412:
420:
fireball and was not particularly dangerous. Thus, it was marketed as suitable for use in jewelry in 1945 and 1946. It is now illegal to take the remaining material from the site, much of which has been removed by the US government and buried elsewhere in New Mexico; however, material that was taken prior to this prohibition is still in the hands of collectors and available legally in mineral shops. Counterfeit trinitite is also on the market; trinitite's authenticity requires scientific analysis. There are samples in the
532:
22:
348:
206:
198:
115:
2009:
567:, a material similar to trinitite, can be formed by meteor impacts. The Moon's geology includes many rocks formed by one or more large impacts in which increasingly volatile elements are found in lower amounts the closer they are to the point of impact, similar to the distribution of volatile elements in trinitite.
148:
formed during the detonation. The glass itself is marvelously complex at the tens to hundreds of micrometre scale, and besides glasses of varying composition also contains unmelted quartz grains. Air transport of the melted material led to the formation of spheres and dumbbell shaped glass particles.
419:
Trinitite was not initially considered remarkable in the context of the nuclear test and ongoing war, but when the war ended visitors began to notice the glass and collect it as souvenirs. For a time it was believed that the desert sand had simply melted from the direct radiant thermal energy of the
213:
The chaotic nature of trinitite's creation has resulted in variations in both structure and composition. The glass has been described as "a layer 1 to 2 centimeters thick, with the upper surface marked by a very thin sprinkling of dust which fell upon it while it was still molten. At the bottom is a
1931:
Wittke JH, Weaver JC, Bunch TE, Kennett JP, Kennett DJ, Moore AM, Hillman GC, Tankersley KB, Goodyear AC, Moore CR, Daniel IR Jr, Ray JH, Lopinot NH, Ferraro D, Israde-Alcántara I, Bischoff JL, DeCarli PS, Hermes RE, Kloosterman JB, Revay Z, Howard GA, Kimbel DR, Kletetschka G, Nabelek L, Lipo CP,
184:
writing in
September 1945 that the site took the appearance of " lake of green jade," while "he glass takes strange shapes—lopsided marbles, knobbly sheets a quarter-inch thick, broken, thin-walled bubbles, green, wormlike forms." The presence of rounded, beadlike forms suggests that some material
101:
It is usually a light green, although red trinitite was also found in one section of the blast site, and rare pieces of black trinitite formed. It is mildly radioactive but safe to handle. Pieces of the material remain at the
Trinity site as of 2018, although most of it was bulldozed and buried by
372:
During the 2010s millions of dollars of research was undertaken examining trinitite to better understand what information such glasses held that could be used to understand the nuclear explosion that created them. The researchers theorized that trinitite analysis may be useful for forensically
508:, it was discovered in 2016 that between 0.6% and 2.5% of sand on local beaches was fused glass spheres formed during the bombing. Like trinitite, the glass contains material from the local environment, including materials from buildings destroyed in the attack. The material has been called
161:
10 erg) of heat energy went into forming the glass. As the temperature required to melt the sand into the observed glass form was about 1,470 °C (2,680 °F), this was estimated to have been the minimum temperature the sand was exposed to. Material within the blast fireball was
369:. Prior to this research, it was assumed trinitite's components fused identically and their original composition could not be discerned. The study demonstrated that glass from nuclear detonations could provide information about the device and associated components, such as packaging.
218:
with the size of the bubbles ranging to nearly the full thickness of the specimen." The most common form of trinitite is green fragments of 1–3 cm thick, smooth on one side and rough on the other; this is the trinitite that cooled after landing still-molten on the desert floor.
153:
This was supported by a 2011 study based on nuclear imaging and spectrometric techniques. Green trinitite is theorised by researchers to contain material from the bomb's support structure, while red trinitite contains material originating from copper electrical wiring.
285:, with the higher-index variant having mixed components. Red trinitite exists in both variants and contains glass rich in copper, iron, and lead as well as metallic globules. Black trinitite's colour is as a result of being rich in iron.
