168:
731:
attract workers from other colonies, which results in aggression between the two groups. If the two opposing colonies are represented by about the same number of workers, then the encounter results in a "stalemate" and neither group inhabits the marked site. If, however, one group is represented in much greater numbers, they are permitted to establish a new colony at the marked site. This pheromone-marking and aggression leads to the even distribution of
46:
760:
of time that passes between the first encounter of two bees and the start of aggression between them, called mean latency, is negatively correlated with the occurrence of aggression. In other words, the longer it takes two bees to initiate aggressive behaviors, the less likely it will be that there will be aggression between them. This relationship could be a result of variations in the magnitudes of the differences in
33:
689:(at a rate of about fifty percent) and octyl caproate (at a rate of about twenty percent). Nerol release has been shown to decrease the number of bees leaving the nest by nearly half, while increasing behaviors such as biting and wing vibration. These chemicals can also act as attraction chemicals, attracting members of the colony to an individual captured by a predator outside the nest.
759:
wax as well as locally available floral oils that are present in plant material used to construct nests. These odor cues are important to judging which individuals are nestmates and which are not, which is necessary in determining which individuals to engage in aggressive encounters with. The amount
589:
with respect to floral scent and were shown to have definite and specific preferences for a single floral scent. In one study, between 78 and 87 percent of foragers were observed to visit flowers that had the same distinct floral scent during successive foraging events, suggesting that chemical cues
422:
nests are made in the ground, often near buttresses and roots of large trees, and have also been found in urban areas (particularly in crevices in walls of buildings). There is one entryway to each nest, which is made large enough for many individuals to pass through at once. Their nest cavities are
768:
bee has only a slightly different signal than another bee, it will take longer to analyze this difference and engage in an aggressive behavior. In contrast, a large difference in signal is more likely to be noticed immediately and aggressive behaviors can occur more quickly, decreasing the mean
730:
does not regularly engage in interspecific aggression, there have been many reports of aggression within the species, especially as it relates to nest initiation. As explained earlier, nest initiation occurs when one or more workers mark an attractive site with pheromones. These pheromones can
615:
individuals have been observed to scent-mark flowers they have already visited and reject flowers that have been visited in the preceding forty-five minutes. However, this behavior was not observed with every foraging situation; one study showed that scent-marking occurred when
555:. This behavior has been observed in species only when it is beneficial for the species ecologically, and spatio-temporal learning is not observed in species where resources that individuals forage for are made continuously. The presence of spatio-temporal learning in foraging
209:, is a species of stingless bee found in Mexico and neotropical regions of Central and South America. It is one of the largest and most widespread bees of its genus. They exhibit complex foraging behaviors by integrating spatio-temporal learning and flower scents.
701:
have been identified as expressing aggressive defense behaviors, such as biting and attacking, mediated by the release of attack pheromones from workers when intruders invade their nests. It has been widely reported that, even when large intruders invade
563:
bees were observed to learn the locations and times of feeding events, and even arrive up to thirty minutes before the feeding event in anticipation of the food reward and stay in the location up to thirty minutes after the event. However, not all
528:
s colonies, which can lead to aggressive encounters between the attracted workers and the new nest-initiation workers (further described in Nest
Initiation Aggression below). Once it is determined which workers will inhabit the new area,
519:
colonies are established in the spring every year when one or more workers from a previous colony leave their nest and begin scouting divots in tree trunks for a new nest location. These bees have been shown to mark these sites with
568:
workers have been observed to express this spatio-temporal learning behavior. This variation in the behavior can be attributed to differences in foraging strategies among workers in the same colony, which may suggest that differing
680:
workers have been analyzed for the presence of chemicals that can act as pheromones and attack signals. These chemicals are stored in the individuals’ mandibular glands, and the most prominent chemicals expressed by
610:
Scent marking, in which bees mark flowers that have already been foraged from with a pheromone, increases foraging efficiency and has been documented in various bees including honey bees, bumblebees, and sweat bees.
435:
Within the nest, storage pots for pollen and nectar are between 0.7 and 1.0 centimeters in diameter and are partially separated from each other. These storage pots are located to the sides of and underneath the
735:
nests so as to minimize the amount of aggression between colonies (i.e. as a result of pheromone signals, no two nests are established in close proximity to lessen the likelihood of intraspecific aggression).
1585:
632:
flowers are deep and require bees to climb inside the flower to reach the nectar, which is costly in terms of both time and energy; therefore, it is not worth expending energy and time on foraging on a
551:
Spatio-temporal (also called time-place) learning behavior, which is the ability of an individual to associate the time and place of an event especially in foraging, has been documented in
440:. Brood cells are oval in shape and are organized in regular, horizontal combs; there are between twenty and thirty combs of brood cells in a nest on average. Brood cell construction in
718:
species. These responses, which are mediated by pheromones, include leaving the nest to follow or swarm a predator that has captured an individual, as well as biting predators.
