297:
1199:(who had bought the US Tri-Ergon rights in 1926) had lost control of his own company, Fox Studios, to ERPI. Backed by Tri-Ergon AG in Switzerland, he intensified the attempt to get the patent granted. In September 1931 the efforts of American Tri-Ergon Corporation's patent lawyers paid off, and he was finally assigned the US patent for the Tri-Ergon rights in the United States. The assignor was Tri-Ergon AG, who had originally applied for the US patent back in 1922. The Tri-Ergon patents named particular technical features that claimed to precede all other sound-on-film patents, such as the
1338:
931:
1157:
223:
1146:
404:('The Match Girl'), was directed by Guido Bagier. Bagier (who worked at Ufa between 1922 and 1927 as producer and musical advisor) also wrote the music for the film; the screenplay was by Hans Kyser. It premièred at the Mozartsaal in December 1925, but was a total flop in terms of technical sound quality. According to Bagier, the fiasco was due to technical problems with the playback equipment.
606:
517:
1252:
581:, which was founded in 1925. In December 1927 the Dutch firm of H. J. Küchenmeister founded a new company, International Maatschappij voor Sprekende Films NV (Sprekende Films NV) to profit from its patented 'Meisterton' system. Within a year the Dutch company would have almost total control of the Tobis and the Tri-Ergon patents.
574:'s industrial Hugenberg-Gruppe took over Ufa and, as part of their initial cost-cutting measures, closed down the Tri-Ergon department. Ludwig Klitzsch, the managing director, dismissed Bagier and his team, sidestepping the problem of "the talkies" with their vast technical, financial, and legal problems.
1263:
The cartel rules began to irk foreign film companies, who had to pay ERPI a license fee (royalties) to shoot the film, and then had to pay Tobis-Klang to show the film in the areas allotted to them under the 1930 accord. Another conference was held in Paris during
February 1932, but Tobis-Klangfilm
1186:
All pending litigation was dropped. ERPI and RCA acquired exclusive rights to sell their own recording and reproduction equipment, and distribute films in the United States, Canada, Australia, New
Zealand, India, and the Soviet Union. Royalties collected in the United Kingdom were split, 25 percent
110:
by 1930. While Tri-Ergon became the dominant sound film process in
Germany and much of Europe through its use by Tobis-Klangfilm, American film companies were still squabbling over their respective patents. For a time Tri-Ergon successfully blocked all American attempts to show their sound films in
897:
Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (St. Gallen) formed c1926 by Tri-Ergon AG (Zurich), which since 1923 had owned the patents registered by the original inventors in 1919. This was the parent company of Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (Berlin), formed by
Masolle on 12 May 1927, which made both sound films, and also phonograph
264:
recorded and developed separately, then printed together onto a common positive. This required special adjustments on the standard projectors, which was not well received by the industry. The other patent was a "flywheel" which allowed the film to flow smoothly through sound reproducing equipment.
1321:
The new head of Tobis-Klang-film, Dr. Hans Henkel, journeyed to New York for personal negotiations in March 1936 to effect a new agreement. After two weeks' discussion all parties signed the new 1932 Paris accord on 18 March 1936 which included payment of royalties in the local currency where the
1066:'s subsidiary for distributing its sound motion picture equipment—for patent infringement. After a number of court cases, on 22 July 1929 the German appeals court upheld Tobis-Klangfilm's exclusive rights to sound-on-film recording in Germany: the company was victorious in all subsequent appeals.
1536:
About a year after Tri-Ergon's début, Axel
Petersen (1887-1971) and Arnold Poulsen (1889-1952) publicly demonstrated the first sound film recorded indoors on October 12, 1923. Their enterprise, Electrical Fono Film Company, Ltd., had been founded in 1918. In 1946 the name was changed to PhonFilm
1226:
Although this brought a swift end to the sound film wars between various competing US and
European (Dutch, German, and Swiss) interests, it also meant that the original Tri-Ergon system was never formally adopted in the United States. As a result, William Fox's own American Tri-Ergon Corporation
1069:
Tobis-Klangfilm won further injunctions in
Switzerland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Holland, and Austria. Even William Fox, owner of Tri-Ergon's American rights, was prevented from presenting films in Berlin. No American films were shown at all in Berlin, and Tobis-Klang refused an offer from ERPI,
1519:
In this building, the former
Alhambra cinema, visitors witnessed on the 17 September 1922 the world première of the first sound film of the German inventors' Triergon company. Dr. Jo Engl, Hon. Dr. Eng. Joseph Masolle, Hon. Dr. Hans Vogt established with their still used light-sound process the
263:
Two specific patents in the Tri-Ergon system would later cause controversy. The Tri-Ergon film used an extra 7mm sound strip attached to the edge of a standard 35mm film, resulting in a new film 42mm wide. This was achieved by a "double-printing" method by which the film and sound tracks were
962:
sings the title song on the soundtrack (00:32). Although Tauber appears with
Liedtke and Dietrich in publicity shots for the film, he didn't appear on screen himself. The film was distributed by Deutsche Lichtspiel-Syndikat (DLS), a chain of 800 cinemas which had installed Küchenmeister's
1239:
eventually hit Küchenmeister's
Sprekende Film NV, which owned Tobis. The Dutch firm had over-extended itself with bank loans which were not renewed, and its Ultraphone business went bankrupt. The hugely complex chain of inter-linked Tobis companies fell to pieces, necessitating a complete
632:, was shown twice: firstly as a silent film with the music performed live and synchronized using Blum's Musikchronometer, and then as a sound film (no longer extant) using the Tri-Ergon process. The sound-film recording was supervised by Bagier, now working for Tri-Ergon-Musik A.G.
585:
854:, showed at the exhibition in August. Reviewers of the Radio Exhibition screenings were impressed by the reproduction of natural sounds, such as street noises, marching soldiers, hammering machines, steam ships and zoo animals. It was later released in a shorter version,
464:
agreement of December 1925, whereby the American firms took control (and revenue) of all Ufa's first-run theatres to show American films. Only one significant German film was shown in Ufa first-run cinemas in Berlin during this whole time the agreement was in effect:
1222:
in October 1934 not to review the case. The Supreme Court surprisingly relented, heard the appeal and finally ruled in March 1935 that neither system was 'new', and that there were prior inventions. An appeal by Alttona Publix was rejected on 1 April 1935.
