51:
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of the valve. In cases of severe organic lesions of the valve, such as endocarditis, the valve may be excised. Tricuspid valve replacement with either a mechanical valve or a bioprosthesis may be indicated depending on the patient. Mechanical prostheses can cause thromboembolic phenomena, while bioprostheses may degenerate with use. Some evidence suggests that there is no significant difference between the survival rates of recipients of mechanical versus biological tricuspid valves.
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502:, presence of tricuspid regurgitation of mild severity or greater, was present in about 14.8% of men and 18.4% of women. Mild tricuspid regurgitation tends to be common and, in the presence of a structurally normal tricuspid valve apparatus, can be considered a normal variant. Clinically significant TR is more common in females, this is thought to be partly driven by the increased prevalence of
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Indications for surgical fixation of tricuspidal issues include organic lesion(s) in the valve or severe functional regurgitation. During open heart surgery for another issue (e.g. mitral valve), fixing the tricuspid valve may be considered, but medical consensus is unclear. Some argue that even mild
473:
Surgical options include annuloplasty or replacement of the valve. Adding a rigid prosthetic ring aims to decrease the diameter of the valve and stabilize it. Another annuloplasty modality is the "De Vega technique", in which the valve diameter is decreased by two sutures placed around the periphery
447:
added on for worsening or refractory cases). However, as the disease progresses, diuretics may become inefficient. Diuretic resistance in TR and right heart failure is thought to develop due to a variety of mechanisms working synergistically to lead to decreased effectiveness of diuretics. Decreased
489:
The prognosis of TR is less favorable for females than males. Females are at a greater risk of progressing to severe TR as compared to males. Survival rates are proportional to TR severity; but even mild TR reduces survival compared to those with no TR. In some studies, the 1 year mortality rate of
490:
severe, medically treated TR is 36-42% with a 2-3.2 times increased risk of death in moderate or severe TR as compared to mild TR or no tricuspid valvular disease. Even in those with mild TR, a large population based study showed about a 29% greater risk of death as compared to healthy controls.
525:
players aged 18–38, and 47 sedentary non-athletes, it was found that 58% of the athletes had tricuspid regurgitation vs. 36% in non-athletes. Football players with tricuspid regurgitation had larger tricuspid annulus diameter, compared to athletes without tricuspid regurgitation. Athletes with
146:). TR allows the blood to flow backwards from the right ventricle to the right atrium, which increases the volume and pressure of the blood both in the right atrium and the right ventricle, which may increase central venous volume and pressure if the backward flow is sufficiently severe.
510:(both risk factors for TR) in women as compared to men. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation is usually associated with tricuspid valve leaflet abnormalities and/or possibly annular dilation and is usually pathologic which can lead to irreversible damage of
398:
shape are normal but prevented from normal working mechanism due to a distortion of spatial relationships of leaflets and chords. It is also contemplated that the process via which tricuspid regurgitation emerges, is a decrease of contraction of the
180:
The mechanism of TR is either a dilatation of the base (annulus) of the valve due to right ventricular dilatation, which results in the three leaflets being too far apart to reach one another; or an abnormality of one or more of the three leaflets.
697:
1168:
Offen, Sophie; Playford, David; Strange, Geoff; Stewart, Simon; Celermajer, David S. (August 2022). "Adverse
Prognostic Impact of Even Mild or Moderate Tricuspid Regurgitation: Insights from the National Echocardiography Database of Australia".
1600:
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456:, which leads to the kidneys reabsorbing salt and water and vasoconstriction of the arterioles. Intestinal edema may also lead to decreased gut absorption of the diuretics and increased fluid retention may lead to an increased
1065:
Kelly, Brian J.; Ho
Luxford, Jamahal Maeng; Butler, Carolyn Goldberg; Huang, Chuan-Chin; Wilusz, Kerry; Ejiofor, Julius I.; Rawn, James D.; Fox, John A.; Shernan, Stanton K.; Muehlschlegel, Jochen Daniel (2018).
