Knowledge (XXG)

Trial of Gotovina et al.

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prosecution of the ICTY alleged that the content of the meeting was evidence of existence of a joint criminal enterprise to forcibly remove the Serb population from Croatia, among other means by indiscriminately shelling civilian areas, and prevent their return. The Trial Chamber dismissed those allegations in part, arguing some of Tuđman's statements referred to the Serb military forces rather than civilians. More generally, the prosecution asserted that the transcripts demonstrated a shared intent to forcibly remove Serbs from the area and the Trial Chamber largely concurred, saying the intent of the meeting's participants was "to show Serbs out but at the same time give them the impression that they could stay". The Appeals Chamber focused on the lack of evidence in the transcript for the allegation of unlawful artillery attacks on four towns in the RSK which were meant to drive the population out.
562:Čermak and Markač were handed over to the ICTY, but Gotovina fled. He was widely believed to be at liberty in Croatia or the Croat-inhabited parts of Bosnia, where many view him as a hero, and his continued freedom was attributed to covert help from — or at least a "blind eye" turned by — the Croatian authorities. The US Government offered a $ 5 million reward for the capture of Ante Gotovina and he became one of the ICTY's most wanted men. The issue was a major stumbling block for Croatia's international relations. Its application to join the European Union was rebuffed in March 2005 due to the Croatian government's perceived complicity in Gotovina's continued evasion of the ICTY. 3437: 3318: 291:, however, all except Bobetko were dead before the first relevant ICTY indictment was issued in 2001. General Bobetko was indicted by the ICTY, but died a year later, before he could be transferred to the ICTY. The trial brought convictions of Gotovina and Markač and acquittal of Čermak in April 2011. Gotovina and Markač were acquitted on appeal in November 2012. 656:" (par. 1710). However, the Appeals Chamber decided that civilian departures related to artillery attacks "only constituted deportation where these artillery attacks were found to have been unlawful" (par. 87), and in turn "reversed the Trial Chamber's findings related to unlawful artillery attacks" (par. 91) thus defeating charges of deportation entirely. 87: 25: 700:
called the judgement scandalous, political and illegal and predicted that it will not contribute to stability of the region and reopen "old wounds". In the aftermath of the judgement, Serbian officials declared that the ICTY had lost all its credibility, and decided to limit cooperation with the ICTY
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The Appeals Chamber decision was a 3-2 majority decision that found that the prosecution had failed to prove the existence of a joint criminal enterprise and the Trial Chamber failed to identify and discuss other modes of responsibility thus not allowing the Appeals Chamber to enter convictions under
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and crimes against humanity carried out against rebel Serb forces and civilians. The indictment alleged creation of a joint criminal enterprise whose purpose was to permanently remove the Serbian population through commission of crimes (plunder, inhumane treatment, murder, wanton destruction, looting
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celebrations commemorating the Operation Storm in Croatia no longer be held. The judgement was seen by the public as helpful to further the Serbian case against Croatia regarding the Operation Storm. Response to the ruling, beyond Croatia and Serbia, was also divided. While some saw the decision as
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According to the Trial Chamber's findings, the population was already on the move due to the shelling of the towns before the Krajina authorities ordered evacuations. Later in August at least a further 20,000 people were the subject of deportation by way of forcible displacement due to crimes and
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areas, and bulk of the Serb population left the area. A UN report indicated that more than 150,000 had fled to Yugoslavia, while 10–15 thousand arrived Banja Luka area. The number of Serb refugees is reported to be up to 200,000 by international media, and organizations. The retreating RSK
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The transcript of the 31 July 1995 meeting, whose authenticity was verified by the Croatian Chief State Prosecutor's Office, formed the basis of the Prosecutor's allegation of a joint criminal enterprise found in the indictment against generals Ante Gotovina, Ivan Cermak and Mladen Markac. The
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Subsequent acquittals of Gotovina and Markač led to jubilation in Croatia, and over a hundred thousand people gathered at the Zagreb's central square for a heroes' welcome after the Government of Croatia sent a plane to transfer the two back to the country, the same day the Appeals Chamber's
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It is important that these civilians start moving and then the army will follow them, and when the columns start moving, they will have a psychological effect on each other. That means we provide them with an exit, while on the other hand we feign to guarantee civilian human rights and the
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region. In it, however, the ICTY did not rule that Operation Storm as a whole was a "joint criminal enterprises" or that Croatia was established on an illegitimate basis. Rather the judges ruled that some aspects of the military offensive violated international law.