926:
In this deal, Tobis acquired the option to purchase outright Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (Berlin), and made an agreement with Tri-Ergon-Musik-AG (St. Gallen) to use the Tri-Ergon sound film patents. Tobis was almost completely controlled by Küchenmeister by 1929.
122:
acquired the US rights for the Tri-Ergon system and, backed by Tri-Ergon AG, began a patent infringement battle in the courts in 1929 against much of the American film industry. The dispute wasn't settled until 1935, when Fox lost his final appeal in the
901:
Deutsche Tonfilm AG (Hannover), which in 1925 acquired the Petersen-Poulsen patents for German-speaking countries, signed a monopoly contract with Phoebus-Film (Berlin) to produce sound films. Deutsche Tonfilm, Phoebus-Film and Lignose Hörfilm (see
1002:
Meanwhile, also in 1929, Ufa and Klangfilm planned a separate contract to develop their own sound film production. Tobis (possibly because its earlier failure with Ufa in 1925) stood in direct competition with the giant Ufa as a producer of film.
416:, having ducked the whole issue of sound films, had still fallen into severe financial difficulties with productions of vastly expensive silent films accompanied by a live symphony orchestra playing a specially-composed score, such as
1023:
The Dutch firm of H. J. Küchenmeister planned a massive expansion of Tobis across Europe, and on 19 May 1929 issued 5,000 shares of its new company, 'Internationale Maatschappij voor Accoustiek NV' (Accoustiek NV) on the
590:
586:
874:) were becoming more organised in Germany. To protect the market from American domination the German government lobbied for a cartelization of all important German sound film patents, and on 30 August 1928 the
588:
2539:. NB This article is stuffed full of highly detailed technical diagrams and explanations (in Swedish) about the Tri-Ergon process and how it was used to make records from a previously recorded soundtrack.
917:
system, which used two gramophone pick-up needles to give a stereo-like sound. He formed a holding company - Küchenmeisters Internationale Ultraphoon Maatschappij NV (Ultraphone) - which launched on the
654:
By mid-1928 a number of short films had been made using the Tri-Ergon process, produced by Tobis-Industrie GmbH (TIGes) (Berlin). Some of them were shown at the first public showing of sound films in
589:
1302:
During the nationalisation of the German film industry in 1935, the interests of Intertobis and Ufa were clandestinely transferred to Cautio GmbH. Cautio was personally set up in 1929 by
1322:
film was being shown. Most American companies had withdrawn anyway from the German market by 1936, since much of their revenues were frozen under strict currency laws under the NSDAP.
1175:, one of the companies making up the original Klangfilm AG syndicate. With GE's influence, RCA and Tobis-Klangfilm signed a cooperative agreement. On 22 July 1930, at a conference in
100:
The Tri-Ergon system appeared at a time when a number of other sound film processes were arriving on the market, and the company soon merged with a number of competitors to form the
1443:
1214:
for infringement of the "double printing" method. He then sued RCA and ERPI - and all the US film companies which used the Tri-Ergon design - for infringement, specifically the
1075:
1240:
reorganisation of the whole business. Dutch bankers and creditors began re-financing the profitable parts of the company, which emerged in 1932 as 'International Tobis NV' or
97:
acquired the German sound film rights for the Tri-Ergon process in 1925, but dropped the system when the public showing of their first sound film suffered technical failures.
351:
who lived in Berlin from 1907 to 1911. The peculiarity of this play rests in the fact that all the parts were played by the same actor. No known copies of this film remain.
1036:, $ 12 million, £500,000. It was over-subscribed by ƒ3 billion (about 5 billion ℛ︁ℳ︁), in keeping with the general stock exchange euphoria of the times.
878:
Tonbild-Syndicate A.G. was formed to consolidate the Tri-Ergon patents and several hundred more. The four original main companies who made up the Tobis syndicate were:
2022:
87:
recording method and a non-standard film size (42mm) which incorporated the sound track with stock 35mm film. With a Swiss backer, the inventors formed Tri-Ergon AG in
2728:
1121:
385:
system. Tri-Ergon AG licensed the recording film rights to Ufa in January 1925 and Masolle briefly became technical director of Ufa's first sound-film division.
1091:('The Land Without Women') - almost two hours long - on September 30, 1929, was hailed by reviews in the press as "the first feature-length German sound film".
152:
Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (Berlin), which made phonograph records and owned the patents for Germany, formed in 1927: a subsidiary or branch of the St. Gallen company
620:
of contemporary chamber-music, pioneering sound films with original scores by leading avant-garde composers were shown at special 'Film and Music' sessions.
577:
On 12 May 1927, Tri-Ergon-Musik-AG (Berlin), a subsidiary of Tri-Ergon-Musik-AG (St. Gallen) was formed by Joseph Masolle. By 1931 it was a subsidiary of
1218:
on the sound drum. During a series of legal tussles Fox at first won his lawsuit on appeal and then lost it after an unusual reversal of decision by the
398:
1541:
as an offshoot. Ortofon started making industrial cutting heads for microgroove records and still (2019) manufactures turntable cartridges and styli.
1183:, RCA, ERPI, and Tobis-Klangfilm formed a loose cartel to divide the world into three regions for selling sound recording and reproducing apparatus.
587:
80:
system was developed from around 1919 by three German inventors, Josef Engl (1893–1942), Joseph Massolle (1889–1957), and Hans Vogt (1890–1979).
296:
1137:. The success of these early sound films led the Berlin Chamber of Commerce to comment: "By now, sound film has become firmly established."
2885:
1991:
479:. Almost no German films were shown in US cinemas: and Ufa made no new films in Germany at all while the Parufamet contract was in force.
991:
Tobis-Klangfilm made a deal with the British and French Phototone companies, and British Talking Pictures, Ltd. This made the patents of
388:
However, the non-standard film format was not popular: even a well-publicized tour of Germany in 1925 failed to generate much interest.
995:
available to Tobis-Klangfilm. Tobis-Klangfilm now had branches for production, distribution and equipment throughout Europe (including
898:
records with the same photo-electric method used in the film soundtracks. The records were sold under the name Tri-Ergon-Photo-Records.