1235:
Goulson, Dave; Chapman, Jason W.; Hughes, William O. H. (2001). "Discrimination of
Unrewarding Flowers by Bees; Direct Detection of Rewards and Use of Repellant Scent Marks".
1197:
Slaa, Judith E.; Cevaal, Annechlen W.; Sommeijer, Marinus J. (1998). "Floral
Constancy in Trigona stingless bees foraging on artificial flower patches: a comparative study".
285:. These subspecies are distinguished by coloration; morphological studies have shown that the subspecies cannot be easily separated by strictly morphological analyses.
656:
individuals have been observed to abstain from engaging in aggressive behaviors with individuals of other species, particularly larger species like humans. However,
504:
499:, and the Panama Canal Zone. It is more commonly found at low- and mid-altitudes and has been observed to withstand a wide range of humidities. Habitats in which
1506:
714:
individuals, particularly in response to smaller arthropods capturing individuals outside the nest, although to a lesser extent than other, more aggressive
233:
157:
1467:
1493:
808:
workers in building their nests has been prized by
Colombian fisherman as an effective means of caulking fishing canoes that have sprung leaks.
1575:
1565:
747:
individuals are capable of distinguishing nestmates from non-nestmates through recognition of a range of compounds. These compounds include
602:
individuals seemed to distinctly prefer one color to the others, indicating that visual components are also important to flower constancy.
1580:
628:
flowers. This indicates that scent-marking is not always the most favorable foraging strategy and is context-dependent. For instance,
213:
has traditionally been observed to abstain from aggressive behavior with other species; however, more recent analyses have shown that
598:
foragers carry and relay food odors to other foragers inside the nest. When presented with flowers of different coloration, foraging
710:
individual, there are no attacking or biting behaviors observed. However, later studies have shown that alarm responses do exist in
406:. However, they have also been observed to forage opportunistically on fungi, dead animals, flesh, and fecal matter as well.
1498:
637:
flower that has already been visited. However, C. cajanifolia flowers are relatively easier to forage from, so visiting a
301:
1327:
Kerr, Warwick E.; de Lello, Edy (1962). "Sting Glands in
Stingless Bees: A Vestigial Character (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
1415:
1105:
Hubbell, Stephen P.; Johnson, Leslie K. (1977). "Competition and Nest
Spacing in a Tropical Stingless Bee Community".
594:
foragers were more likely to favor the same floral scent as the first forager to return to the nest, indicating that
1570:
1511:
533:(reproductive females) will mate with a swarm of males mid-flight and enter the new nest to initiate a new colony.
524:, often leaving odor trails to lead to desirable nest locations. However, these pheromones can also attract rival
45:
987:
970:
Hernandez, Edgar Javier; Roubik, David W.; Nates-Parra, Guiomar (2007). "Morphometric analysis of bees in the
217:
emit pheromones that act as attack signals particularly when related individuals are captured by predators.
1354:
Scwarz, Herbert F. (1945). "The Wax of
Stingless Bees (Meliponidæ) and the Uses to Which it Has Been Put".
167:
1383:
392:
1420:
140:
335:
individuals are among the largest of their genus, ranging in size from 5 to 6.5 millimeters in length.
1441:
1151:
Murphy, Christina M.; Breed, Michael D. (2008). "Time-place learning in a
Neotropical stingless bee,
396:
352:
229:
1363:
1336:
1306:
1252:
1172:
1122:
1066:
991:
941:
388:
40:
1532:
1428:
933:
1560:
1298:
1244:
1206:
1164:
1114:
1022:
983:
925:
586:
437:
1537:
1285:
Buchwald, Robert; Breed, Michael D. (2005). "Nestmate recognition cues in a stingless bee,
296:
individuals are morphologically characterized by the expression of two projections, called
1519:
427:
bitumen. Nests are cylindrical in shape and very rigid, with no documented ornamentation.
360:
912:
Johnson, L. K.; Wiemer, D. F. (1982). "Nerol: An alarm substance of the stingless bee,
384:
364:
267:
668:
individuals, particularly those of other colonies, especially during nest initiation.
573:
behaviors within a colony may be a more evolutionarily stable and efficient strategy.
331:
metasoma and the rest of the body are black, sometimes expressing some reddish tones.
1554:
356:
1310:
1176:
945:
445:
32:
1433:
1256:
1210:
789:
1302:
1480:
748:
480:
257:
237:
97:
1406:
1010:
1248:
1057:
Roubik, David W. (1983). "Nest and Colony
Characteristics of Stingless Bees".
