250:
53:
1012:
579:
804:
858:
1105:
1189:, and in October (summer) off Australia. Females give birth while swimming, making violent twists and turns of their bodies; each pup takes under an hour to fully emerge. The newborns measure 52–60 cm (20–24 in) long and have relatively longer caudal fins than adults. This shark develops slowly compared to other requiem sharks; newborns grow at a rate of 16 cm (6.3 in) per year while adults grow as a rate of 2–4 cm (0.79–1.57 in) per year.
97:
404:
72:
795:, and near drop-offs to deeper water. They prefer very clear water, and rarely stray far from the bottom during the day. The species is most common at a depth of 8–40 m (26–131 ft). On occasion, they may enter water less than 1 m deep when foraging; there is an exceptional record of a whitetip reef shark being captured from a depth of 330 m (1,080 ft) off the Ryukyu Islands.
881:). The habitat preferences of this species overlap those of the other two, though it does not tend to frequent very shallow water like the blacktip reef shark, nor the outer reef like the grey reef shark. The whitetip reef shark swims with strong undulations of its body, and unlike other requiem sharks can lie motionless on the bottom and actively pump water over its gills for
820:
and prominent ridges above, and are often followed by a small notch. The mouth has a distinct downward slant (imparting a disgruntled expression to the shark), with short furrows at the corners. There are 42–50 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 42–48 tooth rows in the lower jaw. Each tooth
1233:
Unlike its
Oceanic cousin, the white tip reef shark is more harmless and is seldom aggressive unless provoked. They are also fearless and curious, as the whitetip reef sharks may approach swimmers closely to investigate. However, these sharks readily attempt, and quite boldly, to steal catches from
1075:
Whitetip reef sharks hunt primarily at night, when many fishes are asleep and easily taken. After dusk, groups of sharks methodically scour the reef, often breaking off pieces of coral in their vigorous pursuit of prey. Multiple sharks may target the same prey item, covering every exit route from a
1019:
With its slender, lithe body, the whitetip reef shark specializes in wriggling into narrow crevices and holes in the reef and extracting prey inaccessible to other reef sharks. Alternatively, it is rather clumsy when attempting to take food suspended in open water. This species feeds mainly on bony
848:
are small and overlapping, usually with 7 horizontal ridges, giving the skin a smooth feel. The coloration is grayish to brownish above and white below, with a pattern of scattered small, dark spots unique to each individual. The tips of the first dorsal fin and upper caudal fin lobe, and sometimes
1184:
of 10–13 months, females give birth to litters of 1–6 (usually 2–3) pups. The number of offspring is not correlated with female size; each female produces an estimated average of 12 pups over her entire lifetime. Parturition occurs from May to August (autumn and winter) in French
811:
A relatively small species, few whitetip reef sharks are longer than 1.6 m (5.2 ft). The maximum length this species attains is often given as 2.1 m (6.9 ft), though this was originally based on visual observations and may be dubious. The maximum reported weight is 18.3 kg
1307:(IUCN) has assessed this species as Vulnerable, as its numbers have dropped in recent decades due to increasing, and thus far unregulated, fishing pressure in the tropics. Its restricted habitat, low dispersal, and slow reproduction are factors that limit this shark's capacity for recovering from
1311:. On the Great Barrier Reef, populations of whitetip reef sharks in fishing zones have been reduced by 80% relative to no-entry zones. Furthermore, populations in no-take zones, where boats are allowed but fishing prohibited, exhibit levels of depletion comparable to fishing zones due to
1072:, and electrical cues given off by potential prey, while its visual system is attuned more to movement and/or contrast than to object details. It is especially sensitive to natural and artificial low-frequency sounds in the 25–100 Hz range, which evoke struggling fish.
1156:
indicating the female's readiness. Each male attempts to seize the female by engulfing one of her pectoral fins; at times two males might grasp a female on both sides simultaneously. Once engaged, the sharks sink to the bottom, whereupon the male (or males) rotates one of his
390:
has assessed the whitetip reef shark as
Vulnerable, noting its numbers are dwindling due to increasing levels of unregulated fishing activity across its range. The slow reproductive rate and limited habitat preferences of this species renders its populations vulnerable to
1076:
particular coral head. Each shark hunts for itself and in competition with the others in its group. Unlike blacktip reef sharks and grey reef sharks, whitetip reef sharks do not become more excited when feeding in groups and are unlikely to be stirred into a
1335:
362:
in groups, their elongate bodies allowing them to force their way into crevices and holes to extract hidden prey. Individuals may stay within a particular area of the reef for months or years, frequently returning to the same shelter. This species is
908:
found that, after more than three years, around 40% of the originally tagged sharks were still present on the same reef where they were first captured. An individual shark may rest inside the same cave for months to years. The daytime
345:
During the day, whitetip reef sharks spend much of their time resting inside caves. Unlike other requiem sharks, which rely on ram ventilation and must constantly swim to breathe, this shark can pump water over its
315:. A small shark that does not usually exceed 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length, this species is easily recognizable by its slender body and short but broad head, as well as tubular skin flaps beside the
1700:
Coetzee, M.; N.J. Smit; A.S. Grutter & A.J. Davies (June 2008). "A new gnathiid (Crustacea: Isopoda) parasitizing two species of requiem sharks from Lizard Island, Great
Barrier Reef, Australia".