2875:
846:
commissioned Tri-Ergon-Musik A.G. to produce a sound film for the opening of the fifth German Radio Exhibition in Berlin. Their film
2832:
2811:
2790:
2769:
2691:
2611:
2588:
2564:
1493:
1591:
There are analogies to be found with 'variable density' and the 'variable area' recording by considering sound broadcasting using
966:
The main competitor of Tobis was the Klangfilm syndicate, a partnership formed in early 1929 between the electrical manufacturers
1958:
1604:
1488:
393:
1288:
1206:
Fox then separately sued (as test cases) Altoona Publix Theatres Inc., which leased and operated the projection equipment from
505:
2870:
1356:
records for the German, French, Swedish and Danish markets from about 1928 to 1932. The records were advertised and sold as "
504:
could be seen in the whole of Germany was at a single, small—yet exquisitely decorated—cinema showing second-rate films, the
1582:. Accessed 3 September 2017. With many photos. NB Swedish translates relatively well into English with a machine translator.
1463:
1381:
made numerous records under both his own name and under the pseudonym of 'Harry Jackson'; other recording artists included
739:
549:
252:
Tri-Ergon used a special form of microphone without mechanical moving parts (Cathodophone) for sound pickup and a special
1683:
482:
Although this injection of foreign capital allowed the construction in 1926 of Ufa's enormous new Große Halle studios at
1337:
1167:
The stalemate in the ongoing patent wars between the US and European interests was broken by RCA. In the summer of 1929
843:
1362:
913:
The Dutch firm of H. J. Küchenmeister, who had started making 'Meisterton' sound films in 1925 with his own Ultraphone
508:. The box office receipts amounted to approximately 75,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁, slightly over 0.01% of the budget.
1219:
532:
personally purchased the US rights to the Tri-Ergon patents for $ 50,000, forming the American Tri-Ergon Corporation.
1357:
1310:
regime. In 1935 Winkler was named by Hitler as "Reich Plenipotentiary for the German Film Industry". He had links to
922:
in October 1928 It swiftly combined with German interests to form H. J. Küchenmeister-Kommanditgesellschaft (Berlin).
543:, although it seems that only the Case patents were actually used in creating the new sound-on-film system he dubbed
237:
The Tri-Ergon process involved recording sound onto film using the "variable density" method, used by Movietone and
1370:
The company released records of popular jazz and dance bands, and classical music. The Hungarian dance band leader
1272:
930:
422:
2036:
486:(designed by Carl Stach-Urach, who had re-built the Ufa-Palast am Zoo the previous year), the Ufa management with
2436:
308:, Berlin, commemorating the first public showing of sound films in 1922 by Engl, Massolle, and Vogt (in German).
257:
2578:
2880:
1280:
1025:
946:
938:
919:
1704:
524:
From 1926, needing more revenue, Tri-Ergon AG sought backers in the US. On 5 July 1927 the Hungarian-American
1521:
354:
In order to continue developing their process, the inventors sold their patent to Swiss financial backers in
1671:
835:. In the autumn of a touring exhibition of sound films was shown throughout Austria. The German première of
617:
312:
Massolle, Engl and Vogt secured patents from 1919 in Germany, and applied for a US patent on 20 March 1922.
253:
111:
Germany and other European countries, until a loose cartel was formed under an agreement in Paris in 1930.
1458:
1196:
710:
544:
536:
525:
492:
227:
115:
2052:
230:
sound track with variable density recording, similar to Tri-Ergon. Right: Variable area track as used by
2722:
2482:
Hollaender had conducted the choir and orchestra for the performances of a huge pageant-like spectacle,
1393:
1187:
going to Tobis-Klangfilm, who also acquired similar exclusive rights in Central Europe and Scandinavia.
958:
it premièred on January 16, 1929. Free of dialogue, the film's only sound segment occurs when the tenor
471:
174:
2192:
735:
777:
2342:
1804:
1596:
1592:
1483:
1386:
1284:
1172:
1116:
1087:
971:
800:
648:
529:
336:
316:
197:
119:
1397:
1134:
1102:
1016:
967:
675:
457:
1271:, the NSDAP (Nazi Party) began to suspend civil liberties and eliminate political opposition. The
155:
Tri-Ergon-Photo-Electro-Records (Berlin), a record label subsidiary of Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (Berlin)
2746:
2667:
2488:
1401:
1211:
832:
718:
680:
563:
453:
447:
359:
2658:(1). University of Texas Press, on behalf of the Society for Cinema & Media Studies: 51–61.
1371:
377:(Ufa) produced three hours' worth of vaudeville shorts with sound, similar to those produced by
2602:
Tonfilmfrieden / Tonfilmkrieg.: Die Geschichte der Tobis vom Technik-Syndikat zum Staatskonzern
1306:, its sole owner and shareholder, as a front company for the secret transfer of funds from the
666:
2828:
2822:
2807:
2801:
2786:
2780:
2765:
2687:
2681:
2607:
2584:
2574:
2560:
2554:
2106:
1720:
1236:
1095:
749:
687:
476:
432:
348:
327:
301:
2759:
1389:
with the New Yorkers dance orchestra (e.g. "It's a Million to One You're in Love", TE 5137).
982:
records). By March 1929 Tobis merged with Klangfilm, and the resulting syndicate was renamed
693:'Hans in der Gaud' (Ladi Krupski, a Swiss lute singer and cabarettist) playing an old French
2659:
2497:
2493:
1292:
1168:
1149:
1063:
1045:
1007:
996:
955:
805:
621:
594:
571:
272:
128:
124:
2852:
on Tri-Ergon Photo-Electro-Records, with stills of the inventors and some of the equipment.
2806:. Volume 6 of Evolution of international business, 1800-1945. London, New York: Routledge.
2737:
Horak, Jan-Christopher (March 1993). "Rin-Tin-Tin in Berlin or American Cinema in Weimar".
2629:
1156:
1020:), introduced the longest German sound film at the time with some 40 minutes running time.
142:, Switzerland), acquired the rights to the original 1919 patents from the inventors in 1923
2702:
1803:
The Mozartsaal was a cinema converted from a former concert hall, located upstairs in the
1468:
1082:
1055:
984:
903:
796:
722:
714:
378:
268:
65:
2502:
1575:
1382:
1341:
782:
149:, Switzerland), founded c1926, held the patents for the rest of the world outside Germany
1318:
since 1922, and president of the Reich Media Council and Reich Press Leader from c1933.
