1101:
639:
616:
51:
1058:). Oxcarbazepine and MHD exert their action by blocking voltage-sensitive sodium channels, thus leading to the stabilization of hyper-excited neural membranes, suppression of repetitive neuronal firing and diminishment propagation of synaptic impulses. Furthermore, anticonvulsant effects of these compounds could be attributed to enhanced potassium conductance and modulation of high-voltage activated calcium channels.
1189:
42:
1088:
There was no observable tolerance during a four weeks course of treatment with daily administration of oxcarbazepine or licarbazepine in electroshock test on mice and rats. Most of the antiepileptic activity can be attributed to licarbazepine. Aside from its reduction in side effects, it is presumed to have the same main mechanism as carbamazepine,
7885:
966:
Oxcarbazepine and its metabolite licarbazepine are both present in human breast milk and thus, some of the active drug can be transferred to a nursing infant. When considering whether to continue this medication in nursing mothers, the impact of the drug's side effect profile on the infant should be
953:
There is limited data analyzing the impact of oxcarbazepine on a human fetus. Animal studies have shown increased fetal abnormalities in pregnant rats and rabbits exposed to oxcarbazepine during pregnancy. In addition, oxcarbazepine is structurally similar to carbamazepine, which is considered to be
1087:
Both oxcarbazepine and licarbazepine were found to show anticonvulsant properties in seizure models done on animals. These compounds had protective functions whenever tonic extension seizures were induced electrically, but such protection was less apparent whenever seizures were induced chemically.
870:
in adults. In pediatric populations, it can be used by itself for the treatment of partial seizures for children 4 years and older, or in combination with other medications for children 2 years and older. There is some evidence to support its effectiveness in reducing seizure frequency when used as
1120:
in people treated with carbamazepine, and thus those treated with oxcarbazepine might have similar risks. People of Asian descent are more likely to carry this genetic variant, especially some
Malaysian populations, Koreans (2%), Han Chinese (2–12%), Indians (6%), Thai (8%), and Philippines (15%).
925:
Measurement of serum sodium levels should be considered in maintenance treatment or if symptoms of hyponatremia develop. Low blood sodium is seen in 20–30% of people taking oxcarbazepine, and 8–12% of those experience severe hyponatremia. Some side effects, such as headaches, are more pronounced
1239:
Antiepileptics are a key pharmacological therapy used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Research has investigated the use of oxcarbazepine as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorder, with further evidence needed to fully assess its suitability. Oxcarbazepine used in conjunction with
1074:
of oxcarbazepine is considered to be about 2 hours, whereas licarbazepine has a half-life of nine hours. Through its chemical difference to carbamazepine metabolic epoxidation is avoided, reducing hepatic risks. Licarbazepine is metabolised by conjugation with
986:
and thus have the potential to increase plasma concentration of drugs, which are metabolized through this pathway. Other antiepileptics, which are CYP2C19 substrates and thus may be metabolised at a reduced rate when combined with oxcarbazepine, include
1079:. Approximately 4% are oxidised to the inactive 10,11-dihydroxy derivative. Elimination is almost completely renal, with faeces accounting to less than 4%. 80% of the excreted substances are to be attributed to licarbazepine or its glucuronides.
3259:
3252:
2068:
3245:
286:
6635:
6586:
5351:
5196:
866:
used to reduce the occurrence of epileptic episodes, and is not intended to cure epilepsy. Oxcarbazepine is used alone or in combination with other medications for the treatment of
241:
6403:
3583:
3291:
2234:"Mood stabilizers and/or antipsychotics for bipolar disorder in the maintenance phase: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials"
1527:
Mazza M, Di Nicola M, Martinotti G, Taranto C, Pozzi G, Conte G, et al. (April 2007). "Oxcarbazepine in bipolar disorder: a critical review of the literature".
1432:
1316:
1070:
upon oral administration. In a study in humans, only 2% of oxcarbazepine remained unchanged, 70% were reduced to licarbazepine; the rest were minor metabolites. The
1311:[Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese).
299:
139:
979:
family of enzymes. This leads to a cluster of dozens of common drugs interacting with one another to varying degrees, some of which are especially noteworthy.
1825:"Oxcarbazepine was associated with risks of newly developed hypothyroxinaemia and impaired central set point of thyroid homeostasis in schizophrenia patients"
722:
1231:, of which Geigy are part of its corporate roots, pleaded guilty to marketing Trileptal for the unapproved uses of neuropathic pain and bipolar disorder.
3043:
2060:
2352:
1210:
2117:
Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Vasudev K, Watson S, Geddes J, Young AH (December 2011). "Oxcarbazepine for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder".
1829:
1579:
1778:
Rissardo JP, Caprara AF (May–June 2020). "Carbamazepine-, Oxcarbazepine-, Eslicarbazepine-Associated
Movement Disorder: A Literature Review".
6572:
5062:
2987:
1920:
872:
7925:
6667:
5502:
5480:
3576:
5375:
2064:
6304:
3609:
1304:
1433:"List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance: oxcarbazepine : Procedure no.: PSUSA/00002235/202108"
4230:
1627:
1508:
742:
708:
2090:
Joshi A, Bow A, Agius M (September 2019). "Pharmacological
Therapies in Bipolar Disorder: a Review of Current Treatment Options".
4574:
1874:
1407:
5265:
5085:
3569:
409:
271:
171:
3036:
1651:
1138:
5832:
5562:
3336:
2345:
2289:
1312:
1308:
7875:
1575:"Adverse fetal and neonatal outcomes following in-utero exposure to oxcarbazepine: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
1113:
919:
190:
6631:
2874:
958:
in humans (pregnancy category D). Oxcarbazepine should only be used during pregnancy if the benefits justify the risks.
535:
2061:"Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp. to Pay More Than $ 420 Million to Resolve Off-label Promotion and Kickback Allegations"
1875:"Tegretol- carbamazepine suspension Tegretol- carbamazepine tablet Tegretol XR- carbamazepine tablet, extended release"
6611:
3004:
2535:
926:
shortly after a dose is taken and tend to fade with time (60 to 90 minutes). Other side effects include stomach pain,
595:
1030:
inducers and thus have the potential to decrease the plasma concentration of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 substrates, including
1780:
1117:
1038:. However, whether the extent of CYP3A4/5 induction at therapeutic doses reaches clinical significance is unclear.
931:
915:
1227:
in 1997, and eventually for all other EU countries in 1999. It was approved in the US in 2000. In
September 2010,
895:, headaches, nausea, vomiting, sleepiness, difficulty in concentration, and mental sluggishness. The incidence of
7935:
6597:
6171:
5494:
5392:
5076:
4588:
3417:
3310:
3029:
7920:
7910:
7905:
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6499:
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6235:
6104:
5527:
5424:
5256:
5025:
3494:
2845:
2338:
1949:
1169:
inhibition (presumed to be the main mechanism of action) – and is generally used to treat the same conditions.
