Trial by combat - Knowledge (XXG)

741: 796:, with Jacques le Gris claiming that he had not committed the crime and Marguerite being with child, it was decided that guilt could not be decided through a standard jury trial, and a judicial duel was ordered. The duel put three lives in the hands of fate: Jacques le Gris, the accused, Jean de Carrouges, and the accuser, Marguerite. In the duel, the survivor of the said duel would be considered the winner of the claim. If Jacques le Gris won the duel, not only would Jean de Carrouges die but his pregnant wife would also be put to death for the crime of being a false accuser. 753: 903:, meaning on public lands. The herald read the accusation out loud and gave the defendant one last chance to confess. If the latter did not do so, the duel would begin, and it was the responsibility of the issuer of the challenge to deliver (or attempt) the first blow. Incapacitating injuries or death would dictate victory, although other scenarios were possible as well. For instance, if the defendant could successfully parry all blows delivered by the agent until sundown, the defendant would be considered the victor. 1819:"il y avoit même déjà long-tems que le parlement connoissoit des causes de duel, témoins ceux dont on a parlé ci – devant, & entr'autres celui qu'il ordonna en 1386 entre Carouge & Legris; ce dernier étoit accusé par la femme de Carouge d'avoir attenté à son honneur. Legris fut tué dans le combat, & partant jugé coupable; néanmoins dans la suite il fut reconnu innocent par le témoignage de l'auteur même du crime, qui le déclara en mourant". 284: 216: 407:(that is, in the act of committing his crime), if he attempted to escape from prison, or if there was such strong evidence of guilt that there could be no effective denial, the defendant could not challenge. Similarly, if the plaintiff was a woman, above 60 years of age, a minor, lame or blind, they could decline the challenge, and the case would be determined by a jury. Peers of the realm, priests, and citizens of the 951: 487:'s household records marks a promise to pay Thomas of Brydges an annual retainer fee for acting as champion, with additional stipend and expenses paid for each fight. In criminal cases, an approver was often chosen from the accomplices of the accused or from prison to do the fighting for the crown. Approvers sometimes were given their freedom after winning five trials but sometimes were hanged anyway. 40: 498:. The role of the squire was to attend the battle and to arrange the particulars of the ceremony with the opposing squire. Over time, squires would meet and resolve disputes during negotiations over combat. Ample time was made for this by creating a process for checking the saddle and bridle of horses for prayer scrolls and enchantments and requiring litigants to exchange gloves (the origin of " 2214: 28 March 1983) ("I also note that defendant's offer to waive its counterclaim on the condition that plaintiff accepts a challenge of trial by combat to death is not a form of relief this Court, or any court in this country, would or could authorise. Dueling is a crime and the defendant is therefore cautioned against such further requests for unlawful relief."). 661:). The king again stepped in, and judges acted to delay proceedings. No record survives of the outcome of the case, but no contemporary account speaks of the trial by battle actually taking place. The last certain judicial battle in Britain was in Scotland in 1597, when Adam Bruntfield accused James Carmichael of murder and killed him in battle. 740: 1880: 611:

The dispute probably concerned dynastic power within the territory of the O'Connors, and the parties, Teig and Conor, had accused each other of treason; the privy council granted their wish for trial by combat to take place on the following day, and for another such trial between two other members of

176:

81, dated to 712–730 AD) prescribes a trial by combat in the event of two families disputing the boundary between their lands. A handful of earth taken from the disputed piece of land is put between the contestants and they are required to touch it with their swords, each swearing that their claim is

620:

The first combat was performed at the time and place accordingly with observation of all due ceremonies as so short a time would suffer, wherein both parties showed great courage by a desperate fight: In which Conor was slain and Teig hurt but not mortally, the more was the pity: Upon this Wednesday

329:

show similar material. While commoners were required to present their case to a judge before duelling, members of the nobility did have the right to challenge each other for duels without the involvement of the judiciary, so that duels of this kind were separate from the judicial duel already in the

263:

of 1230 recognizes the judicial duel as an important function to establish guilt or innocence in cases of insult, injury, or theft. The combatants are armed with swords and shields and may wear linen and leather clothing, but their heads and feet must be bare and their hands only protected by light

979:

In 2020, a man named David Zachary Ostrom requested a trial by combat in response to a custody and property dispute with his ex-wife over their children. Following Ostrom requesting trial by combat, he was court-ordered to be administered a sanity test and was temporarily restricted from parenting

926:

A special kind of fighter called a chekvar was engaged to duel another chekavar on behalf of two opposing Rulers parties to prevent the explosion of a blood feud. For this two chekavar fight each other in an arena for the king and die. For this they used sword and parija. When one of the chekavar

799:

In late December, shortly after Christmas, the combatants met just outside the walls of the abbey of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in the northern Paris suburbs. After a lengthy ceremony, the battle was joined, and after a furious and bloody encounter, Carrouges stabbed his opponent with a sword and

482:

Civil disputes were handled differently from criminal cases. In civil cases, women, the elderly, the infirm of body, minors, and—after 1176—the clergy could choose a jury trial or could have champions named to fight in their stead. Hired champions were technically illegal but are obvious in the

1378:

The earliest reference to the battle, I believe, in any account of a trial in England, is at the end of the case of Bishop Wulfstan v. Abbot Walter, in 1077. The controversy was settled, and we read: 'Thereof there are lawful witnesses ... who said and heard this, ready to prove it by oath and

884:) of an injury of words or deeds he received, in matters that could not be reliably proven in a courtroom. In turn, the defendant had to issue a "mentita", meaning that he had to tell the agent "you lie", which consisted of an injury of words. After this, the agent had to issue a notarised 280:, prohibits judicial duels altogether, stating that the emperor had come to this decision on seeing that too many innocent men were convicted by the practice just for being physically weak. Nevertheless, judicial duels continued to be popular throughout the 14th and 15th centuries. 621:

following Mortogh Cogge appeared in the same place brought by the captains to the listes, and there stayed 2 hours making proclamation against his enemy by drum and trumpet, but he appeared not ... The only thing we commend in this action was the diligent travail of Sir

2441:

An historical, topographical, and descriptive view of the county palatine of Durham: comprehending the various subjects of natural, civil, and ecclesiastical geography, agriculture, mines, manufactures, navigation, trade, commerce, buildings, antiquities, curiosities, public

576:. The battle was intended to resolve a dispute over which clan was to hold the right flank in an upcoming battle of both clans (and several others) against Clan Cameron. The Clan Macpherson is thought to have won, but only twelve men survived from the original sixty. 264:

gloves. The accuser is to await the accused at the designated place of combat. If the accused does not appear after being summoned three times, the accuser may execute two cuts and two stabs against the wind, and his matter will be treated as if he had won the fight.