495:
is broadly applied to all glassy residues of nuclear bomb testing, not just the
Trinity test. Black vitreous fragments of fused sand that had been solidified by the heat of a nuclear explosion were created by French testing at the
455:, which seeks to find and research signs of intelligent life elsewhere in space, stated in 2021 that trinitite was to be included in their library of objects connected to "transformational moments" of potential interest to
226:
such as cracks. In trinitite that cooled after landing, the smooth upper surface contains large numbers of small vesicles while the lower rough layer has lower vesicle density but larger vesicles. It is primarily alkaline.
174:
are found in decreasing quantities the closer the trinitite was formed to the centre of the blast. The higher the temperature, the more these volatile elements evaporated and were not captured as the material solidified.
1729:
380:
since quasicrystals do not decay, unlike other evidence produced by nuclear weapons testing. Trinitite has been chosen as a research subject partly because the nuclear test was well-documented. A 2015 study in the
132:
and independent investigator
William Strickfaden that much of the mineral was formed by sand which was drawn up inside the fireball and then rained down in a liquid form. In a 2010 article in
185:
melted after being thrown into the air and landed already formed, rather than remaining at ground level and being melted there. Other trinitite which formed on the ground contains
214:
thicker film of partially fused material, which grades into the soil from which it was derived. The color of the glass is a pale bottle green, and the material is extremely
1898:
383:
361:
1755:
1617:
1262:
Parekh, P. P.; Semkow, T. M.; Torres, M. A.; Haines, D. K.; Cooper, J. M.; Rosenberg, P. M.; Kitto, M. E. (2006). "Radioactivity in
Trinitite six decades later".
1078:
425:
421:
868:
678:
1641:
316:, after he theorised red trinitite was likely to contain quasicrystals as they often contain elements that rarely combine. The structure has a formula of
250:
is the only surviving mineral in most trinitite. Trinitite no longer contains sufficient radiation to be harmful unless swallowed. It still contains the
209:
Levels of radioactivity in the trinity glass at the time of explosion from two different samples as measured by gamma spectroscopy on lumps of the glass
149:
Similar glasses are formed during all ground level nuclear detonations and contain forensic information that can be used to identify the atomic device.
524:
at ground zeroes of Soviet atmospheric nuclear tests. The porous black material is named after one of the leading
Russian nuclear weapons scientists,
429:
1529:
388:
1113:
Molgaard, Joshua J.; Auxier, John D.; Giminaro, Andrew V.; Oldham, C. J.; Cook, Matthew T.; Young, Stephen A.; Hall, Howard L. (January 20, 2015).
1741:
391:
describes a method by which trinitite-like glass could be deliberately synthesized for use as test subjects for new nuclear forensic techniques.
1471:
103:
1014:
Belloni, F.; Himbert, J.; Marzocchi, O.; Romanello, V. (2011). "Investigating incorporation and distribution of radionuclides in trinitite".
906:
468:
1168:
137:
1835:
1555:
2062:
1781:
1314:"A synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy study of titanium co-ordination in explosive melt glass derived from the trinity nuclear test"
2032:
827:
2042:
1871:
1716:
1390:
437:
125:
411:
2082:
471:
as part of a themed collection of Paglen's art titled Sights Unseen, is partially made from trinitite. The c.1988 artwork
377:
222:
Around 30% of trinitite is void space, although quantities vary greatly between samples. Trinitite exhibits various other
1416:
1624:
1443:
1085:
1053:
639:
376:
Researchers involved with the discovery of the quasicrystal speculated their work could improve efforts to investigate
2072:
1858:
Radiological
Conditions at the Former French Nuclear Test Sites in Algeria: Preliminary Assessment and Recommendations
1823:
505:
2047:
853:
2067:
734:
1712:
1234:
911:
1649:
1581:
892:
Carroll L. Tyler, AEC letter to the
Governor of New Mexico, July 16, 1953. Nuclear Testing Archive, NV0103562:
582:
288:
In a study published in 2021 a sample of red trinitite was found to contain a previously undiscovered complex
189:
of infused sand. This trinitite cooled rapidly on its upper surface, while the lower surface was superheated.
1605:
1700:
1312:
Bailey, Daniel J.; Stennett, Martin C.; Ravel, Bruce D.; Crean, Daniel E.; Hyatt, Neil C. (April 26, 2019).