1121:
Therefore, it has been suggested to consider genetic testing in these people prior to initiation of treatment.
484:
1309:"RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial"
7915:
7658:
6445:
6381:
5717:
3623:
2992:
2754:
2712:
2591:
1109:
1100:
1035:
1031:
227:
6879:
975:
Oxcarbazepine, licarbazepine and many other common drugs influence each other through interaction with the
634:
6747:
6249:
6185:
5576:
4542:
4533:
4097:
4084:
4066:
4008:
3632:
3108:
2883:
2621:
1165:. Aside from this reduction in side effects, it is thought to have the same mechanism as carbamazepine —
6874:
6742:
6468:
6463:
6453:
6213:
6114:
3225:
3145:
2581:
1954:
1701:
475:
5692:
4147:
2660:
584:
6712:
4018:
3237:
1206:
850:. In 2021, it was the 130th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4
7470:
7114:
7019:
5807:
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4273:
4253:
3221:
3187:
2763:
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375:
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4000:
3360:
3275:
2414:
1000:
801:
793:
611:
430:
234:
7847:
7683:
7615:
7480:
6537:
5158:
3903:
3848:
3843:
3808:
2191:
Reinares M, Rosa AR, Franco C, Goikolea JM, Fountoulakis K, Siamouli M, et al. (March 2013).
750:
InChI=1S/C15H12N2O2/c16-15(19)17-12-7-3-1-5-10(12)9-14(18)11-6-2-4-8-13(11)17/h1-8H,9H2,(H2,16,19)
7862:
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7767:
7600:
7360:
7355:
6019:
5782:
5712:
4868:
4863:
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4641:
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4473:
4373:
4243:
4117:
3965:
3928:
3828:
3823:
3723:
3708:
3703:
3668:
3217:
2316:
2193:"A systematic review on the role of anticonvulsants in the treatment of acute bipolar depression"
2173:
2042:
1856:
1805:
1552:
847:
201:
7817:
7772:
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7325:
7079:
6909:
5338:
4761:
4736:
4651:
4298:
4288:
3878:
3868:
3838:
3833:
3798:
3753:
3698:
3688:
3683:
7857:
7737:
7560:
7455:
7430:
7370:
6221:
5343:
5323:
5308:
5278:
4696:
4606:
4038:
3943:
3933:
3913:
3893:
3873:
1054:
to its pharmacologically active 10-monohydroxy derivative licarbazepine (sometimes abbreviated
7940:
6799:
6717:
6517:
6257:
6128:
6014:
6009:
5994:
5802:
5446:
5318:
5298:
4565:
4458:
4212:
3995:
3592:
3466:
3456:
3207:
3195:
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2610:
2559:
2505:
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2265:
2214:
2165:
2130:
2099:
2034:
1848:
1797:
1760:
1623:
1617:
1598:
1544:
1504:
896:
883:
Side effects are dose-dependent. The most common include dizziness, blurred or double vision,
835:
may harm the baby, use may be less risky than having a seizure. Use is not recommended during
325:
312:
129:
4746:
4726:
4122:
4102:
2283:
Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, Argoff C, Brainin M, Burchiel K, et al. (October 2008).
7930:
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5792:
5707:
5507:
5361:
5226:
5015:
5010:
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4107:
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3199:
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2204:
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2122:
2024:
1990:
1838:
1789:
1750:
1740:
1588:
1536:
824:
797:
651:
344:
68:
50:
6277:
846:
Oxcarbazepine was patented in 1969 and came into medical use in 1990. It is available as a
544:
524:
439:
7889:
7757:
7693:
7653:
7610:
7605:
7415:
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7177:
6727:
6547:
6542:
6512:
6341:
6336:
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5859:
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5441:
4908:
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4127:
4053:
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3600:
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3211:
3203:
3191:
3052:
1158:
1150:
1076:
1067:
1051:
976:
867:
362:
352:
843:
there is a 25% risk of problems with oxcarbazepine. How it works is not entirely clear.
638:
615:
7950:
7782:
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7625:
7525:
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7270:
7137:
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6854:
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2260:
2013:"Drug treatment of epilepsy in the century of the ILAE: the second 50 years, 1959-2009"
1755:
1728:
1166:
1089:
941:
Oxcarbazepine may lead to hypothyroxinemia. The well-known reduction in free and total
863:
2232:
Kishi T, Ikuta T, Matsuda Y, Sakuma K, Okuya M, Mishima K, et al. (August 2021).
7899:
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2707:
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2029:
2012:
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1177:
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1130:
1008:
900:
840:
836:
789:
627:
163:
149:
2177:
2046:
1994:
1556:
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7212:
7192:
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6924:
6849:
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6824:
6752:
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6064:
6054:
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5797:
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5231:
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2640:
2404:
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2320:
2126:
1745:
992:
907:
820:
254:
249:
1643:
1408:"Trileptal- oxcarbazepine tablet, film coated Trileptal- oxcarbazepine suspension"
1145:
ring at the 10 position (10-keto). This difference helps reduce the impact on the
464:
1793:
7852:
7822:
7807:
7706:
7701:
7648:
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816:
157:
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1573:
Athar F, Ehsan M, Farooq M, Lo KB, Cheema HA, Ahmad S, et al. (May 2022).
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1004:
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911:
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684:
515:
33:
1823:
Zhai D, Chen J, Guo B, Retnakaran R, Gao S, Zhang X, et al. (May 2022).
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6839:
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2429:
2374:
2148:
Gitlin M, Frye MA (May 2012). "Maintenance therapies in bipolar disorders".
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143:
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1602:
1548:
41:
1981:
Dulsat C, Mealy N, Castaner R, Bolos J (2009). "Eslicarbazepine acetate".
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3349:
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2635:
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2454:
1702:"Oxcarbazepine (By mouth) - National Library of Medicine - PubMed Health"
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17:
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4413:
4393:
4089:
3960:
2501:
1216:
1173:
1112:(HLA) allele B*1502 has been associated with an increased incidence of
1047:
983:
935:
892:
450:
1843:
1824:
1593:
1574:
6093:
5206:
4878:
4798:
4681:
4671:
4453:
4222:
3512:
3333:
1197:
1154:
1134:
1027:
1023:
927:
888:
812:
807:
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness,
575:
393:
945:
concentration may be due to both peripheral and central mechanisms.
3292:
3021:
930:, rash, diarrhea, constipation, decreased appetite, and dry mouth.