832:
752:
476:
380:
376:
253:
1454:
761:
661:
521:
492:
484:
372:
297:
249:
77:
57:
937:
1524:
1168:
327:
are rust-colored with some differences in tone between individuals, while
1400:
1027:
570:
488:
472:
368:
324:
305:
1367:
1340:
1070:
995:
867:
1472:
1126:
929:
792:
stinging accessories; these vestigial structures are largely absent in
402:
262:
117:
1485:
496:
468:
464:
346:
feeds mostly on pollen and nectar. Known species of plant from which
245:
241:
107:
87:
67:
1377:
1118:
1459:
686:
424:
784:
bees, does not display stinging behavior. Some bees in the genus
1446:
530:
1381:
320:, can be distinguished by differences in metasomal coloration.
559:
bees suggests that it is an ecologically favorable behavior.
641:
flower that has already been visited is not as costly for a
988:
10.2317/0022-8567(2007)80[205:maobit]2.0.co;2
459:
is one of the most widely distributed bees of the genus
1390:
1009:Murphy, Christina M.; Breed, Michael D. (2008).
590:are important to flower constancy. Furthermore,
503:colonies make their homes include both tropical
764:signals two bees put out. For instance, if one
1356:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
1329:Journal of the New York Entomological Society
8:
1586:Taxa named by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville
1011:"Nectar and Resin Robbing in Stingless Bees"
706:nests or nests are presented with a crushed
660:engages in aggressive behavior with smaller
1157:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
1059:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
976:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society
355:, Pavonia dasypetala, Heliconia imbricata,
1378:
166:
31:
20:
1026:
260:. It is further categorized in the genus
308:teeth. The two identified subspecies of
240:, which includes ants, bees, wasps, and
817:
1322:
1320:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
843:. Moure’s Bee Catalog. January 1, 2013
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1100:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
236:in 1845. It is a member of the order
7:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
862:
860:
858:
827:
825:
823:
821:
248:, which includes other bees such as
624:flowers, but not when they visited
585:foragers were evaluated for their
14:
304:as well as the presence of four
44:
1199:Journal of Apicultural Research
1155:Guerin (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
1211:10.1080/00218839.1998.11100971
974:group (Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
289:Description and identification
234:Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville
1:
1303:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.03.017
1576:Hymenoptera of South America
1566:Hymenoptera of North America
189:, known by the common names
918:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1602:
1237:Journal of Insect Behavior
788:have been shown to harbor
722:Nest initiation aggression
507:and tropical wet forests.
1581:Insects described in 1845
804:The sticky resin used by
174:
165:
146:
139:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
916:(Hymenoptera: Apidae)".
547:Spatio-temporal learning
452:Distribution and habitat
1249:10.1023/A:1012231419067
697:Many bees of the genus
244:and part of the family
874:. Encyclopedia of Life
868:"Trigona fulviventris"
649:Defense and aggression
626:Crotalaria cajanifolia
393:Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
277:have been identified:
221:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1169:10.2317/jkes-704.23.1
1015:American Entomologist
1392:Trigona fulviventris
1287:Trigona fulviventris
1153:Trigona fulviventris
972:Trigona fulviventris
914:Trigona fulviventris
872:Encyclopedia of Life
835:Trigona fulviventris
778:Trigona fulviventris
755:that are present in
745:Trigona fulviventris
740:Nestmate recognition
654:Trigona fulviventris
457:Trigona fulviventris
423:enclosed by a thick
420:Trigona fulviventris
397:Impatiens walleriana
353:Passiflora vitifolia
344:Trigona fulviventris
294:Trigona fulviventris
226:Trigona fulviventris
186:Trigona fulviventris
177:Trigona fulviventris
150:Trigona fulviventris
132:T. fulviventris
25:Trigona fulviventris
841:Moure’s Bee Catalog
1028:10.1093/ae/54.1.36
930:10.1007/bf00990750
389:Heliconia tortuosa
322:T. f. fulviventris
314:T. f. fulviventris
279:T. f. fulviventris
273:Two subspecies of
1571:Insects of Mexico
1548:
1547:
1533:Open Tree of Life
1384:Taxon identifiers
664:as well as other
182:
181:
1593:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1514:
1502:
1501:
1489:
1488:
1476:
1475:
1463:
1462:
1450:
1449:
1437:
1436:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1297:(6): 1131–1137.
1291:Animal Behaviour
1282:
1261:
1260:
1232:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1148:
1131:
1130:
1102:
1075:
1074:
1054:
1033:
1032:
1030:
1006:
1000:
999:
967:
950:
949:
924:(9): 1167–1181.
