612:
fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling and the 'floating forehead technique' create sufficient space for brain growth and result in a normal horizontal axis of the orbits and supraorbital bar. The fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling is the most used method nowadays. Over the past few years distraction osteogenesis has been gradually acknowledged since it has a positive effect on hypotelorism. Expanding the distance between the orbits using springs seems to be successful. However, there are discussions whether hypotelorism really needs to be corrected. The minimal invasive endoscopic surgery has been gaining attention since the early '90s, however, it has technical limitations (only strip craniectomy is possible). Attempts have been made to reach beyond these limits.
220:
505:
493:
113:
32:
105:
209:
1212:
Ardinger, HH; Atkin, JF; Blackston, RD; Elsas, LJ; Clarren, SK; Livingstone, S; Flannery, DB; Pellock, JM; Harrod, MJ; Lammer, Edward J.; Majewski, Frank; Schinzel, Albert; Toriello, Helga V.; Hanson, James W.; Optiz, John M.; Reynolds, James F. (1988). "Verification of the fetal valproate syndrome
654:
The highest rate of neurological problems of single suture synostosis are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. Surgery is performed generally before the age of one because of claims of better intellectual outcome. Seemingly surgery does not influence the high incidence of neurodevelopment problems
701:
Men's heads are by no means all like to one another, nor are the sutures of the head of all men constructed in the same form. Thus, whoever has a prominence in the anterior part of the head (by prominence is meant the round protuberant part of the bone which projects beyond the rest of it), in him
554:
The so-called 'floating forehead technique' combined with the remodelling of the supraorbital bar is derived from the fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. The supraorbital bar is remodelled as described above. The frontal bone is split in two pieces. Instead of using both pieces as in
667:
The incidence of metopic synostosis is roughly between 1:700 and 1:15,000 newborns globally (differs per country). Trigonocephaly is seen more in males than females ranging from 2:1 to 6.5:1. Hereditary relations in metopic synostosis have been found of which 5.5% were well defined syndromic.
846:
Wilkie, AO; Bochukova, EG; Hansen, RM; Taylor, IB; Rannan-Eliya, SV; Byren, JC; Wall, SA; Ramos, L; Venâncio, M; Hurst, Jane A.; O'Rourke, Anthony W.; Williams, Louise J.; Seller, Anneke; Lester, Tracy (2007). "Clinical dividends from the molecular genetic diagnosis of craniosynostosis".
611:
for surgery. Because of standardization of current surgical approaches there is no surgical mortality and complications are few to none. The simple suturectomy is presently insufficient to adjust the complicated growth restrictions caused by metopic synostosis. On the other hand, the
725:
Via a photo shown on a
Facebook page, the mother of a child previously diagnosed with this condition recognised the symptoms and reported them to the family involved, resulting in an immediate diagnosis that medical professionals had overlooked in all earlier consultations.
637:
after a study of 107 cases of metopic and coronal synostosis. Surgery does not provide a 100% natural outcome, mostly there will be minor irregularities. Reoperations are usually performed on more severe cases (including syndromic metopic synostosis). The
2049:
Van Der Meulen, JJ; Nazir, PR; Mathijssen, IM; Van
Adrichem, LN; Ongkosuwito, E; Stolk-Liefferink, SA; Vaandrager, MJ (2008). "Bitemporal depressions after cranioplasty for trigonocephaly: A long-term evaluation of (supra) orbital growth in 92 patients".
3233:
3218:
3203:
671:
Only one article gives valuable and reliable information regarding the incidence of metopic synostosis in the
Netherlands. The incidence in the Netherlands showed an increase from 0.6 (1997) to 1.9 (2007) for every 10,000 live births.
143:. The etiology of trigonocephaly is mostly unknown although there are three main theories. Trigonocephaly is probably a multifactorial congenital condition, but due to limited proof of these theories this cannot safely be concluded.