914:, hypersensitivity (especially if experienced with carbamazepine),
796:. It has been used both alone and as add-on therapy in people with
564:
4833:
4686:
1220:
1201:
1187:
1146:
1099:
707:
698:
367:
7812:
6331:
5034:
4996:
4779:
1092:
inhibition, and is generally used to treat the same conditions.
555:
331:
306:
6649:
5357:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
5202:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3565:
3241:
3025:
2334:
319:
180:
934:
is a potential side-effect and people could experience severe
113:
6645:
6573:
5063:
1503:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. pp. 319–320.
5481:
1952:[Facts for prescribers: Interaction between drugs].
600:
86:
6409:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5376:
967:
weighed against its anti-epileptic benefit for the mother.
800:
who have had no success with other treatments. It is taken
280:
212:
6305:
3610:
906:
Other, rare, side effects of oxcarbazepine include severe
71:
1244:
has been shown to be effective in the maintenance phase.
982:
Oxcarbazepine and licarbazepine are potent inhibitors of
104:
95:
4575:
2285:"AAN-EFNS guidelines on trigeminal neuralgia management"
1729:"Oxcarbazepine add-on for drug-resistant focal epilepsy"
293:
5266:
5086:
767:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
7873:
5563:
3337:
1950:"Fakta för förskrivare: Interaktion mellan läkemedel"
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
116:
107:
98:
83:
77:
74:
2197:
110:
92:
7715:
7692:
7634:
7261:
7113:
6761:
6683:
6596:
6571:
6564:
6498:
6491:
6444:
6416:
6402:
6380:
6317:
6303:
6294:
6248:
6234:
6212:
6184:
6170:
6113:
5575:
5561:
5552:
5526:
5493:
5479:
5423:
5391:
5374:
5255:
5075:
5061:
5024:
4587:
4573:
4564:
4532:
3622:
3608:
3599:
3449:
3359:
3297:
Tooltip
Serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
3282:
3175:
3107:
3059:
2917:
2873:
2866:
2844:
2753:
2620:
2609:
2573:
2534:
2382:
2373:
1104:
Trileptal (oxcarbazepine), oral suspension 60 mg/ml
696:
683:
650:
645:
626:
594:
574:
554:
534:
514:
494:
483:
474:
449:
429:
400:
387:
374:
361:
351:
343:
270:
265:
240:
226:
200:
170:
156:
138:
128:
89:
62:
57:
1727:Bresnahan R, Atim-Oluk M, Marson AG (March 2020).
1215:. It was approved for use as an anticonvulsant in
6598:
6172:
3418:
3311:
1153:the drug, and also prevents the serious forms of
1022:In addition, oxcarbazepine and licarbazepine are
6236:
463:
6636:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1476:. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
438:
2006:
2004:
1568:
1566:
6661:
6578:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
5068:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3577:
3548:
3253:
3037:
2346:
8:
5486:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1522:
1520:
1129:Oxcarbazepine is a structural derivative of
784:among others, is a medication used to treat
189:
32:
5384:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
2119:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1733:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1470:"Oxcarbazepine Monograph for Professionals"
101:
80:
6668:
6654:
6646:
6568:
6495:
6413:
6314:
6310:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
6300:
6245:
6181:
5572:
5558:
5490:
5388:
5072:
4602:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
4584:
4570:
3619:
3615:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
3605:
3584:
3570:
3562:
3260:
3246:
3238:
3044:
3030:
3022:
2870:
2617:
2379:
2353:
2339:
2331:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
875:but there are concerns over tolerability.
637:
614:
523:
2302:
2259:
2249:
2208:
2028:
1976:
1974:
1842:
1754:
1744:
1592:
543:
4580:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
1830:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1580:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1501:British national formulary : BNF 76
7880:
5274:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
5094:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1674:"Oxcarbazepine - Drug Usage Statistics"
1495:
1493:
1491:
1260:
747:
727:
610:
503:
414:
370:(cytosolic enzymes and glucuronic acid)
162:
1622:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 532.
628:
31:
5568:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
3342:Tooltip monoamine reuptake inhibitors
1921:Indiana University School of Medicine
1696:
1694:
1616:Fischer J, Ganellin CR, eds. (2006).
583:
148:
7:
5503:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1654:from the original on 15 January 2024
1280:"Oxcarbazepine Use During Pregnancy"
253:
4597:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
2065:United States Department of Justice
1708:. National Center for Biotechnology
815:. Serious side effects may include
788:. For epilepsy it is used for both
563:
454:
1319:from the original on 3 August 2023
25:
7416:Levomepromazine/Methotrimeprazine
6603:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
6177:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
3423:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
3316:Tooltip Tricyclic antidepressants
1529:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
730:O=C3c1c(cccc1)N(c2ccccc2C3)C(=O)N
421:-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide
7883:
7035:Nortriptyline (noramitriptyline)
6241:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
2304:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02185.x
2162:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.00992.x
2071:from the original on 22 May 2023
2030:10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02042.x
1913:"Drug Interactions: Cytochrome P
1034:against high blood pressure and
899:appears to be lower compared to
668:
662:
67:
49:
40:
1995:10.1358/dof.2009.034.03.1352675
908:low blood sodium (hyponatremia)
755:Key:CTRLABGOLIVAIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
4059:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
2127:10.1002/14651858.CD004857.pub2
1746:10.1002/14651858.CD012433.pub2
839:. In those with an allergy to
674:
656:
134:Trileptal, Oxtellar XR, others
1:
6632:Receptor/signaling modulators
4034:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
2290:European Journal of Neurology
1619:Analogue-based Drug Discovery
1161:occasionally associated with
938:as a result of sun exposure.
873:drug-resistant focal epilepsy
302:(Other controlled substances)
1794:10.1097/WNF.0000000000000387
780:, sold under the brand name
7926:Drugs developed by Novartis
1196:First made in 1966, it was
1032:calcium channel antagonists
922:, and thoughts of suicide.
7967:
7301:Carfenazine (carphenazine)
5595:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
2251:10.1038/s41380-020-00946-6
1781:Clinical Neuropharmacology
1315:(published 4 April 2023).
1118:toxic epidermal necrolysis
916:toxic epidermal necrolysis
646:Chemical and physical data
383:1–5 hours (healthy adults)
7030:Northiaden (nordosulepin)
6768:Tricyclic antidepressants
6625:
6105:Tricyclic antidepressants
5114:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3495:NMDA receptor antagonists
2982:
2210:10.1017/s1461145712000491
2011:Shorvon SD (March 2009).