334:('The Arsonist' in English). It was an adaptation for the screen of a 1903 one-act play
222:
1448:
1268:
1256:
1195:
In 1930 Tri-Ergon AG's 1922 patent application was still pending in the United States.
1107:
959:
934:
744:
659:
644:
636:
442:
341:
321:
305:
246:
231:
165:
1145:
635:
Other films shown at the festivals in 1928-9 included American cartoons with music by
2864:
2483:
2273:
2266:
1657:
1478:
1421:
1405:
1161:
1130:
1126:
1112:
1062:
Tobis-Klangfilm sued both Warner Bros. and Electrical Research Products, Inc. (ERPI)—
1029:
992:
951:
914:
887:
883:
851:
792:
699:
540:
483:
475:. The film received no publicity build-up and was dropped after only one week at the
427:
382:
238:
131:. The Tri-Ergon system continued in use in Germany and the continent during the war.
84:
77:
2262:
1527:
Hans Vogt, the only surviving the member of the team, was present at the unveiling.
1276:
1071:
1040:
817:
773:
609:
554:
487:
417:
256:
for variable density film recording. For reproduction of sound, the system used an
1775:
was secretly formed in 1917 by the German State as part of its propaganda effort.
1376:
2782:
Die Wiener Urania: von den Wurzeln der Erwachsenenbildung zum lebenslangen Lernen
127:. A new Paris accord was signed in March 1936, which held until the start of the
2452:
1975:
1453:
1315:
1303:
1264:
demanded extra royalty fees, and American companies began withholding payments.
788:
769:
629:
605:
367:
2733: NB Swedish goes surprisingly well into English with a machine translator.
2650:
Gomery, Douglas (1976). "Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound".
1559:
516:
106:
syndicate in 1928, joined by the Klangfilm AG syndicate in 1929 and renamed as
2849:
2468:
1473:
1409:
1353:
1307:
1296:
1251:
1033:
950:('Ich küsse ihre Hand, Madame') was the first Tobis film with sound. Starring
894:
at its founding in 1917, and owned a number of significant sound film patents.
729:
640:
497:
437:
355:
276:
146:
102:
1869:
1039:
Although Tobis-Klangfilm's preparations were complete by the spring of 1929,
2598:
Dibbets, Karel (2003). "Tobis: Made in Holland". In Distelmeyer, Jan (ed.).
2270:
1438:
1433:
1311:
1050:
907:
755:
578:
490:
in charge of production continued to over-spend by enormous amounts. Lang's
461:
242:
363:
2855:
2206:
886:, the founder of the German film industry who had been making and showing
764:(1928) ('A day on the farm') (often misnamed "Ein Tag Film"), directed by
1600:
1215:
1200:
975:
765:
558:
413:
374:
94:
29:
2764:. Translated by Robert and Rita Kimber. University of California Press.
1670:
In the 60s and early 70s the old Alhambra building housed one of Jahn's
2750:
2671:
2024:
Medizinischer Film der Charité Berlin mit Begleitvortrag von Dr. Degner
1538:
979:
655:
466:
391:
Ufa's first sound film using the Tri-Ergon system, the 20-minute short
330:, Berlin on 17 September 1922. One of the sound films shown was titled
280:
2761:
The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918–1945
1349:
1180:
547:. One of the first feature films to be released in Fox Movietone was
139:
88:
2663:
315:
The first public showing of Tri-Ergon sound films took place in the
2600:
2285:
Warner Bros. was itself in dispute with ERPI over royalty payments.
2006:
2004:
2606:. (chapter available in German and Dutch). Edition Text + Kritik.
2556:
Animation: A World History: Volume I: Foundations - The Golden Age
1336:
1176:
1155:
1144:
929:
583:
515:
295:
221:
164:
The name Tri-Ergon means "the work of three", and is derived from
1043:
was still technically far ahead and in May 1929 tried to present
2709:. ('Electrical recording of gramophone discs') (in Swedish) (14)
1227:
failed to collect an estimated $ 100 million in licensing fees.
706:
134:
There were a number of companies which used the Tri-Ergon name:
2525:
Gregor Piatigorsky: The Life and Career of the Virtuoso Cellist
1772:
1326:
1207:
891:
871:
867:
460:
stepped into the financial breach with the highly restrictive
205:
196:, meaning 'deed, action, work, labour, or task'; cognate with
1420:
The Tri-Ergon records were made by a partial reversal of the
1424:
process used to encode the sound track in the first place.
2343:"Altoona Publix Theatres, Inc. v. American Tri-Ergon Corp."
2131:
2129:
2127:
2111:
100Yos: Denmark - The Origin of Fairytales and Loudspeakers
1743:
1741:
1105:, was released in December 1929, followed in April 1930 by
1006:
The premiere in March 1929 at the Baden-Baden Festival of
2577:; Mosel, Wiebke Annkatrin; Spazier, Ingrun, eds. (2003).
1870:"'Metropolis' around the World: The First Season: 1926/7"
1705:
American Tri-Ergon Corp v. Altoona Publix Theaters (1933)
906:) were all affiliated with the chemical-industrial giant
717:(Treefrog) was the first German car to be assembled on a
91:, and tried to interest the market with their invention.
2372:
2370:
2241:
2239:
2041:. Filmportal.de (in German). Retrieved 3 September 2017.
1028:. This was the largest Dutch flotation to date, netting
628:(1924), with an original score for chamber orchestra by
2357:
2355:
2089:
2087:
2085:
768:
with Guido Bagier as unit production manager, starring
535:
Fox Film had also purchased sound-on-film patents from
245:, rather than the "variable area" method later used by
2072:
2070:
1917:
1915:
1839:
1837:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1444:
List of early Warner Bros. sound and talking features
1392:
Classical artists included the conductor and pianist
300:
Plaque at the site of the former Alhambra theatre on
1314:, Hitler's sergeant from 1915 to 1918, president of
1076:
Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America
2027:(in German). Filmportal. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
1400:) and the Tri-Ergon-Trio consisting of the cellist
1098:occurred, triggering a worldwide financial crisis.
