498:
then prepare it for occupancy. The bees swarm to construct a new nest over a period of days to weeks. They transport materials and resources, such as wax, nectar and pollen from the old nest to the new nest. Building the nest entrance and lining the cavity walls are the first tasks of the worker bees. Once it is ready, the new queen along with a cohort of workers leave from the parent colony to occupy the new nest. After establishment of the new colony, the connection with the old nest still continues for some time.
158:
37:
566:
local enhancement or local inhibition to find food sources. Local enhancement is used to describe the attraction of animals to a food source due to the presence of other feeding individuals or to odors left behind by individuals previously at the site. Local inhibition is the opposite – animals are deterred from a food source because of the presence of other individuals or of odors they had left behind.
180:
513:
during the first few hours after emergence from the pupae, (2) incubation and brood chamber repairs, (3) construction and provisioning of cells, nest cleaning, and feeding young adults and the queen, (4) nest cleaning, reconstruction of the involucrum, nectar maintenance, and guarding the nest and (5) collection of pollen, nectar, and propolis.
512:
females are divided into castes composed of queens and workers. Their division of labor is similar to that of honeybees. The different tasks for the workers are dependent on having certain tasks at certain ages. The order of the activities workers perform can be divided into stages: (1) self grooming
804:
play a key role in making sure flowers are pollinated and thrive. As a tropical bee species, they are key pollinators in wet rainforests. They are also important pollinators for wild plants and agricultural crops in the tropics as well as for macadamia, coconut, mango, and chayote. In the society of
725:
are high-density specialists. This enables them to coexist with other stingless bees using “density specialization”. The targeted resources are different between the species with one foraging on a high density clump of flowers and the other foraging on low density clumps of flowers. One species they
597:
to make small holes at or close to the base of the tubular anthers of the flower. Collection of pollen is achieved through these with the use of the proboscis. The pollen is then moved on to the thoracic sternum with the help of its fore legs and the bee flies away once it cannot fit anymore pollen
552:
The queen is the mother and the only bee in the hive that reproduces. Males are only produced when new queens are produced. Males and new queens leave the nest to find mates and then the males die and the mated queens start their own hive. Virgin queens accompany swarms of workers to new nest sites
434:
almost always build nests in cavities or hollows made by birds in termite nests. The entrance is funnel or ear shaped, up to 13 cm wide and only projects about 3 cm from the nest’s surface. The internal structure of their nests are supported by pillars and beams, made out of cerumen, that
602:
by using its fore legs to move the pollen from its thoracic sternum to its middle legs which then move it to the corbiculae on its hind legs, which are moved slightly forward to help make the pollen transfer process easier. Once there is enough pollen on its hind legs, the bee flies away from the
565:
bees often rely on food odors. Once they found a preferred odor, they returned to flowers with the same scent, and new recruited individuals also visit the same floral scent as the first foraging bee. They use pheromones in odor trails to communicate the location of the food source. Some bees use
497:
workers. If workers from more than one colony are attracted, then they fight aggressively for the site. But if rival colonies have an equal number of colony workers present, then a stalemate occurs and neither colony occupies the site. Once the new nest site has been found and fought for, workers
1202:
Motta Maués M. 2002. Reproductive phenology and pollination of the brazil nut tree (Bertholletia excelsa Humb. & Bonpl. Lecythidaceae) in
Eastern Amazonia. IN: Kevan P & Imperatriz Fonseca VL (eds) - Pollinating Bees - The Conservation Link Between Agriculture and Nature - Ministry of
653:
bees have been discovered to engage in suicidal biting in order to defend the nest and against predators. Humans standing in the vicinity of nests are almost always attacked and experience painful bites. The bees also crawl over the intruder into the ears, eye, mouth, and other cavities. The
524:
are polylectic bees, meaning they visit various different flowering plants. However, they also collect other resources such as membracid exudates or dead animals’ flesh. They are high-density specialists, and so they forage in groups and visit only the densest clumps of flowers. In Brazil,
451:. They try to build nests in trees with a minimum of 35 cm diameter of tree trunks for their nests. But they may also share a tree species with other species of bees, though they do not inhabit a particular tree species or share with a particular bee species. For example, a
553:
and males wait in anticipation, picking up on the odors the queen disperses throughout the nest. The new queen flies out for mating and is pursued by hundreds of males. The queen puts herself at risk during these matings as it exposes her to predation and many are killed.