460:
of the diuretic. All of the preceding mechanisms in TR with right heart failure (and sometimes secondary left heart failure) lead to diuretic resistance. Diuretic resistance is associated with a poor prognosis.
1455:
Desai, Ravi R; Vargas Abello, Lina Maria; Klein, Allan L; Marwick, Thomas H; Krasuski, Richard A; Ye, Ying; Nowicki, Edward R; Rajeswaran, Jeevanantham; Blackstone, Eugene H; Pettersson, Gösta B (2013).
1425:
Haddad, F; Doyle, R; Murphy, D. J; Hunt, S. A (2008). "Right
Ventricular Function in Cardiovascular Disease, Part II: Pathophysiology, Clinical Importance, and Management of Right Ventricular Failure".
426:
may also aid in the diagnosis of TR. On imaging studies, a regurgitant volume greater than 45 milliliters or greater than 50% regurgitation across the tricuspid valve is associated with poor outcomes.
247:. With severe TR, there may be an enlarged liver detected on palpation of the right upper quadrant of the abdomen; the liver may be pulsatile on palpation and even on inspection.
2387:
958:
Beckhoff, Frederik; Alushi, Brunilda; Jung, Christian; Navarese, Eliano; Franz, Marcus; Kretzschmar, Daniel; Wernly, Bernhard; Lichtenauer, Michael; Lauten, Alexander (2018).
470:
to moderate tricuspid regurgitation should be addressed, while others take a more conservative approach. Infective endocarditis or traumatic lesions are other indications.
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271:. Congenital abnormalities are much less common than acquired. The most common acquired TR is due to right ventricular dilatation. Such dilatation is most often due left
507:
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Singh, Jagmeet P; Evans, Jane C; Levy, Daniel; Larson, Martin G; Freed, Lisa A; Fuller, Deborah L; Lehman, Birgitta; Benjamin, Emelia J (1999-03-15).
753:
Sasson, Zion; Gupta, Milan K. (February 1993). "Are hepatic pulsations in dilated cardiomyopathy with heart failure due to tricuspid regurgitation?".
477:
When controlled for severity of TR, tricuspid valve surgery performed on TR patients as considered appropriate is associated with improved outcomes (
394:(fibrous rings of heart). Tricuspid insufficiency is linked to geometric changes of the tricuspid annulus (decreased tricuspid annular release). The
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418:, which is capable of measuring both the presence and the severity of the TR, as well as right ventricular dimensions and systolic pressures.
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353:
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2249:
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1458:"Tricuspid regurgitation and right ventricular function after mitral valve surgery with or without concomitant tricuspid valve procedure"
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213:(diffuse swelling) and decreased intestinal absorption due to the swelling surrounding the intestines, in severe cases this may lead to
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1996:
681:
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Said, Sameh M; Dearani, Joseph A; Burkhart, Harold M; Connolly, Heidi M; Eidem, Ben; Stensrud, Paul E; Schaff, Hartzell V (2014).
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3124:
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Mestres, Carlos A.; Bernal, Jose M.; Pomar, Jose L. (2016). "Surgical
Treatment of Tricuspid Valve Diseases". In Frank Sellke;
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1535:
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The diagnosis of TR may be suspected if the typical murmur of TR is heard or other signs suggestive of right heart failure.
209:(liver failure secondary to heart failure) respectively. Venous congestion from TR and right heart failure may also lead to
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1991:
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Nath, Jayant; Foster, Elyse; Heidenreich, Paul A (2004). "Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival".
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2016:
2001:
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1198:"Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study)"
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1984:
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782:"Management of tricuspid regurgitation in congenital heart disease: Is survival better with valve repair?"
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236:. However, the murmur may be inaudible due to the relatively low pressures in the right side of the heart. A
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Moss and Adams heart disease in infants, children, and adolescents : including the fetus and young adult
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may also be present, also heard at the lower sternal border, and increasing in intensity with inspiration.
201:. In severe cases of right heart failure due to TR, venous congestion of the kidneys and liver may lead to
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Gjerdalen, G. F.; Hisdal, J.; Solberg, E. E.; Andersen, T. E.; Radunovic, Z.; Steine, K. (December 2015).