889:, and spends much of the day resting inside caves singly or in small groups, arranged in parallel or stacked atop one another. Off Hawaii, these sharks may be found sheltering inside underwater
896:
Whitetip reef sharks generally remain within a highly localized area; only rarely do they undertake long movements, wandering for a while before settling down somewhere new. One study at
1315:. Demographic models indicate that these depleted populations will continue to decline by 6.6–8.3% per year without additional conservation measures. In June 2018 the New Zealand
1165:
into the female), and attempts to make contact with the female's vent. In many cases, the female resists by pressing her belly against the bottom and arching her tail; this may reflect
1201:, males live to 14 years and females to 19 years; the maximum lifespan of this shark may be upwards of 25 years. In 2008, a whitetip reef shark produced a single pup through possibly
948:), though they usually occur at depths greater than those favored by whitetip reef sharks. An 80 cm (31 in) long whitetip reef shark has also been found in the stomach of a
913:
of a whitetip reef shark is limited to approximately 0.05 km (0.019 sq mi); at night this range increases to 1 km (0.39 sq mi). These sharks are not
1193:
is reached at a length of around 1.1 m (3.6 ft) and an age of 8–9 years, though mature males as small as 95 cm (37 in) long have been recorded from the
1370:
Simpfendorfer, C.; Yuneni, R.R.; Tanay, D.; Seyha, L.; Haque, A.B.; Bineesh, K.K.; , D.; Bin Ali, A.; Gautama, D.A.; Maung, A.; Sianipar, A.; Utzurrum, J.A.T.; Vo, V.Q. (2020).
900:
found that none of the sharks examined had moved more than 3 km (1.9 mi) away from their original capture location over periods of up to a year. Another study at
844:. There is no ridge between the first and second dorsal fins. The lower lobe of the caudal fin is half the length of the upper, which has a strong notch near the tip. The
996:. Unusually, there is also a report of seven whitetip reef sharks adopting a cleaning posture (mouth agape and gills flared) in the midst of a swarm of non-cleaning
3170:
840:
are large, about half to three-quarters as high as the first dorsal fin. The broad, triangular pectoral fins originate at or slightly before the level of the fifth
1304:
387:
3219:
1791:
Yano, K.; H. Mori; K. Minamikawa; S. Ueno; S. Uchida; K. Nagai; M. Toda & M. Masuda (June 2000). "Behavioral response of sharks to electric stimulation".
1177:. On the other hand, if the female is willing, the pair settles side-by-side with their heads pressed against the bottom and their bodies at an upward angle.
812:(40 lb). The whitetip reef shark has a slim body and a short, broad head. The snout is flattened and blunt, with large flaps of skin in front of the
1238:, which has resulted in several people being bitten in the process. In some places, local whitetip reef sharks have learned to associate the sound of a
3324:
1003:; the mechanical stimulation from the moving amphipods are thought to have evoked this behavior through their similarity to actual cleaner organisms.
3144:
2237:
1320:
1316:
3183:
1929:
Whitney, N.M.; H.L. Pratt (Jr.) & J.C. Carrier (2004). "Group courtship, mating behaviour and siphon sac function in the whitetip reef shark,
791:, whitetip reef sharks are most often encountered around coral heads and ledges with high vertical relief, and additionally over sandy flats, in
3255:
2126:
2050:
1852:
1827:
1584:
1475:
1450:
1781:
Nelson, D.R. and R.H. Johnson. (1970). Acoustic studies on sharks: Rangiroa Atoll, July 1969. ONR Technical Report 2, No. N00014-68-C-0138.
1254:, the fidelity (i.e. "loyalty") of whitetip reef sharks to certain areas of the reef for years at a time may have inspired belief in
2156:
3294:
1894:
Johnson, R.H.; Nelson (1978). "Copulation and possible olfaction-mediated pair formation in two species of carcharhinid sharks".
1498:
865:
The whitetip reef shark is one of the three most common sharks inhabiting the reefs of the Indo-Pacific, the other two being the
807:
The "face" of a whitetip reef shark is distinctive, with a broad snout, tubular nasal flaps, and oval eyes with vertical pupils.
3334:
2041:
Fowler, S.L.; R.D. Cavanagh; M. Camhi; G.H. Burgess; G.M. Cailliet; S.V. Fordham; C.A. Simpfendorfer & J.A. Musick (2005).
1243:
1600:
Whitney, N.M.; Robbins, W.D.; Schultz, J.K.; Bowen, B.W.; Holland, K.N. (2012). "Oceanic dispersal in a sedentary reef shark (
3188:
2142:
Duffy, Clinton A. J.; Francis, Malcolm; Dunn, M. R.; Finucci, Brit; Ford, Richard; Hitchmough, Rod; Rolfe, Jeremy (2018).