256:
is a stingless bee species that originates in Mexico but is also found in
Central and South America. They are an advanced eusocial group of bees and play a key role as pollinators in wet rainforests. The species has many common names, including
762:
from the densely clumped flowers if they get too close. But there is relatively little overlap since the target resources are different for both species There is an interspecific competition between the two species in particular.
334:
is the largest and most diverse group of stingless bees, with over 80 nominal species and about 28 undescribed species. Bees within this genus are notable for their complex communication styles and diverse nest architecture.
809:
are associated with crop success and thus, are encouraged to nest near village fields. To encourage the establishment of bee nests, they create a suitable environment by digging large holes covered by dry logs. The
771:
The species has many predators with the main being birds, humans, mustelids, bears, anteaters (Tamandua, Myrmecophaga), armadillos and opossums. They must also deal with nest infiltrators and parasites as well. In
383:. Specifically, they are distributed in the Neoarctic Region which includes Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz-Llave, Yucatán) and the Neotropical Region which includes
658:
workers give a painful and persistent bite, are difficult to remove, and usually die during the attack. They have long durations of the attacks as well, with one recorded at 51 minutes and 45 seconds.
593:
collect pollen from a variety of plants, making them a polylectic bee species, in some plants, they collect pollen in a special way using a biting method. To extract pollen, they use their
226:
981:
419:(ChiriquĂ, CoclĂ©, ColĂłn, Herrera, Los Santos, Panamá, Veraguas), and the Panama Canal Zone. They also have a range of altitude distributions. In Guanacaste, Costa Rica,
623:, stored in their hypopharyngeal glands. Glucose oxidase works to protect from bacteria by causing an accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the honey while it ripens.
706:
when they tried to penetrate the flower. They impede and drive away other bees by biting the base of their antennas, legs, and wings. Sometimes the presence of dead
636:
In order to prevent small insects, parasites, and ants from entering the nest, T. fuscipennis workers use resin as a repellent. Workers collect resin that a female
570:
bees exhibit neither local enhancement or local inhibition. They visit various flowers regardless of whether they have been visited or not by other individuals.
1652:
645:
With regards to active defense, attraction, landing, buzzing and angular flights are typical alarm behaviors. Biting is also a prominent form of defense among
1319:
581:
bees have been found to engage in nectar robbery or act as pollen thieves by perforating the flower to collect nectar and pollen without pollinating it.
1359:
Johnson, L.K.; Haynes, L.W.; Carlson, M.A.; Fortnum, H.A.; Gorgas, D.L. (June 24, 1983). "Alarm
Substances of the Stingless Bee, Trigona silvestriana".
932:
Molecular
Phylogeny of Stingless Bees: Insights Into Divergence Times, Biogeography, and Nest Architecture Evolution (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponini)
690:
are very aggressive bees. They are known to be aggressive and attack other competitive bees to drive them away. With respect to the Brazil nut tree,
1613:
1639:
475:
Pheromones and odor trails are used to find new nest sites and establish uniform colony spacing within the species and with other species such as
354:
and a body length of about 5 mm. The antennae do not have the erect black bristles found in other bee species. They are easily mistaken for
714:
from natural food sources. They defend their foraging patches against other bees by using their mandibles to harass, bite and kill competitors.
1716:
1711:
1407:
Shackleton, Kyle; Toufailia, Hasan Al; Balfour, Nicholas J.; Nascimento, Fabio S.; Alves, Denise A.; Ratnieks, Francis L. W. (2014-11-08).
1721:
1731:
435:
go across the brood. The nests also have globular pot-like wax cell clusters. In general, nests are constructed using wax mixed with
964:
539:
which is found in much of
Central America and is the most common flower during the dry season of the Guanacaste area of Costa Rica.