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In terms of the mechanism of tricuspid insufficiency, it involves the expansion of the tricuspid
376:
169:; secondary TR refers to a defect in the valve as a consequence of some other pathology, such as
78:
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tricuspid regurgitation also had enlarged right atrium diameter when compared to control group.
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823:"The Tricuspid Valve: Current Perspective and Evolving Management of Tricuspid Regurgitation"
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Arsalan, Mani; Walther, Thomas; Smith, Robert L.; Grayburn, Paul A. (10 September 2015).
1037:"BestBets: Should the tricuspid valve be replaced with a mechanical or biological valve?"
560:
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1974:
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1540:(8th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
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279:. Other causes of right ventricular dilatation include right ventricular infarction,
272:
190:
1026:, chapter 81 Surgical Treatment of Tricuspid Valve Diseases#Tricuspid Valve Surgery.
1011:, chapter 81 Surgical Treatment of Tricuspid Valve Diseases#Indications for Surgery.
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960:"Tricuspid Regurgitation – Medical Management and Evolving Interventional Concepts"
948:
Shah PM, Raney AA; Tricuspid valve disease. Curr Probl
Cardiol. 2008 Feb33(2):47-84
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225:
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135:
1274:
Arsalan, Mani; Walther, Thomas; Smith, Robert L.; Grayburn, Paul A. (2015-09-10).
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232:. It increases with inspiration, and decreases with expiration: this is known as
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71:
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1223:
1091:
862:
Hung, Judy (2010). "The
Pathogenesis of Functional Tricuspid Regurgitation".
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1650:
1068:"Severity of tricuspid regurgitation is associated with long-term mortality"
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565:
314:
305:
Pathological specimen and ultrasound image of a heart with
Ebstein's anomaly
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1534:
al.], Hugh D. Allen ... [et; Shaddy, Robert E.; Feltes, Timothy F. (2013).
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of the chest. The murmur is usually of low frequency and best heard on the
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214:
210:
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1122:(Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.)
452:, ie. decreased blood perfusing the kidneys, leads to activation of the
3915:
3375:
3343:
3236:
718:
Rehman, Habib Ur (2013). "Giant C-V Waves of
Tricuspid Regurgitation".
423:
194:
165:. Primary TR refers to a defect solely in the tricuspid valve, such as
143:
652:"Tricuspid Valve Disease & Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) | Patient"
2659:
2639:
1794:
1581:
301:
439:
Medical therapy for tricuspid regurgitation consists of diuretics (
1499:
Badano, Luigi P; Muraru, Denisa; Enriquez-Sarano, Maurice (2013).
300:
243:
On examination of the neck, there may be giant C-V waves in the
142:, does not close completely when the right ventricle contracts (
3186:
2795:
1700:
189:
The symptoms of TR depend on its severity. Severe TR causes
3182:
624:
61:
showing typical findings in severe tricuspid regurgitation
1559:
91:
Abnormally high blood pressure , other heart problem
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2405:
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2331:
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2211:
2197:
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1953:
1902:
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1832:
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1171:
Journal of the
American Society of Echocardiography
105:
95:
87:
77:
65:
40:
35:
1501:"Assessment of functional tricuspid regurgitation"
1462:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1072:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1023:
1008:
786:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
1276:"Tricuspid regurgitation diagnosis and treatment"
1247:"Tricuspid regurgitation diagnosis and treatment"
686:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 90.
619:
617:
263:; another classification divides the causes into
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
205:(kidney failure secondary to heart failure) and
864:Seminars in Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
508:heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
3198:
2807:
1712:
1135:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
902:"Management of tricuspid valve regurgitation"
680:Berg, Dale; Worzala, Katherine (2006-01-01).