950:
517:
433:
223:
144:
Contained within the glass are melted bits of the first atomic bomb and the support structures and various
2077:
1271:
733:
Eby, G. Nelson; Charnley, Norman; Pirrie, Duncan; Hermes, Robert; Smoliga, John; Rollinson, Gavyn (2015).
309:
167:
49:
45:
789:
456:
94:
1934:"Evidence for deposition of 10 million tonnes of impact spherules across four continents 12,800 y ago"
1672:
300:. It is composed of iron, silicon, copper and calcium. The quasicrystal's structure displays fivefold
2037:
1945:
986:
749:
441:
262:
1995:
Recent onsite gamma measurements at the
Trinity test site and a comparison to trinitite samples 2011
1857:
1276:
602:
531:
445:
301:
186:
916:
765:
396:
231:
1313:
540:
2018:
1973:
1906:
1831:
1809:
1730:
Specimen of sand melted by the explosion of the first test atomic bomb, New Mexico, July 1945.
1353:
1335:
1289:
1144:
1031:
480:
403:
within the bomb from a sample of trinitite, demonstrating this faster method's effectiveness.
366:
215:
21:
1963:
1953:
1361:
1343:
1327:
1281:
1134:
1126:
1023:
994:
955:
942:
938:
757:
706:
476:
278:
129:
85:
1876:
1499:
1387:"Newly discovered quasicrystal was created by the first nuclear explosion at Trinity Site"
347:
339:
grain was detected after ten months of work examining six small samples of red trinitite.
313:
282:
180:
415:
Sign at the test site warning of the illegality of collecting trinitite from the location
2014:
1949:
990:
753:
1968:
1933:
1348:
1139:
1114:
893:
525:
452:
392:
293:
266:
239:
1696:
869:"Have a blast: Trinity Site allows public to visit where first atomic bomb was tested"
2056:
1994:
1805:
1203:
999:
974:
769:
612:
464:
254:
251:
679:"A Chunk of Trinitite Reminds Us of the Sheer, Devastating Power of the Atomic Bomb"
205:
201:
A near-hollow sample of trinitite backlit to show light passing through the material
178:
The detonation left large quantities of trinitite scattered around the crater, with
1417:"Un 'quasicristallo' impossibile è stato trovato nel luogo del primo test nucleare"
1386:
1318:
592:
577:
552:
289:
197:
163:
145:
1756:"Seti is building a 'Library of the Great Silence' for alien civilisations to use"
1285:
1027:
356:
297:
258:
114:
69:
1938:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1257:
1255:
1130:
548:
521:
336:
305:
92:) that was melted by the atomic blast. It was first academically described in
77:
65:
1910:
1530:"Trinitite: The radioactive rock buried in New Mexico before the Atari games"
1339:
539:
Trinitite, in common with several similar naturally occurring minerals, is a
1958:
1365:
959:
597:
587:
564:
560:
41:
1977:
1357:
1293:
1148:
1035:
16:
Glassy mineral left in the dirt after the plutonium-based Trinity bomb test
761:
544:
61:
1732:
1946-182. Science Museum Group Collection Online. Accessed June 4, 2021.
1444:"Researchers Find 'Forbidden' Quasicrystal in Wake of Nuclear Bomb Test"
1448:
1331:
617:
607:
556:
543:. While trinitite and materials of similar formation processes such as
501:
497:
400:
243:
73:
973:
Eby, N.; Hermes, R.; Charnley, N.; Smoliga, J. (September 24, 2010).
247:
235:
81:
57:
53:
1472:"Scientists use 'trinitite' from 1945 to help decode nuclear blasts"
1115:"Development of synthetic nuclear melt glass for forensic analysis"
709:(1948). "Optical properties of glass from Alamogordo, New Mexico".