963:

At the time of independence in 1776, trial by combat had not been abolished and it has never formally been abolished since. The question of whether trial by combat remains a valid alternative to civil action has been argued to remain open, at least in theory. In

2325: 612:

the same sept to take place on the Wednesday following. The first combat took place as appointed, with the combatants "in their shirts with swords, targetts and skulles". An account of the proceedings as observed by one of the privy councillors is given in the

800:

claimed victory, being rewarded with substantial financial gifts and a position in the royal household. The duel was watched by the royal court, several royal dukes, and thousands of ordinary Parisians and was recorded in several notable chronicles including

1031: 427:

and sorcery. If the defendant was defeated and still alive, he was to be hanged on the spot. However, if he defeated his opponent, or if he were able to fend off his opponent from sunrise to sunset, he would go free. If the plaintiff said the word

478:

were devised to enable litigants to avail themselves of the jury even in the sort of actions that were traditionally tried by wager of battle. The practice of averting trial by combat led to the modern concept of attorneys representing litigants.

893:

The defendant had the important advantage of the election of weapons. This was done to ensure that the institution would not be abused by the strong to overpower the weak, although the system was gamed in many ways bordering on the illegal.

633:], who equally and openly seemed to countenance the champions, but secretly with very good concurrence, both with us and between themselves, with such regard of her Majesty's service, as giveth us cause to commend them to your Lordships. 2295: 854:(626–636), is supposed to have been accused by a disappointed lover of a plot to poison the king and take another man. King Arioald consented that her innocence should be tested by single combat between her accuser and a 980:

rights. Upon successfully clearing his sanity test, Ostrom's parenting time was restored. Ostrom has since admitted that he initially made the request for trial by combat in order to attract media attention to his case.

2317: 43:

A 1540s depiction of a judicial combat in Augsburg in 1409, between Marshal Wilhelm von Dornsberg and Theodor Haschenacker. Dornsberg's sword broke early in the duel, but he proceeded to kill Haschenacker with his own

976:, Donald J. Evans set out the possibility of a trial by battle in the setting of a lawyer's office. A tongue-in-cheek motion during 2015 for trial by combat in response to a civil suit was rejected in 2016. 473:

in 1166. With the emergence of the legal profession in the thirteenth century, lawyers, guarding the safety of the lives and limbs of their clients, steered people away from the wager of battle. A number of

1843: 826: 1174: 2375: 700:

instituted by the accuser directly against the accused. It was not, unlike the contemporary appeal, a proceeding in a court of superior jurisdiction reviewing the proceedings of a lower court.

2180: 2265: 388:

The last certain trial by battle in England occurred in 1446: a servant accused his master of treason, and the master drank too much wine before the battle and was slain by the servant. In

2287: 2141: 2349: 225:(early to mid-14th century), illustrating the provision that the two combatants must "share the sun", i.e. align themselves perpendicular to the Sun so that neither has an advantage. 1142:. Early Irish law Series volume III (2016 reprint with revised bibliography ed.). Dublin: School of Celtic Studies, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies. pp. 211–213. 454: 910:

of the 16th century, dueling became illegal; however, its customs were maintained and utilized by most middle to upper social classes until the beginning of the 19th century.

668:, Parliament considered a bill that would have abolished appeals of murder and trials by battle in the American colonies. It was successfully opposed by Member of Parliament 858:. The accuser having been slain, Gundeberga was declared innocent. This was the first instance of a trial by combat in the history of Italy. In the 730s, the Lombard king 432:("I am vanquished") and gave up the fight, he was to be declared infamous, deprived of the privileges of a freeman, and was liable for damages to his successful opponent. 1716: 521:

with sharp iron tips. The duelling ground was typically sixty feet square. Commoners were allowed a rectangular leather shield and could be armed with a suit of leather

717:

One inconvenience attending this mode of proceeding is, that the party who institutes it must be willing, if required, to stake his life in support of his accusation.

653:

It is uncertain when the last actual trial by battle in Britain took place. While some references speak of such a trial being held in 1631, records indicate that King

664:

Proposals to abolish trial by battle were made in the 17th century, and twice in the 18th, but were unsuccessful. In 1774, as part of the legislative response to the

1902: 1821: 1779: 1408: 927:

defeated or killed the other in the public duel called the ankam, the two parties considered the matter closed without either having spilled any of their own blood.

657:

intervened to prevent the battle. A 1638 case is less clear: it involved a legal dispute between Ralf Claxton and Richard Lilburne (the latter the father of

1164: 207:

An unusual variant, the marital duel, involved combat between a husband and wife, with the former physically handicapped in some way. The loser was killed.