447:
bees utilize cavities in aerial termite nests specifically, though the termites are entirely gone, and have their nests attached to
776:' nests, parasitic mites have been found to infest their larvae. It has also been found that some species have adapted to mimic
598:
on its thoracic sternum. While hovering in mid flight, not too far away from the flower, the bee transfers the pollen to its
1644:
1063:
Hubbell, Stephen P.; Johnson, Leslie K. (1977-09-01). "Competition and Nest
Spacing in a Tropical Stingless Bee Community".
836:
1574:
1163:
Johnson, Leslie K. (1981). "Effect of Flower
Clumping on Defense of Artificial Flowers by Aggressive Stingless Bees".
347:
443:
are built in cavities that can support these batumen plates created by the bees to shield and protect the colonies.
1726:
1657:
486:
750:
visit isolated plants with significantly fewer flowers and clumps farther away from nests and neighbors. Though
36:
1465:
205:
1105:"Behavioral Phylogeny of Corbiculate Apidae (Hymenoptera; Apinae), with Special Reference to Social Behavior"
1542:
665:
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though they are smaller, have slightly different mandible color and do not have erect black bristles. The
222:
157:
1579:
1217:
131:
957:
Beekeeping for
Poverty Alleviation and Livelihood Security: Vol. 1: Technological Aspects of Beekeeping
746:
actively try to visit plants within a clump with the most flowers and those near to their nests. While
1600:
1409:"Appetite for self-destruction: suicidal biting as a nest defense strategy in Trigona stingless bees"
481:
1498:
1384:
1180:
1142:
1080:
31:
982:"INFLUENCE OF ALTITUDE ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF STINGLESS BEES (HYMENOPTERA APIDAE: MELIPONINAE)*"
871:"Stingless bees of the Golfo Dulce region, Costa Rica (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Apinae, Meliponini)"
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1587:
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325:
147:
1466:"Contrasting Foraging Strategies and Coexistence of Two Bee Species on a Single Resource"
1515:
Posey, D. A.. (1982). The
Importance of Bees to KayapĂł Indians of the Brazilian Amazon.
1032:
1441:
1408:
1305:
Food
Exploitation By Social Insects: Ecological, Behavioral, and Theoretical Approaches
1121:
1104:
870:
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colony spacing). It has been hypothesized that potential nest sites are marked with a
1700:
1146:
702:
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bee deposits on terminal nest cells to place on external entrance tubes of the nest.
599:
380:
231:
195:
1388:
1592:
215:
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workers are completely black with one narrow red band just before the apex of the
615:
species is sour and watery. To protect their honey from bacterial contamination,
439:, mud, feces, or other materials, otherwise known as batumen. Nests of the genus
407:(Alta Verapaz, Chiquimula, Escuintla, Guatemala, Izabal, Suchitepéquez, Zacapa),
1626:
710:
bees on the flowers is enough to keep away other bees. They also often displace
400:
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88:
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1218:"Behavioral adaptations of bees for pollen collecting from Cassia flowers"
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bees and they make use of their strong, sharp five-toothed mandibles.
668:, Frieseomelitta varia, Melipona scutellaris, Melipona quadrifasciata
416:
384:
376:
313:
98:
78:
58:
1536:
1528:
1484:
1320:"Glucose Oxidase: A Food Protective Mechanism in Social Hymenoptera"
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have a tendency to forage on low-density shrubs, the bees of the
1605:
391:(Antioquia, Bolivar, Cundinamarca, Magdalena, Valle del Cauca),
1540:
814:
are attracted to these logs and build their nests in the hole.
780:
nests in order to capitalize on the species' known aggression.
955:
Gupta, R.K.; Reybroeck, W.; van Veen, J.W.; Gupta, A. (2014).
805:
the KayapoĂł Indians in Brazilian Amazon, some bees, including
664:
Partamona helleri, Scaptotrigona depilis, Tetragona clavipes,
375:
are mainly found in tropical environments. They are native to
173:
312:, along with ants, bees, and wasps. It is also part of the
788:
by having a similar large-scooped nest entrance. However,
535:), while in Costa Rica, they obtain nectar from the shrub
467:
nests have also been found together in one tree as well.