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The decision to launch Operation Storm is not controversial; what is controversial, however, is 'the successful effort' of some Croatian officials headed by President Franjo Tudjman to 'exploit the circumstances' and implement the plan to drive Serbs out of
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claimed between 10,000 and 25,000 civilians were victims of the shelling of Knin on 4 and 5 August 1995. Mladen Markac's defense counsel cited this as an example of gross exaggerations of Serb casualties by the UN personnel in the field. Canadian general
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military, transporting large quantities of weaponry and ammunition, artillery and tanks, and evacuating or fleeing civilians often intermingled, having few roads to use. The escaping columns were reportedly intermittently attacked by
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The trial started in March 2008, and concluded in September 2010. In April 2011 the court found Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač guilty, sentencing them to 24 and 18 years respectively while Ivan Čermak was acquitted of all charges.
425:, encompassing a 320-kilometre (200 mi) frontline. It restored 10,400 square kilometres (4,000 square miles), representing 18.4% of the Croatia's territory, to Croatian control. Defeat of the RSK reversed the tide of 429:
against the Serbs, giving the US diplomacy a strong boost. The success of the Operation Storm allowed Croatian and Bosnian leadership to plan a full-scale military intervention in Bosnian-Serb-held Banja Luka area of
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and others) and prevention of their return. It was speculated that President Tuđman and his closest associates would have been indicted by the ICTY had they not died before the case was taken over by the court.
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expressed their shock and rejection of the ruling, promising to help overturn the judgement on appeal. Serbian officials expressed their satisfaction with the judgement, some of them requesting that the
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in between the Split and Gospić Corps zones. The special police zone was subordinated to the Split Corps. The HV Split Corps, located in the far south of the theatre of operations was commanded by
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justice done for the victims, others saw the verdict as a politically inspired act meant to equalize blame between all sides in the war, representing a major coup for Serbia.
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didn't want to comment on Leslie's claim, saying only that something like that was never registered in the situation reports drafted by the Sector South command.
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On 4 August 1995, Croatia launched the Operation Storm, recapturing bulk of the RSK-held territory within days in the largest European land battle since the
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members of the Croatian military forces and the Special Police committed deportation as a crime against humanity of more than 20,000 Krajina Serbs
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Following a successful appeal, Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač were acquitted of all charges by the Appeals Chamber in November 2012.
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In the original indictment, the three were charged under individual, joint criminal enterprise and command responsibility for
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Bjelajac, Mile; Žunec, Ozren (2009). "The War in Croatia, 1991-1995". In Charles W. Ingrao; Thomas Allan Emmert (eds.).
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was a war crimes trial held from March 2008 until (including the appeals process) November 2012 before the
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was appointed commander of the newly established HV Knin Corps after the town was captured by the HV.
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a few months later, as well as restoration to the remaining Serb-held areas in eastern Slavonia and
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as part of a joint criminal enterprise dedicated to expelling Serb residents of the country's
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ICTY prosecutor Alain Tieger about separating Operation Storm from war crimes done afterwards
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The UN International Criminal Tribunals: The Former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone
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The ICTY issued indictments against three senior Croatian commanders, Colonel General
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to formal correspondence only. Protests against the ruling drew several hundred in
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Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
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Victory for Hire: Private Security Companies' Impact on Military Effectiveness
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troops, as well as by Bosnian Serb jets and run down by retreating RSK tanks.