2367: 821: 2257: 392:

and Ireland, the practice was continued into the sixteenth century. In 1446, a trial by combat was arranged between two quarrelling Irish magnates,

232:

in 967 expressly sanctioned the practice of Germanic tribal law even if it did not figure in the more "imperial" Roman law. The celebrated case of

2347: 865:

The jurisprudence of judicial duelling in Italy is particularly well documented in the 15th and 16th centuries. In particular, the treatises of

862:(712–744) had lost confidence in the likelihood that the trial by battle would provide justice. He knew that the practice was subject to abuse. 641:

also refers to the trial and censures the parties for having allowed the English to entice them into the proceedings. It is also referred to in

999: 2554: 2482: 2460: 2174: 2108: 2081: 2039: 1974: 1611: 1592: 1333: 1314: 1268: 1223: 1147: 1695: 710: 550:

By 1300, the wager of combat had all but died out in favour of trial by jury. One of the last mass trials by combat in Scotland, the

543:, "defeated", which acknowledged "(I am) vanquished." The party who did so, however, whether litigant or champion, was punished with 2430: 2135: 1853: 1402: 669: 393: 2513: 1662: 345:

codex names seven offences that in the absence of witnesses were considered grave enough to warrant a judicial duel, viz. murder,

721: 331: 792:, whom he accused of raping his wife Marguerite when Carrouges was in Paris conducting business. After lengthy hearings at the 859: 725: 187:

prescribed combat between witnesses of each side, rather than between the accuser and the accused, and briefly allowed for the

1708: 869:(1536), Giovanni Battista Pigna (1554) and Girolamo Mutio (1560) have contributed to shed considerable light on the subject. 676:, on the other hand, supported the abolition, calling the appeal and wager "superstitious and barbarous to the last degree". 296: 2346:

Kilander, Gustaf (January 6, 2021). "Rudy Giuliani calls for 'trial by combat' to settle election in rant at wild DC rally".

1433: 1229: 1877: 1771: 626: 1635: 1487: 444:(1077), eleven years after the Conquest. Significantly, the names of the parties suggest that it was a dispute between a 403:

The wager of battle was not always available to the defendant in an appeal of murder. If the defendant were taken in the

2318:"Man who requested trial by combat in custody dispute clears sanity test, requests testing for ex-wife and her attorney" 805: 752: 2450: 2544: 931:, the most ancient and important form of India, was practiced in Kerala. Its origins date back to the 12th century. 584:

The last trial by combat under the authority of an English monarch is thought to have taken place during the reign of

2518: 2211: 1061: 1023:, where a judicial duel is among the violent events culminating in a judicial battle between the clans before King 969: 638: 382: 252:. For the following three centuries, there was latent tension between the traditional regional laws and Roman law. 709:

in 1818. Pronouncing judgment in favour of the accused's plea claiming the wager of battle, Justice Bayley of the

100:

in general, which is known to many cultures worldwide, trial by combat is known primarily from the customs of the

2603: 1169: 1105: 1039: 801: 972:

rejected the defendant's request for "trial by combat to the death" on the grounds that dueling was illegal. In

2235: 2207: 1020: 605: 890:, or a notice of challenge, to the defendant, which, if accepted, would set the formal proceedings in motion. 2029: 2009: 2125: 2098: 2071: 1872: 630: 560:

in 1396. This event took the form of a pitched battle between teams of around thirty men each, representing

233: 67:

to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in

897:

The duel would take place on the land of a lord impartial to both parties, or if this was not practicable,

509:

Early trials by combat allowed a variety of weapons, particularly for knights. Later, commoners were given

415:) could also decline the battle if challenged. If the actual battle took place, it would occur in judicial 2056: 1215: 1056: 1024: 1015: 991: 585: 573: 499: 237: 533:. The litigants appeared in person. The combat was to begin before noon and be concluded before sunset. 373:

Wager of battle, as the trial by combat was called in English, appears to have been introduced into the

2164: 1648:

Acquitted on a Charge of murdering a Girl, and on being rearrested claimed Trial by Battle, April 1818

604:), who were persuaded by two judges (referred to in the account below) to bring the matter before the 1630: 1347: 1112: 781: 654: 622: 503: 1990: 907: 552: 470: 459: 397: 536:

Either combatant could end the fight and lose his case by crying out the word "Craven!", from the

2239: 1682: 1670: 1369: 1352: 793: 705: 484: 378: 330:

Middle Ages and were not affected by the latter's abolition in the early 16th century by Emperor

155: 1804: 768:

ordered for two of his servants to engage in trial by combat against each other when he found a

2013: 1994: 547:. Fighting continued until one party was dead or disabled. The last man standing won his case. 177:

lawful. The losing party besides forfeiting their claim to the land is required to pay a fine.

2550: 2478: 2456: 2426: 2170: 2131: 2104: 2077: 2035: 1970: 1899: 1849: 1687: 1539: 1398: 1392: 1219: 1143: 1099: 1065: 785: 642: 325: 241: 163: 136: 72: 2474: 2423:

History of England from the Accession of James I to the Outbreak of the Civil War: 1603–1642

1709:"SHEPHERD, Samuel (1760–1840), of 38 Bloomsbury Square, Mdx. | History of Parliament Online" 1361: 1045: 872:

The fundamental aspects of Italy's duelling customs were the following. The offended party (

761: 665: 597: 416: 113: 101: 2288:"Man requests 'trial by combat' with Japanese swords to settle a dispute with Iowa ex-wife" 998:, made claims of voter fraud and called for a "trial by combat". The rally resulted in the 283: 2353: 1906: 1884: 1867: 1666: 1437: 1296:

History of the Royal Hospital Kilmainham, from Its Original Foundation to the Present Time

1050: 936: 866: 789: 729: 689: 561: 557: 458:, from around 1187, appears to have considered it the chief mode of trial, at least among 188: 184: 168: 159: 97: 31: 813: 683:

was the most direct way, in the common law, of challenging someone's right to a piece of

672:, who called the appeal of murder "that great pillar of the Constitution". Writer and MP 215: 1659: 1093: 769: 408: 314: 300: 258: 245: 229: 2588: 2597: 1896:

The Encyclopædia Britannica, or, Dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature

995: 988: 928: 919: 765: 684: 658: 601: 593: 589: 565: 518: 491: 475: 469:

replaced trial by ordeal, which had been the mode of proof for crown pleas since the

68: 1963:

In the Service of Mars: Proceedings from the Western Martial Arts Workshop 1999–2009

1961:

Leoni, Tom (2010). Mele, Gregory (ed.). "Judicial Duel in Sixteenth-century Italy".