680:
In former times people born with malformed skulls were rejected based upon their appearance. This still persists today in various parts of the world even though the intellectual development is often normal. The
Austrian physician
1291:
Smartt Jr, JM; Karmacharya, J; Gannon, FH; Teixeira, C; Mansfield, K; Hunenko, O; Shapiro, IM; Kirschner, RE (2005). "Intrauterine fetal constraint induces chondrocyte apoptosis and premature ossification of the cranial base".
3154:
2403:
Galassi E, Giulioni M, Acciarri N, Cavina C, Pistorale T. Marchac procedure in the early treatment of metopic and coronal synostoses. Presented at the
Consensus Conference on Craniosynostoses, Rome 1995.
655:
in patients with metopic synostosis. Neurological disorders such as ADHD, ASD, ODD and CD are seen in patients with trigonocephaly. These disorders are usually also associated with decreased
479:
80:'), leading to a triangular forehead. The premature merging of the two frontal bones leads to transverse growth restriction and parallel growth expansion. It may occur as one component of a
594:
These approaches are 2D solutions for a 3D problem, therefore the results are not optimal. Distraction osteogenesis and minimal invasive endoscopic surgery are yet in experimental phase.
151:
The first theory assumes that the origin of pathological synostosis lies within disturbed bone formation early on in the pregnancy. Causes can either be genetic (9p22–24, 11q23, 22q11,
3286:
195:
as the main issue behind synostosis. Limited growth of the frontal lobes leads to an absence of stimuli for cranial growth, therefore causing premature fusion of the metopic suture.
3162:
2202:
Friede, H; Alberius, P; Lilja, J; Lauritzen, C (1990). "Trigonocephaly: Clinical and cephalometric assessment of craniofacial morphology in operated and nontreated patients".
467:
Treatment is surgical with attention to form and volume. Surgery usually takes place before the age of one since it has been reported that the intellectual outcome is better.
969:
Kress, W; Petersen, B; Collmann, H; Grimm, T (2000). "An unusual FGFR1 mutation (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 mutation) in a girl with non-syndromic trigonocephaly".
426:
The neuropsychological development is not always affected. These effects are only visible in a small percentage of children with trigonocephaly or other suture synostoses.
646:
hollowing are the most difficult to correct: the hypotelorism usually remains under corrected and a second operation is often needed for correction of temporal hollowing.
339:
257:
1717:
Sidoti Jr, EJ; Marsh, JL; Marty-Grames, L; Noetzel, MJ (1996). "Long-term studies of metopic synostosis: Frequency of cognitive impairment and behavioral disturbances".
283:
668:
Maternal age and a birth weight of less than 2500g may also play a role in trigonocephaly. These data are based on estimations and do not give factual information.
288:
659:. The presence of ADHD, ASD and ODD is higher in cases with an IQ below 85. This is not the case with CD which showed an insignificant increase at an IQ below 85.
2871:
Posnick, JC; Lin, KY; Chen, P; Armstrong, D (1994). "Metopic synostosis: Quantitative assessment of presenting deformity and surgical results based on CT scans".
555:
fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling, only one piece is rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar. This technique also leaves a craniectomy behind.
3102:
Dimopoulos, VG; Machinis, TG; Fountas, KN; Robinson, JS (2005). "Head injury management algorithm as described in
Hippocrates' "peri ton en cephali traumaton"".
2014:
Whitaker, LA; Bartlett, SP; Schut, L; Bruce, D (1987). "Craniosynostosis: An analysis of the timing, treatment, and complications in 164 consecutive patients".
1800:
Dirocco, C; Caldarelli, M; Ceddia, A; Iannelli, A; Velardi, F (1989). "Craniostenosis. Analysis of 161 cases surgically treated during the first year of life".
571:
The simplest form of surgery for trigonocephaly was suturectomy. However, as this technique was insufficient to correct the deformities, it is not used anymore.
1169:
Valentin, M; Ducarme, G; Yver, C; Vuillard, E; Belarbi, N; Renier, D; Luton, D (2008). "Trigonocephaly and valproate: A case report and review of literature".
2906:
Alderman, BW; Fernbach, SK; Greene, C; Mangione, EJ; Ferguson, SW (1997). "Diagnostic practice and the estimated prevalence of craniosynostosis in
Colorado".