1139:carbon–carbon double bond
763:
738:
718:
405:
48:
39:
27:Anticonvulsant medication
7173:Hydroxyethylpromethazine
1541:10.1517/14656566.8.5.649
1247:It may be beneficial in
1114:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
920:Stevens–Johnson syndrome
868:focal (partial) seizures
7659:Eslicarbazepine acetate
6865:Depramine (balipramine)
5718:Eslicarbazepine acetate
3109:Atypical antipsychotics
2713:Eslicarbazepine acetate
1917:Drug Interaction Table"
1313:Diário Oficial da União
1192:300mg Trileptal tablets
1110:human leukocyte antigen
1066:Oxcarbazepine has high
854:million prescriptions.
7561:Savoxepin/Cipazoxapine
6748:Pyridinobenzodiazepine
5462:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
3593:Ion channel modulators
1193:
1176:which is activated to
1105:
871:an add-on therapy for
417:10,11-dihydro-10-oxo-5
6895:Dosulepin (dothiepin)
6880:Desmethyltrimipramine
6875:Desmethylclomipramine
6870:(desmethylimipramine)
6743:Pyridazinobenzoxazine
3819:Ryodipine (riodipine)
3226:eicosapentaenoic acid
2067:. 30 September 2010.
1911:Flockhart DA (2007).
1644:"The Top 300 of 2021"
1191:
1103:
5808:Valproate semisodium
4339:Carboxyamidotriazole
4274:Gabapentin enacarbil
4254:Arbaclofen placarbil
3361:Ion channel blockers
3222:docosahexaenoic acid
2238:Molecular Psychiatry
2098:(Suppl 3): 595–603.
2092:Psychiatria Danubina
1249:trigeminal neuralgia
862:Oxcarbazepine is an
813:trouble with walking
794:generalized seizures
6708:Dibenzocycloheptene
6459:1,10-Phenanthroline
5016:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
4001:Tetrahydropalmatine
3218:Omega-3 fatty acids
2415:Methylphenobarbital
2023:(Suppl 3): 93–130.
1983:Drugs of the Future
1172:Oxcarbazepine is a
1050:, which is largely
1046:Oxcarbazepine is a
1036:oral contraceptives
1001:methylphenobarbital
831:. While use during
829:abnormal heart beat
315:(Prescription only)
289:(Prescription only)
36:
6469:7,8-Benzoquinoline
6464:4,7-Phenanthroline
6454:1,7-Phenanthroline
5830:Local anesthetics:
5362:ML-297 (VU0456810)
4869:Diallyl trisulfide
4864:Dextropropoxyphene
4767:Tetraethylammonium
4474:Pinaverium bromide
4244:4-Methylpregabalin
3009:Never to phase III
2156:(Suppl 2): 51–65.
1194:
1106:
897:movement disorders
848:generic medication
819:, liver problems,
7871:
7870:
6800:Amitriptylinoxide
6718:Dibenzothiazepine
6643:
6642:
6621:
6620:
6560:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6518:Meclofenamic acid
6487:
6486:
6398:
6397:
6290:
6289:
6286:
6285:
6230:
6229:
6166:
6165:
6040:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
5803:Valproate pivoxil
5693:Acetylpheneturide
5548:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5475:
5474:
5447:Meclofenamic acid
5410:Ethanol (alcohol)
5370:
5369:
5319:Minoxidil sulfate
5057:
5056:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4459:Otilonium bromide
4384:Ethanol (alcohol)
4148:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
3884:Phenylalkylamines
3559:
3558:
3467:Botulinum toxin A
3457:Alpha lipoic acid
3403:Local anesthetics
3276:pharmacotherapies
3235:
3234:
3208:lithium hydroxide
3196:lithium carbonate
3094:Valproate pivoxil
3019:
3018:
2978:
2977:
2862:
2861:
2846:Potassium openers
2764:Oxazolidinediones
2696:Valproate pivoxil
2661:Acetylpheneturide
2605:
2604:
2560:Valproate pivoxil
2536:GABA-T inhibitors
2506:potassium bromide
2297:(10): 1013–1028.
2150:Bipolar Disorders
2063:(Press release).
1844:10.1111/bcp.15163
1594:10.1111/bcp.15413
1307:(31 March 2023).
775:
774:
709:Interactive image
596:CompTox Dashboard
335:
323:
310:
297:
284:
216:
183:
16:(Redirected from
7958:
7936:Mood stabilizers
7888:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7694:Anticholinergics
7576:Thiethylperazine
7541:Prochlorperazine
6772:
6713:Dibenzodiazepine
6670:
6663:
6656:
6647:
6604:
6600:
6579:
6575:
6569:
6496:
6414:
6410:
6406:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6182:
6178:
6174:
5793:Sodium valproate
5708:Chlorphenacemide
5690:Anticonvulsants:
5573:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5508:Arachidonic acid
5491:
5487:
5483:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5358:
5354:
5275:
5271:
5227:Dextromethorphan
5203:
5199:
5095:
5091:
5073:
5069:
5065:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4543:L-type-selective
4354:Dimeditiapramine
4316:Others/unsorted:
4098:T-type-selective
4085:R-type-selective
4067:P-type-selective
4019:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
4009:N-type-selective
3639:Dihydropyridines
3633:L-type-selective
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3550:
3547:Sodium oxybate (
3503:dextromethorphan
3424:
3420:
3343:
3339:
3317:
3313:
3298:
3294:
3269:Neuropathic pain
3262:
3255:
3248:
3239:
3200:lithium chloride
3053:Mood stabilizers
3046:
3039:
3032:
3023:
2871:
2755:Calcium blockers
2666:Chlorphenacemide
2618:
2592:GAT-1 inhibitors
2380:
2355:
2348:
2341:
2332:
2325:
2324:
2306:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2244:(8): 4146–4157.
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2121:(12): CD004857.
2114:
2108:
2107:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2032:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1908:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1846:
1837:(5): 2297–2305.