1691: 950: 1077: 1010: 984: 694: 673: 613: 445: 180: 64: 943:

lineage. It was during their period that kalaripayattu spread widely in southern

39: 2489: 1430: 1209: 780:

In December 1386, one of the last trials by combat authorised by the French King

135:

and it does not figure in the traditions of Middle Eastern antiquity such as the

2226: 2224:

Evans, Donald J. (May 1985). "Forgotten Trial Techniques: The Wager of Battle".

2100:

Mapping the History of Ayurveda: Culture, Hegemony and the Rhetoric of Diversity

732:. At the same time, the writ of right and criminal appeals was also abolished. 697: 412: 144: 109: 80: 400:

intervened personally to persuade them to settle their differences peacefully.

248:

to cease its imposition of judicial duels on their newly converted subjects in

166:) prescribed different particulars, such as equipment and rules of combat. The 17: 1839: 1747: 1625: 1495: 932: 843: 831: 569: 537: 510: 466: 424: 374: 358: 320: 195: 105: 2583: 1739: 1087: 354: 308: 132: 1827:

Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers

724:

abolished wager of battle the following year, in February 1819, in an Act (

784:

was fought in Paris. The trial was fought to decide a case brought by Sir

287:

Depiction of a judicial duel between a man and a woman by Hans Talhoffer (

1211:

Medieval Justice: Cases and Laws in France, England and Germany, 500-1500

1195: 1035: 940: 923: 855: 847: 817: 389: 338:

of modern times which were outlawed only as late as in the 19th century.

200: 121: 117: 104:. The practice was "almost universal in Europe" according to medievalist 2243: 2059:. Centre for South and Southeast Asian Studies – via Google Books. 158:. Being rooted in Germanic tribal law, the various regional laws of the 1394:

Legan Antiquities: A Collection of Essays Upon Ancient Laws and Customs

1373: 1082: 851: 809: 772:

had been killed in his forest and one accused the other of the crime.

645:. This was a trial not at common law but under consiliar jurisdiction. 592:

in Ireland on 7 September 1583. The dispute was between members of the

526: 449: 385:

and remained in use for the duration of the High and Late Middle Ages.

362: 346: 249: 125: 1429:

For an extensive list of cases of trial by battle from this time, see

2452:

A New Miscellany-at-Law: Yet Another Diversion for Lawyers and Others

2031:

The Other Rāma: Matricide and Genocide in the Mythology of Paraśurāma

944: 544: 522: 514: 495: 350: 304: 2368:"'Game of Thrones' recap: Tyrion's life at stake in trial by combat" 1365: 1760:

Gregory of Tours. A History of the Franks. Pantianos Classics, 1916

1165:"'Game of Thrones': Trial by combat was a real option, says writer" 303:

depicts techniques to be applied in such duels, separately for the

949: 751: 739: 282: 214: 140: 808:. It has since been covered by several notable texts, including 411:(the last pursuant to their guarantee of ancient liberties under 420: 335: 76: 1507: 1505: 490:

In practice, a person facing trial by combat was assisted by a

194:

In medieval Scandinavia, the practice survived throughout the

2356:

The Independent. Washington, DC. Retrieved November 14, 2022.

918:

In the 15th century in the Malabar region of India, the same

703:

Such a private prosecution was last conducted in the case of

27:

Method of settling accusations within Germanic law by dueling

2127:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus

2073:

Jumbos and Jumping Devils: A Social History of Indian Circus

83:, gradually disappearing in the course of the 16th century. 1946:

The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crises

440:

The earliest case in which wager of battle is recorded was

219:

Depiction of a judicial combat in the Dresden codex of the

2514:"Trial by Combat and the Myths of Our Modern Legal System" 502:") and sometimes to go to separate churches and give five 1738: 2589:

Charters relating to Judicial Duels, 11th – 12th Century

2473:(reprint ed.), The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., p. 744:"The plaintiff opening his case before the judge", from 357:

of one's lord, "imprisonment" (possibly in the sense of

1030:

The Carrouges–le Gris trial of 1386 was the subject of

2570:

Trial by Fire and Battle in Medieval German Literature

1920:

The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I

1267:

harvnb error: no target: CITEREFQuennellQuennell1964 (

922:

competition was held by the Thiyya caste, who are the

419:, 60 feet (18 m) square, following the taking of 2546:

Medievalism and the Quest for the "Real" Middle Ages

525:, bare to the knees and elbows and covered by a red 183:

governing its use appear from the year 803 onwards.