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Democratic Transition in Croatia: Value Transformation, Education & Media
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settlements with significant Serb population. The areas were later named the
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Balkan Battlegrounds: A Military History of the Yugoslav Conflict, 1990-1995
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On 8 December 2005, Gotovina was captured by Spanish police in a hotel on
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HV forces set to attack the RSK were organized in five army corps—
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Trials by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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as a rebellion. By March 1991, the conflict escalated to war—the
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Mountain on the left flank of the Split Corps, were commanded by the
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The ICTY charges specified that other participants in the JCE were
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During the Operation Storm, RSK authorities ordered evacuation of
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President of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Croatia
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Getting to Dayton: The Making of America's Bosnia Policy in 1995
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The Trial Chamber's judgement had directly identified President
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Government Decides To Lift Classification Seal from Transcripts
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Confronting the Yugoslav Controversies: A Scholars' Initiative
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The first instance judgement was a shock to Croatia, and both
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judgement was rendered. They were welcomed by Prime Minister
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International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.
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Treaties between the Republic of Croatia and the Holy See
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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Decisive Battles: From Yorktown to Operation Desert Storm
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
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for court proceedings before extradition to the ICTY at
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President of the Presidency of the Republic of Croatia
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The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School
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Seeking Accountability for the Unlawful Use of Force
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The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School
3384: 3361: 3325: 3219: 492:. The 3,100-strong special police, deployed to the 195: 156: 151: 143: 138: 128: 113: 103: 93: 79: 3002: 2469:[Expected and just verdict] (in Serbian). 2405:"Tribunal Overturns Convictions of Croat Generals" 1383:"Serbs and Croats: Seeing War in Different Prisms" 1601:"Rebel Serbs List 50 Croatia Sites They May Raid" 1289: 1287: 1215:Blog of the European Journal of International Law 615:In June 2008, during the trial, Canadian general 2641:"ICTY cooperation down to formal correspondence" 249:for war crimes, specifically for their roles in 2609:"Two Croatian generals' convictions overturned" 1479:"Roadblock Stalls U.N.'s Yugoslavia Deployment" 1328:"Rebel Serbs Complicate Rift on Yugoslav Unity" 660:command responsibility or aiding and abetting. 626: 599: 3209:1st President of the Croatian Democratic Union 3093:Nordic, Central & Southeastern Europe 2012 1983:"Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90) "Operation Storm"" 768:"Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90) "Operation Storm"" 652:inhumane acts. The Trial Chamber stated that " 529:Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina 3154: 2966:Ramet, Sabrina Petra; Matić, Davorka (2007). 