1820:
1814:
1813:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1596:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1497:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1437:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1404:
1329:
1328:
1326:
1324:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1276:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1204:in 1969 through
1137:in place of the
1096:Pharmacogenetics
1083:Pharmacodynamics
1062:Pharmacokinetics
932:Photosensitivity
910:, anaphylaxis /
853:
825:suicide ideation
798:bipolar disorder
771:
770:
711:
691:
676:
670:
664:
658:
641:
630:
619:
618:
604:
602:
587:
567:
547:
527:
507:
487:
467:
457:
456:
442:
379:
333:
330:
321:
318:
308:
305:
295:
292:
282:
279:
257:
214:
211:
193:
182:
179:
166:
152:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
79:
76:
73:
53:
44:
37:
35:
21:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7955:
7921:Embryotoxicants
7911:CYP3A4 inducers
7906:Anticonvulsants
7896:
7895:
7894:
7884:
7882:
7874:
7872:
7867:
7758:Cyclobenzaprine
7711:
7688:
7654:Eslicarbazepine
7636:Anticonvulsants
7630:
7611:Triflupromazine
7606:Trifluoperazine
7471:Octomethothepin
7316:Chlorprothixene
7257:
7178:Isopromethazine
7109:
7020:Norbutriptyline
6770:
6765:
6763:Antidepressants
6757:
6728:Dibenzoxazepine
6679:
6674:
6644:
6639:
6617:
6602:
6592:
6577:
6552:
6548:Trifluoperazine
6543:Tolfenamic acid
6513:Flufenamic acid
6483:
6440:
6408:
6394:
6376:
6342:Flufenamic acid
6337:Ethacrynic acid
6309:
6282:
6240:
6226:
6208:
6176:
6162:
6109:
5940:Metabutoxycaine
5905:Diphenhydramine
5895:Cyclomethycaine
5860:Levobupivacaine
5567:
5540:
5522:
5485:
5471:
5467:Tolfenamic acid
5442:Flufenamic acid
5437:
5419:
5405:
5383:
5380:
5366:
5356:
5273:
5270:
5251:
5201:
5093:
5090:
5067:
5053:
5038:
5020:
5000:
4909:Norpropoxyphene
4786:11.1)-specific:
4785:
4579:
4552:
4528:
4484:Rhynchophylline
4234:
3614:
3595:
3590:
3560:
3555:
3445:
3422:
3369:Anticonvulsants
3355:
3341:
3315:
3296:
3278:
3266:
3236:
3231:
3212:lithium orotate
3204:lithium citrate
3192:lithium acetate
3171:
3103:
3061:Anticonvulsants
3055:
3050:
3020:
3015:
3014:
2999:Clinical trials
2974:
2913:
2858:
2840:
2749:
2622:Sodium blockers
2612:
2601:
2569:
2530:
2450:Benzodiazepines
2387:
2369:
2362:Anticonvulsants
2359:
2329:
2328:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2010:
2009:
2002:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1962:
1960:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1925:
1923:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1739:(3): CD012433.
1726:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1709:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1405:
1332:
1322:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1262:
1257:
1237:
1211:
1205:
1186:
1159:agranulocytosis
1127:
1098:
1085:
1077:Glucuronic acid
1068:bioavailability
1064:
1044:
977:cytochrome P450
973:
964:
951:
881:
860:
851:
766:
764:
759:
756:
751:
746:
745:
734:
731:
726:
725:
714:
689:
679:
673:
667:
661:
622:
598:
590:
570:
550:
530:
510:
490:
470:
453:
445:
425:
422:
413:
412:
377:
353:Bioavailability
345:Pharmacokinetic
339:
261:
229:
222:
203:
196:
70:
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7964:
7962:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7916:Dibenzazepines
7913:
7908:
7898:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7785:
7783:Methylene blue
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7735:
7730:
7728:Aminopromazine
7725:
7719:
7717:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7704:
7698:
7696:
7690:
7689:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7640:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7626:Zuclopenthixol
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7526:Piperacetazine
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7411:Isofloxythepin
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7311:Chlorpromazine
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7271:Acetophenazine
7267:
7265:
7263:Antipsychotics
7259:
7258:
7256:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7138:Cyproheptadine
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7115:Antihistamines
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6935:Imipraminoxide
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6855:Cyanodothiepin
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6759:
6758:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6723:Dibenzothiepin
6720:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6689:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6673:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6626:
6623:
6622:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6607:
6605:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6582:
6580:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6558:
6557:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6523:Mefenamic acid
6520:
6515:
6510:
6504:
6502:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6481:
6479:Phenanthridine
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6450:
6448:
6442:
6441:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6422:
6420:
6411:
6400:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6392:
6386:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6321:
6312:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6288:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6280:
6275:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6254:
6252:
6243:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6218:
6216:
6210:
6209:
6207:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6190:
6188:
6179:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6127:Atracotoxins (
6125:
6119:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6087:
6082:
6073:
6072:
6070:Zetekitoxin AB
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6043:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5988:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5970:Proxymetacaine
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5880:Chloroprocaine
5877:
5872:
5867:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5686:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5591:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5570:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5532:
5530:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5477:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5470:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5435:
5429:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5417:
5412:
5403:
5397:
5395:
5386:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5268:
5261:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5154:Glyclopyramide
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5109:Chlorpropamide
5106:
5101:
5088:
5081:
5079:
5070:
5059:
5058:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5036:
5030:
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4854:Clarithromycin
4851:
4846:
4844:Chlorpromazine
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4582:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4538:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4464:Paramethadione
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4239:gabapentinoids
4232:
4226:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:Non-selective:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4093:
4092:
4080:
4079:
4077:ω-Agatoxin IVB
4074:
4072:ω-Agatoxin IVA
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4029:Huwentoxin XVI
4026:
4021:
4016:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3981:Cyproheptadine
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3739:Levniguldipine
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3679:Dexniguldipine
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3628:
3626:
3617:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3544:
3510:
3492:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3415:
3410:
3400:
3365:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3331:
3308:
3288:
3286:
3284:Monoaminergics
3280:
3279:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3257:
3250:
3242:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3215:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3010:
3007:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2877:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2811:
2804:Gabapentinoids
2796:
2791:
2776:
2774:Paramethadione
2771:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2693:
2688:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2607:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2582:GABAR agonists
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:(and related):
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2510:sodium bromide
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2442:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2395:
2393:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2335:
2327:
2326:
2275:
2224:
2203:(2): 485–496.
2183:
2140:
2109:
2082:
2052:
2000:
1970:
1933:
1914:
1892:
1881:. 18 July 2020
1866:
1815:
1770:
1719:
1690:
1665:
1635:
1628:
1608:
1587:(8): 3000–09.
1562:
1535:(5): 649–656.
1516:
1509:
1487:
1452:
1424:
1330:
1296:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1236:
1233:
1200:-protected by
1185:
1182:
1180:in the liver.