2512:Rennix, Brianna; Abraham, Sparky (September 2020). 756:Duel between Jacques Le Gris and Jean de Carrouges 1298:. Dublin: William Curry & Co. pp. 92–93. 1034:by Eric Jager. This book was adapted into a 2008 2503:Quennell, Marjorie; Quennell, C. H. B. (1969) , 1262: 295:Trial by combat plays a significant role in the 143:. However, it is recorded in the medieval Irish 2411:2 vols. Monumenta Germaniae Historica, LL S. 2. 1610:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoenfeld2001 ( 1591:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFShoenfeld2001 ( 974:Forgotten Trial Techniques: The Wager of Battle 618: 506:(for the five wounds of Christ) to the church. 2543:and legal violence", in Simmons, Clare (ed.), 2469:Neilson, George; Sereni, Angelo Piero (2009), 2258:"Staten Island lawyer demands trial by combat" 1060:is put through two trials by combat, with the 79:. It remained in use throughout the European 75:. In essence, it was a judicially sanctioned 1898:, Volume 13, Adam & Charles Black, 1857, 1535: 1511: 1473: 1461: 1449: 1431:Bigelow's Placita Anglo-Normanica (1066–1195) 1397:. F.H. Thomas law book Company. p. 128. 1258: 1256: 898: 885: 879: 873: 8: 312: 268: 256: 220: 1935:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004, p. 165. 1350:(15 May 1891). "The Older Modes of Trial". 311:(mace and shield) variants, although other 1948:, Princeton University Press, 2018, p. 74. 1332:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFHall1926 ( 1313:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFBurn1820 ( 748:(15th century), National Library of Paris. 2055:Sankaranarayanan, K. C. (20 April 1994). 1605: 1586: 2535:Shoenfeld, Mark (1997), "Waging battle: 1956: 1954: 1772:"What Really Happened at the Last Duel?" 1523: 1492:Scottish Event & Historical Timeline 1064:after he's falsely convicted of killing 822:Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition 396:, and the Prior of Kilmainham, but King 38: 2505:A History of Everyday Things in England 2439:Mackenzie, Eneas; Ross, Marvin (1834), 1574: 1562: 1550: 1281: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1125: 878:or agent) had to accuse the defendant ( 240:of 1215 deprecated judicial duels, and 2034:. State University of New York Press. 616:Ireland 63/104/69 (spelling adapted): 131:It was unknown in Anglo-Saxon law and 2497:Annals of Ireland by the Four Masters 1000:storming of the United States Capitol 728:) introduced by the Attorney General 154:The practice is regulated in various 7: 2163:Menon, A. Sreedhara (4 March 2011). 2144:from the original on 8 December 2023 1327: 1308: 1177:from the original on 27 October 2021 856:nobleman who undertook to defend her 1638:from the original on 26 August 2017 2378:from the original on 14 March 2023 2268:from the original on 21 March 2021 2097:Girija, K. P. (25 November 2021). 1782:from the original on 21 March 2021 746:Cérémonies des Gages des Batailles 108:. It was in use among the ancient 25: 2415:Calendar of State Papers: Ireland 2328:from the original on 8 March 2024 2298:from the original on 8 March 2024 2183:from the original on 8 March 2024 2057:"The Keralites and the Sinhalese" 2028:Collins, Brian (1 October 2020). 1719:from the original on 23 July 2019 1713:www.historyofparliamentonline.org 1411:from the original on 8 March 2024 1232:from the original on 8 March 2024 394:James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormonde 2444:, vol. 2, Mackenzie and Den 2421:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (2000), 1922:, University Press, 1909, p. 50. 1062:second trial forcing him to flee 1038:documentary and dramatized in a 334:, evolving into the gentlemanly 2584:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 1770:Elema, Ariella (4 March 2016). 1741:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 726:Appeal of Murder, etc. Act 1819 529:of a light type of silk called 2400:Bagwell, Richard (1885–1890), 1163:Dotinga, Randy (15 May 2014). 1019:dramatizes the lead-up to the 483:record. A 1276 document among 299:in the 15th century. Notably, 71:; the winner of the fight was 1: 2549:, Routledge, pp. 61–86, 2495:O'Donovan, John (1851) (ed.) 2166:Kerala History and its Makers 2124:Nisha, P. R. (12 June 2020). 1391:White, Edward Joseph (1913). 274: 273:, an anonymous legal code of 2507:(4 ed.), B. T. Batsford 2449:Megarry, Sir Robert (2005), 2366:Eyerly, Alan (2 June 2014). 1801:Chroniques de Jean Froissart 1634:. The Ex-Classics Web Site. 1263:Quennell & Quennell 1964 939:and others were warriors of 824:, and also by the 2004 book 806:Grandes Chroniques de France 191:in cases involving clerics. 2409:Capitularia Regum Francorum 2130:. Oxford University Press. 2076:. Oxford University Press. 2070:P.R, Nisha (12 June 2020). 1969:. Freelance Academy Press. 987:on January 6, 2021, former 600:from King's County (modern 341:Hans Talhoffer in his 1459 2620: 1294:Burton, Nathaniel (1843). 1140:A Guide to Early Irish Law 970:Delaware Court of Chancery 639:Annals of the Four Masters 588:in the inner courtyard of 500:throwing down the gauntlet 29: 2169:. D C Books. p. 81. 2113:– via Google Books. 2086:– via Google Books. 2044:– via Google Books. 1536:Mackenzie & Ross 1834 1512:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1474:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1462:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1450:Neilson & Sereni 2009 1170:Christian Science Monitor 1106:Subpoena ad testificandum 983:At a rally for President 494:, often referred to as a 369:Great Britain and Ireland 297:German schools of fencing 236:, is a good example. The 2407:Boretius, Alfred (1883) 2402:Ireland under the Tudors 2236:American Bar Association 2103:. Taylor & Francis. 