3054:
Vermeij-Keers, C; Mazzola, RF; Van Der Meulen, JC; Strickler, M (1983). "Cerebro-craniofacial and craniofacial malformations: An embryological analysis".
2413:
Lauritzen, CG; Davis, C; Ivarsson, A; Sanger, C; Hewitt, TD (2008). "The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: The first 100 clinical cases".
2245:
Hoffman, HJ; Mohr, G (1976). "Lateral canthal advancement of the supraorbital margin. A new corrective technique in the treatment of coronal synostosis".
583:
Distraction osteogenesis is based on creating more cranial space for the brain by gradually moving the bones apart. This can be achieved by using springs.
1922:
McCarthy, JG; Epstein, F; Sadove, M; Grayson, B; Zide, B; McCarthy, Joseph G. (1984). "Early surgery for craniofacial synostosis: An 8-year experience".
1405:
Kapp-Simon, KA; Speltz, ML; Cunningham, ML; Patel, PK; Tomita, T (2007). "Neurodevelopment of children with single suture craniosynostosis: A review".
1134:
Lajeunie, E; Le Merrer, M; Marchac, D; Renier, D (1998). "Syndromal and nonsyndromal primary trigonocephaly: Analysis of a series of 237 patients".
443:
745:
Strickler M, van der Meulen J, Rahael B, Mazolla R. Craniofacial malformations. Edinburgh, London, Melbourne, New York: Churchill
Livingston, 1990.
324:
1047:
Johnsonbaugh, RE; Bryan, RN; Hierlwimmer, R; Georges, LP (1978). "Premature craniosynostosis: A common complication of juvenile thyrotoxicosis".
530:
without fixation to the cranium. Lastly, the frontal bone is divided into two, rotated and attached to the supraorbital bar causing a nude area (
789:
1248:
Graham Jr, JM; Smith, DW (1980). "Metopic craniostenosis as a consequence of fetal head constraint: Two interesting experiments of nature".
522:
A form of surgery is the so-called fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling. Firstly, the supraorbital bar is remodelled by a wired
273:
1147:
3248:
474:
2620:
Hinojosa, J; Esparza, J; GarcĂa-Recuero, I; Romance, A (2007). "Endoscopically assisted fronto-orbitary correction in trigonocephaly".
2828:
Cohen, SR; Maher, H; Wagner, JD; Dauser, RC; Newman, MH; Muraszko, KM (1994). "Metopic synostosis: Evaluation of aesthetic results".
123:
Trigonocephaly can either occur in a syndrome or isolated, all by itself. Trigonocephaly is associated with the following syndromes:
1631:
Aryan, HE; Jandial, R; Ozgur, BM; Hughes, SA; Meltzer, HS; Park, MS; Levy, ML (2005). "Surgical correction of metopic synostosis".
2976:
Boulet, SL; Rasmussen, SA; Honein, MA (2008). "A population-based study of craniosynostosis in metropolitan
Atlanta, 1989-2003".
2361:
Di Rocco, C; Velardi, F; Ferrario, A; Marchese, E (1996). "Metopic synostosis: In favour of a "simplified" surgical treatment".
546:
lies underneath (the dura mater has osteogenic capabilities). This results in an advancement and straightening of the forehead.
1832:
Dhellemmes, P; Pellerin, P; Lejeune, JP; Lepoutre, F (1986). "Surgical treatment of trigonocephaly. Experience with 30 cases".
3019:
Kweldam, CF; Van Der Vlugt, JJ; Van Der Meulen, JJ (2010). "The incidence of craniosynostosis in the
Netherlands, 1997-2007".
526:
to straighten it. Secondly, the supraorbital bar is moved 2 cm. forward and fixed only to the frontal process of the
447:
588:
2315:
Akai, Takuya; Iizuka, Hideaki; Kawakami, Shigehiko (2006). "Treatment of craniosynostosis by distraction osteogenesis".
319:
2280:
Delashaw, JB; Persing, JA; Park, TS; Jane, JA (1986). "Surgical approaches for the correction of metopic synostosis".