1167:sodium channel
1126:
1123:
1097:
1094:
1090:sodium channel
1084:
1081:
1063:
1060:
1043:
1040:
972:
969:
963:
960:
950:
947:
880:
877:
864:anticonvulsant
859:
856:
790:focal seizures
773:
772:
761:
760:
758:
757:
754:
752:
749:
741:
740:
739:
736:
735:
733:
732:
729:
721:
720:
719:
716:
715:
713:
712:
704:
702:
694:
693:
687:
681:
680:
677:
671:
665:
659:
654:
648:
647:
643:
642:
632:
624:
623:
621:
620:
607:
605:
592:
591:
589:
588:
580:
578:
572:
571:
569:
568:
560:
558:
552:
551:
549:
548:
540:
538:
532:
531:
529:
528:
520:
518:
512:
511:
509:
508:
500:
498:
492:
491:
489:
488:
480:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
460:
458:
447:
446:
444:
443:
435:
433:
427:
426:
424:
423:
416:
408:
407:
406:
403:
402:
398:
397:
391:
385:
384:
381:
372:
371:
365:
359:
358:
355:
349:
348:
341:
340:
338:
337:
328:
316:
303:
290:
276:
274:
268:
267:
263:
262:
260:
259:
246:
244:
238:
237:
232:
230:administration
224:
223:
221:
220:
218:
208:
206:
198:
197:
195:
194:
176:
174:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
146:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
64:
60:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7963:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7891:
7881:
7877:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7744:
7741:
7739:
7736:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7699:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:Oxitriptyline
7677:
7675:
7674:Oxcarbazepine
7672:
7670:
7669:Licarbazepine
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7644:Carbamazepine
7642:
7641:
7639:
7637:
7633:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7581:Thiopropazate
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7566:Sulforidazine
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7496:Peradithiepin
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7436:Meperathiepin
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7417:
7414:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7366:Docloxythepin
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7153:Desloratadine
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Protriptyline
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7015:Nitroxazepine
7013:
7011:
7010:Monometacrine
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6983:
6981:
6978:
6976:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6946:
6943:
6941:
6938:
6936:
6933:
6931:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6860:Demexiptiline
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6795:Amitriptyline
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6777:
6775:
6769:
6764:
6760:
6754:
6751:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6738:Phenothiazine
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6714:
6711:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6703:Dibenzazepine
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6630:
6624:
6613:
6609:
6608:
6606:
6601:
6595:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6563:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6533:Niflumic acid
6531:
6529:
6526:
6524:
6521:
6519:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6501:
6497:
6494:
6490:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6443:
6437:
6434:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6426:Glibenclamide
6424:
6423:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6407:
6401:
6391:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6373:
6372:Niflumic acid
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6357:Glibenclamide
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6279:
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6239:
6233:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6183:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6153:Grayanotoxins
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6143:Batrachotoxin
6141:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6129:ω-Atracotoxin
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:
6112:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6080:Buprenorphine
6078:
6075:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5835:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Valproic acid
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5758:Oxitriptyline
5756:
5754:
5753:Oxcarbazepine
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5743:Licarbazepine
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Carbamazepine
5696:
5694:
5691:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5585:Antianginals:
5583:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5518:Norfluoxetine
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5478:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Niflumic acid
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5382:
5373:
5363:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5304:Levcromakalim
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5099:Acetohexamide
5097:
5092:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4994:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:Roxithromycin
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4637:Charybdotoxin
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4578:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Trimethadione
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:Diproteverine
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4314:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4218:Ruthenium red
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4193:Levetiracetam
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4143:ω-Agatoxin TK
4141:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Niflumic acid
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Levamlodipine
3732:
3730:
3729:Lercanidipine
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3552:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:buprenorphine
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3431:nortriptyline
3428:
3427:amitriptyline
3421:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:oxcarbazepine
3386:
3385:carbamazepine
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3324:nortriptyline
3321:
3320:amitriptyline
3314:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3249:
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3227:
3223:
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3216:
3213:
3209:
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3197:
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3112:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Oxcarbazepine
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Carbamazepine
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2965:Levetiracetam
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
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2926:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Ethoxzolamide
2892:
2890:
2889:Acetazolamide
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2875:CA inhibitors
2872:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
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2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:Trimethadione
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2718:Oxcarbazepine
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:Carbamazepine
2706:
2704:
2702:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2674:
2672:
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2500:
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2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Phenobarbital
2423:
2421:
2420:Pentobarbital
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
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2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
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2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2110:
2105:
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2097:
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2070:
2066:
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2056:
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2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
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1958:
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1629:9783527607495
1625:
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1510:9780857113382
1506:
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1488:
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1471:
1465:
1463:
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1459:
1457:
1453:
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1440:Ema.europa.eu
1434:
1428:
1425:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:
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1300:
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1254:
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1243:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1178:licarbazepine
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:carbamazepine
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1143:dibenzazepine
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:carbamazepine
1124:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:phenobarbital
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
980:
978:
970:
968:
962:Breastfeeding
961:
959:
957:
948:
946:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
902:
901:carbamazepine
898:
894:
890:
886:
878:
876:
874:
869:
865:
857:
855:
849:
844:
842:
841:carbamazepine
838:
837:breastfeeding
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:double vision
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
778:Oxcarbazepine
769:
762:
753:
748:
744:
737:
728:
724:
717:
710:
706:
705:
703:
700:
695:
688:
686:
682:
655:
653:
649:
644:
640:
636:
633:
631:
629:ECHA InfoCard
625:
617:
613:
612:DTXSID0045703
609:
608:
606:
597:
593:
586:
582:
581:
579:
577:
573:
566:
562:
561:
559:
557:
553:
546:
542:
541:
539:
537:
533:
526:
522:
521:
519:
517:
513:
506:
502:
501:
499:
497:
493:
486:
482:
481:
479:
477:
473:
466:
462:
461:
459:
452:
448:
441:
437:
436:
434:
432:
428:
420:
415:
411:
404:
399:
395:
392:
390:
386:
382:
380:
373:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
336: Rx-only
329:
327:
317:
314:
304:
301:
291:
288:
278:
277:
275:
273:
269:
264:
256:
251:
248:
247:
245:
243:
239:
236:
233:
231:
225:
219:
210:
209:
207:
205:
199:
192:
191:Oxcarbazepine
187:
178:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
121:
65:
63:Pronunciation
61:
58:Clinical data
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:Oxcarbazepine
30:
19:
7848:Siltenzepine
7743:Benzoctamine
7684:Rispenzepine
7673:
7616:Trifluthepin
7586:Thioridazine
7551:Prothipendyl
7511:Perphenazine
7486:Oxyprothepin
7481:Oxyclothepin
7441:Mesoridazine
7406:Homopipramol
7396:Fluphenazine
7331:Clocapramine
7306:Carpipramine
7296:Butaperazine
7253:Thiazinamium
7243:Propiomazine
7238:Promethazine
7228:Phenindamine
7213:Methdilazine
7193:Latrepirdine
7183:Isothipendyl
7105:Trimipramine
7100:Tienopramine
7075:Quinupramine
7045:Octriptyline
6940:Intriptyline
6925:Homopipramol
6850:Cotriptyline
6845:Clomipramine
6830:Cianopramine
6825:Butriptyline
6753:Thioxanthene
6733:Dibenzoxepin
6628:
6627:
6538:Talniflumate
6076:
6065:Tetrodotoxin
6055:Neosaxitoxin
6046:
5991:
5965:Propoxycaine
5900:Dimethocaine
5833:
5829:
5798:Valnoctamide
5752:
5728:Fosphenytoin
5689:
5663:Procainamide
5653:Pilsicainide
5608:Disopyramide
5594:
5584:
5432:
5400:
5350:
5264:
5232:Ethosuximide
5217:Cloperastine
5195:
5164:Metahexamide
5159:Glycyclamide
5119:Glibornuride
5084:
5033:
4995:
4974:Thioridazine
4929:Promethazine
4914:Orphenadrine
4904:Ketoconazole
4889:Erythromycin
4778:
4541:
4469:Phensuximide
4449:Ochratoxin A
4389:Ethosuximide
4315:
4237:-selective (
4229:
4139:
4096:
4083:
4065:
4014:ω-Conotoxins
4007:
3957:
3939:Norverapamil
3904:Dexverapamil
3882:
3856:derivatives:
3852:
3849:Vatanidipine
3844:Trombodipine
3809:Palonidipine
3794:Nitrendipine
3749:Mepirodipine
3654:Azelnidipine
3637:
3631:
3477:Cannabinoids
3462:Benfotiamine
3388:
3273:fibromyalgia
3152:Paliperidone
3117:Aripiprazole
3089:Valnoctamide
3078:
2955:Fenfluramine
2935:Brivaracetam
2884:Sulfonamides
2882:
2817:
2802:
2799:Phensuximide
2789:Ethosuximide
2784:Succinimides
2782:
2762:
2721:
2717:
2701:Carboxamides
2699:
2679:
2654:
2641:Fosphenytoin
2629:
2590:
2580:
2543:
2498:
2448:
2433:
2405:Barbexaclone
2400:Barbiturates
2398:
2294:
2288:
2278:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2118:
2112:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2055:
2020:
2016:
1986:
1982:
1961:. Retrieved
1959:(in Swedish)
1957:Vårdpersonal
1953:
1948:Sjöqvist F.