2010:Pigna, Giovanni Battista 1931:Katherine Fischer Drew, 1486:Gunn, Robert M. (1998). 1021:Battle of the North Inch 2568:Ziegler, V. L. (2004), 1873:History of the Lombards 1803:(Book III, § 122) 776:Judicial combat of 1386 462:entitled to bear arms. 307:(sword and shield) and 234:Gero, Count of Alsleben 30:For the 1976 film, see 2425:, Adegi Graphics LLC, 2352:6 October 2021 at the 1671:Sir William Blackstone 1138:Kelly, Fergus (1988). 1057:A Song of Ice and Fire 1025:Robert III of Scotland 1016:The Fair Maid of Perth 955: 899: 886: 880: 874: 802:Froissart's Chronicles 757: 749: 719: 643:Holinshed's chronicles 635: 313: 292: 269: 257: 238:Fourth Lateran Council 226: 221: 73:proclaimed to be right 45: 1944:Theodore Ziolkowski, 1883:21 March 2021 at the 1878:Book 4., Chapter XLI. 1696:Court of King's Bench 1665:21 March 2021 at the 1488:"Clan Battle of 1396" 953: 755: 743: 715: 455:Tractatus of Glanvill 286: 218: 174:recension Lantfridana 42: 2563:The Newgate Calendar 1905:8 March 2024 at the 1631:The Newgate Calendar 1436:8 March 2024 at the 1208:Janin, Hunt (2009). 1113:Subpoena duces tecum 954:Kalaripayattu Combat 156:Germanic legal codes 2322:Des Moines Register 2292:Des Moines Register 2262:The Washington Post 1918:Frederick Pollock, 1688:1 B. & Ald. 405 908:Counter-Reformation 627:Master of the Rolls 606:Irish privy council 553:Battle of the Clans 471:Assize of Clarendon 270:Kleines Kaiserrecht 198:in the form of the 189:Ordeal of the Cross 2537:Ashford v Thornton 2203:McNatt v. Richards 1683:Ashford v Thornton 1626:"Abraham Thornton" 1353:Harvard Law Review 994:and Trump lawyer, 966:McNatt v. Richards 956: 794:Parlement of Paris 758: 750: 706:Ashford v Thornton 442:Wulfstan v. Walter 379:Kingdom of England 365:/fraud, and rape. 293: 291:, Folio 80r, 1459) 244:in 1216 asked the 227: 63:) was a method of 46: 2556:978-0-7146-5145-3 2492:available online. 2484:978-1-58477-985-8 2462:978-1-84113-554-0 2372:Los Angeles Times 2176:978-81-264-3782-5 2110:978-1-000-48142-6 2083:978-0-19-099207-1 2041:978-1-4384-8040-4 1976:978-0-9825911-5-4 1829:, Volume 5, 1755. 1553:, pp. 63–64. 1464:, pp. 42–45. 1452:, pp. 46–51. 1330:, pp. 44–45. 1225:978-0-7864-4502-8 1214:. Jefferson, NC: 1149:978-1-85500-214-2 1100:Might makes right 1066:Joffrey Baratheon 786:Jean de Carrouges 572:in front of King 485:Bishop Swinefield 326:Codex Wallerstein 242:Pope Honorius III 211:Holy Roman Empire 164:Holy Roman Empire 137:code of Hammurabi 16:(Redirected from 2611: 2604:Trials by combat 2573: 2559: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2508: 2487: 2465: 2445: 2435: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2363: 2357: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2284: 2278: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2221: 2215: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2094: 2088: 2087: 2067: 2061: 2060: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1987: 1981: 1980: 1958: 1949: 1942: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1916: 1910: 1893: 1887: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1836: 1830: 1817: 1811: 1809: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1789: 1787: 1767: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1705: 1699: 1686: (1818) 1679: 1673: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1584: 1578: 1572: 1566: 1560: 1554: 1548: 1542: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1499: 1498:on 17 July 2007. 1494:. Archived from 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1459: 1453: 1447: 1441: 1427: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1388: 1382: 1381: 1348:Thayer, James B. 1344: 1338: 1337: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1291: 1285: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1260: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1205: 1199: 1193: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1160: 1154: 1153: 1135: 1046:Tyrion Lannister 902: 889: 883: 877: 762:Gregory of Tours 666:Boston Tea Party 608:for resolution. 556:, took place in 319:such as that of 318: 279: 276: 272: 262: 224: 114:Ripuarian Franks 102:Germanic peoples 21: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2608: 2594: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2557: 2534: 2525: 2523: 2522:(Sept/Oct 2020) 2519:Current Affairs 2511: 2502: 2485: 2471:Trial by Combat 2468: 2463: 2448: 2438: 2433: 2420: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2354:Wayback Machine 2345: 2341: 2331: 2329: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2269: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2186: 2184: 2177: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2147: 2145: 2138: 2123: 2122: 2118: 2111: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2084: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2042: 2027: 2026: 2022: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1991:Mutio, Girolamo 1989: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1960: 1959: 1952: 1943: 1939: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1913: 1907:Wayback Machine 1894: 1890: 1885:Wayback Machine 1868:Paul the Deacon 1866: 1862: 1856: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1818: 1814: 1807: 1799: 1795: 1785: 1783: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1722: 1720: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1680: 1676: 1667:Wayback Machine 1658: 1654: 1641: 1639: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1573: 1569: 1561: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1503: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1456: 