8:
3167:Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery
514:and worse outcomes due to chronic prolonged
3487:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3232:
3205:
3191:
3183:
2989:
2835:
2814:
2800:
2792:
2328:
2208:
2048:
2029:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
1899:
1741:
1719:
1705:
1697:
1560:
895:
893:
555:
553:
551:
49:
32:
3828:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
1516:
1481:
1401:Sabiston and Spencer Surgery of the Chest
1348:
1291:
1258:
1213:
1099:
985:
975:
925:
838:
797:
367:Right ventricular ischemia and infarction
1329:International Journal of Sports Medicine
547:
255:The causes of TR may be classified as
1763:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
1325:"Atrial Size and Function in Athletes"
579:
577:
575:
573:
445:mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
350:Mitral valve stenosis or regurgitation
347:Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
7:
3966:
3727:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
2087:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
964:Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine
900:Antunes, M. J; Barlow, J. B (2005).
821:Rogers, J. H; Bolling, S. F (2009).
454:renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system
3976:
3863:Medical Scientist Training Program
2902:Sinus venosus atrial septal defect
2860:Transposition of the great vessels
2383:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1202:The American Journal of Cardiology
755:The American Journal of Cardiology
149:The causes of TR are divided into
134:of the heart, located between the
25:
1440:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.653584
840:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.842773
683:Atlas of Adult Physical Diagnosis
516:right ventricular volume overload
4022:Chronic rheumatic heart diseases
3995:
3985:
3975:
3965:
3956:
3955:
1670:
1024:Mestres, Bernal & Pomar 2016
1009:Mestres, Bernal & Pomar 2016
561:Tricuspid Regurgitation~clinical
414:Definitive diagnosis is made by
3996:
2068:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
1373:from the original on 2024-08-24
1047:from the original on 2018-08-14
720:New England Journal of Medicine
700:from the original on 2024-08-24
662:from the original on 2020-10-30
626:New England Journal of Medicine
443:as the first line therapy with
3853:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3287:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2935:Atrioventricular septal defect
339:Traumatic (blunt chest injury)
281:inferior myocardial infarction
27:Type of valvular heart disease
1:
2877:Persistent truncus arteriosus
2848:Double outlet right ventricle
2585:Pulseless electrical activity
2514:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
2388:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
1215:10.1016/S0002-9149(98)01064-9
876:10.1053/j.semtcvs.2010.05.004
521:In a study of 595 male elite
3833:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3600:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
2840:Aortopulmonary septal defect
767:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90810-Y
450:effective circulating volume
1474:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.08.061
1084:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.09.141
799:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2013.08.034
4043:
2529:Wandering atrial pacemaker
2076:non-infective endocarditis
2017:Endocardial fibroelastosis
1183:10.1016/j.echo.2022.04.003
1147:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.09.036
193:, with the development of
3951:
2917:Ventricular septal defect
2607:hexaxial reference system
2552:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
2082:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
358:Pulmonary thromboembolism
230:lower left sternal border
191:right-sided heart failure
57:
48:
3787:Transplantation medicine
3678:Clinical neurophysiology
3595:Obstetric anesthesiology
3515:Interventional radiology
3275:Digestive system surgery
2823:Congenital heart defects
2487:Ventricular fibrillation
