195:
250:) (they were released after Thermidor 9), and the destruction of the church. On March 31, 1794, in Clermont, Michel Fauré was guillotined for uprooting a tree and shouting "Long live the King". The Directoire saw to the replacement of those that had been knocked down, but Bonaparte soon ceased to maintain them, and even had some of those that had sprung up in various parts of Paris cut down. Under the Consulate, all these laws fell into disuse, and the Tree of Libertys that survived the Republican government lost their political character. But popular tradition preserved the memory of their origins.
380:, and finally the conservative Republic) did not lend itself to this. Plantings were more frequent in 1889 (centenary of the storming of the Bastille), then in 1892 (centenary of the First French Republic). Other trees were planted in 1919–1920, to celebrate the victory of the right and the liberation of Alsace and Moselle, and others in 1944–1945, to mark the Liberation. Other anniversaries (1939, 1948, 1989) are celebrated on other occasions. A new tree is sometimes replanted when the old one dies. As in the past, they sometimes receive a lukewarm reception.
362:
497:"It is a beautiful and true symbol for liberty that a tree! Liberty has its roots in the heart of the people, like the tree in the heart of the earth; like the tree it raises and spreads its branches in the sky; like the tree, it grows unceasingly and covers generations with its shade. The first tree of freedom was planted, eighteen hundred years ago, by God himself on Golgotha. The first tree of liberty is this cross on which Jesus Christ offered himself as a sacrifice for the liberty, equality and fraternity of the human race."
259:
167:
307:
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20:
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inconvenience to passers-by, and we fail to see how the men of order could be upset by these symbols. A tree offers a beautiful image of freedom without violence, and can in no way threaten ideas of social inequality, since in the development of a plant all branches are unequal precisely because they are free".
643:
210:
New trees were then planted, but despite all the surveillance they were subjected to, many were destroyed by counter-revolutionaries, who sawed them down or sprayed vitriol on their roots at night. These attacks were keenly felt by the people, who worshipped these plantations; the laws often punished
408:
According to its author, this new tree of liberty symbolizes a France whose roots and branches, turned towards the stars of Europe, tell its story and bear witness to its openness and growth. For the author, this new tree of liberty is the ideal subject to illustrate the French motto, as Victor Hugo
357:
A violent reaction led to the cutting down of almost all the Tree of
Libertys in Paris at the beginning of 1850, by order of Police Prefect Carlier, and nearly caused bloodshed in the streets of the capital. However, in the opinion of a Legitimist newspaper, "the Tree of Libertys caused very little
157:
The planting of the Tree of
Libertys was a very solemn affair, always accompanied by ceremonies and popular rejoicings in which all the authorities, magistrates, administrators and even the clergy, priests, constitutional bishops and even generals took part in the same patriotic enthusiasm. Adorned
202:
A large number of Tree of
Libertys, uprooted in the midst of their growth, having dried up, the Convention ordered, by a decree of January 22, 1794, that "in all the communes of the Republic where the tree of liberty has perished, another will be planted by the 1st of Germinal". It entrusted this
112:
The planting of Tree of
Libertys multiplied in the spring and summer of 1792: France, at war with Austria, was seized by a patriotic impulse, and the defense of the homeland became synonymous with that of the conquests of the Revolution. The tree thus became a powerful symbol of the revolutionary
400:
The Tree of
Liberty, also known as the Starry Tree design, is the obverse of the €1 and €2 coins, created by Joaquin Jimenez in 1999. The tree, whose branches, roots and trunk (encircled by the initials R and F) radiate out from a hexagon representing the French territory, is framed by the motto
178:
Tree of
Libertys were considered public monuments. Maintained by the inhabitants with religious care, the slightest mutilation would have been considered a desecration. Inscriptions in verse and prose, couplets and patriotic stanzas attested to the local population's veneration for these
74:
planted a rootless tree in the palace courtyard every year, providing the occasion for a celebrated celebration. The first person in France to plant a Tree of
Liberty, even several years before the Revolution, was Count Camille d'Albon, in 1782, in the gardens of his
43:. As a tree of life, it also symbolizes continuity, growth, strength and power. In the 19th century, it became one of the symbols of the French Republic, along with the Marianne and the sower. Since 1999, it has been featured on French one-euro and two-euro coins.
