827:
44:
526:
1023:
484:
554:(509 BC – 107 BC). They were the oldest and among the wealthiest men in the army and could afford high quality equipment. They wore heavy metal armor and carried large shields, their usual position being the third battle line. They were equipped with spears and were considered to be elite soldiers among the legion.
625:
By the 4th century BC, the military formations the Romans had inherited from the
Etruscans were still in use. Though their efficiency was doubtful, they proved effective against Rome's largely local adversaries. When Gauls invaded Etruria in 390 BC, the inhabitants requested help from Rome. The small
954:
as a flanking force, routing the opposing
Carthaginians. At Zama, Scipio arranged his men into columns, side-by-side, with large lanes in between. The opposing Carthaginian elephants were drawn into these lanes where many were killed by
841:. After a series of more "organic" changes as opposed to a single intentional reform, a new system gradually came into being. Infantry were sorted into classes according to age and experience rather than wealth, the
1633:
1011:, describes several instances in which Roman or allied regular heavy infantry were equipped with light equipment and used as light footsoldiers. This was supposedly a common practice.
512:
1643:
1638:
1078:
Autores selectos de la mas pura latinidad: Anotados brevemente Ă© ilustrados con algunas noticias de geografĂa costumbres, Ă© historia romana para uso de las escuelas pias
505:
290:
186:
102:
638:
78:
244:
959:
without inflicting many casualties on the Romans. Once the surviving elephants had been routed, Scipio formed his men into a long line with his
597:. The first class comprised the richest soldiers in the legion who were equipped with spears, breastplates and large shields, like heavy Greek
498:
164:
617:
appear to have taught the Romans the importance of flexibility and the inadequacy of the phalanx on the rough, hilly ground of central Italy.
1541:
1421:
1319:
1286:
1171:
1105:
692:
also being popular. Many would paint or engrave portraits of ancestors onto their shield, believing that it would bring them luck in battle.
626:
contingent Rome sent to repel the Gallic invaders provoked a full-scale attack on Rome and the entire Roman army was destroyed at the
1613:
1574:
1508:
1448:
1388:
1352:
1253:
1217:
1138:
390:
52:
68:
573:
were committed to the battle. They were meant to be used as a decisive force in the battle, thus prompting an old Roman saying:
146:
260:
221:
172:
1080:(13th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 152). Barcelona: El Colegio de las Escuelas Pias de san Antonio Abad. Retrieved on 2014-05-02, from
1036:
376:
309:
97:
992:
1471:
845:
being the most experienced. Their equipment and role was very similar to the previous system, except they now carried
931:
195:
31:
688:, often with a number of feathers fixed onto the top to increase stature. Heavy plate armour was favoured, with
767:, would form up at the front of the legion and harass the enemy with javelin fire and cover the advance of the
405:
60:
700:
547:
1344:
The
History of Rome, Book III: From the union of Italy to the subjugation of Carthage and the Greek states
634:
558:
272:
121:
529:
Replica triarius metal mail armor, gladius and shield on display at the
Flavian Amphitheater, Rome, Italy
671:, about 84 centimetres (29 inches) long, in case the spear broke or the enemy drew too close.
371:
107:
361:
303:
1028:
991:
in Africa and
Germanic tribes to the north, the different classes of units were scrapped entirely.
627:
488:
212:
457:
1609:
1570:
1537:
1504:
1444:
1417:
1384:
1348:
1315:
1282:
1249:
1245:
The
History of Rome, Book II: From the abolition of the monarchy in Rome to the union of Italy
1213:
1167:
1134:
1101:
606:
464:
330:
319:
818:, would be used in a support role, providing mass and supporting wavering areas of the line.
1648:
939:
834:
826:
441:
430:
345:
64:
851:, large rectangular shields that offered a greater degree of protection than the old round
846:
435:
413:
356:
919:, who along with the hastati, had been re-equipped with pila rather than spears. If the
980:
935:
837:
of the late 3rd century BC, this system had proved inefficient against enemies such as
815:
750:
681:
602:
551:
525:
450:
420:
381:
1627:
656:
594:
425:
397:
325:
1595:
Sallust, Jugurthine War, Bk CV. (e.g. "...cohors
Paeligna cum velitaribus armis...")
984:
586:
1606:
Swords
Against The Senate: The Rise Of The Roman Army and The Fall Of The Republic
1564:
1531:
1498:
1438:
1411:
1378:
1342:
1309:
1276:
1243:
1207:
1161:
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1000:
760:
335:
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569:
were not used because the lighter troops usually defeated the enemy before the
1056:
1018:
366:
141:
131:
87:
577:, 'it comes down to the triarii', which meant carrying on to the bitter end.
987:
in 107 BC, implemented to combat a shortage of manpower due to wars against
737:
689:
351:
988:
942:, the Roman general, formed his men up in the usual manner, but once the
907:
would gather at the front and fling javelins to cover the advance of the
838:
610:
598:
862:
were reduced to 600 per legion, forming 10 maniples of 60 men each. The
1004:
996:
888:
806:, cavalrymen, were used as flankers and to pursue routing enemies. The
731:
721:
715:
675:
666:
647:
562:
116:
17:
866:
still made up the third line in the legion, behind the front line of
685:
206:
705:
605:
in the early Roman army, and were used at the front of a very large
30:
This article is about the Roman military unit. For other uses, see
1413:
Carnage and
Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
825:
772:
755:
662:
614:
524:
995:, local irregular troops, would fulfill other roles, serving as
729:
stood in the third line of the legion, behind the front line of
593:
may have evolved from the old first class of the army under the
794:, who would then engage the enemy in turn—hence the expression
703:, military units of 60 men each, which were in turn part of 15
661:, about 2 metres (6½ feet) long. They also carried
633:
This crushing defeat prompted a series of military reforms by
938:
being among the few notable exceptions. At the Great Plains,
1440:
Rome and Her
Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War
1130:
Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War
782:
failed to break the enemy, they would fall back and let the
786:, heavier and more experienced infantry, take over. If the
971:
on the flanks, ready to engage the Carthaginian infantry.