2143:
1161:
forward, inflates the associated siphon sac (a subcutaneous abdominal organ that takes in seawater that is used to flush
1152:
Mating is initiated when up to five males follow closely behind a female and bite at her fins and body, possibly cued by
2230:
443:
199:
1011:
3092:
3056:
96:
3224:
2909:
2470:
378:
Whitetip reef sharks are rarely aggressive towards humans, though they may investigate swimmers closely. However,
2900:
2873:
2587:
770:
762:
2918:
992:
778:
2195:
1687:
439:
195:
956:), though these groupers are unlikely to be significant predators of this species due to their rarity. Known
3329:
3074:
2951:
2882:
2400:
2223:
509:
432:
382:
are at risk of being bitten by one attempting to steal their catch. This species is caught for food, though
2996:
2497:
342:. It is typically found on or near the bottom in clear water, at a depth of 8–40 m (26–131 ft).
28:
3034:
1246:
lists two provoked and three unprovoked attacks to this species. Whitetip reef sharks are well-suited to
3281:
3097:
2807:
2735:
2678:
533:
222:
32:
52:
3299:
3234:
3118:
3043:
2891:
2660:
2596:
2533:
2409:
1748:
1202:
1170:
983:
918:
758:
497:
493:
1394:
1096:) and attempt to steal their catches. A whitetip reef shark can survive for six weeks without food.
2515:
1735:
Whitney, N.M. & P.J. Motta (June 2008). "Cleaner host posing behavior of whitetip reef sharks (
1303:(especially the liver, which contains a much higher concentration of the toxin than the meat). The
1300:
1084:, this species gathers around reef drop-offs to feed on food brought up by the rising current. Off
1080:. Despite their nocturnal habits, whitetip reef sharks will hunt opportunistically in daytime. Off
882:
866:
635:
383:
61:
1674:
821:
has a single narrow, smooth-edged cusp at the center, flanked by a pair of much smaller cusplets.
481:
for this shark include blunthead shark, light-tip shark, reef whitetip shark, and whitetip shark.
2642:
2083:
1989:
1950:
1911:
1764:
1621:
1251:
1198:
1089:
710:
667:
262:
91:
76:
3211:
3286:
3175:
2100:
3268:
3105:
2452:
2290:
2162:
2152:
2122:
2046:
1848:
1823:
1717:
1580:
1471:
1446:
529:
416:
239:
168:
1876:
Robbins, W.D. (2006). Abundance, demography and population structure of the grey reef shark (
3273:
2702:
2693:
2669:
2416:
2075:
2020:
1981:
1942:
1903:
1756:
1709:
1613:
1389:
1284:
1181:
905:
734:
702:
578:
308:
3201:
403:
249:
3242:
3048:
2942:
2783:
2774:
2578:
2560:
2551:
2461:
2443:
2346:
2319:
2310:
2105:
International Shark Attack File, Florida Museum of
Natural History, University of Florida.
1443:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
1242:
discharge or a boat dropping anchor with food and respond within seconds. As of 2008, the
1190:
941:
933:
874:
845:
339:
3061:
2182:
1752:
1690:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on August 7, 2009.
1173:, as while he is holding the female's pectoral fin in his mouth he is being deprived of
1104:
2855:
2726:
2506:
2488:
2337:
2278:
2272:
2247:
1348:
1260:, the spirits of family ancestors that take animal form and protect their descendants.
1218:
1186:
1077:
914:
901:
897:
857:
774:
766:
742:
690:
682:
627:
599:
591:
544:
489:
488:, the whitetip reef shark is now recognized by most authors as belonging to the family
451:
148:
138:
1819:
1812:
1371:
803:
3318:
3196:
2759:
2750:
2542:
2391:
2382:
2328:
2145:
Conservation status of New
Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016
2045:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. p. 314.
2024:
1617:
1494:
1380:
1340:
1235:
1057:
978:. While resting during the day, these sharks have been observed being cleaned by the
949:
659:
615:
603:
521:
379:
304:
178:
81:
2087:
1993:
1768:
1625:
3110:
2651:
2434:
2373:
2364:
2355:
2301:
1954:
1334:
1025:
833:
738:
619:
611:
587:
560:
555:
470:
335:
328:
1946:
1209:; previous instances of asexual reproduction in sharks have been reported in the
3157:
3028:
2816:
2633:
2618:
2609:
2569:
2524:
2425:
1604:): genetic evidence for extensive connectivity without a pelagic larval stage".
1308:
1166:
1045:
1041:
925:
686:
674:
623:
607:
478:
392:
2215:
1549:
Randall, J.E. (1977). "Contribution to the
Biology of the Whitetip Reef Shark (
2864:
2840:
2831:
2479:
2166:
1968:
Tricas, T.C. & E.M. Le Feuvre (1985). "Mating in the reef white-tip shark
1760:
1330:
1280:
1247:
1210:
1132:
connection through which the mother delivers nourishment for the remainder of
1113:
1037:
1033:
1029:
997:
917:
and share their home ranges with others of their species; they do not perform
910:
886:
829:
825:
785:
750:
722:
698:
663:
643:
538:
501:
364:
355:
331:
324:
320:
3019:
2209:
893:, while off Costa Rica they are often seen lying in the open on sandy flats.