1893:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1406: 1295:"The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic - Judgement" 108:Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90) "Operation Storm" 8: 3130:Gotovina et al. (IT-06-90) "Operation Storm" 1236:"Ex-chief prosecutor denounces Hague ruling" 438:. The intervention would materialize as the 2308:"DEFENSE: CANADIANS FAVOURED KRAJINA SERBS" 2025: 2023: 1804: 1802: 1753: 1751: 444:NATO air campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina 3161: 3147: 3139: 1718: 1580:United Nations Economic and Social Council 1178:Sash Jayawardane, Charlotte Divin (2014). 442:of September 1995, albeit combined with a 298:and it has been described as a precedent. 233:(ICTY), set up in 1993. The ICTY indicted 76: 1688:"NATO and the Balkans: Louder than words" 943: 941: 481:Corps— with a zone assigned to the 65:Learn how and when to remove this message 3011:Continuum International Publishing Group 1504: 1262:"Roads Sealed as Yugoslav Unrest Mounts" 257:(JCE) aimed at the permanent removal of 3481:Criminal trials that ended in acquittal 1913: 1793: 1781: 1769: 1742: 1730: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1354:"Belgrade Sends Troops to Croatia Town" 791: 728: 708:The case raised significant issues for 294:The case raised significant issues for 2069:"Judgement Summary for Gotovina et al" 1188:The Hague Institute for Global Justice 1090:Melbourne Journal of International Law 888:"Judgement Summary for Gotovina et al" 3247:1991 Croatian independence referendum 1625: 1522:"The Walls and the Will of Dubrovnik" 1477:Carol J. Williams (29 January 1992). 1117:"Acquittal of Gotovina and Haradinaj" 7: 3227:Milošević–Tuđman Karađorđevo meeting 2607:Matt Steinglass (16 November 2012). 2493:"Štrbac: Šamar za politiku Hrvatske" 2212:Program with the surfaced recordings 1150:. Cambridge University Press. 2018. 1686:Kevin Fedarko (11 September 1995). 1424:"Croats Concede Danube Town's Loss" 1352:Stephen Engelberg (March 3, 1991). 1027:Cambridge International Law Journal 2805:. Diane Publishing Company. 2003. 2355:Sekularac, Ivana (15 April 2011). 2288:from the original on 10 March 2012 253:, citing their participation in a 14: 1812:. Human Rights Watch. August 1996 716:tried by the ICTY shaping modern 375:was signed by representatives of 3436: 3435: 3417:Places named after Franjo Tuđman 3316: 3077:] (in Serbian). Nidda Verlag 2276:Eduard Šoštarić (3 April 2007). 1451:Chuck Sudetic (3 January 1992). 948:Ian Traynor (16 November 2012). 167:, Uldis Ķinis, Elisabeth Gwaunza 85: 23: 2671:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 2336:. Sense Agency. August 30, 2010 1860:Prodger, Matt (5 August 2005). 1839:United Nations Security Council 693:and other country's officials. 389:United Nations Protection Force 2974:Texas A&M University Press 2467:"Očekivana i pravedna presuda" 1928:"Oluja, zločin i video kamera" 1926:Filip Švarm (10 August 2006). 1862:"Evicted Serbs remember Storm" 1115:B. Jones; et al. (2014). 547:and Brigadier (later General) 1: 3476:Croatian War of Independence 3242:Croatian War of Independence 3035:Schabas, William A. (2006). 2381:McRae, Amanda (5 May 2011). 2256:Prosecutor v. Gotovina et al 2233:. Sense Tribunal. 2011-04-18 354:Croatian War of Independence 308:Croatian War of Independence 3252:Bombing of the Banski Dvori 3090:Thompson, Wayne C. (2012). 2870:Brookings Institution Press 1841:. 23 August 1995. p. 6 1211:"The Gotovina Omnishambles" 342:Republic of Serbian Krajina 263:Republic of Serbian Krajina 3502: 3043:Cambridge University Press 2692:Walter B. Huffman (2012). 976:Walter B. Huffman (2012). 414: 305: 117:16 November 2012 3432: 3397:Croatian Democratic Union 3314: 3176: 3075:Knin was lost in Belgrade 3067:Sekulić, Milisav (2000). 2902:Stanford University Press 1758:Balkan Battlegrounds 2002 1674:Balkan Battlegrounds 2002 1407:Bjelajac & Žunec 2009 255:joint criminal enterprise 209:: Patrick Lipton Robinson 200: 84: 3412:Trial of Gotovina et al. 3098:Rowman & Littlefield 2216:Croatian Radiotelevision 2152:. ICTY. 16 November 2012 2133:. ICTY. 16 November 2012 1209:Marko Milanovic (2012). 573:. He was transferred to 527:jets, HV artillery, and 227:Trial of Gotovina et al. 80:Trial of Gotovina et al. 37:may need to be rewritten 3237:Independence of Croatia 2926:Marijan, Davor (2007). 2894:Dunigan, Molly (2011). 