903:
Pitched battles were conducted in a similar fashion: the
641:, men were sorted into classes according to wealth, the
923:
could not break the enemy they would retire behind the
915:
failed to break the enemy, they would fall back on the
546:) were one of the elements of the early Roman military
565:
formation, supported by light troops. In most battles
930:
This order of battle was almost always followed, the
1634:
Military units and formations of the Roman Republic
892:, who had a similar role but were also attached to
1533:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
1311:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
1278:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
1163:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
1097:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History
790:did not break them, they would retire behind the
1644:Military units and formations of ancient Rome
1639:Infantry units and formations of ancient Rome
1470:Niebuhr, Barthold; Schmitz, Leonhard (1849).
506:
8:
1372:
1370:
1566:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1492:
1490:
1380:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1209:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
946:had begun to engage the enemy, he used his
1476:. Taylor, Walton, and Maberly. p. 151
674:They fought as hoplites, usually carrying
513:
499:
295:
265:
191:
83:
38:
814:, the least dependable troops armed with
1237:
1235:
1536:. Oxford University Press. p. 94.
1314:. Oxford University Press. p. 92.
1281:. Oxford University Press. p. 90.
1166:. Oxford University Press. p. 88.
1100:. Oxford University Press. p. 89.
1047:
802:"—signaling an act of desperation. The
709:, larger units made up of a maniple of
609:. After a time, engagements with the
194:
130:
86:
59:
1569:. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 506.
1497:Sekunda, Nick; McBride, Angus (1996).
1383:. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 496.
1212:. Little, Brown, and Co. p. 495.
539:
7:
1416:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
645:being the richest after the mounted
1410:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
927:, who would then engage the enemy.
810:, the poorer reserve soldiers, and
695:In this new type of unit, the 900
25:
1503:. Osprey Publishing. p. 20.
1443:. Osprey Publishing. p. 33.
1133:. Osprey Publishing. p. 29.
763:who were attached to maniples of
1500:Republican Roman Army 200-104 BC
1021:
482:
42:
1608:. Da Capo (paperback), p. 106.
1473:Lectures on the history of Rome
1055:Historia Civilis (2015-07-09),
1:
1037:List of Roman army unit types
377:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes
684:shields, and wearing bronze
291:Frontiers and fortifications
979:With the putative military
655:were armed with spears, or
561:, they fought in a shallow
103:Decorations and punishments
1665:
932:Battle of the Great Plains
29:
1341:Mommsen, Theodor (1903).
1242:Mommsen, Theodor (1903).
1076:Gaspar, J. (1850-01-01).
32:Triarius (disambiguation)
27:Veteran Roman legionaries
1604:Hildinger, Erik (2003).
406:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum
391:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes
61:Military of ancient Rome
1563:Smith, William (1859).
1377:Smith, William (1859).
1206:Smith, William (1859).
1084:(note: link in Spanish)
886:had been replaced with
870:and the second line of
796:rem ad Triarios redisse
735:and the second line of
489:Ancient Rome portal
1530:Southern, Pat (2007).
1437:Penrose, Jane (2005).
1308:Southern, Pat (2007).
1275:Southern, Pat (2007).
1160:Southern, Pat (2007).
1127:Penrose, Jane (2005).
1094:Southern, Pat (2007).
830:
798:, "it has come to the
741:, and in front of the
635:Marcus Furius Camillus
581:History and deployment
530:
829:
575:res ad triarios venit
528:
372:Neckar-Odenwald Limes
187:Technological history
1058:Roman Battle Tactics
585:According to author
362:Lower Germanic Limes
261:Strategy and tactics
196:Military engineering
98:Unit types and ranks
1029:Ancient Rome portal
833:By the time of the
628:Battle of the Allia
357:Lauter Valley Limes
1007:. Sallust, in his
967:in the centre and
831:
531:
458:Limes Tripolitanus
79:Structural history
1543:978-0-19-532878-3
1423:978-0-307-42518-8
1321:978-0-19-532878-3
1288:978-0-19-532878-3
1173:978-0-19-532878-3
1107:978-0-19-532878-3
882:were phased out.
775:-armed infantry.
719:and a maniple of
607:phalanx formation
601:. They served as
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1582:2008-09-21
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1043:References
874:, but the
699:formed 15
367:Main Limes
965:principes
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911:. If the
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352:Alb Limes
1015:See also
989:Jugurtha
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701:maniples
611:Samnites
599:hoplites
544:triarius
147:Admirals
122:Generals
53:a series
51:Part of
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1005:cavalry
997:archers
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957:velites
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778:If the
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765:hastati
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722:accensi
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686:helmets
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668:gladii
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658:hastae
639:system
250:
207:Castra
142:Fleets
69:AD 476
65:753 BC
55:on the
18:Triari
884:Leves
848:scuta
773:spear
756:leves
682:Greek
665:, or
615:Gauls
310:Walls
304:Limes
227:Roads
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