271:: "that the tree of liberty was planted yesterday in Coblence in front of the Elector's palace". Similarly, during the French occupation of Switzerland, many trees were planted as a sign of allegiance to France, only to be uprooted when the country's armies left.
322:'s government issued strict orders to uproot these last emblems of the Revolution. Most of these trees were cut down or uprooted under the Restoration, making them a rarity in towns and cities, although they could still be seen in rural communities.
661:
342:'s former ministers even offered a sapling from his Paris park to plant outside his door, with the inscription: "Jeune, tu grandiras" ("Young, you'll grow"). Some towns, such as Bayeux, still have a tree of liberty in full vigor today.
689:
266:
The soldiers of the
Republic planted Tree of Libertys in every country they crossed. In a collection of Marceau's unpublished letters, published by Hippolyte Maze, the young republican general wrote to Jourdan on October 27,
628:
140:
himself presided over the erection of one of these trees in the
Tuileries gardens, but it was felled in PluviĂ´se year II "in hatred of the tyrant". At the time of the King's trial, which led to his conviction,
158:
with flowers, tricolor ribbons, flags and cartouches with patriotic mottos, these trees served as stations, like altars of the fatherland, for processions and civic celebrations, along with many others.
338:
of 1848, when the practice was renewed. The provisional authorities did not fail to encourage the planting of Tree of
Libertys, and the clergy was more than willing to bless them. One of
203:
planting and its upkeep to the care of citizens, so that in each commune "the tree would flourish under the aegis of French liberty". The same law ordered that a tree be planted in the
215:, Vaucluse, 63 people were executed, 500 houses razed to the ground for failing to report those guilty of uprooting such a tree, and farmland sterilized with salt. Three peasants from
242:, representatives on mission to the Army of the Rhine, General Dièche ordered the arrest and detention in Besançon of all constitutional priests in the Rhine departments (
430:, a French political party of the center and right, thus appears on its logo. It is white between blue and red in the center of the logo, echoing the three colors of the
597:
46:
Planted, generally in the busiest, most visible spot in a locality, as signs of joy and symbols of emancipation, these plants were to grow with the new institutions.
388:
Today, the Tree of Liberty appears in a highly stylized form, but as the main motif on French €1 and €2 coins, and on the logo of the French political party, the
194:
128:
and other towns planted Tree of Libertys. A few months later, more than sixty thousand of these trees were erected in all the communes of France, according to
445:
The oak, the tree of freedom par excellence, symbolizes in European culture durability, virility, power, stability and unity. The day after his death,
466:
Whatever the species of tree, the symbolism of the Tree of Liberty is based on the universal values and humanist principles of the French Republic.
402:
207:
by the orphans of the defenders of the fatherland. Other decrees prescribed penalties for those who destroyed or mutilated the trees of liberty.
751:
887:
791:
581:
720:
Histoire de l'Eglise catholique en France: d'après les documents les plus authentiques, depuis son origine jusqu'au concordat de Pie VII
318:
returned, there were still a large number of Tree of Libertys throughout France, which had been called Napoleon trees under the Empire.
239:
230:
These kinds of offenses were very common under the Thermidorian reaction. For example, on June 8, 1794, the patron saint's day in
823:
282:, although the reaction of the population was more mixed, going so far as to uproot the tree and justify violent repression.
227:
planned to use a large ditch around the Tree of Liberty to smoke the blood of the guillotine victims on Pont Moraud in Lyon.
334:
Years, a few communes still planted new Tree of Libertys, but enthusiasm soon waned, and few were planted. Not so after the
104:, in the Vienne department, who had an oak tree transplanted from the nearby forest into the middle of his village square.
424:
418:
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857:
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675:
76:
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361:
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The mother country's example was followed even in the colonies, where they were even planted at slave markets.
477:, which some people find annoying, or the Phrygian bonnet, which already offended some Gaullist deputies".