1924:. Retrieved
1883:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1834:
1828:
1818:
1788:(3): 66–80.
1785:
1779:
1773:
1736:
1732:
1722:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:mmdn/DNX1023
1705:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1647:
1638:
1618:
1611:
1584:
1578:
1532:
1528:
1500:
1478:. Retrieved
1473:
1443:. Retrieved
1439:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1411:
1321:. Retrieved
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1246:
1238:
1195:
1171:
1151:metabolizing
1128:
1107:
1086:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1042:Pharmacology
1021:
993:hexobarbital
981:
974:
971:Interactions
965:
952:
940:
924:
905:
882:
879:Side effects
861:
858:Medical uses
845:
821:pancreatitis
806:
781:
777:
776:
765:
418:
376:Elimination
272:Legal status
266:Legal status
172:License data
29:
7863:Zolenzepine
7853:Telenzepine
7823:Pirenzepine
7808:Pipazethate
7793:Nuvenzepine
7778:Fluradoline
7768:Darenzepine
7707:Tropatepine
7702:Profenamine
7649:Dizocilpine
7601:Traboxopine
7591:Thiothixene
7531:Pipotiazine
7516:Periciazine
7501:Perathiepin
7461:Mosapramine
7401:Gevotroline
7391:Flupentixol
7381:Flumezapine
7361:Doclothepin
7356:Cyanothepin
7341:Clorotepine
7276:Alimemazine
7233:Pimethixene
7223:Oxomemazine
7218:Olopatadine
7208:Mequitazine
7203:Mebhydrolin
7168:Fenethazine
7163:Etymemazine
7133:Clobenzepam
7065:Propizepine
7060:Pirandamine
7040:Noxiptiline
7005:Mirtazapine
6995:Metapramine
6980:Mariptiline
6975:Maprotiline
6960:Lofepramine
6950:Ketipramine
6905:Enprazepine
6890:Dimetacrine
6835:Ciclazindol
6204:Triamterene
6158:Poneratoxin
6148:Ciguatoxins
6035:Raxatrigine
6030:Ralfinamide
6025:PF-05089771
6020:PF-04531083
5992:Analgesics:
5950:Piperocaine
5935:Meprylcaine
5930:Mepivacaine
5885:Cinchocaine
5864:Ropivacaine
5856:Bupivacaine
5783:Sipatrigine
5768:Pheneturide
5763:Phenacemide
5748:Mephenytoin
5733:Lamotrigine
5713:Elpetrigine
5668:Propafenone
5613:Dronedarone
5189:Tolbutamide
5179:Repaglinide
5174:Nateglinide
5169:Mitiglinide
5149:Glisoxepide
5134:Glimepiride
5124:Glicaramide
5104:Carbutamide
5006:Linopirdine
4989:Vernakalant
4979:Tolterodine
4969:Terfenadine
4959:Tamulotoxin
4954:Solifenacin
4924:PNU-282,987
4899:Haloperidol
4894:Gigactonine
4874:Domperidone
4859:Darifenacin
4824:Bedaquiline
4809:Azaspiracid
4772:Vernakalant
4707:Linopirdine
4667:Dronedarone
4657:Dendrotoxin
4642:Clamikalant
4514:Tolperisone
4509:Tetrandrine
4499:Sipatrigine
4494:Silperisone
4479:Prenylamine
4419:Lidoflazine
4374:Elpetrigine
4284:Mirogabalin
4188:Lamotrigine
4183:Flunarizine
4178:Efonidipine
4168:Cinnarizine
4163:Cilnidipine
4118:NNC 55-0396
4044:Ralfinamide
3991:Fantofarone
3986:Dronedarone
3971:Budiodarone
3966:Brinazarone
3929:Levemopamil
3829:Sornidipine
3824:Sagandipine
3814:Pranidipine
3789:Nisoldipine
3779:Nilvadipine
3769:Niguldipine
3759:Nicardipine
3724:Lemildipine
3709:Iganidipine
3704:Furnidipine
3669:Cronidipine
3664:Clevidipine
3659:Barnidipine
3649:Aranidipine
3517:hydrocodone
3435:desipramine
3397:lamotrigine
3381:mirogabalin
3305:milnacipran
3167:Ziprasidone
3162:Risperidone
3146:+fluoxetine
3127:Cariprazine
3074:Lamotrigine
2995:from market
2945:Carisbamate
2940:Cannabidiol
2826:Lamotrigine
2730:Lamotrigine
2681:Fatty acids
2676:Pheneturide
2671:Phenacemide
2646:Mephenytoin
2545:Fatty acids
2526:Stiripentol
2521:Paraldehyde
2485:Nimetazepam
2465:Clorazepate
2410:Metharbital
2075:11 November
1885:10 November
1052:metabolized
997:mephenytoin
956:teratogenic
817:anaphylaxis
692: g·mol
635:100.044.702
401:Identifiers
158:MedlinePlus
130:Trade names
7946:Teratogens
7900:Categories
7843:Serazapine
7833:Pitrazepin
7818:Pinadoline
7773:Elanzepine
7763:Damotepine
7748:Carvedilol
7596:Tilozepine
7571:Tenilapine
7556:Quetiapine
7536:Piquindone
7491:Pentiapine
7476:Olanzapine
7451:Metitepine
7426:Lurasidone
7386:Fluotracen
7376:Flucindole
7346:Clotiapine
7326:Citatepine
7321:Ciclindole
7291:Butaclamol
7248:Rupatadine
7198:Loratadine
7158:Epinastine
7148:Deptropine
7143:Dacemazine
7095:Tianeptine
7090:Tampramine
