221:
places, but there is no evidence that worms can develop to maturity except in the cells of the colon, or that worms develop in the duodenum and migrate to the colon. Once an adult, their posterior end enlarges (the 'handle of a whip') and bursts into the lumen of the colon. The whip-like anterior end remains in the cells of the large intestinal walls. Adult whipworms live inside the cecum, colon, and rectum for about three months before they lay eggs intermittently to be released in feces where they can become infective to another host.
46:
299:(topical), and oxantel. Dogs require re-treatment monthly for 3 treatments due to the long prepatent period of this parasite. There are also monthly preventive treatments that can be used. These are usually one of the above drugs combined with a heartworm prevention drug. Removing fecal material that contains the Trichuris eggs is very important in preventing recurrence. Merck Veterinary Manual
198:
33:
216:
lay many eggs in the large intestine and are released in the feces into the outside environment. When eggs are released into the outside environment, these unembryonated eggs are able to form embryos in the soil in about 2–4 weeks, at which point they become infective when ingested by the new host.
180:
is one of the smaller worms with a size ranging from 30–50 mm in length. As the name suggests, the worm has a whip-like shape with distinct features including a small, narrow anterior head, which is the digestive part of the worm, and a larger posterior tail, which is the reproductive part of
269:
infects humans, it can cause visceral larva migrans (VLM) which presents as eosinophilia, hepatomegaly, and pulmonary symptoms. More cases of VLM have been documented in children with the diagnosis based on the larger size of the eggs found in stool samples. However, cases have been documented in
220:
Another canine becomes a new host by ingesting the egg containing the larva. Once ingested, the egg invade the cells of the Crypts of
Leiberkuhn in the colon. The J3 larvae grow and molt while burrowing in the epithelium toward the luminal surface. These worms can invade intestinal cells in many
286:
method. This method utilizes the differences of specific gravity of eggs, fecal debris, and the flotation solution. Although these eggs are dense, the use of proper fecal flotation technique using a sugar solution and centrifugation can increase the chances of identifying these eggs in a fecal
232:
infects canines worldwide. In the United States, it has been reported that 14.3% of shelter dogs are infected with this parasite. Older dogs normally have a higher infection of these worms than younger dogs. Though rare, there are some cases of human infection. The eggs of
249:
eggs are very resistant from desiccation, they can live in soil for up to seven years. Once ingested by the canine, the eggs hatch and the resulted larvae live in the small intestine. At this point, though infected, the canine is still asymptomatic. When adult form,
311:. There is no effective way to kill the parasite's eggs in the soil, so it is might be necessary to replace the soil and cleaning out litter boxes and kennels frequently. People cleaning these areas should wear gloves and wash their hands after the task.
318:, it should be treated immediately to prevent infection of other dogs. Their feces should also be cleaned up immediately in order to prevent the eggs from getting into the soil which could lead to the infection of others.
488:
S. Katagiri. and T.C.G. Oliveira-Sequeira. Comparison of three concentration methods for the recovery of canine intestinal parasites from stool samples. Experimental
Parasitology 126 Issue 2, 214-216 (2010)
376:
Bundy, D. A. P., and E. S. Cooper. 1989. Trichuris and trichuriasis in humans. In J. R. Baker and R. muller (Eds.), Advances in parasitology 28. London: Academic Press, pp. 107-173.
454:
Masuda, Yashuhisa, Takumi
Kishimoto, Ito Hisao, and Moriyasu Tsuji. “Visceral larva migrans caused by Trichuris vulpis presenting as a pulmonary mass.” Thorax 42 (1987): 990-991.
185:
are oval shaped with bipolar plugs and contain a thick outer shell. Their sizes range from 72–90 μm in length and 32–40 μm in width. Because of their thick outer shell,
436:
Sakano, T., K. Hamamoto, Y. Kobayashi, Y. Sakata, M. Tsuji, and T. Usui. “Visceral larva migrans caused by
Trichuris vulpis.” Archives of Disease in Childhood 55 (1980): 631-633.
445:
Hall, J.E. and B. Sonnenberg. "An
Apparent Case of Human Infection with the Whipworm of Dogs, Trichuris vulpis (Froelich, 1789)." The Journal of Parasitology 42 (1956): 197-199.