2835:Purdue University Press 2549:"The coming Balkan war" 2252:"Transcript Page 17378" 503:. On 5 August, General 483:Croatian special police 454:to Croatia through the 186:Patrick Lipton Robinson 3441:Category:Franjo Tuđman 3070:Knin je pao u Beogradu 1719:Ramet & Matić 2007 637: 613: 432:Bosnia and Herzegovina 393:Bosnia and Herzegovina 381:Yugoslav People's Army 358:Battle of the barracks 348:and was viewed by the 324:occurred, in parts of 2942:Government of Croatia 2523:Amnesty International 2258:. ICTY. 23 March 2009 1700:on September 30, 2007 1381:(24 September 1991). 371:In January 1992, the 350:Government of Croatia 314:breakup of Yugoslavia 133:ICTY case transcripts 3289:Washington Agreement 3185:President of Croatia 2775:The Washington Times 2586:Agence France-Presse 2554:The Washington Times 2385:. Human Rights Watch 2033:(16 November 2012). 1422:(18 November 1991). 712:, and became one of 274:President of Croatia 2770:"Croatia's triumph" 2701:Military Law Review 2614:The Washington Post 2314:on January 12, 2009 1607:. 13 September 1993 1549:(24 January 1993). 1081:A.Z. Borda (2014). 1047:A.Z. Borda (2012). 1021:H. Decoeur (2012). 985:Military Law Review 695:President of Serbia 607:Croatian President 440:Operation Mistral 2 405:Operation Maslenica 403:was lifted, and in 318:1990 Log Revolution 279:, defence minister 265:(RSK) held part of 2746:. 16 November 2012 2673:. 17 November 2012 2647:. 20 November 2012 2588:. 17 November 2012 2445:The New York Times 2040:The New York Times 1959:. 13 February 2009 1760:, pp. 369–370 1676:, pp. 374–377 1628:, pp. 216–218 1555:The New York Times 1526:The New York Times 1518:Michael T. 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778: 764: 758: 757: 755: 753: 733: 698:Tomislav Nikolić 635: 611: 448:Dayton Agreement 338:eastern Croatian 316:progressed, the 207:Separate opinion 202:Separate opinion 170:Appeals chamber: 152:Court membership 124: 122: 89: 77: 70: 63: 59: 56: 50: 43:improve the lead 27: 26: 19: 16:War crimes trial 3501: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3451: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3428: 3407:Greater Croatia 3402:Croatian Spring 3380: 3375:Miroslav Tuđman 3357: 3321: 3312: 3272:Erdut Agreement 3267:Operation Storm 3262:Split Agreement 3215: 3207: 3199: 3191: 3180: 3172: 3167: 3126: 3121: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3089: 3080: 3078: 3066: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3034: 3025: 3023: 3021: 2999:Riley, Jonathon 2997: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2937: 2925: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2893: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2860:Daalder, Ivo H. 2858: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2826: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2799: 2795: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2764: 2763: 2759: 2749: 2747: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2665: 2664: 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15 April 2011 890: 886: 885: 881: 871: 869: 868:. 30 April 2003 858: 857: 853: 843: 841: 832: 831: 827: 817: 815: 807: 803: 802: 798: 790: 786: 776: 774: 766: 765: 761: 751: 749: 735: 734: 730: 726: 691:Zoran Milanović 666: 636: 633: 612: 606: 587: 537: 498:Colonel General 456:Erdut Agreement 419: 417:Operation Storm 413: 411:Operation Storm 310: 304: 283:, and generals 251:Operation Storm 215: 210: 205: 204:: Theodor Meron 172: 168: 163: 144:Related actions 120: 118: 71: 60: 54: 51: 40: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3499: 3497: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3427: 3426: 3425: 3424: 3422:Zagreb Airport 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3332:Parliamentary 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3286: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3234: 3229: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3216: 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Index

lead section
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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
ICTY case transcripts
Alphons Orie
Theodor Meron
Mehmet Güney
Fausto Pocar
Patrick Lipton Robinson
Carmel Agius
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
Croatian Army
Ante Gotovina
Ivan Čermak
Mladen Markač
Operation Storm
joint criminal enterprise
Serbs
Republic of Serbian Krajina
Croatia
President of Croatia
Franjo Tuđman
Gojko Šušak
Janko Bobetko
Zvonimir Červenko
law of war
Croatian War of Independence

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