839:took place on 12 September 1928 at the Mozartsaal.
191:
179:
61:
51:
43:
35:
24:
2599:
2580:Die Tobis 1928-1945: Eine kommentierte Filmografie
2107:"1923: Ortofon behind breakthrough in sound films"
1520:technical foundations of sound film. Dedicated by
1074:organised an American boycott through his company
827:was shown in the Vienna Urania cinema, along with
662:, a public educational institute and observatory (
2437:"Tri-Ergon Photo-Electro-Record (Germany) / 1929"
2010:
1325:Ufa continued to use the Tri-Ergon system during
2345:294 U.S. 734, (U.S. 1935) Decided 1 April 1935.
1974:was accompanied by a specially-written score by
1906:
866:Competing American sound film companies such as
557:. Fox also used the system for the long-running
890:films since 1903. He merged his companies with
823:In September 1928 Walter Ruttman's full-length
2779:Wallnöfer, Elsbeth; Petrasch, Wilhelm (2007).
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
702:, president of the Prussian Academy of Poetry
8:
2727:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2676: (Restricted view, subscription needed)
2197:. Filmportal.de. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
732:, Berlin, with an introduction by Dr. Degner
271:(dated to 1923) is in the collection of the
19:
2631:The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930)
209:
185:
2513:(28). London: Kingshurst Publishing. 1912.
1700:
1698:
1696:
831:(1928), starring the Viennese comic actor
816:Closing speech by the playwright and poet
394:Das Mädchen mit den Schwefelhölzern (1925)
18:
2703:"Elektrisk inspelning av grammofonskivor"
2424:
2207:"Deutsche Lichtspiel-Syndikat (DLS) (de)"
2135:
1828:
1816:
1759:
1747:
1160:AEG Turbine factory (c1909), designed by
2171:
2147:
1979:
1933:
1725:Silent Era: Progressive Silent Film List
1250:
604:
496:cost over an (estimated) 5,100,000
2400:
2376:
2257:From the start of 1930, beginning with
2245:
2218:
2159:
2050:Video with a sound clip from the film:
1992:"Tobis-Industrie GmbH (Tiges) (Berlin)"
1945:
1552:
1509:
1329:until the collapse of Germany in 1945.
1299:('Reichskanzler') of the German Reich.
882:Messter-Ton Film, founded in Berlin by
825:Stätten von deutscher Arbeit and Kultur
2745:(1). Indiana University Press: 49–62.
2720:
2637:(PhD thesis). University of Nottingham
2536:
2412:
2361:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2093:
1639:
1616:
1599:: or the difference between editing a
1855:
1843:
1396:(who later made arrangements for the
690:opening the Film Exhibition in Berlin
7:
2683:The Captive Press in the Third Reich
2583:(in German). Edition Text + Kritik.
2470:It's a Million to One You're in Love
2388:
2230:
2076:
1921:
1894:
1791:
1348:A subsidiary, Tri-Ergon Musik AG of
1032:5 million (approx. 8.3 million
658:on 8 June 1928 at the cinema in the
2441:Ted Staunton's 78 rpm Label Gallery
1868:Bar-Sagi, Aitam (24 October 2013).
963:'Meisterton' sound system in 1928.
2209:. IMDb. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
2194:The Emergence of German Sound Film
1275:were excluded from the Reichstag.
1122:The Three from the Filling Station
14:
2785:(in German). Böhlau Verlag Wien.
2053:"Als die Bilder sprechen lernten"
1494:German inventions and discoveries
1171:(GE) acquired a part interest in
1961:with Meisel's avant-garde music.
1959:Berlin: Symphony of a Great City
1489:German inventors and discoverers
829:Hans Moser als Wiener Dienstmann
208:also derives from the same word
2800:Southard, Frank Allan (2000) .
2553:Bendazzi, Giannalberto (2015).
2473:(Tri-Ergon records on Youtube).
1358:Tri-Ergon Photo-Electro-Records
1049:in Germany, a Part-Talkie with
506:Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz
16:Process to unite film and sound
2686:. Princeton University Press.
1957:Ruttman would go on to direct
1907:Bock, Mosel & Spazier 2003
1101:Ufa's first major sound film,
624:'s abstract experimental film
1:
2443:. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
2349:. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
2011:Wallnöfer & Petrasch 2007
1710:. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
1566:. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
1287:on 24 March 1933, completing
1119:; and in September that year
740:Israel Philharmonic Orchestra
728:A film about medicine by the
550:Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans
1998:. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
1807:, 5 Nollendorfplatz, Berlin.
1771:The giant film conglomerate
1690:. Retrieved 21 October 2017.
267:An original Tri-Ergon sound
2886:Motion picture film formats
2803:American Industry in Europe
2701:Herlin, Ernst, Dr. (1929).
2459:. Received 22 October 2017.
2269:, having had ditched their
1516:Translation of the plaque:
1464:Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner
1235:In 1931 the effects of the
500:. Yet the only venue where
192:
180:
2902:
999:) and the United Kingdom.
2876:Film and video technology
2758:Kreimeier, Klaus (1999).
2680:Hale, Oron James (2015).
837:Ein Tag auf dem Bauernhof
762:Ein Tag auf dem Bauernhof
686:The Foreign Minister Dr.
647:), and abstract films by
258:electrostatic loudspeaker
210:
186:
169:
2507:The Playgoer and Society
1283:members to vote for the
1191:Patent battles in the US
1026:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
947:I Kiss Your Hand, Madame
939:Berlin Zoological Garden
920:Amsterdam Stock Exchange
2427:, p. 354-6, 362-4.
1094:On 29 October 1929 the
254:electric discharge tube
201:
2821:Whetton, Cris (2005).
2055:(in German). Tri-Ergon
1688:Gedenktafeln in Berlin
1674:fast food restaurants.
1651:The abbreviations are
1345:
1291:from 1919 through the
1260:
1164:
1153:
978:-Werke A.G. (who sold
942:
910:, also formed in 1925.