1448: 1444: 1438:Wayback Machine 1428: 1424: 1414: 1412: 1405: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1366:10.2307/1321424 1346: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1261: 1254: 1250:book I, art. 63 1249: 1245: 1235: 1233: 1226: 1207: 1206: 1202: 1194: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1162: 1161: 1157: 1150: 1137: 1136: 1127: 1122: 1074: 1051:Game of Thrones 1008: 961: 937:Aromal Chekavar 916: 867:Achille Marozzo 840: 790:Jacques le Gris 788:against squire 778: 738: 730:Samuel Shepherd 690:criminal appeal 651: 582: 562:Clan Macpherson 438: 383:Norman Conquest 371: 289:Ms.Thott.290.2º 277: 213: 185:Louis the Pious 169:Lex Alamannorum 162:(and the later 160:Frankish Empire 98:trial by ordeal 94: 89: 57:trial by battle 53:wager of battle 49:Trial by combat 35: 32:Trial by Combat 28: 23: 22: 18:Trial by Battle 15: 12: 11: 5: 2617: 2615: 2607: 2606: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2586: 2579: 2578:External links 2576: 2575: 2574: 2572:, Camden House 2565: 2560: 2555: 2532: 2509: 2500: 2493: 2483: 2466: 2461: 2446: 2436: 2431: 2418: 2412: 2405: 2404:3 vols. London 2396: 2393: 2390: 2389: 2358: 2339: 2309: 2279: 2249: 2216: 2194: 2175: 2155: 2136: 2116: 2109: 2089: 2082: 2062: 2047: 2040: 2020: 2001: 1982: 1975: 1950: 1937: 1924: 1911: 1888: 1860: 1854: 1831: 1812: 1793: 1762: 1753: 1730: 1700: 1674: 1652: 1617: 1606:Shoenfeld 2001 1598: 1587:Shoenfeld 2001 1579: 1567: 1555: 1543: 1528: 1526:, p. 249. 1516: 1514:, p. 326. 1501: 1478: 1476:, p. 159. 1466: 1454: 1442: 1422: 1403: 1383: 1339: 1320: 1301: 1286: 1274: 1252: 1243: 1224: 1218:. p. 17. 1200: 1188: 1155: 1148: 1124: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1109: 1102: 1097: 1094:Gravi de pugna 1090: 1085: 1080: 1073: 1070: 1013:'s 1828 novel 1007: 1004: 960: 957: 915: 912: 846:, wife of the 842:About AD 630, 839: 836: 777: 774: 737: 734: 693:was a private 655:Charles I 650: 647: 631:Nicholas White 581: 578: 476:legal fictions 437: 434: 409:City of London 381:following the 370: 367: 301:Hans Talhoffer 259:Sachsenspiegel 246:Teutonic Order 230:Otto the Great 222:Sachsenspiegel 212: 209: 93: 90: 88: 85: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2616: 2605: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2501: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455:, Hart Pub., 2454: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2437: 2434: 2432:1-4021-8410-7 2428: 2424: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2310: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2283: 2280: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2220: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2182: 2178: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2159: 2156: 2143: 2139: 2137:9780190992071 2133: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2117: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2101: 2093: 2090: 2085: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2037: 2033: 2032: 2024: 2021: 2017: 2016: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1986: 1983: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1861: 1857: 1855:0-7126-6190-5 1851: 1847: 1846: 1845:The Last Duel 1841: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1734: 1731: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1704: 1701: 1697: 1694: at 457, 1693: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1660:outlined here 1656: 1653: 1649: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1608:, p. 62. 1607: 1602: 1599: 1594: 1589:, p. 61. 1588: 1583: 1580: 1577:, p. 62. 1576: 1571: 1568: 1565:, p. 66. 1564: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1524:Gardiner 2000 1520: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1410: 1406: 1404:1-110-36250-1 1400: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1349: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1329: 1324: 1321: 1316: 1311:, p. 86. 1310: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1290: 1287: 1284:, p. 65. 1283: 1278: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1231: 1227: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1151: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1110: 1108: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1012: 1005: 1003: 1001: 997: 996:Rudy Giuliani 993: 990: 989:New York City 986: 981: 977: 975: 971: 967: 959:United States 958: 952: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 929:Kalaripayattu 925: 921: 920:Kalaripayattu 913: 911: 909: 904: 901: 895: 891: 888: 882: 876: 870: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 837: 835: 833: 829: 828: 827:The Last Duel 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 797: 795: 791: 787: 783: 775: 773: 771: 767: 766:Childebert II 763: 760:According to 754: 747: 742: 735: 733: 731: 727: 723: 718: 714: 712: 708: 707: 701: 699: 696: 692: 691: 686: 685:real property 682: 681:writ of right 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 659:John Lilburne 656: 648: 646: 644: 640: 634: 632: 628: 624: 617: 615: 609: 607: 603: 602:County Offaly 599: 598:O'Connor Faly 595: 591: 590:Dublin Castle 587: 579: 577: 575: 571: 567: 566:Clan Davidson 563: 559: 555: 554: 548: 546: 542: 539: 534: 532: 528: 524: 520: 519:quarterstaves 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 480: 477: 472: 468: 467:trial by jury 465:Around 1219, 463: 461: 457: 456: 451: 447: 443: 435: 433: 431: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 401: 399: 395: 391: 386: 384: 380: 376: 368: 366: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 339: 337: 333: 328: 327: 322: 317: 316: 310: 306: 302: 298: 290: 285: 281: 271: 265: 