156:
2696:
Jimenez, DF; Barone, CM (1998). "Endoscopic craniectomy for early surgical correction of sagittal craniosynostosis".
263:
136:
2739:
Hinojosa, J; Esparza, J; Muñoz, MJ (2007). "Endoscopic-assisted osteotomies for the treatment of craniosynostosis".
1760:
Kapp-Simon, KA (1998). "Mental development and learning disorders in children with single suture craniosynostosis".
245:
268:
2456:
Maltese, G; Tarnow, P; Lauritzen, CG (2007). "Spring-assisted correction of hypotelorism in metopic synostosis".
2215:
1773:
1674:
Oi, S; Matsumoto, S (1987). "Trigonocephaly (metopic synostosis). Clinical, surgical and anatomical concepts".
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451:
314:
308:
2499:
Davis, C; Lauritzen, CG (2009). "Frontobasal suture distraction corrects hypotelorism in metopic synostosis".
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1012:
Penfold, JL; Simpson, DA (1975). "Premature craniosynostosis-a complication of thyroid replacement therapy".
2542:
Fearon, JA; Kolar, JC; Munro, IR (1996). "Trigonocephaly-associated hypotelorism: Is treatment necessary?".
401:
teardrop-shaped orbits angulated towards the midline of the forehead ('surprised coon' sign) in severe cases
889:
Frydman M, Kauschansky A, Elian E. Trigonocephaly; a new familiail syndrome. Am J Med Genet 1984: 18: 55-9.
140:
358:
252:
124:
85:
69:
2785:
Greenberg, BM; Schneider, SJ (2006). "Trigonocephaly: Surgical considerations and long term evaluation".
926:
Hennekam, RC; Van Den Boogaard, MJ (1990). "Autosomal dominant craniosynostosis of the sutura metopica".
891:
Frydman, M; Kauschansky, A; Elian, E; Opitz, John M. (1984). "Trigonocephaly: A new familial syndrome".
3212:
3144:
Welcker H. Untersugungen uber wachtsum und bau des menschlischen Schädels. Leipzig: Engelmann, 1862.
3237:
2585:
Barone, CM; Jimenez, DF (1999). "Endoscopic craniectomy for early correction of craniosynostosis".
523:
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width / maximum cranium length) however, there is bitemporal shortening and biparietal broadening
292:
2941:
Genitori, L; Cavalheiro, S; Lena, G; Dollo, C; Choux, M (1991). "Skull base in trigonocephaly".
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395:
334:
117:
49:
1880:"Timing of treatment for craniosynostosis and facio-craniosynostosis: A 20-year experience"
691:
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Nervous System in General, and of the Brain in Particular
380:
208:
1494:
Shillito Jr, J; Matson, DD (1968). "Craniosynostosis: A review of 519 surgical patients".
710:
128:
112:
2919:
1082:
Rasmussen, SA; Yazdy, MM; Carmichael, SL; Jamieson, DJ; Canfield, MA; Honein, MA (2007).
713:
coined the term trigonocephaly in 1862. He described a child with a V-shaped skull and a
1968:
Renier, D; Lajeunie, E; Arnaud, E; Marchac, D (2000). "Management of craniosynostoses".
3115:
2469:
2426:
1305:
1099:
939:
415:
303:
241:
179:
The second theory says that synostosis begins when the fetal head gets hindered in the
160:
65:
3242:
1060:
1025:
3280:
2884:
2841:
2798:
2598:
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2027:
1935:
1896:
1879:
1730:
1559:
1198:
643:
535:
470:
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a contrast difference between a röntgenograph of a normal and a trigonocephalic skull
192:
180:
3131:
3005:
2857:
2814:
2725:
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2571:
2485:
2442:
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1997:
1951:
1861:
1746:
1703:
1660:
1617:
1434:
1321:
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998:
955:
876:
504:
492:
2768:
1523:
639:
539:
366:
297:
229:
2528:
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is persistently good with reoperation hazards below 20%. In 1981 Anderson advised
31:
2512:
2063:
2131:
Meling, TR; Due-Tønnessen, BJ; Helseth, E (2000). "Metotopic craniosynostoses".