438:
was curious, given that this shark is actually quite slender. Later in 1837,
2933:
2798:
2717:
2079:
2066:
Holtcamp, W. (July–August 2009). "Lone
Parents: Parthenogenesis in Sharks".
1276:
1153:
1133:
1069:
1065:
1053:
890:
841:
726:
718:
706:
694:
647:
639:
550:
513:
505:
485:
474:
351:
108:
1721:
350:
and lie still on the bottom. At night, whitetip reef sharks emerge to hunt
3084:
1299:
are eaten, though sharks from certain areas present a substantial risk of
17:
3247:
3131:
3013:
2266:
2007:
Schaller, P. (2006). "Husbandry and reproduction of
Whitetip reef sharks
1507:
1312:
1268:
1239:
1194:
1129:
1125:
1049:
1000:
957:
837:
462:
372:
128:
849:
also the second dorsal fin and lower caudal fin lobe, are bright white.
3149:
1985:
1915:
1713:
1288:
1264:
1256:
1206:
1158:
961:
788:
655:
651:
631:
566:
359:
316:
300:
3136:
816:
that are furled into tubes. The eyes are small and oval with vertical
3162:
3069:
2260:
2190:
1174:
1141:
1117:
1108:
Gregarious in nature, whitetip reef sharks are often found in groups.
1085:
1081:
979:
972:
861:
Whitetip reef sharks spend much of the day lying still on the bottom.
792:
754:
746:
730:
678:
606:, although subsequent research has suggested that the teeth are of a
595:
466:
415:
The whitetip reef shark was first described by the German naturalist
368:
118:
2990:
1907:
1648:
Hobson, E.S. (1963). "Feeding
Behavior in Three Species of Sharks".
2151:. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation. p. 11.
2043:
Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
1677:. ReefQuest Centre for Shark Research. Retrieved on August 7, 2009.
749:. In the Eastern Pacific, they may be found off the west coasts of
642:). They are found near many major island chains as well, including
2284:
1296:
1292:
1272:
1162:
1137:
1103:
1010:
968:
856:
817:
813:
802:
714:
577:
402:
312:
158:
3123:
2203:
1250:
diving, and with conditioning they can be hand-fed by divers. In
610:, and that the whitetip has never colonized the Atlantic. In the
3260:
1121:
1061:
988:
586:
The whitetip reef shark is distributed widely across the entire
347:
2994:
2219:
582:
The whitetip reef shark almost exclusively inhabits coral reefs
1445:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 535–538.
1365:
1363:
1021:
673:
In the western and central Pacific Ocean, whitetips occur off
1169:
on her part. The male has a limited time in which to achieve
1112:
Like other members of its family, the whitetip reef shark is
512:
analyses suggest the whitetip reef shark is grouped with the
1884:) (Fam. Charcharhinidae). PhD thesis, James Cook University.
528:) in occupying an intermediate position on the carcharhinid
1197:, suggesting regional variation in maturation size. On the
461:
meaning "tooth". As Rüppell did not originally designate a
1319:
classified the whitetip reef shark as "Vagrant" under the
2119:
Sharks of Hawaii: Their Biology and Cultural Significance
2204:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1793:
Bulletin of Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute
1575:
Carrier, J.C.; J.A. Musick & M.R. Heithaus (2004).
924:
Important predators of the whitetip reef shark include
1466:
Randall, J.E.; Allen, G.R. & Steene, R.C. (1997).
1064:. The whitetip reef shark is highly responsive to the
386:
resulting from its consumption has been reported. The
1845:
The Private Life of Sharks: The Truth Behind the Myth
614:, whitetip reef sharks can be found off of northern
3003:
2964:
2931:
2853:
2829:
2796:
2772:
2748:
2715:
2691:
2631:
2607:
2299:
828:is positioned well back on the body, closer to the
713:. Whitetips are also found around numerous Pacific
590:region. It was once thought to have existed in the
319:, oval eyes with vertical pupils, and white-tipped
1811:
885:. This species is most active at night or during
407:Early illustration of a whitetip reef shark from
334:, the whitetip reef shark occurs as far west as
2036:
2034:
1570:
1568:
1395:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39384A173436715.en
2121:. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 20–21.
1468:Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea
1305:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1015:The lower jaw and teeth of whitetip reef shark
705:. Their range continues south to the northern
2231:
2101:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
500:, well-developed precaudal pit, strong lower
8:
1436:
1434:
1432:
465:, in 1960 a 31-cm-long specimen caught off
409:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
311:Carcharhinidae, and the only member of its
2991:
2238:
2224:
2216:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1489:
1487:
1470:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 22.
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1136:. Mature females have a single functional
248:
70:
51:
42:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1393:
327:. One of the most common sharks found on
1688:Biological Profiles: Whitetip Reef Shark
1669:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1321:New Zealand Threat Classification System
2011:at Steinhart Aquarium, San Francisco".