613:
602:
537:Freeman Harrison Owens
521:
408:The Parufmet agreement
309:
234:
2871:Film sound production
1874:The Film Music Museum
1394:Bruno Seidler-Winkler
1340:
1254:
1247:1932 Paris conference
1159:
1148:
1085:'s Tobis production,
933:
862:Tobis and cartel wars
738:(later leader of the
709:factory (probably at
608:
593:
519:
472:The Farmer from Texas
358:who formed Tri-Ergon
299:
225:
184:, meaning three, and
2628:Ford, Fiona (2011).
2523:King, Terry (2010).
1819:, pp. 102, 178.
1805:Neues Schauspielhaus
1484:List of film formats
1408:, and the violinist
1387:Friedrich Hollaender
1117:Friedrich Hollaender
1088:Das Land ohne Frauen
968:Siemens & Halske
937:at a concert in the
618:Baden-Baden festival
530:Fox Film Corporation
436:; and both parts of
204:(English work). The
145:Tri-Ergon-Musik AG (
120:Fox Film Corporation
2850:Bimbambulla Foxtrot
2707:Radio och Grammofon
2267:optical soundtracks
1982:, pp. 56–57).
1398:Comedian Harmonists
1203:on the sound drum.
1135:Comedian Harmonists
1103:Melody of the Heart
1017:Melody of the World
711:Rüsselsheim am Main
676:The Thieving Magpie
553:(1927) directed by
520:William Fox in 1921
458:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
21:
2575:Bock, Hans Michael
2297:, pp. 53, 54.
1936:, pp. 99–102.
1721:"Der Brandstifter"
1537:Industry AB, with
1524:17 September 1964.
1402:Gregor Piatigorsky
1352:, made commercial
1346:
1261:
1165:
1154:
1111:with Dietrich and
1053:in a follow-up to
1034:ℛ︁ℳ︁
943:
848:Deutscher Rundfunk
844:German State Radio
736:Andreas Weißgerber
614:
612:in uniform in 1917
603:
564:Fox Movietone News
522:
498:ℛ︁ℳ︁
454:Paramount Pictures
448:Gottfried Huppertz
446:, with a score by
310:
235:
83:The system used a
2856:Tri-Ergon at IMDB
2827:. Pen and Sword.
2500:in 1911. Source:
2486:'s production of
2415:, pp. 60–61.
2309:, pp. 55–56.
1972:Lichtspiel Opus I
1416:Recording process
1333:Tri-Ergon records
1289:his rise to power
1257:Reichstag on fire
1237:Wall Street Crash
1141:1930 Paris accord
1133:and songs by the
1096:Wall Street Crash
813:Tri-Ergon Variété
750:Pablo de Sarasate
700:de:Wilhelm Scholz
688:Gustav Stresemann
669:) They included:
599:Lichtspiel Opus I
591:
477:Ufa-Palast am Zoo
433:Faust (1926 film)
412:In the meantime,
375:Universum-Film AG
349:Herman Heijermans
178:
71:
70:
2893:
2838:
2824:Hitler's Fortune
2817:
2796:
2775:
2754:
2732:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2697:
2675:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2594:
2570:
2540:
2534:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2480:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2350:
2340:
2334:
2333:, p. 58-60.
2328:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1989:
1983:
1968:
1962:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1858:, pp. 56–7.
1853:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1776:
1769:
1763:
1762:, p. 22-25.
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1717:
1711:
1702:
1691:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1662:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1589:
1583:
1573:
1567:
1557:
1542:
1534:
1528:
1514:
1380:
1366:
1293:Beer Hall Putsch
1220:US Supreme Court
1169:General Electric
1150:General Electric
1081:The première of
1064:Western Electric
1046:The Singing Fool
1012:Melodie der Welt
1008:Walther Ruttmann
997:Tobis Portuguesa
956:Marlene Dietrich
850:, with music by
809:
786:
778:Willy Schaeffers
667:Urania-Kino (de)
622:Walther Ruttmann
595:Walther Ruttmann
592:
572:Alfred Hugenberg
570:On 5 March 1927
402:
347:by Dutch author
345:
332:Der Brandstifter
325:
273:Deutsches Museum
213:
212:
195:
189:
188:
183:
173:
171:
129:Second World War
125:US Supreme Court
22:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2881:History of film
2861:
2860:
2846:
2841:
2835:
2820:
2814:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2736:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2700:
2694:
2679:
2664:10.2307/1225449
2649:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2618:
2616:
2614:
2597:
2591:
2573:
2567:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2501:
2494:Karl Vollmöller
2481:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2451:
2447:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2411:
2407:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2353:
2341:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2317:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2259:The Jazz Singer
2256:
2252:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2191:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2068:
2058:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1969:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1779:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1703:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1590:
1586:
1580:FilmSoundSweden
1574:
1570:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1469:Eric Tigerstedt
1430:
1418:
1374:
1360:
1335:
1249:
1233:
1193:
1143:
1115:, and music by
1083:Carmine Gallone
1056:The Jazz Singer
985:Tobis-Klangfilm
904:Jules Greenbaum
864:
803:
801:Steffi von Hüne
797:Kurt Vespermann
780:
723:production line
715:Opel Laubfrosch
584:
514:
423:Der Letzte Mann
410:
396:
379:Warner Brothers
339:
337:In de Jonge Jan
319:
317:Alhambra (Kino)
294:
289:
269:movie projector
220:
162:
108:Tobis-Klangfilm
66:Motion pictures
57:
28:subsidaires of
17:
12:
11:
5:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2845:
2844:External links
2842:
2840:
2839:
2833:
2818:
2812:
2797:
2791:
2776:
2770:
2755:
2734:
2698:
2692:
2677:
2652:Cinema Journal
2647:
2625:
2612:
2595:
2589:
2571:
2565:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2529:
2516:
2475:
2461:
2445:
2429:
2425:Kreimeier 1999
2417:
2405:
2403:, p. 214.
2393:
2391:, p. 127.
2381:
2366:
2351:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2278:
2265:only produced
2250:
2235:
2233:, p. 261.
2223:
2211:
2199:
2176:
2174:, p. 101.
2164:
2152:
2150:, p. 102.
2140:
2138:, p. 179.
2136:Kreimeier 1999
2123:
2098:
2081:
2079:, p. 219.
2066:
2043:
2029:
2015:
2013:, p. 165.
2000:
1984:
1963:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1924:, p. 218.
1911:
1899:
1897:, p. 216.