1758:Coronary artery aneurysm
1518:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs474
1293:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv487
1260:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv487
585:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
171:left ventricular failure
3658:Intensive care medicine
3632:Mass gathering medicine
3477:Maternal–fetal medicine
3162:Coronary artery anomaly
2764:Diastolic heart failure
2738:Athletic heart syndrome
2699:Ventricular hypertrophy
2433:Pre-excitation syndrome
2287:Left posterior fascicle
1812:Acute coronary syndrome
1752:Coronary artery disease
1688:Tricuspid regurgitation
977:10.3389/fcvm.2018.00049
918:10.1136/hrt.2006.095281
590:Tricuspid regurgitation
377:Carcinoid heart disease
330:Endomyocardial fibrosis
207:cardiohepatic syndromes
124:tricuspid insufficiency
116:Tricuspid regurgitation
44:Tricuspid insufficiency
36:Tricuspid regurgitation
18:Tricuspid insufficiency
4027:Valvular heart disease
3250:Cardiothoracic surgery
2985:Valvular heart disease
2964:Cyanotic heart disease
2907:Lutembacher's syndrome
2282:Left anterior fascicle
2062:infective endocarditis
1847:Hibernating myocardium
1728:Cardiovascular disease
1505:European Heart Journal
1341:10.1055/s-0035-1555780
1280:European Heart Journal
1251:European Heart Journal
732:10.1056/NEJMicm1103312
500:Framingham Heart Study
458:volume of distribution
306:
277:pulmonary hypertension
175:pulmonary hypertension
167:infective endocarditis
128:valvular heart disease
3901:Personalized medicine
3760:Reproductive medicine
3685:Occupational medicine
3639:Evolutionary medicine
3172:Ventricular inversion
2884:Aortopulmonary window
2853:Taussig–Bing syndrome
2446:Wolff–Parkinson–White
2406:Premature contraction
2304:Adams–Stokes syndrome
2007:Loeffler endocarditis
1817:Myocardial infarction
638:10.1056/NEJMra2216709
304:
3921:Traditional medicine
3881:Alternative medicine
3748:Addiction psychiatry
3562:Transfusion medicine
3557:Medical microbiology
3472:Gynecologic oncology
3324:Reproductive surgery
2971:Eisenmenger syndrome
2894:Atrial septal defect
2613:Right axis deviation
2575:Sudden cardiac death
1933:Pericardial effusion
1876:Ventricular aneurysm
1468:(5): 1126–1132.e10.
403:around the annulus.
354:Chronic lung disease
203:cardiorenal syndrome
3943:History of medicine
3926:Veterinary medicine
3733:Preventive medicine
3585:Adolescent medicine
3427:Infectious diseases
2925:Tetralogy of Fallot
2831:Heart septal defect
2618:Left axis deviation
2475:Atrial fibrillation
2470:Ventricular flutter
2393:Torsades de pointes
2267:Bundle branch block
2226:Sick sinus syndrome
2012:Cardiac amyloidosis
1997:Tachycardia-induced
1852:Myocardial stunning
1800:Prinzmetal's angina
1769:Coronary thrombosis
1078:(3): 1032–1038.e2.
504:atrial fibrillation
3891:Molecular oncology
3848:Doctor of Medicine
3838:Master of Medicine
3755:Radiation oncology
3627:Emergency medicine
3580:Addiction medicine
3547:Clinical chemistry
3542:Clinical pathology
3334:Transplant surgery
3292:Orthopedic surgery
3270:Colorectal surgery
2721:Atrial enlargement
2519:Pacemaker syndrome
2441:Lown–Ganong–Levine
2363:Junctional ectopic
2358:AV nodal reentrant
1864:Myocardial rupture
1774:Coronary vasospasm
1631:External resources
307:
217:and malnutrition.
185:Signs and symptoms
4009:
4008:
3843:Master of Surgery
3807:
3806:
3792:Tropical medicine
3738:Prison healthcare
3653:Hospital medicine
3617:Disaster medicine
3607:Aviation medicine
3422:Hospital medicine
3329:Surgical oncology
3314:Pediatric surgery
3308:
3255:Endocrine surgery
3180:
3179:
3102:
3101:
3042:Ebstein's anomaly
2979:
2978:
2789:
2788:
2781:Obstructive shock
2685:
2684:
2632:Short QT syndrome
2599:Other / ungrouped
2590:Sinoatrial arrest
2505:Ectopic pacemaker
2401:
2400:
2221:Sinus bradycardia
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
1938:Cardiac tamponade
1891:
1890:
1881:Dressler syndrome
1779:Myocardial bridge
1665:
1664:
1511:(25): 1875–1885.
1434:(13): 1717–1731.
1410:978-0-323-24126-7
1397:Pedro J. del Nido
1335:(14): 1170–1176.
1114: – via
833:(20): 2718–2725.
632:(20): 1876–1891.