261: 260: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 223: 217: 210: 208: 205: 203: 202: 197: 192: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175: 171: 170: 165: 161: 157: 152: 150: 149:Din Techtugad 146: 142: 138: 134: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 91: 86: 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 69:single combat 66: 62: 61:judicial duel 58: 54: 50: 41: 37: 33: 19: 2569: 2562: 2545: 2540: 2536: 2524:. Retrieved 2517: 2504: 2496: 2490:1890 edition 2470: 2451: 2440: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2380:. Retrieved 2371: 2361: 2342: 2330:. Retrieved 2321: 2312: 2300:. Retrieved 2291: 2282: 2270:. Retrieved 2261: 2252: 2231: 2225: 2219: 2202: 2197: 2185:. Retrieved 2165: 2158: 2146:. Retrieved 2126: 2119: 2099: 2092: 2072: 2065: 2050: 2030: 2023: 2014: 2004: 1995: 1985: 1966: 1962: 1945: 1940: 1932: 1927: 1919: 1914: 1895: 1891: 1871: 1863: 1844: 1834: 1826: 1820: 1815: 1800: 1796: 1784:. Retrieved 1775: 1765: 1756: 1746:– via 1740: 1733: 1721:. Retrieved 1712: 1703: 1681: 1677: 1655: 1647: 1640:. Retrieved 1629: 1620: 1601: 1582: 1575:Megarry 2005 1570: 1563:Megarry 2005 1558: 1551:Megarry 2005 1546: 1531: 1519: 1496:the original 1491: 1481: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1425: 1413:. Retrieved 1393: 1386: 1377: 1360:(2): 66–67. 1357: 1351: 1342: 1323: 1304: 1295: 1289: 1282:Megarry 2005 1277: 1265:, p. 76 1246: 1236:17 September 1234:. Retrieved 1210: 1203: 1191: 1179:. Retrieved 1168: 1158: 1139: 1111: 1104: 1092: 1078:Battle royal 1055: 1049: 1044: 1029: 1014: 1011:Walter Scott 1009: 985:Donald Trump 982: 978: 973: 968:(1983), the 965: 962: 917: 905: 900:alla macchia 896: 892: 871: 864: 841: 825: 814:Encyclopédie 798: 779: 759: 745: 720: 716: 711:King's Bench 704: 702: 688: 680: 678: 674:Edmund Burke 670:John Dunning 663: 652: 636: 623:Lucas Dillon 619: 614:State papers 610: 583: 580:16th century 551: 549: 540: 535: 530: 508: 489: 481: 464: 453: 441: 439: 429: 404: 402: 387: 372: 342: 340: 332:Maximilian I 324: 294: 288: 266: 254: 228: 206: 199: 193: 181:Capitularies 179: 173: 167: 153: 148: 130: 95: 65:Germanic law 60: 56: 52: 48: 47: 36: 2227:ABA Journal 1933:Magna Carta 1848:, Century, 1840:Jager, Eric 1808:(in French) 1032:a 2004 book 713:said that: 698:prosecution 586:Elizabeth I 511:war hammers 460:aristocrats 436:Middle Ages 413:Magna Carta 315:Fechtbücher 278: 1300 145:Brehon Laws 110:Burgundians 81:Middle Ages 2395:References 2187:10 October 1805:p. 102 ff. 1748:Wikisource 1692:106 ER 149 1181:24 October 1006:In fiction 933:Unniyarcha 844:Gundeberga 832:Eric Jager 782:Charles VI 722:Parliament 649:Modern era 574:Robert III 570:North Inch 538:Old French 425:witchcraft 375:common law 321:Paulus Kal 309:Franconian 196:Viking Age 147:, such as 106:Eric Jager 2526:2 October 2332:18 August 2302:18 August 2238:: 66–68. 2208: 6987 2015:Il Duello 1996:Il Duello 1825:entry in 1698: (UK) 1642:14 August 1415:14 August 1328:Hall 1926 1309:Burn 1820 1216:McFarland 1088:Gladiator 1040:2021 film 924:Chekavars 906:With the 860:Liutprand 568:, on the 359:abduction 355:desertion 133:Roman law 2598:Category 2417:(London) 2382:14 March 2376:Archived 2350:Archived 2326:Archived 2296:Archived 2266:Archived 2244:20758130 2212:Del. Ch. 2181:Archived 2142:Archived 2012:(1554), 1993:(1560), 1903:Archived 1881:Archived 1842:(2004), 1780:Archived 1717:Archived 1663:Archived 1636:Archived 1434:Archived 1409:Archived 1379:battle.' 1230:Archived 1196:Boretius 1175:Archived 1072:See also 1036:BBC Four 941:Chekavar 887:cartello 820:and the 818:Voltaire 695:criminal 625:and the 545:outlawry 541:cravanté 423:against 398:Henry VI 390:Scotland 323:and the 201:holmgang 122:Lombards 2541:Ivanhoe 2499:(1851). 2488:. Full 2148:1 March 1786:26 July 1723:12 July 1374:1321424 1083:Fencing 852:Arioald 848:Lombard 810:Diderot 770:buffalo 764:, King 527:surcoat 515:cudgels 405:mainour 377:of the 363:perjury 347:treason 305:Swabian 250:Livonia 139:or the 118:Alamans 96:Unlike 92:Origins 87:History 2553: 2481: 2459: 2429: 2272:16 May 2242: 2210: ( 2206:, 2173: 2134: 2107: 2080: 2038: 1973: 1900:p. 640 1852: 1776:HROARR 1743: 1540:p. 300 1401: 1372: 1222: 1146: 945:Kerala 875:attore 736:France 687:. The 531:sendal 523:armour 496:squire 492:second 452:. The 450:Norman 448:and a 430:craven 351:heresy 126:Swedes 124:, and 51:(also 44:sword. 2240:JSTOR 2234:(5). 1370:JSTOR 1198:1.117 1120:Notes 1048:from 992:mayor 914:India 850:King 838:Italy 629:[ 558:Perth 517:, or 504:pence 446:Saxon 421:oaths 417:lists 343:Thott 141:Torah 2551:ISBN 2528:2021 2479:ISBN 2457:ISBN 2427:ISBN 2384:2023 2334:2020 2304:2020 2274:2016 2189:2021 2171:ISBN 2150:2023 2132:ISBN 2105:ISBN 2078:ISBN 2036:ISBN 1971:ISBN 1850:ISBN 1822:Duel 1788:2019 1725:2019 1644:2016 1612:help 1593:help 1417:2016 1399:ISBN 1334:help 1315:help 1269:help 1238:2020 1220:ISBN 1183:2021 1144:ISBN 1054:and 804:and 679:The 637:The 594:sept 564:and 336:duel 267:The 255:The 77:duel 2475:326 2442:... 1669:by 1362:doi 881:reo 830:by 812:'s 596:of 361:), 59:or 2600:: 2539:, 2516:. 2477:, 2374:. 2370:. 2324:. 2320:. 2294:. 2290:. 2264:. 2260:. 2232:71 2230:. 2179:. 2140:. 1965:. 1953:^ 1876:, 1870:, 1778:. 1774:. 1715:. 1711:. 1690:, 1646:. 1628:. 1538:, 1504:^ 1490:. 1407:. 1376:. 1368:. 1356:. 1255:^ 1228:. 1173:. 1167:. 1128:^ 1068:. 1042:. 1027:. 1002:. 947:. 935:, 834:. 816:, 513:, 353:, 349:, 275:c. 204:. 151:. 128:. 120:, 116:, 112:, 55:, 2530:. 2386:. 2336:. 2306:. 2276:. 2246:. 2191:. 2152:. 1979:. 1967:I 1909:. 1810:. 1790:. 1750:. 1727:. 1614:) 1595:) 1440:. 1419:. 1364:: 1358:5 1336:) 1317:) 1271:) 1240:. 1185:. 1152:. 172:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index