1887:
1860:
1848:
1833:
1831:, p. 102.
1829:Kreimeier 1999
1821:
1817:Kreimeier 1999
1809:
1796:
1794:, p. 217.
1777:
1764:
1760:Kreimeier 1999
1752:
1750:, p. 178.
1748:Kreimeier 1999
1737:
1712:
1692:
1676:
1663:
1644:
1621:
1619:, p. 58n.
1609:
1584:
1578:(in Swedish).
1568:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1529:
1526:
1525:
1522:Friedrich Jahn
1508:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1449:RCA Photophone
1446:
1441:
1436:
1429:
1426:
1417:
1414:
1404:, the pianist
1334:
1331:
1269:Reichstag fire
1267:Following the
1248:
1245:
1232:
1231:Financial woes
1229:
1192:
1189:
1142:
1139:
1108:The Blue Angel
1010:'s Tobis film
960:Richard Tauber
941:in August 1932
935:Richard Tauber
924:
923:
911:
899:
895:
863:
860:
821:
820:
814:
811:
759:
752:
745:Zigeunerweisen
733:
726:
703:
697:
691:
684:
660:Urania, Vienna
645:Darius Milhaud
637:Paul Hindemith
513:
510:
443:Die Nibelungen
409:
406:
328:Kurfürstendamm
306:Charlottenburg
302:Kurfürstendamm
293:
290:
288:
285:
247:RCA Photophone
232:RCA Photophone
219:
216:
161:
158:
157:
156:
153:
150:
143:
138:Tri-Ergon AG (
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
32:
26:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2898:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2834:9781783035014
2830:
2826:
2825:
2819:
2815:
2813:9780415190138
2809:
2805:
2804:
2798:
2794:
2792:9783205775621
2788:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2771:9780520220690
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2724:
2708:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2693:9781400868391
2689:
2685:
2684:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2633:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2613:9783883777498
2609:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2592:
2590:9783883777481
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2566:9781317520832
2562:
2559:. CRC Press.
2558:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2503:"The Miracle"
2499:
2495:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2484:Max Reinhardt
2479:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2382:
2379:, p. 32.
2378:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2364:, p. 60.
2363:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2321:, p. 57.
2320:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2274:sound-on-disc
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2248:, p. 30.
2247:
2242:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2227:
2224:
2221:, p. 29.
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:Southard 2000
2168:
2165:
2162:, p. 27.
2161:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:Southard 2000
2144:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2112:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2096:, p. 54.
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1994:(in German).
1993:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1980:Bendazzi 2015
1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1948:, p. 28.
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1934:Southard 2000
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1909:, p. 21.
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:, p. 55.
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1658:honoris causa
1654:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 53.
1641:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Sound-on-disc
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1459:Fox Movietone
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:photoelectric
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:Karol Szreter
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1162:Peter Behrens
1158:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1131:Willy Fritsch
1128:
1127:Lilian Harvey
1124:
1123:
1118:
1114:
1113:Emil Jannings
1110:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
993:Lee de Forest
989:
987:
986:
981:
977:
973:
969:
964:
961:
957:
953:
952:Harry Liedtke
949:
948:
940:
936:
932:
928:
921:
916:
915:sound-on-disc
912:
909:
905:
900:
896:
893:
889:
888:sound-on-disc
885:
884:Oskar Messter
881:
880:
879:
877:
873:
869:
861:
859:
857:
856:Tönende Welle
853:
852:Edmund Meisel
849:
845:
842:In July 1928
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
815:
812:
807:
802:
798:
794:
793:Trude Lehmann
790:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
751:
747:
746:
741:
737:
734:
731:
727:
724:
720:
716:
713:), where the
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
696:
692:
689:
685:
682:
678:
677:
672:
671:
670:
668:
665:
661:
657:
652:
651:(Hindemith).
650:
646:
643:, newsreels (
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
611:
607:
600:
596:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
566:
565:
560:
556:
552:
551:
546:
545:Fox Movietone
542:
541:Theodore Case
538:
533:
531:
527:
518:
511:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
494:
489:
485:
484:Neubabelsberg
480:
478:
474:
473:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
449:
445:
444:
439:
435:
434:
429:
428:Emil Jannings
426:(1924), with
425:
424:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
400:
395:
389:
386:
384:
383:sound-on-disc
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
352:
350:
346:
343:
338:
333:
329:
323:
318:
313:
307:
303:
298:
291:
286:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
261:
259:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Lee De Forest
233:
229:
224:
217:
215:
207:
203:
199:
194:
182:
176:
167:
159:
154:
151:
148:
144:
141:
137:
136:
135:
132:
130:
126:
121:
117:
112:
109:
105:
104:
98:
96:
92:
90:
86:
85:photoelectric
81:
79:
78:sound-on-film
76:
67:
64:
60:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
31:
27:
23:
2823:
2802:
2781:
2760:
2742:
2739:Film History
2738:
2723:cite journal
2711:. Retrieved
2706:
2682:
2655:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2630:
2617:. Retrieved
2601:
2579:
2555:
2546:Bibliography
2532:
2524:
2519:
2510:
2506:
2496:at London's
2487:
2478:
2469:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2401:Whetton 2005
2396:
2384:
2377:Dibbets 2003
2346:
2338:
2326:
2314:
2302:
2290:
2281:
2263:Warner Bros.
2258:
2253:
2246:Dibbets 2003
2226:
2219:Dibbets 2003
2214:
2202:
2193:
2167:
2160:Dibbets 2003
2155:
2143:
2114:. Retrieved
2110:
2101:
2057:. Retrieved
2046:
2038:Ein Tag Film
2037:
2032:
2023:
2018:
1995:
1987:
1971:
1966:
1953:
1946:Dibbets 2003
1941:
1929:
1902:
1890:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1863:
1851:
1824:
1812:
1799:
1767:
1755:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1707:
1687:
1679:
1666:
1656:
1653:Ehren halber
1652:
1647:
1612:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1563:
1555:
1532:
1512:
1419:
1391:
1383:Bernard Etté
1369:
1347:
1342:Bernard Etté
1324:
1320:
1301:
1285:Enabling Act
1277:Adolf Hitler
1266:
1262:
1241:
1234:
1225:
1205:
1194:
1185:
1166:
1120:
1106:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1080:
1072:Will H. Hays
1068:
1061:
1054:
1044:
1041:Warner Bros.