1359:
1140:, on the left side, and two functional
960:of the whitetip reef shark include the
1144:. The reproductive cycle is biennial.
446:moved this species into its own genus
1847:. Stackpole Books. pp. 123–124.
1810:Ferrari, A. & A. Ferrari (2002).
1739:) in a swarm of hyperiid amphipods".
1577:Biology of Sharks and Their Relatives
7:
3235:b562b119-b237-4eb0-9b31-a1fc85175808
1263:The whitetip reef shark is taken by
1381:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1205:means at the Nyiregyhaza Centre in
784:Associated almost exclusively with
737:. They have also been sighted near
25:
257:Range of the whitetip reef shark
3325:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
2025:10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00232.x
1880:) and the white tip reef shark (
1675:Coral Reefs: Whitetip Reef Shark
1618:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02660.x
1333:
1185:Polynesia, in July (summer) off
95:
1579:. CRC Press. pp. 52, 502.
1244:International Shark Attack File
779:Cabo Pulmo National Marine Park
1283:, and likely elsewhere, using
693:, including the coastlines of
1:
1947:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.02.018
2910:Australian sharpnose shark (
2471:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
2107:Retrieved on August 7, 2009.
967:and the praniza (parasitic)
375:connection to their mother.
2901:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
2874:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
2588:Australian blacktip shark (
1702:The Journal of Parasitology
946:Carcharhinus albimarginatus
496:characters, such as a full
3351:
2919:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
2013:International Zoo Yearbook
1878:Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
1818:. Firefly Books. pp.
1317:Department of Conservation
879:Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
769:, and the southern tip of
689:and throughout the entire
508:valves. Morphological and
484:Once placed in the family
367:, in which the developing
26:
2952:Pacific spadenose shark (
2883:Pacific sharpnose shark (
2401:Pacific smalltail shark (
2255:
1761:10.1007/s00338-007-0345-4
1441:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
938:Carcharhinus galapagensis
871:Carcharhinus melanopterus
268:
261:
256:
247:
228:
221:
92:Scientific classification
90:
68:
59:
50:
45:
2498:Oceanic whitetip shark (
1497:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
1120:exhaust their supply of
993:Elacatinus puncticulatus
836:. The second dorsal and
574:Distribution and habitat
27:Not to be confused with
2808:Sicklefin lemon shark (
2736:Borneo broadfin shark (
2679:Irrawaddy river shark (
2080:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.3
1606:Journal of Biogeography
954:Epinephelus lanceolatus
717:and islands, including
473:, was made the species
457:meaning "trident", and
425:Fische des Rothen Meere
3335:Fish described in 1837
2892:Grey sharpnose shark (
2661:Northern river shark (
2534:Caribbean reef shark (
1388:: e.T39384A173436715.
1116:; once the developing
1109:
1094:Monachus schauinslandi
1016:
862:
808:
761:, and as far north as
583:
510:molecular phylogenetic
504:lobe, and scroll-like
412:
399:Taxonomy and phylogeny
29:oceanic whitetip shark
3282:Paleobiology Database
2976:Whitetip reef shark (
2516:Blacktip reef shark (
2212:on Sealife Collection
2196:Whitetip reef shark (
2183:Whitetip reef shark (
2117:Taylor, L.R. (1993).
1223:Carcharhinus limbatus
1107:
1014:
940:), and possibly also
860:
806:
581:
431:). His choice of the
429:Fishes of the Red Sea
406:
33:whitetip weasel shark
2643:Borneo river shark (
1511:. July 2009 version.
1128:is converted into a
984:Bodianus diplotaenia
965:Paralebion elongatus
498:nictitating membrane
46:Whitetip reef shark
2453:Pondicherry shark (
2340:C. amblyrhynchoides
2210:Whitetip reef shark
1753:2008CorRe..27..363W
1301:ciguatera poisoning
1090:Hawaiian monk seals
976:Gnathia grandilaris
867:blacktip reef shark
853:Biology and ecology
636:Indian subcontinent
384:ciguatera poisoning
371:are sustained by a
338:and as far east as
291:whitetip reef shark
278:Triaenodon apicalis
62:Conservation status
2703:Daggernose shark (
2670:Speartooth shark (
2417:Whitecheek shark (
1986:10.1007/BF00392492
1843:Bight, M. (2000).