344:Secondary causes
298:causes they are:
238:third heart sound
113:
112:
109:Diuretic, Surgery
97:Diagnostic method
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4034:
3999:
3998:
3989:
3979:
3978:
3969:
3968:
3959:
3958:
3663:Medical genetics
3648:General practice
3525:Nuclear medicine
3400:Gastroenterology
3356:Vascular surgery
3306:
3233:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3157:Brugada syndrome
3152:Crisscross heart
3022:tricuspid valves
3000:pulmonary valves
2990:
2836:
2816:
2809:
2802:
2793:
2754:Cardiac fibrosis
2646:T wave alternans
2539:Long QT syndrome
2333:Supraventricular
2329:
2262:Intraventricular
2209:
2049:
1900:
1745:Coronary disease
1742:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1698:
1674:
1673:
1561:
1551:
1530:
1520:
1495:
1485:
1451:
1414:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1352:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1295:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1217:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1113:
1103:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1041:www.bestbets.org
1033:
1027:
1021:
1012:
1006:
1000:
999:
989:
979:
955:
949:
946:
940:
939:
929:
897:
888:
887:
859:
853:
852:
842:
818:
812:
811:
801:
777:
771:
770:
750:
744:
743:
715:
709:
708:
706:
705:
677:
671:
670:
668:
667:
648:
642:
641:
621:
592:
581:
568:
557:
224:may be heard on
199:peripheral edema
53:
33:
21:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4012:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3947:
3936:Chief physician
3869:
3814:
3803:
3797:Travel medicine
3782:Sports medicine
3765:Sexual medicine
3705:Palliative care
3700:Pain management
3644:Family medicine
3622:Diving medicine
3568:
3496:
3458:
3451:
3367:
3360:
3319:Plastic surgery
3265:General surgery
3245:Cardiac surgery
3226:
3224:
3216:
3211:
3181:
3176:
3147:Cor triatriatum
3113:Underdeveloped
3098:
3048:
2975:
2947:
2929:
2911:
2888:
2825:
2820:
2790:
2785:
2776:Rheumatic fever
2742:
2681:
2594:
2561:
2533:
2491:
2450:
2427:
2397:
2369:
2316:
2308:
2202:
2185:
2093:
2042:
2033:
1949:
1943:Hemopericardium
1887:
1828:
1822:Unstable angina
1795:Angina pectoris
1788:Active ischemia
1783:
1731:
1725:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1626:
1625:
1572:
1558:
1548:
1533:
1498:
1454:
1424:
1421:
1419:Further reading
1411:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1374:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
957:
956:
952:
947:
943:
899:
898:
891:
861:
860:
856:
820:
819:
815:
779:
778:
774:
752:
751:
747:
717:
716:
712:
703:
701:
694:
679:
678:
674:
665:
663:
650:
649:
645:
623:
622:
595:
582:
571:
558:
549:
544:
532:
496:
487:
467:
437:
432:
409:
388:
383:
325:Ebstein anomaly
311:Primary causes
253:
234:Carvallo's sign
187:
140:right ventricle
132:tricuspid valve
126:, is a type of
122:), also called
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4040:
4038:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3983:
3973:
3963:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3874:Related topics
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3823:Medical school
3819:
3817:
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:Sleep medicine
3774:
3773:
3772:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3641:
3636:
3635:
3634:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3597:
3590:Anesthesiology
3587:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3520:Neuroradiology
3517:
3506:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:Obstetrics and
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3352:
3351:
3341:
3339:Trauma surgery
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3302:Otolaryngology
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3230:
3228:subspecialties
3218:
3217:
3212:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3115:heart chambers
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2955:
2953:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2844:
2842:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2769:Cardiac asthma
2766:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2695:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2677:Strain pattern
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2615:
2602:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2567:Cardiac arrest
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2547:Andersen–Tawil
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2472:
2467:
2465:Atrial flutter
2461:
2459:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2337:
2335:
2326:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2264:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2215:
2206:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2057:
2055:
2046:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1975:Cardiomyopathy
1972:
1971:
1970:
1968:Chagas disease
1959:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1930:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1676:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1659:
1658:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1612:
1597:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1564:Classification
1557:
1556:External links
1554:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1531:
1496:
1452:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1409:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1315:
1286:(9): 634–638.