254:
live primarily in the cecum with its anterior end attached to the superficial mucosa and its posterior end extended to the cecal lumen where it consumes the canine's blood,
258:, and mucosal epithelium. Results of eosinophilia and hypoproteinemia may be found in clinical hematology. Severe infections include symptoms such as bloody diarrhea,
721:
734:
189:
eggs are very resistant to environmental extremes such as freezing or hot temperatures, thus allowing for their long viability in the outside world.
695:
775:
795:
427:
Fox, James G., Lynn C. Anderson, Franklin M. Loew, and Fred W. Quimby. Laboratory Animal
Medicine. San Diego: Academic Press, 2002. Print.
656:
790:
523:
498:
464:
367:
Roberts, L. S., and J. Janovy. 2009. Foundations of
Parasitology, 8th Ed. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Boston, MA. 701 pp.
307:
Keeping canines away from contaminated areas, especially areas where there are feces can prevent them from contracting
617:
604:
547:
416:
396:
385:
356:
345:
334:
674:
780:
739:
45:
687:
785:
407:
Taylor, M. A., R. L. Coop, and R. L. Wall. Veterinary
Parasitology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007. Print.
295:
Infection of this parasite can be treated with several drugs including febantel, fenbendazole, milbemycin,
282:
females can produce more than 2,000 eggs per day. These eggs can be detected in the canine's feces by the
559:
622:
314:
Dogs should have fecal examinations and deworming as necessary. If a dog is detected to be infected with
140:
591:
283:
40:
278:
Infection of this parasite can be confirmed with detection of eggs in the canine's feces. Adult
726:
747:
630:
752:
287:
sample. Multiple fecal samples may need to be tested as the eggs may be shed periodically.
169:
97:
596:
609:
527:
502:
468:
682:
669:
217:
An infective larva develops within the egg before it is even ingested by the new host.
769:
237:
are prevalent in shady moist soil areas that have been contaminated by canine feces.
635:
548:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
417:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
397:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
386:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
357:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
346:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
335:
http://www.cliniciansbrief.com/uploads/docs/supplements/2008/september/whipworm.pdf
255:
708:
259:
197:
107:
582:
296:
661:
643:
117:
57:
32:
576:
77:
212:
begins with the adult whipworms living in the large intestines of dogs.
700:
173:
87:
713:
67:
553:
648:
196:
557:
262:, dehydration, and anemia, and in extreme cases, death.
176:
in its adult stages. Out of different types of worms,
566:
8:
554:
31:
20:
327:
7:
688:d022274f-79de-44f0-a889-2954e7b2628b
14:
168:is a whipworm that lives in the
44:
776:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
1:
796:Nematodes described in 1789
524:"Whipworms | CAPC Vet"
499:"Whipworms | CAPC Vet"
465:"Whipworms | CAPC Vet"
812:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
791:Veterinary helminthology
265:In the rare cases that
303:Prevention and control
205:
200:
683:Fauna Europaea (new)
245:Because the eggs of
181:the worm. Eggs from
16:Species of roundworm
241:Pathology/symptoms
208:The life cycle of
206:
781:Parasites of dogs
763:
762:
748:Open Tree of Life
560:Taxon identifiers
161:
160:
803:
756:
755:
743:
742:
730:
729:
717:
716:
704:
703:
691:
690:
678:
677:
665:
664:
652:
651:
639:
638:
626:
625:
613:
612:
610:Trichuris_vulpis
600:
599:
597:Trichuris_vulpis
587:
586:
585:
568:Trichuris vulpis
555:
539:
538:
536:
535:
526:. Archived from
520:
514:
513:
511:
510:
501:. Archived from
495:
489:
486:
480:
479:
477:
476:
467:. Archived from
461:
455:
452:
446:
443:
437:
434:
428:
425:
419:
414:
408:
405:
399:
394:
388:
383:
377:
374:
368:
365:
359:
354:
348:
343:
337:
332:
270:adults as well.