530:
410:
346:
204:
196:
113:
20:
440:
houses a paperweight containing trinitite. In the United Kingdom
1744:
from the Canadian War Museum's website. Accessed on June 4, 2021
1618:"INTERIM REPORT OF CDC'S LAHDRA PROJECT – Appendix N. pg 39, 40"
230:
One of the more unusual isotopes found in trinitite is a barium
171:
89:
1054:"Riddle of the sands scattered around Trinity atomic test site"
711:
American Mineralogist: Journal of Earth and Planetary Materials
166:
for an estimated 2–3 seconds before solidification. Relatively
559:, are naturally-formed, glassy materials and are generated by
1235:"Vesicle Size Distribution as a Novel Nuclear Forensics Tool"
1204:"First nuclear detonation created 'impossible' quasicrystals"
1079:"INTERIM REPORT OF CDC'S LAHDRA PROJECT – Appendix N. pg 38"
40:, is the glassy residue left on the desert floor after the
1556:"Nuclear debris carries signatures of bomb that caused it"
1169:"Glass from nuclear test site shows the moon was born dry"
2043:
Ralph Pray's account of removing trinitite from the site
1782:"Trevor Paglen unveils 'Sites Unseen' at MCASD Downtown"
444:'s collection contains a trinitite sample, as does the
1233:
Patrick H. Donohue, Antonio Simonetti (January 2016).
277:
There are two forms of trinitite glass with differing
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
373:
identifying perpetrators of a future nuclear attack.
365:
examined trinitite's potential value to the field of
1500:"Nuclear debris could reveal clues of bomb's origin"
894:
https://www.osti.gov/opennet/detail?osti-id=16166107
512:. Kharitonchiki (singular: kharitonchik, Russian:
1582:"How a Uranium Hunter Sniffs Out Nuclear Weapons"
1047:
1045:
790:"The beauty created by the 'Destroyer of Worlds'"
304:. The quasicrystal research was led by geologist
1806:Trinitite, Ground Zero, Trinity Site, New Mexico
1642:"Authenticating Trinitite nearly 70 years later"
1228:
1226:
1224:
1119:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
473:Trinitite, Ground Zero, Trinity Site, New Mexico
384:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
292:, the oldest known manmade quasicrystal, with a
1606:Steven L. Kay – Nuclearon – Trinitite varieties
362:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
351:The mushroom cloud seconds after the detonation
281:. The lower-index glass is composed largely of
142:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
426:Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
422:National Museum of Nuclear Science and History
1872:"Hiroshima's sands contain atomic bomb glass"
8:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
395:was first successfully used to identify the
1494:
1492:
1410:
1408:
1307:
1305:
1303:
735:"Trinitite redux: Mineralogy and petrology"
238:in the Trinity device coming from the slow
1162:
1160:
1158:
907:"New Theory on the Formation of Trinitite"
832:ORAU Museum of Radiation and Radioactivity
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
1967:
1957:
1389:(Press release). Los Alamos, New Mexico:
1347:
1275:
1138:
998:
430:New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Museum
1860:International Atomic Energy Agency, 2005
813:Kolb, W. M., and Carlock, P. G. (1999).
783:
781:
779:
640:"The Long, Weird Half-Life of Trinitite"
389:National Nuclear Security Administration
331:
327:
323:
319:
728:
726:
724:
630:
535:A fulgurite from the Mauritanian desert
1932:Sakai S, West A, Firestone RB (2013).
1523:
1521:
1264:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
1016:Journal of Environmental Radioactivity
701:
699:
140:and Robert Hermes describe trinitite:
104:United States Atomic Energy Commission
1899:"A Nuclear Family Vacation in Russia"
1554:Johnston, Casey (November 11, 2010).
1202:Castelvecchi, Davide (May 17, 2021).
794:The University of New Mexico Newsroom
516:) is an analog of trinitite found in
52:. The glass is primarily composed of
7:
1719:'s website. Accessed on June 4, 2021
788:Williams, Katie (November 2, 2017).
469:Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego
834:. Oak Ridge Associated Universities
2038:Radiographic spectrum of trinitite
1671:Gomez, Adrian (February 16, 202).
1580:Scoles, Sarah (November 6, 2018).
1470:Spotts, Pete (November 12, 2010).
941:; Strickfaden, William B. (2005).
677:Rhodes, Richard (September 2019).