1714:10.1645/ge-1391r.1
1252:Hawaiian mythology
1229:Human interactions
1199:Great Barrier Reef
1110:
1020:fishes, including
1017:
863:
809:
711:Great Barrier Reef
668:Chagos Archipelago
622:and all along the
584:
413:
3310:
3309:
3269:Open Tree of Life
3075:triaenodon-obesus
3062:Triaenodon_obesus
3049:Triaenodon_obesus
3035:Triaenodon obesus
3005:Triaenodon obesus
2997:Taxon identifiers
2988:
2987:
2943:Spadenose shark (
2784:Whitenose shark (
2579:Spot-tail shark (
2561:Blackspot shark (
2552:Smalltail shark (
2462:Finetooth shark (
2444:Galapagos shark (
2347:Grey reef shark (
2322:C. albimarginatus
2320:Silvertip shark (
2311:Blacknose shark (
2291:Carcharhiniformes
2198:Triaenodon obesus
2185:Triaenodon obesus
2128:978-0-8248-1562-2
2052:978-2-8317-0700-6
2009:Triaenodon obesus
1970:Triaenodon obesus
1931:Triaenodon obesus
1882:Triaenodon obesus
1854:978-0-8117-2875-1
1829:978-1-55209-629-1
1737:Triaenodon obesus
1602:Triaenodon obesus
1586:978-0-8493-1514-5
1551:Triaenodon obesus
1501:Triaenodon obesus
1477:978-0-8248-1895-1
1452:978-92-5-101384-7
1374:Triaenodon obesus
930:Galeocerdo cuvier
759:Galápagos Islands
733:and south to the
530:evolutionary tree
421:Carcharias obesus
296:Triaenodon obesus
287:
286:
282:
275:
271:Carcharias obesus
232:Triaenodon obesus
203:
169:Carcharhiniformes
85:
16:(Redirected from
3342:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3114:
3113:
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3024:
3023:
3022:
2992:
2954:S. macrorhynchos
2727:Broadfin shark (
2507:Hardnose shark (
2489:Blacktip shark (
2446:C. galapagenisis
2349:C. amblyrhynchos
2338:Graceful shark (
2240:
2233:
2226:
2217:
2171:
2170:
2150:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2114:
2108:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1941:(6): 1435–1442.
1935:Animal Behaviour
1926:
1920:
1919:
1891:
1885:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1817:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1788:
1782:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1697:
1691:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1612:(6): 1144–1156.
1597:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1546:
1513:
1512:
1491:
1482:
1481:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1438:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1367:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1182:gestation period
942:silvertip sharks
934:Galapagos sharks
906:French Polynesia
846:dermal denticles
735:Pitcairn Islands
703:Papua New Guinea
626:coast, from the
492:on the basis of
433:specific epithet
280:
273:
252:
234:
194:
100:
99:
79:
74:
73:
55:
43:
38:Species of shark
21:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3315:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3243:Observation.org
3241:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3218:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3130:
3122:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2999:
2989:
2984:
2960:
2927:
2849:
2825:
2819:N. brevirostris
2792:
2768:
2760:Sliteye shark (
2744:
2711:
2687:
2627:
2603:
2543:Sandbar shark (
2518:C. melanopterus
2437:C. fitzroyensis
2392:Nervous shark (
2383:Spinner shark (
2329:Bignose shark (
2295:
2251:
2244:
2179:
2174:
2159:
2148:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2099:
2095:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1908:10.2307/1443626
1893:
1892:
1888:
1875:
1862:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1661:
1650:Pacific Science
1647:
1646:
1633:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1555:Pacific Science
1548:
1547:
1516:
1493:
1492:
1485:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1440:
1439:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1369:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1339:
1332:
1329:
1295:. The meat and
1231:
1191:Sexual maturity
1150:
1102:
1009:
919:threat displays
875:grey reef shark
855:
801:
771:Baja California
743:Johnston Atolls
685:, south to the
598:teeth found in
576:
554:) and the most
532:, between most
444:Friedrich Henle
440:Johannes Müller
401:
340:Central America
276:
243:
236:
230:
217:
193:
94:
86:
75:
71:
64:
39:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3348:
3346:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3330:Carcharhinidae
3327:
3317:
3316:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3229:
3216:
3206:
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3025:
3009:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2972:
2970:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:R. terraenovae
2916:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2861:
2859:
2856:Rhizoprionodon
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2762:L. macrorhinus
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:I. oxyrhynchus
2699:
2697:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2667:
2658:
2652:Ganges shark (
2649:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2576:
2567:
2558:
2549:
2540:
2531:
2522:
2513:
2504:
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2441:
2435:Creek whaler (
2432:
2428:C. falciformis
2423:
2414:
2407:
2398:
2389:
2380:
2374:Copper shark (
2371:
2365:Borneo shark (
2362:
2358:C. amboinensis
2356:Pigeye shark (
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2279:Elasmobranchii
2275:
2273:Chondrichthyes
2269:
2263:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2193:
2178:
2177:External links
2175:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2134:
2127:
2109:
2093:
2074:(7): 546–550.
2058:
2051:
2030:
2019:(1): 232–240.
1999:
1980:(3): 233–237.
1974:Marine Biology
1960:
1921:
1902:(3): 539–542.
1886:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1802:
1783:
1774:
1727:
1708:(3): 608–615.