258:
470:
166:
24:
306:
66:, which was planted in many places to celebrate the arrival of spring. In Paris, until the end of the
224:
142:
92:
At the time of the Revolution, in imitation of what had been done in the United States following the
372:
The return of the Republic in 1870 was an opportunity to plant new trees. However, the context (the
345:
373:
335:
180:
133:
93:
149:, declaring: "The tree of liberty could not grow if it were not watered with the blood of kings".
129:
275:
211:
them with the utmost severity, and death sentences were even handed down to the perpetrators. In
502:
Victor Hugo, Speech at the planting of a Tree of Liberty on the Place des Vosges, March 2, 1848.
409:
made clear in his speech on March 2, 1848, a century and a half before the design was created.
906:
883:
868:
787:
577:
446:
188:
96:
with the Liberty poles, the custom was introduced in France of ceremoniously planting a young
40:
486:"The tree of liberty must be revived from time to time by the blood of patriots and tyrants."
469:
For historian Bernard Richard, "it could be said that it has taken the place occupied on the
339:
223:
was also guillotined in Toulouse for the same offence. On the other hand, the revolutionary
204:
146:
67:
54:
The custom of planting trees as a sign of popular joy is immemorial. It is found among the
460:
183:
ordered that the tree of liberty and the altar of the fatherland, overturned on March 27,
456:
431:
331:
916:
377:
247:
235:
101:
234:, some of the town's inhabitants cut down their tree. As a result, on the orders of
521:
Fechner, Erik (1987). "L'arbre de la liberté: Objet, symbole, signe linguistique".
59:
19:
900:
179:
revolutionary emblems. Special laws protected their consecration. A decree of the
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718:
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in 1995. The apple tree, along with the apple, represented the fruits of France.
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290:
286:
220:
216:
896:
439:
310:
Oradour-sur-Glane's Tree of Liberty, which survived the village fire of 1944.
100:
tree in French communes. The example was set in 1790 by the parish priest of
451:
243:
231:
137:
449:
was depicted as a felled oak in a front-page drawing by Jacques Faizant in
212:
442:, typical trees of the French terroir and "fetishes" of the French right.
405:
written in all caps; the whole is surrounded by a circle of twelve stars.
191:, would be re-established at the expense of those who had destroyed them.
576:(in French). Éditions CLEF 89/Fédération des œuvres laïques. p. 25.
474:
455:(November 11, 1970). As for the apple tree, it was one of the symbols of
315:
350:
125:
117:
97:
71:
63:
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The French planted a Tree of Liberty in Cologne's Neumarkt in 1794.
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279:
257:
193:
165:
121:
55:
18:
268:
219:
who cut down a tree were guillotined in Lyon, and a miller from
184:
435:
349:
Sometimes, all that remains is a commemorative plaque, as in
662:"Monument aux victimes de la RĂ©volution, BĂ©doin, Vaucluse"
289:) and in foreign countries: a Freedom Palm in Shanghai by
644:"L'affaire de Bedoin, un exemple de Terreur provinciale"
491:
Thomas Jefferson, Letter to W. S. Smith, Nov. 13, 1787.
629:"Quelques éléments d'histoire pour comprendre Bédoin"
574:
Les Arbres de la liberté à Poitiers et dans la Vienne
784:
La RĂ©volution Ă l'Isle sur la Sorgue et en Vaucluse
170:One of the oldest freedom trees still standing, in
459:'s campaign for election to the presidency of the
870:Dictionnaire de la conversation et de la lecture
297:The fate of Tree of Libertys in the 19th century
198:The Annappes Tree of Liberty (Platane d'Orient).
495:
484:
856:Boursin, Elphège; Challamel, Augustin (1982).
285:Other trees were planted in the colonies (in
120:was preferred to the oak, and in early 1792,
83:Trees of liberty during the French Revolution
8:
824:"Le sapin de la liberté victime de vandales"
62:alike. The precursor of these trees was the
786:(in French). Éditions Scriba. p. 117.