265:owing to the Trinity test using a
157:An estimated 4,300 gigajoules (4.3
138:University of Massachusetts Lowell
14:
2048:Full analysis of trinitite sample
1828:Lost Oasis: In Search Of Paradise
1703:website. Accessed on June 4, 2021
1528:Geuss, Martin (January 9, 2014).
1415:Privitera, Salvo (May 24, 2021).
815:Trinitite: The Atomic Age Mineral
563:striking sediments such as sand.
242:employed in the device, known as
2007:
1780:Mayer, Pia (February 28, 2019).
1167:Crane, Leah (February 8, 2017).
1000:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2010.00767.x
1648:. July 10, 2014. Archived from
1442:Schultz, Isaac (May 18, 2021).
1052:Powell, Devin (June 18, 2013).
1754:Smith, Adam (April 29, 2021).
1717:National Atomic Testing Museum
1673:"Meanwhile, back at the ranch"
1391:Los Alamos National Laboratory
867:Burge, David (April 4, 2018).
638:Giaimo, Cara (June 30, 2017).
438:National Atomic Testing Museum
126:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
1476:The Christian Science Monitor
1286:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.01.017
1028:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.05.003
457:intelligent extraterrestrials
378:nuclear weapons proliferation
1870:Carne, Nick (May 13, 2019).
124:In 2005 it was theorized by
1713:Manhattan Project Artifacts
975:"Trinitite—the atomic rock"
506:atomic bombing of Hiroshima
467:, exhibited in 2019 at the
2099:
1812:. Accessed on June 4, 2021
2033:Trinitite info and photos
1697:5 Bits of Trinitite Glass
1131:10.1007/s10967-015-3941-8
943:"A New Look at Trinitite"
912:White Sands Missile Range
526:Yulii Borisovich Khariton
513:
46:Trinity nuclear bomb test
2063:Nuclear weapons testing
1959:10.1073/pnas.1301760110
1822:Robert Twigger (2010).
1701:Corning Museum of Glass
1677:The Albuquerque Journal
951:Nuclear Weapons Journal
518:Semipalatinsk Test Site
491:Occasionally, the name
434:Corning Museum of Glass
48:on July 16, 1945, near
1808:on the website of the
1728:Science Museum Group.
555:-prone regions and in
536:
416:
352:
310:University of Florence
210:
202:
151:
119:
68:and smaller amount of
50:Alamogordo, New Mexico
26:
905:Casey, Kevin (2006).
742:American Mineralogist
534:
414:
350:
208:
200:
117:
95:American Mineralogist
72:with small amount of
24:
2083:Radioactive minerals
762:10.2138/am-2015-4921
683:Smithsonian Magazine
442:Science Museum Group
355:A 2010 study in the
1950:2013PNAS..110E2088W
1326:(23): 12921–12927.
991:2010GeolT..26..180E
854:Analyzing Trinitite
754:2015AmMin.100..427E
603:Libyan desert glass
547:are anthropogenic,
446:Canadian War Museum
302:rotational symmetry
296:in the shape of an
118:Pieces of trinitite
2073:Glass compositions
2017:has a profile for
1742:TRINITITE FRAGMENT
1630:on March 17, 2014.
1506:. November 8, 2010
1332:10.1039/C8RA10375E
1091:on March 17, 2014.
537:
417:
397:isotopic signature
353:
279:refraction indices
232:neutron activation
211:
203:
120:
27:
2068:Manhattan Project
2023:
1905:. July 10, 2006.
1810:Denver Art Museum
939:Hermes, Robert E.
873:The El Paso Times
707:Ross, Clarence S.
487:Similar materials
481:Denver Art Museum
479:is housed at the
367:nuclear forensics
343:Nuclear forensics
170:elements such as
56:sand composed of
2090:
2021:
2011:
2010:
1982:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1944:(23): E2088–97.
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1819:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1726:
1720:
1710:
1704:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1623:. Archived from
1622:
1614:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1467:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1412:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1383:
1370:
1369:
1351:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1230:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1164:
1153:
1152:
1142:
1125:(3): 1293–1301.