1692:
1679:
1659:
1631:
1592:
1585:
1564:
1514:
1495:Froese, Rainer
1483:
1476:
1458:
1451:
1408:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:List of sharks
1345:
1344:
1328:
1325:
1267:operating off
1230:
1227:
1219:blacktip shark
1215:Sphyrna tiburo
1187:Enewetak Atoll
1149:
1146:
1101:
1098:
1088:, they follow
1078:feeding frenzy
1058:spiny lobsters
1026:squirrelfishes
1008:
1005:
902:Rangiroa Atoll
898:Johnston Atoll
854:
851:
800:
797:
775:Cabo San Lucas
691:Coral Triangle
683:Ryukyu Islands
634:and along the
628:Horn of Africa
608:mackerel shark
600:North Carolina
592:Atlantic Ocean
575:
572:
545:Rhizoprionodon
490:Carcharhinidae
423:, in the 1837
417:Eduard Rüppell
400:
397:
285:
284:
266:
265:
259:
258:
254:
253:
245:
244:
237:
226:
225:
219:
218:
214:T. obesus
211:
209:
205:
204:
186:
182:
181:
179:Carcharhinidae
176:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
156:
152:
151:
149:Elasmobranchii
146:
142:
141:
139:Chondrichthyes
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
88:
87:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
56:
48:
47:
37:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3347:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3313:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2981:
2979:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2945:S. laticaudus
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2922:
2917:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2822:
2820:
2817:Lemon shark (
2815:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2729:L. temminckii
2725:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2690:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2654:G. gangeticus
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2619:Tiger shark (
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2570:Night shark (
2568:
2566:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2525:Dusky shark (
2523:
2521:
2519:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2500:C. longimanus
2496:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2426:Silky shark (
2424:
2422:
2420:
2419:C. dussumieri
2415:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2385:C. brevipinna
2381:
2379:
2377:
2376:C. brachyurus
2372:
2370:
2368:
2367:C. borneensis
2363:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2248:requiem shark
2241:
2236:
2234:
2229:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2158:9781988514628
2154:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1787:
1784:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1673:Martin, R.A.
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:(2): 143–164.
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1396:
1391:
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602:dated to the
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281:Whitley, 1939
279:
274:Rüppell, 1837
272:
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155:Subdivision:
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3004:
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2944:
2932:
2920:
2911:
2902:
2894:R. oligolinx
2893:
2884:
2875:
2866:
2865:Milk shark (
2854:
2842:
2841:Blue shark (
2830:
2818:
2810:N. acutidens
2809:
2797:
2785:
2773:
2761:
2749:
2738:L. tephrodes
2737:
2728:
2716:
2704:
2694:Isogomphodon
2692:
2681:G. siamensis
2680:
2671:
2662:
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2597:
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2580:
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2480:Bull shark (
2472:
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2418:
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2402:
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2357:
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2313:C. acronotus
2312:
2302:Carcharhinus
2300:
2283:Subdivision
2197:
2184:
2144:
2137:
2118:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2071:
2067:
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2016:
2012:
2008:
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1977:
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1399:. Retrieved
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1222:
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1179:
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1111:
1100:Life history
1093:
1074:
1038:parrotfishes
1034:damselfishes
1018:
991:
982:
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937:
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926:tiger sharks
923:
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878:
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823:
810:
783:
767:Isla Socorro
672:
624:East African
620:South Africa
612:Indian Ocean
588:Indo-Pacific
585:
565:
561:Carcharhinus
559:
549:
543:
537:
525:
517:
514:lemon sharks
483:
479:common names
471:Saudi Arabia
458:
454:
447:
435:
428:
424:
420:
414:
408:
377:
344:
336:South Africa
329:Indo-Pacific
295:
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277:
270:
269:
231:
229:
213:
212:
196:J. P. Müller
189:
188:
40:
3158:iNaturalist
3029:Wikispecies
2885:R. longurio
2876:R. lalandii
2663:G. garricki
2645:G. fowlerae
2590:C. tilstoni
2572:C. signatus
2545:C. plumbeus
2527:C. obscurus
2491:C. limbatus
2455:C. hemiodon
1741:Coral Reefs
1686:Bester, C.
1401:19 November
1309:overfishing
1167:mate choice
915:territorial
883:respiration
799:Description
763:Isla Isabel
729:, north to
687:Philippines
675:South China
638:(including
594:, based on
450:, from the
393:overfishing
356:crustaceans
352:bony fishes
332:coral reefs
325:caudal fins
3319:Categories
2967:Triaenodon
2912:R. taylori
2903:R. porosus
2672:G. glyphis
2610:Galeocerdo
2598:C. tjutjot
2554:C. porosus
2509:C. macloti
2473:C. leiodon
2411:C. coatesi
2403:C. cerdale
2331:C. altimus
2208:Photos of
2167:1042901090
2068:BioScience
1747:(2): 363.
1656:: 171–194.