1266:
1237:
1208:(6): 897–902.
1188:
1177:(8): 810–817.
1160:
1141:(3): 405–409.
1125:
1057:
1028:
1013:
1001:
950:
941:
912:(2): 271–276.
889:
854:
813:
792:(1): 412–419.
772:
761:(4): 355–358.
745:
710:
692:
672:
643:
593:
569:
546:
545:
543:
540:
539:
538:
531:
528:
512:cardiac muscle
495:
492:
486:
483:
466:
463:
441:loop diuretics
436:
433:
431:
428:
416:echocardiogram
408:
405:
387:
384:
382:
381:
380:
379:
374:
370:Left to right
368:
365:
359:
356:
351:
348:
342:
341:
340:
337:
332:
327:
322:
317:
308:
290:In regards to
252:
249:
220:A pansystolic
186:
183:
111:
110:
107:
103:
102:
101:Echocardiogram
99:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
59:Echocardiogram
55:
54:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4039:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4002:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3972:
3964:
3962:
3954:
3953:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3906:Public health
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:Allied health
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3872:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3810:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3746:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Oral medicine
3693:
3691:
3690:Ophthalmology
3688:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3577:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:Cytopathology
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3492:Urogynecology
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:Endocrinology
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
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3092:regurgitation
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3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3082:mitral valves
3080:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:insufficiency
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3060:aortic valves
3058:
3057:
3055:
3051:
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3033:
3032:regurgitation
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3023:
3020:
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3011:
3010:insufficiency
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2997:
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2982:
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2969:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:Cardiac shunt
2957:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2944:
2943:Ostium primum
2941:
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2759:Heart failure
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2670:ST depression
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2298:
2297:Trifascicular
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2122:regurgitation
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2102:
2100:
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2077:
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2030:
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2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
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2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1986:
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1981:
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1966:
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1805:Stable angina
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293:
288:
286:
285:cor pulmonale
282:
278:
274:
273:heart failure
270:
266:
262:
258:
250:
248:
246:
245:jugular pulse
241:
239:
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231:
227:
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218:
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184:
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156:
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133:
130:in which the
129:
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3911:Rural health
3896:Nanomedicine
3447:Rheumatology
3378: /
3297:Hand surgery
3282:Neurosurgery
3137:Dextrocardia
3031:
2952:Consequences
2691:Cardiomegaly
2665:ST elevation
2652:
2638:
2624:
2605:
2509:Ectopic beat
2457:fibrillation
2292:Bifascicular
2166:
2159:
2147:
2128:
2104:
2074:
2060:
2053:Endocarditis
1992:Hypertrophic
1926:Constrictive
1912:Pericarditis
1870:
1858:
1841:
1686:
1685:
1684:profile for
1681:
1649:
1638:
1614:
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1508:
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1375:. Retrieved
1332:
1328:
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1049:. Retrieved
1040:
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702:. Retrieved
682:
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664:. Retrieved
655:
646:
629:
625:
583:
559:
536:Heart valves
520:
497:
494:Epidemiology
488:
479:Hazard ratio
476:
472:
468:
438:
413:
410:
389:
335:Endocarditis
295:
291:
289:
268:
264:
260:
256:
254:
242:
226:auscultation
222:heart murmur
219:
188:
179:
162:
158:
154:
150:
148:
136:right atrium
123:
119:
115:
114:
3981:Wikiproject
3770:Venereology
3715:Neonatology
3612:Dermatology
3467:Gynaecology
3459:gynaecology
3442:Pulmonology
3260:Eye surgery
3222:Specialties
3130:Uhl anomaly
2557:Romano–Ward
2524:Parasystole
2423:Ventricular
2375:Ventricular
2314:Tachycardia
2231:Heart block
2213:Bradycardia
2039:Endocardium
2002:Restrictive
1963:Myocarditis
1904:Pericardium
1640:MedlinePlus
1428:Circulation
827:Circulation
726:(20): e27.