1110:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1084:. Archived from
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1040:
1039:
1011:
1005:
1004:
1002:
970:
964:
963:
947:
935:
929:
928:
926:
924:
919:on July 26, 2008
915:. Archived from
902:
896:
890:
884:
883:
881:
879:
864:
858:
850:
844:
843:
841:
839:
824:
818:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
785:
774:
773:
748:(2–3): 427–441.
739:
730:
719:
718:
703:
694:
693:
691:
689:
674:
655:
654:
652:
650:
635:
551:, found in many
515:
504:. Following the
477:Patrick Nagatani
475:by photographer
459:. The sculpture
334:
160:
136:, Nelson Eby of
130:Robert E. Hermes
38:Alamogordo glass
32:, also known as
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2053:
2052:
2029:
2028:
2027:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1991:
1989:Further reading
1986:
1985:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1882:
1880:
1877:Cosmos Magazine
1869:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1652:on May 24, 2021
1640:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1564:
1562:
1553:
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1538:
1536:
1527:
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1509:
1507:
1498:
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1469:
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1464:
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1441:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1414:
1413:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1384:
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1311:
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717:(5–6): 360–362.
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407:Cultural impact
345:
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317:
314:Paul Steinhardt
283:silicon dioxide
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267:plutonium bomb
240:explosive lens
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1560:Ars Technica
1559:
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1534:Ars Technica
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1423:(in Italian)
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1323:
1319:RSC Advances
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1058:The Guardian
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682:
647:. Retrieved
643:
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593:Icosahedrite
578:Chernobylite
553:thunderstorm
538:
510:hiroshimaite
509:
492:
490:
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461:Trinity Cube
460:
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375:
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360:
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290:quasicrystal
287:
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448:in Canada.
357:open access
298:icosahedron
193:Composition
164:superheated
70:plagioclase
60:grains and
2057:Categories
2020:Trinitite
1646:Enformable
1366:Q124711384
960:Q124694670
954:(2): 2–7.
838:October 7,
625:References
549:fulgurites
541:melt glass
522:Kazakhstan
514:харитончик
432:, and the
306:Luca Bindi
273:Variations
187:inclusions
128:scientist
78:hornblende
66:microcline
2022:(Q970542)
1911:1091-2339
1843:March 18,
1715:from the
1699:from the
1340:2046-2069
1272:CiteSeerX
923:March 17,
770:130527683
598:Impactite
588:Fulgurite
565:Impactite
561:lightning
493:trinitite
216:vesicular
110:Formation
106:in 1953.
98:in 1948.
88:of sandy
42:plutonium
30:Trinitite
25:Trinitite
1978:23690611
1883:March 1,
1455:March 2,
1397:March 2,
1362:Wikidata
1358:35520802
1294:16102878
1239:PLoS One
1149:26224989
1036:21636184
956:Wikidata
571:See also
545:lavinite
500:site in
359:journal
168:volatile
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2015:Scholia
1969:3677428
1946:Bibcode
1916:May 13,
1824:"Eight"
1791:May 28,
1765:May 24,
1760:msn.org
1682:May 27,
1656:May 24,
1591:May 28,
1565:May 28,
1510:May 27,
1481:May 25,
1449:Gizmodo
1427:May 24,
1349:9063809
1244:June 4,
1213:May 23,
1178:May 24,
1140:4514012
1063:May 23,
987:Bibcode
878:May 27,
799:May 24,
750:Bibcode
688:May 21,
649:July 8,
618:Fordite
608:Tektite
557:deserts
502:Algeria
498:Reggane
401:uranium
308:of the
244:Baratol
224:defects
74:calcite
54:arkosic
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1966:
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248:Quartz
236:barium
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82:augite
64:(both
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1903:Slate
1628:(PDF)
1621:(PDF)
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1974:PMID
1918:2011
1907:ISSN
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1845:2014
1832:ISBN
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1429:2021
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1180:2021
1145:PMID
1065:2021
1032:PMID
925:2014
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840:2021
801:2021
690:2021
651:2017
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312:and
261:and
181:Time
172:zinc
102:the
90:clay
80:and
1964:PMC
1954:doi
1942:110
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1328:doi
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