2692:
2691:
2684:
2677:
2664:
2663:
2648:
2641:
2625:
2624:
2607:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2551:
2495:
2471:National school
2461:Endowed schools
2439:
2374:
2364:
2343:
2307:
2271:
2236:
2181:
2177:Private schools
2131:
2115:Master's Degree
2092:
2086:
2043:
2033:
2015:
2010:
2004:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1947:
1942:
1919:
1914:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1840:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1811:
1803:
1762:
1684:
1657:
1649:
1629:(south-eastern)
1623:(south-western)
1609:
1540:
1484:BBC Radio Cymru
1453:
1392:
1327:Welsh mythology
1303:
1289:on road signage
1177:
1134:
1129:
1077:
1031:Tynged yr Iaith
1019:
931:
875:
491:British Schools
436:Type Of School
274:
261:
258:
214:
193:
179:Privy Council's
147:
120:British Schools
91:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3460:
3458:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3437:Welsh language
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3379:
3378:External links
3376:
3375:
3374:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:
3321:
3308:
3299:|website=
3273:
3243:
3216:
3210:978-0752496313
3209:
3188:
3169:
3149:
3124:
3118:978-0708316047
3117:
3092:
3089:: 68–73. 1849.
3070:
3063:
3040:
3021:(2): 561–582.
3002:
2995:
2962:
2955:
2918:
2906:
2894:Tredegar.co.uk
2881:
2851:
2845:978-1908192448
2844:
2811:
2787:
2781:978-1912681419
2780:
2759:
2733:
2682:
2675:
2646:
2639:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Central school
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2456:Charity school
2453:
2451:Grammar school
2447:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2326:
2321:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:English-medium
2285:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2198:Primary school
2189:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2098:
2096:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2018:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1861:
1854:
1846:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1663:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1630:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1602:
1600:Nant Gwrtheyrn
1597:
1592:
1587:
1585:Y Selar Awards
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1521:Tafod y Ddraig
1517:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1132:Welsh language
1130:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1047:William Rees (
1025:Saunders Lewis
1018:
1015:
985:native Britons
930:
927:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
851:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
831:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
791:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
731:
730:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:
704:
701:
700:Central Wales
698:
695:
684:
683:
680:
677:
673:
672:
669:
666:
662:
661:
658:
655:
651:
650:
647:
644:
640:
639:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
607:
606:
603:
600:
598:
594:
593:
590:
587:
584:
580:
579:
576:
573:
570:
564:
563:
560:
557:
554:
548:
547:
544:
541:
538:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
517:
516:
513:
510:
507:
503:
502:
499:
496:
493:
487:
486:
483:
480:
477:
465:
464:
461:
458:
455:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
425:
424:
421:
418:
409:
408:
405:
402:
399:
396:
393:
389:
388:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
369:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
349:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
329:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
313:
309:
308:
305:
302:
299:
298:Central Wales
296:
293:
273:
270:
256:
233:Sunday Schools
230:
229:
213:
210:
206:Nonconformists
151:public inquiry
146:
143:
90:
87:
79:Saunders Lewis
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3459:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3372:
3371:0-14-014581-8
3368:
3364:
3360:
3357:John Davies,
3356:
3355:
3351:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3309:
3304:
3292:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3274:9789004410398
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3244:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3153:
3150:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2956:0-14-014581-8
2952:
2948:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2882:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2852:
2847:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2807:0-7083-0852-X
2804:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2676:9780708319536
2672:
2668:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2627:Brooks, Simon
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:School boards
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:(among other
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2209:
2208:Junior school
2206:
2204:
2203:Infant school
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:Year Thirteen
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1832:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:and festivals
1547:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:Capital Cymru
1494:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1421:Landsker Line
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1410:Y Fro Gymraeg
1407:
1405:
1402:
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3334:
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3228:
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3018:
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2868:the original
2863:
2854:
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2835:
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2771:
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2746:
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2726:11 September
2724:. Retrieved
2702:
2698:
2666:
2630:
2579:Welsh Office
2414:
2296:Welsh-medium
1755:
1736:Mudiad Adfer
1731:Menter Iaith
1533:
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1500:
1435:(historical)
1425:
1408:
1397:Demographics
1336:
1332:Welsh Triads
1260:
1253:
1167:
1163:Modern Welsh
1158:Middle Welsh
1061:Thomas Price
1037:Evan Jones (
1023:
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703:South Wales
697:North Wales
665:Collections
632:School Fees
610:
452:Dame Schools
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301:South Wales
295:North Wales
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82:
71:Simon Brooks
68:
61:
39:
35:
31:
29:
18:
3359:Hanes Cymru
3236:3 September
2949:. Penguin.