420:Cardiac MRI
157:; and also
41:Other names
4016:Categories
3743:Psychiatry
3729:(PM&R)
3722:Phlebology
3710:Pediatrics
3537:Anatomical
3502:Diagnostic
3482:Obstetrics
3432:Nephrology
3417:Hematology
3412:Geriatrics
3405:Hepatology
3390:Cardiology
3380:Immunology
3142:Levocardia
2455:Flutter /
2418:Junctional
2353:Junctional
2346:Multifocal
2319:paroxysmal
2235:Sinoatrial
2204:arrhythmia
2199:Conduction
1955:Myocardium
1377:2021-12-05
1253:: ehv487.
1051:2015-12-14
704:2020-11-07
666:2015-12-14
542:References
430:Management
401:myocardium
362:Myocardial
320:Myxomatous
257:congenital
151:hereditary
72:Cardiology
3931:Physician
3815:education
3673:Neurology
3668:Narcology
3532:Pathology
3510:Radiology
3385:Angiology
3349:Andrology
2714:Pulmonary
2497:Pacemaker
2168:pulmonary
2149:tricuspid
1985:Alcoholic
1651:eMedicine
1359:0172-4622
1302:0195-668X
1224:0002-9149
1092:1097-685X
566:eMedicine
485:Prognosis
407:Diagnosis
386:Mechanism
315:Rheumatic
296:secondary
269:secondary
163:secondary
106:Treatment
67:Specialty
3961:Category
3437:Oncology
3368:medicine
3366:Internal
3214:Medicine
3087:stenosis
3075:bicuspid
3065:stenosis
3037:stenosis
3005:stenosis
2580:Asystole
2480:Familial
2174:stenosis
2155:stenosis
2136:stenosis
2117:stenosis
2112:prolapse
1834:Sequelae
1737:Ischemia
1656:med/2314
1527:23303656
1492:23010580
1448:18378625
1399:(eds.).
1371:Archived
1367:26509381
1310:26358570
1232:10190406
1155:15013122
1110:29246545
1045:Archived
996:29892601
936:17228081
884:20813321
849:19470900
808:24084288
740:24224640
698:Archived
660:Archived
530:See also
523:football
481:= .74).
465:Surgical
396:leaflets
261:acquired
215:cachexia
211:anasarca
155:acquired
79:Symptoms
4001:Outline
3971:Commons
3916:Therapy
3813:Medical
3376:Allergy
3344:Urology
3237:Surgery
3027:atresia
3015:absence
1980:Dilated
1922:Chronic
1730:(heart)
1678:Scholia
1621:D014262
1483:4215162
1389:Sources
1101:5819734
987:5985450
927:1861404
656:Patient
498:In The
435:Medical
424:CT scan
392:annulus
364:disease
292:primary
265:primary
195:ascites
159:primary
144:systole
83:Ascites
3991:Portal
3858:MD–PhD
2865:dextro
2660:J wave
2413:Atrial
2341:Atrial
2130:aortic
2106:mitral
2098:Valves
2044:valves
1896:Layers
1765:(SCAD)
1680:has a
1645:000169
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1525:
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251:Causes
88:Causes
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3120:right
3107:Other
2993:Right
2747:Other
2731:Right
2709:Right
2323:sinus
2272:Right
2022:Viral
1917:Acute
1871:weeks
1842:hours
1754:(CAD)
1682:topic
1610:397.0
1595:Q22.8
1591:I36.1
1587:I07.1
906:Heart
372:shunt
3125:left
3053:Left
2870:levo
2726:Left
2704:Left
2321:and
2277:Left
1859:days
1616:MeSH
1605:9-CM
1542:ISBN
1523:PMID
1488:PMID
1444:PMID
1405:ISBN
1363:PMID
1355:ISSN
1306:PMID
1298:ISSN
1228:PMID
1220:ISSN
1151:PMID
1106:PMID
1088:ISSN
992:PMID
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880:PMID
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804:PMID
736:PMID
688:ISBN
506:and
294:and
197:and
161:and
153:and
138:and
3307:ENT
3225:and
1601:ICD
1578:ICD
1513:doi
1478:PMC
1470:doi
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1080:doi
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