696:
531:
3264:
3155:"British mum learns baby son has rare condition thanks to stranger on Facebook"
3032:
2709:
2258:
1546:
Anderson, FM (1981). "Treatment of coronal and metopic synostosis: 107 cases".
1466:
1449:
635:
that craniofacial operations for synostosis should be as extensive as necessary
3227:
2752:
1644:
1418:
686:
627:
543:
373:
61:
2647:
Murad, GJ; Clayman, M; Seagle, MB; White, S; Perkins, LA; Pincus, DW (2005).
84:
together with other abnormalities, or in isolated form. The term is from
2665:
2648:
1370:
Moss, ML (1959). "The pathogenesis of premature cranial synostosis in man".
1226:
1148:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19980113)75:2<211::AID-AJMG19>3.0.CO;2-S
904:
823:
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620:
370:
164:
104:
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2633:
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2520:
2477:
2434:
2336:
2144:
2071:
1989:
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1426:
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1313:
1261:
1190:
1107:
990:
868:
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2962:
2927:
2892:
2849:
2717:
2563:
2382:
2301:
2223:
2185:
2096:
Marchac, D (June 1978). "Radical forehead remodeling for craniostenosis".
2035:
1981:
1943:
1905:
1853:
1813:
1781:
1738:
1695:
1609:
1567:
1515:
1507:
1269:
1234:
1155:
1033:
947:
912:
832:
350:
Diagnosis can be characterized by typical facial and cranial deformities.
2989:
2266:
2117:
1588:
Collmann, H; Sörensen, N; Krauss, J (1996). "Consensus: Trigonocephaly".
1068:
860:
168:
81:
77:
3195:
2374:
1845:
1687:
1601:
630:
624:
498:
A. Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling – before remodelling
419:
2954:
2328:
1383:
982:
510:
B. Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling – after remodelling
3222:
3207:
1348:
527:
1182:
1083:
3092:
Hippocrates. On injuries of the head. Med classics 1938: 3: 145-60.
191:
The third theory predominates disturbed brain formation of the two
152:
111:
103:
1448:
Anderson, Frank M; Gwinn, John L; Todt, John C (September 1962).
702:
the sutures of the head take the form of the Greek letter 'tau',
3253:
1084:"Maternal thyroid disease as a risk factor for craniosynostosis"
703:
388:
357:
a triangular forehead seen from top view leading to a smaller
3081:
237:
Other conditions and syndromes with trigonocephaly include:
2216:
10.1597/1545-1569(1990)027<0362:TCACAO>2.3.CO;2
1774:
10.1597/1545-1569(1998)035<0197:MDALDI>2.3.CO;2
656:
3021:
Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery
248:, craniosynostosis, and impaired intellectual development
780:
Meulen, Jacobus Josephus Nicolaas Marie van der (2009).
458:(CD). Many of these delays become evident at school age.
775:
773:
771:
16:
Skull malformation such that the forehead is triangular
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
607:
Trigonocephaly seems to be the most compliant form of
3185:
39:
Trigonocephaly in a boy with 1q22–1q23.1 duplication
3189:
43:
24:
2780:
2778:
1827:
1825:
1823:
340:Trigonocephaly-bifid nose-acral anomalies syndrome
2009:
2007:
1917:
1915:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1450:"Trigonocephaly. Identity and surgical treatment"
407:anterior curving of the metopic suture seen from
258:Blepharophimosis-intellectual disability syndrome
2908:Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
2649:"Endoscopic-assisted repair of craniosynostosis"
2356:
2354:
2091:
2089:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1129:
1127:
1125:
741:
739:
284:Mandibulofacial dysostosis-microcephaly syndrome
1873:
1871:
1795:
1793:
1791:
581:
569:
518:Fronto-supraorbital advancement and remodelling
3287:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
2197:
2195:
1963:
1961:
1335:Riemenschneider, PA (1957). "Trigonocephaly".
8:
542:. Bone will eventually regenerate since the
2978:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
1878:Marchac, D; Renier, D; Broumand, S (1994).