1038:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1001:
990:
983:
965:
945:
944:
925:
875:
865:
855:
847:
841:
836:
828:
824:
822:
818:Ludwig Fulda
774:Georgia Lind
761:
743:
694:
674:
673:Overture to
663:
653:
649:Hans Richter
634:
625:
616:At the 1927
615:
610:Hanns Eisler
598:
576:
569:
562:
555:F. W. Murnau
548:
534:
523:
501:
491:
488:Erich Pommer
481:
470:
452:
441:
431:
421:
418:F. W. Murnau
411:
392:
390:
387:
372:
353:
335:
331:
314:
311:
266:
262:
251:
236:
163:
133:
113:
107:
101:
99:
93:
82:
74:
72:
52:Headquarters
25:Company type
2713:3 September
2641:2 September
2537:Herlin 1929
2489:The Miracle
2453:"Tri-Ergon"
2413:Gomery 1976
2362:Gomery 1976
2331:Gomery 1976
2319:Gomery 1976
2307:Gomery 1976
2295:Gomery 1976
2116:20 December
2094:Gomery 1976
1976:Max Butting
1970:Ruttmann's
1730:29 November
1640:Gomery 1976
1617:Gomery 1976
1576:"Tri-Ergon"
1454:Photokinema
1375: [
1361: [
1316:Eher Verlag
1304:Max Winkler
1295:in 1923 to
1197:William Fox
870:(formed by
804: [
789:Willi Forst
781: [
770:Hans Albers
630:Hans Eisler
526:William Fox
397: [
368:Switzerland
340: [
320: [
198:Old English
116:William Fox
2865:Categories
2619:22 October
2059:22 October
1996:Filmportal
1856:Horak 1993
1844:Horak 1993
1672:Wienerwald
1605:sound file
1564:Wiktionary
1500:References
1474:Sound film
1410:Max Rostal
1372:Géza Komor
1354:phonograph
1297:Chancellor
1279:called on
1273:Communists
1242:Intertobis
833:Hans Moser
758:of waltzes
742:) playing
721:-inspired
641:Ernst Toch
502:Metropolis
493:Metropolis
469:'s silent
438:Fritz Lang
381:, using a
356:St. Gallen
292:Beginnings
147:St. Gallen
2527:, p. 285.
2389:Hale 2015
2271:Vitaphone
2231:Ford 2011
2077:Ford 2011
1922:Ford 2011
1895:Ford 2011
1879:3 January
1792:Ford 2011
1684:"Tonfilm"
1548:Citations
1439:Vitaphone
1434:Phonofilm
1312:Max Amann
1281:Reichstag
1212:Paramount
1078:(MPPDA).
1051:Al Jolson
988:in 1930.
908:IG Farben
756:Potpourri
579:IG Farben
512:Expansion
462:Parufamet
243:Phonofilm
228:Movietone
175:romanized
160:Etymology
114:However,
75:Tri-Ergon
20:Tri-Ergon
1708:Casetext
1601:bar code
1428:See also
1216:flywheel
1201:flywheel
976:Polyphon
766:Max Mack
664:see also
626:Opus III
559:newsreel
373:In 1924
62:Products
30:VIDgital
2751:3815109
2672:1225449
2498:Olympia
2457:Discogs
2276:system.
1560:"ἔργον"
1539:Ortofon
1344:in 1938
1259:in 1933
980:Polydor
730:Charité
695:chanson
681:Rossini
656:Austria
601:(1921)
561:series
528:of the
467:Joe May
287:History
281:Germany
277:München
177::
118:of the
56:Germany
44:Defunct
36:Founded
2831:
2810:
2789:
2768:
2749:
2690:
2670:
2610:
2587:
2563:
1603:and a
1385:, and
1350:Berlin
1210:; and
1181:France
974:, and
799:, and
364:Zürich
326:at 68
226:Left:
218:Design
140:Zurich
89:Zurich
2747:JSTOR
2668:JSTOR
2635:(PDF)
2347:Ravel
1505:Notes
1379:]
1365:]
1308:NSDAP
1177:Paris
1125:with
876:Tobis
808:]
785:]
401:]
344:]
324:]
211:ἔργον
202:weorc
193:érgon
187:ἔργον
166:Greek
103:Tobis
2829:ISBN
2808:ISBN
2787:ISBN
2766:ISBN
2729:link
2715:2017
2688:ISBN
2643:2017
2621:2017
2608:ISBN
2585:ISBN
2561:ISBN
2118:2019
2061:2017
1881:2017
1732:2022
1655:and
1595:and
1255:The
1152:logo
954:and
719:Ford
707:Opel
705:The
639:and
539:and
456:and
430:and
181:tria
170:τρία
73:The
47:2008
39:1919
2660:doi
2492:by
1978:. (
1773:Ufa
1367:".
1327:WW2
1208:RCA
1173:AEG
972:AEG
892:Ufa
872:RCA
868:RKO
748:by
597:'s
440:'s
420:'s
414:Ufa
362:in
275:in
241:'s
206:erg
95:Ufa
2867::
2741:.
2725:}}
2721:{{
2705:.
2666:.
2656:16
2654:.
2509:.
2505:.
2455:.
2439:.
2369:^
2354:^
2261:,
2238:^
2179:^
2126:^
2109:.
2084:^
2069:^
2003:^
1914:^
1872:.
1836:^
1780:^
1740:^
1723:.
1695:^
1686:.
1624:^
1597:AM
1593:FM
1562:.
1412:.
1377:de
1363:de
1179:,
1129:,
1059:.
970:,
858:.
806:de
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:de
776:,
772:,
754:A
567:.
450:.
399:de
370:.
366:,
360:AG
342:nl
322:de
304:,
283:.
279:,
260:.
249:.
214:.
200::
190:,
172:,
168::
2837:.
2816:.
2795:.
2774:.
2753:.
2743:5
2731:)
2717:.
2696:.
2674:.
2662::
2645:.
2623:.
2593:.
2569:.
2511:5
2120:.
2063:.
1885:.
1883:.
1734:.
1661:.
1607:.
1030:ƒ
1014:(
810:.
725:.
683:)
679:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