2874:15 December
2752:8 September
2393:before 1701
2333:exam boards
2136:School type
2058:Year Twelve
2029:Year Eleven
2011:Key Stage 4
1977:Key Stage 3
1767:Legislation
1467:Programming
1444:Politicians
1433:Welsh Tract
1244:Y with loop
1229:Orthography
1198:Morphology
1182:Linguistics
654:Endowments
439:For Profit
312:Welsh Only
194: [
139:Plaid Cymru
128:John Davies
3421:Categories
3064:070831807X
2996:0719050464
2601:References
2408:after 1939
2093:University
2053:Sixth Form
1995:Year Eight
1990:Year Seven
1938:Year Three
1662:Governance
1627:Gwenhwyseg
1378:Newspapers
1338:Mabinogion
1309:Literature
1294:in English
1202:colloquial
1091:Elen Egryn
1005:Old Breton
917:Y Diwygiwr
911:David Rees
794:Inspector
714:Committee
272:Statistics
218:blue books
89:Background
81:opined in
3340:12 August
3301:ignored (
3291:cite book
3283:241896919
3035:162776583
2899:3 October
2721:166085679
2420:Welsh Not
2403:1870–1939
2398:1701–1870
2312:Oversight
2186:Age group
2120:Doctorate
2000:Year Nine
1961:Year Five
1956:Year Four
1910:Reception
1905:Playgroup
1681:(defunct)
1633:Gwyndodeg
1373:Magazines
1194:Phonology
1173:Welsh Not
1153:Old Welsh
1081:Welsh Not
995:Old Irish
754:Ordinary
734:Minister
706:Monmouth
470:Parochial
445:Scholars
304:Monmouth
292:Language
276:These do
77:activist
26:effects."
2629:(2017).
2388:Overview
2348:Historic
2276:Pedagogy
2024:Year Ten
1966:Year Six
1933:Year Two
1928:Year One
1819:Language
1757:Crachach
1614:Dialects
1509:Golwg360
1477:timeline
1439:Surnames
1427:Y Wladfa
1270:Toponymy
1219:Numerals
1207:literary
1075:See also
929:The play
873:Reaction
679:£39,752
646:£12,750
635:£21,103
442:Schools
372:Unknown
257:—
202:Anglican
163:Coventry
106:and the
96:Tredegar
2809:, p 130
2560:Related
2375:History
2257:A-Level
1900:Nursery
1721:Cymuned
1646:Powyseg
1621:Dyfedeg
1528:Y Cymro
1489:Cymru 2
1317:Authors
1299:Exonyms
1189:Grammar
1140:History
977:Nennius
855:Notes:
774:Patron
657:£5,224
624:Amount
621:Source
605:72,202
485:34,710
463:18,726
413:Notes:
248:Society
239:Schools
161:MP for
159:Radical
145:Inquiry
100:Merthyr
3369:
3281:
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3061:
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2673:
2637:
1689:Groups
1580:Tafwyl
1515:Maes-e
1388:Poetry
1383:Novels
1368:Comics
1214:Syntax
1017:Legacy
958:Ruthin
849:1,657
709:Total
676:Total
602:1,530
597:Total
546:3,037
532:4,104
515:1,726
501:7,654
407:1,657
392:Total
347:1,321
307:Total
212:Report
189:, and
38:" or "
3315:See:
3279:S2CID
3183:(PDF)
3031:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2705:(2).
2324:Estyn
1831:Wales
1696:Arfor
1605:Films
1546:Music
1502:Golwg
1459:Media
1356:Wlpan
1013:etc.
1000:mrath
814:None
682:100%
668:£675
198:]
44:Welsh
3367:ISBN
3342:2019
3303:help
3269:ISBN
3238:2021
3205:ISBN
3113:ISBN
3059:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2901:2018
2876:2011
2840:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2754:2021
2728:2021
2671:ISBN
2635:ISBN
2329:WJEC
2267:BTEC
2252:GCSE
1639:Cofi
1535:Barn
1063:and
1010:brat
1003:and
990:Brad
979:and
909:and
846:127
843:712
840:240
837:578
829:725
823:418
817:232
789:195
749:552
743:166
737:266
729:132
660:13%
649:32%
638:53%
592:504
578:890
562:851
482:567
460:708
457:Yes
404:127
401:712
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395:578
367:325
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344:120
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338:206
335:530
149:The
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