909:
884:
883:
881:
879:
864:
853:
852:
850:
848:
829:
800:Human importance
685:individuals are
620:workers visited
587:flower constancy
577:Flower constancy
463:and is found in
170:
158:Guérin-Méneville
152:
49:
48:
35:
21:
1601:
1600:
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1523:
1520:Observation.org
1518:
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1432:
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1419:
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1405:
1404:
1399:
1386:
1376:
1375:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1284:
1283:
1264:
1234:
1233:
1218:
1196:
1195:
1184:
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1149:
1134:
1119:10.2307/1936917
1104:
1103:
1078:
1056:
1055:
1036:
1008:
1007:
1003:
969:
968:
953:
911:
910:
887:
877:
875:
866:
865:
856:
846:
844:
831:
830:
819:
814:
806:T. fulviventris
802:
794:T. fulviventris
775:
766:T. fulviventris
757:T. fulviventris
742:
733:T. fulviventris
728:T. fulviventris
724:
712:T. fulviventris
708:T. fulviventris
704:T. fulviventris
695:
683:T. fulviventris
678:T. fulviventris
674:
666:T. fulviventris
658:T. fulviventris
651:
643:T. fulviventris
618:T. fulviventris
613:T. fulviventris
608:
600:T. fulviventris
596:T. fulviventris
592:T. fulviventris
583:T. fulviventris
579:
566:T. fulviventris
561:T. fulviventris
557:T. fulviventris
553:T. fulviventris
549:
544:
539:
517:T. fulviventris
513:
501:T. fulviventris
454:
442:T. fulviventris
433:
417:
412:
348:T. fulviventris
341:
333:T. fulviventris
310:T. fulviventris
291:
275:T. fulviventris
223:
215:T. fulviventris
211:T. fulviventris
161:
154:
148:
135:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1516:
1503:
1490:
1477:
1464:
1451:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1396:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1374:
1373:
1362:(2): 137–144.
1346:
1335:(4): 190–214.
1316:
1262:
1243:(5): 669–678.
1216:
1205:(3): 191–198.
1182:
1132:
1113:(5): 949–963.
1076:
1065:(3): 327–355.
1034:
1001:
982:(3): 205–212.
951:
885:
854:
816:
815:
813:
810:
801:
798:
774:
771:
741:
738:
723:
720:
694:
691:
673:
670:
650:
647:
639:C. cajanifolia
622:Priva mexicana
607:
604:
578:
575:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
526:T. fulviventri
512:
509:
453:
450:
432:
429:
416:
413:
411:
408:
385:Justicia aurea
365:Lantana camara
340:
337:
290:
287:
268:stingless bees
222:
219:
195:culo-de-señora
180:
179:
172:
171:
163:
162:
155:
144:
143:
137:
136:
129:
127:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
37:
36:
28:
27:
16:Species of bee
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
886:
873:
869:
863:
861:
859:
855:
842:
838:
837:Guérin, 1844"
836:
828:
826:
824:
822:
818:
811:
809:
807:
799:
797:
796:individuals.
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:, like other
779:
772:
770:
767:
763:
758:
754:
750:
746:
739:
737:
734:
729:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
692:
690:
688:
684:
679:
676:The heads of
672:Alarm signals
671:
669:
667:
663:
659:
655:
648:
646:
644:
640:
636:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
606:Scent marking
605:
603:
601:
597:
593:
588:
584:
576:
574:
572:
567:
562:
558:
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635:P. mexicana
630:P. mexicana
581:Individual
481:El Salvador
258:orchid bees
250:bumble bees
238:Hymenoptera
98:Hymenoptera
1555:Categories
878:October 1,
812:References
662:arthropods
522:pheromones
477:Costa Rica
381:Stromanthe
377:Psychotria
350:feeds are
306:mandibular
254:honey bees
228:was first
78:Arthropoda
790:vestigial
769:latency.
762:olfactory
693:Attacking
493:Nicaragua
485:Guatemala
373:Asystasia
300:on their
298:tubercles
230:described
199:mu'ul-kab
126:Species:
64:Kingdom:
58:Eukaryota
1407:Q2132968
1401:Wikidata
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1341:25005830
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1177:86256384
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773:Stinging
645:worker.
571:foraging
542:Foraging
537:Behavior
489:Honduras
473:Colombia
431:Interior
415:Exterior
369:Tabebuia
325:metasoma
242:sawflies
104:Family:
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68:Animalia
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1473:5040807
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1257:3954518
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1107:Ecology
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782:Trigona
716:Trigona
699:Trigona
461:Trigona
403:Fuchsia
361:Dioclea
263:Trigona
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114:Genus:
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88:Insecta
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1364:JSTOR
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531:gynes
438:brood
425:resin
410:Nests
302:labra
1507:NCBI
1494:ITIS
1468:GBIF
1455:EPPO
1416:BOLD
934:PMID
880:2015
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751:and
515:New
339:Diet
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