849:American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A
689:in the early 19th century through his work
60:is a congenital condition due to premature
3186:
549:
436:problems in behaviour, speech and language
21:
2664:
2175:
2160:"Experience with the "floating forehead""
2158:Marchac, D; Renier, D; Jones, BM (1988).
1895:
1465:
822:
353:Observatory signs of trigonocephaly are:
807:"Craniosynostosis: Genes and mechanisms"
444:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
2133:Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening
735:
411:view of the cranium on a röntgenograph
2204:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
1762:The Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal
699:described trigonocephaly as follows:
7:
2920:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170390049009
1215:American Journal of Medical Genetics
1136:American Journal of Medical Genetics
893:American Journal of Medical Genetics
363:a visible and palpable midline ridge
274:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
2787:The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
2501:The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
2052:The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery
589:Minimal invasive endoscopic surgery
3116:10.1227/01.NEU.0000187321.13149.B9
2873:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2587:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2544:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2470:10.1097/01.prs.0000252276.46113.ee
2458:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2427:10.1097/01.prs.0000297638.76602.de
2415:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2164:British Journal of Plastic Surgery
2098:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
2016:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1924:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1884:British Journal of Plastic Surgery
1719:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1306:10.1097/01.prs.0000182224.98761.cf
1294:Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
1100:10.1097/01.AOG.0000270157.88896.76
940:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1990.tb03598.x
442:neurodevelopmental delays such as
14:
2593:(7): 1965–73, discussion 1974–5.
784:. Optima Grafische Communicatie.
3110:(6): 1303–5, discussion 1303–5.
2885:10.1097/00006534-199401000-00003
2842:10.1097/00006534-199411000-00002
2799:10.1097/00001665-200605000-00024
2599:10.1097/00006534-199912000-00003
2556:10.1097/00006534-199603000-00001
2294:10.1227/00006123-198608000-00008
2110:10.1097/00006534-197861060-00001
2028:10.1097/00006534-198708000-00006
1936:10.1097/00006534-198404000-00001
1731:10.1097/00006534-199602000-00002
1560:10.1227/00006123-198102000-00001
503:
491:
315:Paris-Trousseau thrombocytopenia
218:
207:
30:
2550:(3): 503–9, discussion 510–11.
228:Trigonocephaly in two cases of
971:Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics
325:Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome
199:Other conditions and syndromes
108:Fused suture in trigonocephaly
1:
1061:10.1016/S0022-3476(78)80493-4
1026:10.1016/S0022-3476(75)80963-2
550:'Floating forehead technique'
448:oppositional defiant disorder
92: 'triangle' and
3161:. 9 May 2012. Archived from
2513:10.1097/SCS.0b013e318190e25d
2210:(4): 362–7, discussion 368.
2177:10.1016/0007-1226(88)90137-3
2064:10.1097/scs.0b013e31815c8a68
1897:10.1016/0007-1226(94)90001-9
300:, primary autosomal dominant
187:Intrinsic brain malformation
116:Trigonocephaly as a kind of
147:Intrinsic bone malformation
3303:
3082:http://www.phrenology.org/
3033:10.1016/j.bjps.2010.08.026
2710:10.3171/jns.1998.88.1.0077
2259:10.3171/jns.1976.45.4.0376
1467:10.3171/jns.1962.19.9.0723
475:Excessive citations inline
2753:10.1007/s00381-007-0473-8
1645:10.1007/s00381-004-1108-y
1419:10.1007/s00381-006-0251-z
1088:Obstetrics and Gynecology
1049:The Journal of Pediatrics
1014:The Journal of Pediatrics
685:presented the science of
38:
29:
3056:The Cleft Palate Journal
811:Human Molecular Genetics
577:Distraction osteogenesis
452:autism spectrum disorder
309:Orofaciodigital syndrome
2698:Journal of Neurosurgery
2666:10.3171/foc.2005.19.6.7
2247:Journal of Neurosurgery
1454:Journal of Neurosurgery
1227:10.1002/ajmg.1320290123
905:10.1002/ajmg.1320180109
480:considered for deletion
320:Potocki-Lupski syndrome
2943:Pediatric Neurosurgery
2741:Child's Nervous System
2363:Child's Nervous System
2317:Pediatric Neurosurgery
1970:Child's Nervous System
1834:Child's Nervous System
1676:Child's Nervous System
1633:Child's Nervous System
1590:Child's Nervous System
1407:Child's Nervous System
1262:10.1542/peds.65.5.1000
585:
573:
359:anterior cranial fossa
264:Bohring-Opitz syndrome
253:glycine encephalopathy
155:mutation), metabolic (
137:Baller–Gerold syndrome
125:Bohring-Opitz syndrome
120:
109:
1982:10.1007/s003810000320
1508:10.1542/peds.41.4.829
824:10.1093/hmg/6.10.1647
304:Mucolipidosis type II
269:Coffin-Siris syndrome
175:Fetal-head constraint
163:) or pharmaceutical (
115:
107:
2990:10.1002/ajmg.a.32208
861:10.1002/ajmg.a.31905
379:Imaging techniques (
2653:Neurosurgical Focus
805:Wilkie, AO (1997).