210:Trichuris vulpis
178:Trichuris vulpis
165:Trichuris vulpis
152:
150:Trichuris vulpis
49:
48:
35:
25:Trichuris vulpis
21:
811:
810:
806:
805:
804:
802:
801:
800:
786:Trichocephalida
766:
765:
764:
759:
751:
746:
738:
733:
725:
720:
712:
707:
699:
694:
686:
681:
673:
668:
660:
655:
647:
642:
634:
629:
621:
616:
608:
603:
595:
590:
581:
580:
575:
562:
552:
543:
542:
533:
531:
522:
521:
517:
508:
506:
497:
496:
492:
487:
483:
474:
472:
463:
462:
458:
453:
449:
444:
440:
435:
431:
426:
422:
415:
411:
406:
402:
395:
391:
384:
380:
375:
371:
366:
362:
355:
351:
344:
340:
333:
329:
324:
305:
293:
284:fecal flotation
276:
243:
227:
195:
170:large intestine
157:
154:
148:
135:
98:Trichocephalida
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
809:
807:
799:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
768:
767:
761:
760:
758:
757:
744:
731:
718:
705:
692:
679:
670:Fauna Europaea
666:
653:
640:
627:
614:
601:
588:
572:
570:
564:
563:
558:
551:
550:
544:
541:
540:
515:
490:
481:
456:
447:
438:
429:
420:
409:
400:
389:
378:
369:
360:
349:
338:
326:
325:
323:
320:
304:
301:
292:
289:
275:
272:
242:
239:
226:
223:
194:
191:
159:
158:
156:Froelich, 1789
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
132:T. vulpis
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
808:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
771:
754:
749:
745:
741:
736:
732:
728:
723:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
697:
693:
689:
684:
680:
676:
671:
667:
663:
658:
654:
650:
645:
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
619:
615:
611:
606:
602:
598:
593:
589:
584:
578:
574:
573:
571:
569:
565:
561:
556:
549:
546:
545:
530:on 2015-12-08
529:
525:
519:
516:
505:on 2015-12-08
504:
500:
494:
491:
485:
482:
471:on 2015-12-08
470:
466:
460:
457:
451:
448:
442:
439:
433:
430:
424:
421:
418:
413:
410:
404:
401:
398:
393:
390:
387:
382:
379:
373:
370:
364:
361:
358:
353:
350:
347:
342:
339:
336:
331:
328:
321:
319:
317:
312:
310:
302:
300:
298:
290:
288:
285:
281:
273:
271:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
240:
238:
236:
231:
224:
222:
218:
215:
211:
204:
199:
192:
190:
188:
184:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:
153:
151:
145:
142:
141:Binomial name
138:
134:
133:
128:
125:
124:
121:
120:
116:
113:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
86:
83:
82:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
63:
62:
59:
56:
53:
52:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
567:
532:. Retrieved
528:the original
518:
507:. Retrieved
503:the original
493:
484:
473:. Retrieved
469:the original
459:
450:
441:
432:
423:
412:
403:
392:
381:
372:
363:
352:
341:
330:
315:
313:
308:
306:
294:
279:
277:
266:
264:
256:tissue fluid
251:
246:
244:
234:
229:
228:
225:Epidemiology
219:
213:
209:
207:
202:
186:
182:
177:
164:
163:
162:
149:
147:
131:
130:
118:
24:
18:
709:iNaturalist
260:weight loss
108:Trichuridae
770:Categories
534:2014-04-28
509:2014-04-28
475:2014-04-28
322:References
297:moxidectin
193:Life cycle
316:T. vulpis
309:T. vulpis
291:Treatment
280:T. vulpis
274:Diagnosis
267:T. vulpis
252:T. vulpis
247:T. vulpis
235:T. vulpis
230:T. vulpis
214:T. vulpis
203:T. vulpis
187:T. vulpis
183:T. vulpis
126:Species:
119:Trichuris
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
727:11563861
583:Q3719058
577:Wikidata
104:Family:
78:Nematoda
74:Phylum:
68:Animalia
54:Domain:
753:1011670
701:4554229
201:Egg of
174:canines
114:Genus:
94:Order:
88:Enoplea
84:Class:
740:219738
714:467451
675:392738
662:251570
649:TRIUVU
623:896188
722:IRMNG
657:EUNIS
636:8TXKZ
735:NCBI
696:GBIF
644:EPPO
618:BOLD
631:CoL
605:AFD
592:ADW
172:of
772::
750::
737::
724::
711::
698::
685::
672::
659::
646::
633::
620::
607::
594::
579::
537:.
512:.
478:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