1355:References
1281:Madagascar
1248:ecotourism
1217:) and the
1211:bonnethead
1171:copulation
1154:pheromones
1114:viviparous
1050:goatfishes
911:home range
891:lava tubes
887:slack tide
873:) and the
826:dorsal fin
824:The first
786:coral reef
751:Costa Rica
723:Micronesia
699:East Timor
681:, and the
664:Seychelles
644:Madagascar
539:Galeocerdo
520:) and the
506:intestinal
502:caudal fin
448:Triaenodon
365:viviparous
190:Triaenodon
145:Subclass:
77:Vulnerable
18:Triaenodon
2978:T. obesus
2934:Scoliodon
2867:R. acutus
2843:P. glauca
2799:Negaprion
2775:Nasolamia
2718:Lamiopsis
2621:G. cuvier
2581:C. sorrah
2563:C. sealei
2536:C. perezi
2482:C. leucas
2464:C. isodon
2394:C. cautus
2277:Subclass
1285:longlines
1277:Sri Lanka
1265:fisheries
1134:gestation
1130:placental
1066:olfactory
1054:octopuses
1001:amphipods
958:parasites
842:gill slit
838:anal fins
832:than the
727:Polynesia
719:Melanesia
707:Australia
695:Indonesia
648:Mauritius
640:Sri Lanka
551:Scoliodon
518:Negaprion
486:Triakidae
475:lectotype
373:placental
307:, in the
208:Species:
115:Kingdom:
109:Eukaryota
3176:11077895
3132:FishBase
3124:46559826
3082:BioLib:
3014:Wikidata
2832:Prionace
2786:N. velox
2285:Selachii
2267:Chordata
2261:Animalia
2259:Kingdom
2191:FishBase
2088:86322298
1994:83826865
1799:: 13–30.
1769:40111386
1722:18605791
1626:59405419
1508:FishBase
1327:See also
1313:poaching
1289:gillnets
1269:Pakistan
1257:ʻaumākua
1240:speargun
1195:Maldives
1180:After a
1159:claspers
1142:uteruses
1126:yolk sac
1070:acoustic
1030:snappers
998:hyperiid
987:and the
789:habitats
709:and the
666:and the
536:genera (
477:. Other
463:holotype
317:nostrils
263:Synonyms
175:Family:
129:Chordata
125:Phylum:
119:Animalia
105:Domain:
82:IUCN 3.1
3150:2418054
3020:Q695344
2751:Loxodon
2634:Glyphis
2265:Phylum
2250:species
2246:Extant
1955:3399520
1916:1443626
1820:186–187
1749:Bibcode
1207:Hungary
1203:asexual
1118:embryos
1007:Feeding
971:of the
962:copepod
793:lagoons
656:Comoros
652:Mayotte
632:Red Sea
630:to the
567:Sphyrna
556:derived
526:Loxodon
455:triaena
411:(1841).
369:embryos
360:octopus
301:species
299:) is a
242:, 1837)
240:Rüppell
185:Genus:
165:Order:
135:Class:
80: (
3300:214557
3274:309093
3261:214557
3232:NZOR:
3225:496413
3189:160453
3085:138621
3070:ARKive
2289:Order
2271:Class
2165:
2155:
2125:
2086:
2049:
1992:
1953:
1914:
1896:Copeia
1851:
1826:
1814:Sharks
1767:
1720:
1624:
1583:
1474:
1449:
1293:trawls
1291:, and
1175:oxygen
1148:Mating
1124:, the
1086:Hawaii
1082:Borneo
1060:, and
980:wrasse
973:isopod
969:larvae
830:pelvic
818:pupils
755:Panama
747:Laysan
739:Midway
731:Hawaii
725:, and
715:atolls
679:Taiwan
662:, the
658:, the
654:, the
596:fossil
548:, and
467:Jeddah
436:obesus
358:, and
321:dorsal
309:family
202:, 1837
198:&
3295:WoRMS
3287:83204
3248:79584
3209:NAS:
3202:39384
3171:IRMNG
3163:52314
3111:5855Q
3098:55543
2149:(PDF)
2084:S2CID
1990:S2CID
1951:S2CID
1912:JSTOR
1765:S2CID
1622:S2CID
1297:liver
1273:India
1163:sperm
1138:ovary
1062:crabs
814:nares
534:basal
452:Greek
348:gills
313:genus
200:Henle
3256:OBIS
3220:NCBI
3212:3249
3197:IUCN
3184:ITIS
3145:GBIF
3093:BOLD
2163:OCLC
2153:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1900:1978
1849:ISBN
1824:ISBN
1718:PMID
1581:ISBN
1553:)".
1472:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1403:2021
1386:2020
1122:yolk
1048:and
1022:eels
989:goby
777:and
753:and
745:and
741:and
701:and
564:and
459:odon
442:and
388:IUCN
323:and
289:The
3137:907
3119:EoL
3106:CoL
3057:AFD
3044:ADW
2202:at
2189:at
2076:doi
2021:doi
1982:doi
1972:".
1943:doi
1933:".
1904:doi
1757:doi
1710:doi
1614:doi
1390:doi
1225:).
932:),
904:in
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670:.
570:).
419:as
303:of
31:or
3321::
3297::
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3031::
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2161:.
2103:.
2082:.
2072:59
2070:.
2033:^
2017:40
2015:.
1988:.
1978:84
1976:.
1949:.
1939:68
1937:.
1910:.
1898:.
1863:^
1822:.
1797:78
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