524:greenstick fracture
331:Trichothiodystrophy
2622:Cirugia Pediatrica
2375:10.1007/BF00366147
1846:10.1007/BF00272491
1802:Minerva Pediatrica
1688:10.1007/BF00271819
1602:10.1007/BF00366148
1171:Prenatal Diagnosis
1094:(2 Pt 1): 369–77.
439:mental retardation
430:Neuropsychological
293:Carpenter syndrome
141:Say–Meyer syndrome
121:
110:
3274:
3273:
2955:10.1159/000120591
2329:10.1159/000094064
1976:(10–11): 645–58.
1384:10.1159/000141479
983:10.1159/000056834
928:Clinical Genetics
791:978-90-8559-601-1
782:On trigonocephaly
683:Franz Joseph Gall
279:Holoprosencephaly
133:Jacobsen syndrome
55:
54:
19:Medical condition
3294:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3071:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2668:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2539:
2533:
2532:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2179:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2093:
2084:
2083:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1919:
1910:
1909:
1899:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1829:
1818:
1817:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1543:
1528:
1527:
1491:
1480:
1479:
1469:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1349:10.1148/68.6.863
1332:
1326:
1325:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1131:
1120:
1119:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1009:
1003:
1002:
966:
960:
959:
923:
917:
916:
887:
881:
880:
843:
837:
836:
826:
802:
796:
795:
777:
746:
743:
609:craniosynostosis
507:
495:
483:
456:conduct disorder
398:in limited cases
396:epicanthal folds
222:
211:
118:craniosynostosis
50:Medical genetics
34:
22:
3302:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3198:
3184:
3179:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3165:on 11 June 2012
3153:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3018:
3017:
3013:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2830:Plastic Surgery
2827:
2826:
2822:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2747:(12): 1421–30.
2738:
2737:
2733:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2398:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2139:(26): 3147–50.
2130:
2129:
2125:
2095:
2094:
2087:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1921:
1920:
1913:
1877:
1876:
1869:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1799:
1798:
1789:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1587:
1586:
1575:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1369:
1368:
1364:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1183:10.1002/pd.1948
1168:
1167:
1163:
1133:
1132:
1123:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1011:
1010:
1006:
977:(1–4): 138–40.
968:
967:
963:
925:
924:
920:
890:
888:
884:
845:
844:
840:
817:(10): 1647–56.
804:
803:
799:
792:
779:
778:
749:
744:
737:
732:
723:
721:Popular culture
711:Hermann Welcker
678:
665:
652:
618:
605:
600:
561:
552:
520:
515:
514:
513:
512:
511:
508:
500:
499:
496:
468:
465:
348:
235:
234:
233:
232:
225:
224:
223:
214:
213:
212:
201:
189:
177:
149:
129:Muenke syndrome
102:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3256:
3245:
3230:
3215:
3199:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:Classification
3183:
3182:External links
3180:
3177:
3176:
3146:
3137:
3094:
3085:
3073:
3046:
3027:(5): 583–588.