1019:
Wille, Alvaro (1983). "Biology of the Stingless Bees".
694:
were even found to drive away natural pollinators like
1464:
Johnson, Leslie K.; Hubbell, Stephen P. (1975-10-01).
662:
bees also have the most painful bites as compared to
395:(Alajuela, Guanacaste, Limón, Puntarenas, San José),
529:
frequently visit and pollinate the Brazil nut tree (
501:
There are around 3,500 – 4,000 workers in a colony.
1549:
935:(Ph.D). University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
330:, which is specific for stingless bees. The genus
423:were found in lower altitudes between 200–500 m.
221:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
837:"ITIS Standard Report Page: Trigona fuscipennis"
1327:Annals of the Entomological Society of America
878:Kataloge der Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseen
784:, in particular, mimics the nest structure of
324:, and stingless bees, and falls in the genus
8:
869:Jarau, Stefan; Barth, Friedrich G. (2008).
1537:
455:nest has been found in the same tree as a
156:
20:
1492:
1440:
1284:
1120:
980:Ortiz-Mora, R.A.; van Veen, J.W. (1995).
379:but are also found in Middle America and
1318:Burgett, D. Michael (January 9, 1974).
1303:Jarau, Stefan; Hrncir, Michael (2009).
823:
411:(Atlántida, Colón, Francisco Morazán),
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1413:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1033:10.1146/annurev.en.28.010183.000353
1216:Wille, Alvaro (December 6, 1963).
1203:Environment / BrasĂlia. p.245-254.
1122:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2002.tb00146.x
211:for transliterated languages, and
191:of its non-English content, using
14:
1103:Noll, Fernando B. (2002-04-01).
178:
35:
1269:"Stingless bee nesting biology"
678:Interactions with other species
350:. They have a short and broad
227:multilingual support templates
1:
1307:. Taylor & Francis Group.
800:Like other pollinating bees,
738:both forage on the pollen of
1717:Hymenoptera of South America
1712:Hymenoptera of North America
1225:Revista de BiologĂa Tropical
493:and the odor attracts other
1361:Journal of Chemical Ecology
1021:Annual Review of Entomology
1748:
1722:Insects of Central America
585:Pollen collecting behavior
1732:Insects described in 1900
1425:10.1007/s00265-014-1840-6
1267:Roubik, David W. (2006).
929:Rasmussen, Claus (2008).
632:Nest and predator defense
574:Parasitic nectar stealing
415:(Chinandega, Chontales),
316:family which encompasses
164:
155:
137:
130:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1517:The Florida Entomologist
758:species also drive away
603:vicinity of the flower.
368:Distribution and habitat
899:"Moure's Bee Catalogue"
767:Predators and parasites
561:To find a food source,
666:Tetragonisca angustula
399:(Esmeraldas, Guayas),
308:is under the order of
301:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1339:10.1093/aesa/67.4.545
1286:10.1051/apido:2006026
364:queen is dark brown.
792:are not aggressive.
752:Trigona fulviventris
728:Trigona fulviventris
672:Melipona rufiventris
619:bees use the enzyme
532:Bertholletia excelsa
225:. Knowledge (XXG)'s
189:specify the language
187:This section should
1551:Trigona fuscipennis
812:Trigona fuscipennis
807:Trigona fuscipennis
802:Trigona fuscipennis
778:Trigona fuscipennis
774:Trigona fuscipennis
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563:Trigona fuscipennis
527:Trigona fuscipennis
522:Trigona fuscipennis
457:Trigona fuscipennis
445:Trigona fuscipennis
432:Trigona fuscipennis
421:Trigona fuscipennis
373:Trigona fuscipennis
344:Trigona fuscipennis
306:Trigona fuscipennis
253:Trigona fuscipennis
167:Trigona fuscipennis
141:Trigona fuscipennis
123:T. fuscipennis
25:Trigona fuscipennis
1373:10.1007/bf00989552
782:Trigona necrophaga
627:Defense mechanisms
1727:Insects of Mexico
1694:
1693:
1679:Open Tree of Life
1543:Taxon identifiers
903:moure.cria.org.br
611:The honey of the
557:Foraging behavior
505:Division of labor
427:Nest architecture
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229:may also be used.