737:Les tribunaux révolutionnaires en province
753:Album littéraire et musical de la Minerve
873:(in French) (2nd ed.). Michel LĂ©vy.
859:Dictionnaire de la révolution française
840:
809:
690:"Arbres de la liberté en Haute-Garonne"
544:(in French). Firmin Didot. p. 284.
513:
353:, in the town center, Place du Martray.
23:Planting a Tree of Liberty in 1790, by
805:
803:
765:
763:
7:
648:Archives départementales de Vaucluse
366:Destruction des arbres de la liberté
79:home, as a tribute to William Tell.
542:France, dictionnaire encyclopédique
423:The tree of liberty adopted by the
240:Jean-Marie-Claude-Alexandre Goujon
14:
568:Histoire des arbres de la liberté
426:Union pour un mouvement populaire
396:Design for French €1 and €2 coins
899:
523:Mots: Les Langages du Politique
278:went so far as to plant one in
734:Sabatié, Amans-Claude (1914).
302:Felling during the Restoration
136:, Paris had over two hundred.
1:
880:Les Emblèmes de la République
676:"Claude Javogues (1759–1796)"
145:went so far as to paraphrase
882:(in French). CNRS Éditions.
828:Le Journal de SaĂ´ne-et-Loire
769:
740:(in French). P. Lethielleux.
554:
419:Union for a Popular Movement
403:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
862:(in French). Jouvet et Cie.
782:Ceccarelli, Albert (1989).
254:Distribution outside France
16:Symbol of freedom in France
944:
416:
88:The first trees: 1789–1791
878:Richard, Bernard (2011).
867:Duckett, William (1853).
723:(in French). p. 174.
642:Sens-Meyé, André (2016).
413:UMP political party logo
368:by Henri Valentin, 1850.
473:'logo' by the cross of
822:Veniant, Jean (2012).
598:"Citations françaises"
572:Petit, Robert (1989).
505:
494:
369:
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311:
263:
199:
175:
28:
717:Le Clere, A. (1875).
612:"Arbre de la liberté"
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348:
309:
261:
197:
169:
70:, the clerics of the
39:of freedom since the
25:Jean-Baptiste Lesueur
22:
225:Marie Joseph Chalier
772:, pp. 187–188)
374:Franco-Prussian War
336:February Revolution
162:Importance and care
134:Marquis de Villette
132:. According to the
108:The impetus of 1792
94:War of Independence
704:"Crommelin family"
540:Le Bas, Philippe.
434:, and features an
376:of 1870, then the
370:
355:
312:
276:Napoleon Bonaparte
264:
200:
189:department of Tarn
176:
29:
928:French Revolution
907:Liberalism portal
889:978-2-271-07299-3
793:978-2-86736-018-3
583:978-2-905061-20-1
447:Charles de Gaulle
143:Barère de Vieuzac
41:French Revolution
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205:Tuileries Garden
147:Thomas Jefferson
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246:, Bas-Rhin and
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33:Tree of Liberty
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332:Three Glorious
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555:Petit (1989
529:(1): 23–42.
432:French flag
320:Louis XVIII
291:Sun Yat-sen
287:Pondicherry
221:Mas-Grenier
217:La Versanne
35:has been a
917:Categories
508:References
440:apple tree
417:See also:
384:Other uses
330:After the
181:Convention
452:Le Figaro
314:When the
293:in 1912.
244:Haut-Rhin
232:Hirsingue
187:, in the
138:Louis XVI
500:—
489:—
475:Lorraine
316:Bourbons
756:. 1848.
351:Paimpol
326:Renewal
126:Auxerre
113:ideal.
72:Basoche
64:maypole
50:Origins
886:
790:
580:
481:Quotes
213:BĂ©doin
172:Bayeux
118:poplar
98:poplar
60:Romans
37:symbol
615:(PDF)
428:(UMP)
280:Milan
122:Lille
56:Gauls
884:ISBN
788:ISBN
578:ISBN
566:See
269:1794
238:and
185:1793
116:The
58:and
31:The
471:RPR
438:or
436:oak
390:UMP
919::
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527:15
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