3011:
2968:
2933:
2898:
2863:
2820:
2774:
2731:
2688:
2639:
2612:
2577:
2534:
2491:
2448:
2405:
2396:
2369:(11): 654–63.
2350:
2307:
2272:
2237:
2191:
2150:
2123:
2085:
2041:
2022:(2): 195–212.
2003:
1957:
1911:
1867:
1819:
1808:(8): 393–404.
1787:
1768:(3): 197–203.
1752:
1709:
1666:
1623:
1573:
1529:
1481:
1440:
1397:
1372:Acta Anatomica
1362:
1327:
1283:
1240:
1204:
1161:
1121:
1074:
1039:
1004:
961:
918:
882:
855:(16): 1941–9.
838:
797:
790:
747:
734:
733:
731:
728:
722:
719:
677:
674:
664:
661:
651:
648:
617:
614:
604:
601:
599:
596:
592:
591:
580:
579:
568:
567:
560:
557:
551:
548:
534:) between the
519:
516:
509:
502:
501:
497:
490:
489:
488:
487:
486:
464:
461:
460:
459:
440:
437:
424:
423:
416:cephalic index
412:
405:
402:
399:
385:Röntgenography
377:
376:
364:
361:
347:
344:
343:
342:
337:
335:photosensitive
328:
322:
317:
312:
306:
301:
295:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
260:, Verloes type
255:
249:
242:Arthrogryposis
227:
226:
217:
216:
215:
206:
205:
204:
203:
202:
200:
197:
188:
185:
183:during birth.
176:
173:
161:hypothyroidism
159:suppletion in
148:
145:
101:
98:
96: 'head'.
66:metopic suture
58:Trigonocephaly
53:
52:
47:
41:
40:
36:
35:
27:
26:
25:Trigonocephaly
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3299:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3181:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3062:(2): 128–45.
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2984:(8): 984–91.
2983:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2949:(4): 175–81.
2948:
2944:
2937:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2914:(2): 159–64.
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2867:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:(6): 759–67.
2835:
2831:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:(3): 528–35.
2792:
2788:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2535:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2464:(3): 977–84.
2463:
2459:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:(2): 545–54.
2420:
2416:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:(5): 288–92.
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2288:(2): 228–34.
2287:
2283:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2253:(4): 376–81.
2252:
2248:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:(6): 823–35.
2103:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:(4): 521–33.
1929:
1925:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1890:(4): 211–22.
1889:
1885:
1881:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1840:(5): 228–32.
1839:
1835:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1725:(2): 276–81.
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:(5): 259–65.
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1596:(11): 664–8.
1595:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1502:(4): 829–53.
1501:
1497:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1460:(9): 723–30.
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1413:(3): 269–81.
1412:
1408:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:(4): 351–70.
1377:
1373:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:(5): 1363–9.
1299:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1256:(5): 1000–2.
1255:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1221:(1): 171–85.
1220:
1216:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1177:(3): 259–61.
1176:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1055:(2): 188–91.
1054:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
965:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
922:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
886:
883:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
842:
839:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
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367:hypotelorism
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298:Microcephaly
246:cleft palate
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230:microcephaly
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623:outcome of
565:Suturectomy
532:craniectomy
454:(ASD), and
432:signs are:
3260:DiseasesDB
1496:Pediatrics
1250:Pediatrics
730:References
687:phrenology
628:synostosis
544:dura mater
374:hypoplasia
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1199:206345527
715:cleft lip
621:Aesthetic
616:Aesthetic
478:is being
463:Treatment
418:(maximum
414:a normal
371:ethmoidal
369:inducing
346:Diagnosis
291:-related
251:Atypical
165:valproate
45:Specialty
3281:Category
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999:37239155
991:11173846
956:27026160
877:35697095
869:17621648
644:temporal
603:Surgical
598:Outcomes
471:template
446:(ADHD),
391:) show:
169:epilepsy
90:trigonon
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78:forehead
3213:LB70.0Y
3068:6406099
2963:1822130
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450:(ODD),
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311:type 14
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