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726:coexist with is
607:Honey production
461:Trigona capitata
453:Trigona capitata
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760:T. fulviventris
748:T. fulviventris
736:T. fulviventris
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712:T. fulviventris
685:
680:
634:
629:
621:glucose oxidase
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482:T. fulviventris
477:T. silvestriana
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465:T. fulviventris
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370:
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320:, euglossines,
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1532:
1523:(4), 452–458.
1508:
1494:2027.42/119107
1456:
1419:(2): 273–281.
1394:
1367:(4): 409–416.
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1333:(4): 545–546.
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1279:(2): 124–143.
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1205:
1190:
1171:(2): 151–157.
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1115:(2): 137–153.
1090:
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1038:
1006:
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822:
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786:T. fuscipennis
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744:T. fuscipennis
740:Cassia biflora
732:T. fuscipennis
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647:T. fuscipennis
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537:Cassia biflora
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495:T. fuscipennis
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339:Identification
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240:October 2021
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223:ISO 639 code
219:}}
213:{{
209:}}
203:{{
199:}}
193:{{
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24:
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1627:iNaturalist
1344:October 16,
1235:October 15,
999:October 16,
718:Coexistence
683:Competition
401:El Salvador
318:bumble bees
310:Hymenoptera
295:enredapelos
89:Hymenoptera
1701:Categories
1273:Apidologie
1165:Biotropica
1109:Cladistics
908:2015-10-15
884:: 267–276.
846:2015-10-15
818:References
600:corbiculae
393:Costa Rica
357:T. corvina
322:honey bees
287:currunchos
275:k'uris-kab
69:Arthropoda
1433:0340-5443
1231:: 205–210
1147:221310441
1131:1096-0031
1027:: 41–64.
995:: 101–105
595:mandibles
491:pheromone
459:nest but
413:Nicaragua
405:Guatemala
348:mandibles
259:mapaitero
117:Species:
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1566:Q2354561
1560:Wikidata
1451:25620834
1389:22241247
1381:24310063
1139:34911221
703:Xylocopa
543:Behavior
409:Honduras
389:Colombia
352:metasoma
95:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
1707:Trigona
1619:5040795
1606:2757332
1503:1934706
1473:Ecology
1442:4293493
1185:2387718
1085:1936917
1065:Ecology
989:Apiacta
708:Trigona
660:Trigona
656:Trigona
639:Centris
589:Though
510:Trigona
441:Trigona
397:Ecuador
362:Trigona
332:Trigona
327:Trigona
263:sanharĂł
232:See why
110:Trigona
105:Genus:
85:Order:
79:Insecta
75:Class:
1684:345376
1671:167239
1658:166443
1645:764136
1632:309438
1580:252939
1501:
1449:
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1137:
1129:
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963:
880:. 80.
697:Bombus
670:, and
548:Mating
449:lianas
437:resins
417:Panama
385:Belize
377:Mexico
314:Apidae
293:, and
291:zagaño
279:enreda
150:, 1900
148:Friese
99:Apidae
1593:7CS6Z
1499:JSTOR
1469:(PDF)
1385:S2CID
1323:(PDF)
1221:(PDF)
1181:JSTOR
1143:S2CID
1081:JSTOR
985:(PDF)
874:(PDF)
1653:NCBI
1640:ITIS
1614:GBIF
1575:BOLD
1447:PMID
1429:ISSN
1377:PMID
1346:2015
1237:2015
1135:PMID
1127:ISSN
1001:2015
961:ISBN
734:and
700:and
517:Diet
479:and
463:and
271:xnuk
196:lang
1601:EoL
1588:CoL
1525:doi
1489:hdl
1481:doi
1437:PMC
1421:doi
1369:doi
1335:doi
1281:doi
1173:doi
1117:doi
1073:doi
1029:doi
216:IPA
1703::
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