7080:Spiroxepin
7055:Pipofezine
7025:Nordoxepin
6990:Melitracen
6930:Imipramine
6915:Fluotracen
6910:Fantridone
6885:Dibenzepin
6820:Batelapine
6815:Azepindole
6810:Aptazapine
6790:Amineptine
6698:Anthracene
6677:Tricyclics
6508:Bumetanide
6446:Activators
6436:Piretanide
6431:Lonidamine
6382:Activators
6367:Mibefradil
6362:Mefloquine
6352:Furosemide
6347:Fluoxetine
6327:Crofelemer
6214:Activators
6137:Versutoxin
6133:Robustoxin
6115:Activators
6100:Safinamide
6050:Conotoxins
5985:Trimecaine
5980:Tetracaine
5955:Prilocaine
5945:Orthocaine
5920:Iontocaine
5915:Hexylcaine
5910:Etidocaine
5851:Benzocaine
5841:Amylocaine
5823:Zonisamide
5818:Valpromide
5788:Topiramate
5778:Rufinamide
5738:Lacosamide
5703:Cenobamate
5658:Prajmaline
5648:Moricizine
5643:Mexiletine
5638:Lorcainide
5623:Flecainide
5588:Ranolazine
5528:Activators
5513:Fluoxetine
5457:Nimesulide
5439:-specific:
5425:Activators
5407:-specific:
5359:-specific:
5339:Rilmakalim
5329:Nicorandil
5289:Cromakalim
5276:-specific:
5257:Activators
5247:Tipepidine
5237:Ifenprodil
5212:Caramiphen
5204:-specific:
5184:Tolazamide
5144:Gliquidone
5129:Gliclazide
5096:-specific:
5049:Retigabine
5044:Flupirtine
5041:-specific:
5026:Activators
5003:-specific:
4984:Vanoxerine
4964:Terodiline
4949:Sertindole
4939:Ranolazine
4804:Astemizole
4794:Amiodarone
4762:Terikalant
4737:Pinokalant
4722:Nifekalant
4717:Maurotoxin
4712:Lolitrem B
4702:Kaliotoxin
4662:Dofetilide
4652:Dalazatide
4647:Conotoxins
4617:Amiodarone
4612:Almokalant
4534:Activators
4524:Valperinol
4504:Terodiline
4444:Naftopidil
4434:Mesuximide
4364:Enpiperate
4344:Cycleanine
4329:Bevantolol
4319:Bencyclane
4309:Pregabalin
4299:PD-299,685
4294:PD-217,014
4289:PD-200,347
4279:Imagabalin
4269:Gabapentin
4259:Atagabalin
4249:Arbaclofen
4208:Mibefradil
4203:Loperamide
4198:Lomerizine
4173:Dotarizine
4153:Benidipine
4133:Zonisamide
4049:Safinamide
4024:Caroverine
3976:Celivarone
3924:Gallopamil
3879:Siratiazem
3869:Iprotiazem
3859:Clentiazem
3839:Tiamdipine
3834:Teludipine
3799:Olradipine
3784:Nimodipine
3774:Niludipine
3764:Nifedipine
3754:Mesudipine
3744:Manidipine
3719:Lacidipine
3714:Isradipine
3699:Flordipine
3694:Felodipine
3689:Elnadipine
3684:Elgodipine
3674:Darodipine
3644:Amlodipine
3541:tapentadol
3485:dronabinol
3441:Ziconotide
3413:Mexiletine
3393:lacosamide
3377:pregabalin
3373:gabapentin
3346:tapentadol
3301:duloxetine
3157:Quetiapine
3142:Olanzapine
3137:Lurasidone
3099:Valpromide
2970:Perampanel
2960:Ganaxolone
2950:Etiracetam
2909:Zonisamide
2904:Topiramate
2854:Retigabine
2836:Zonisamide
2831:Topiramate
2814:Pregabalin
2809:Gabapentin
2794:Mesuximide
2745:Zonisamide
2740:Topiramate
2735:Rufinamide
2725:Lacosamide
2691:Valpromide
2631:Hydantoins
2613:modulators
2565:Vigabatrin
2555:Valpromide
2490:Nitrazepam
2460:Clonazepam
2440:Cenobamate
2435:Carbamates
2375:GABAergics
1989:(3): 189.
1712:2 November
1683:14 January
1658:14 January
1417:9 November
1255:References
1207:DE 2011087
1005:nordazepam
912:angioedema
697:3D model (
685:Molar mass
585:ChEMBL1068
545:VZI5B1W380
516:ChemSpider
476:IUPHAR/BPS
440:28721-07-5
431:CAS Number
410:IUPAC name
363:Metabolism
7858:Tipindole
7838:Pizotifen
7803:Perlapine
7798:Oxetorone
7788:Monatepil
7753:Cidoxepin
7738:Beloxepin
7733:Atiprosin
7723:Adosopine
7664:Etazepine
7546:Promazine
7521:Pinoxepin
7456:Metoxepin
7446:Metiapine
7431:Maroxepin
7371:Erizepine
7351:Clozapine
7336:Clomacran
7286:Asenapine
7281:Amoxapine
7188:Ketotifen
7128:Bisulepin
7123:Azatadine
7085:Tandamine
7050:Opipramol
6965:Losindole
6945:Iprindole
6920:Hepzidine
6840:Cidoxepin
6805:Amoxapine
6785:Amezepine
6780:Amoxapine
6629:See also:
6528:Mepacrine
6474:Ivacaftor
6390:Carbachol
6273:Ibuprofen
6263:Amiloride
6222:Solnatide
6194:Amiloride
6123:Aconitine
6085:Evenamide
6060:Saxitoxin
5975:Risocaine
5925:Lidocaine
5870:Butacaine
5846:Articaine
5773:Phenytoin
5683:Tocainide
5678:Sparteine
5673:Quinidine
5633:Lorajmine
5628:Lidocaine
5618:Encainide
5603:Aprindine
5344:Sarakalim
5334:Pinacidil
5324:Naminidil
5314:Minoxidil
5309:Mazokalim
5294:Diazoxide
5284:Bimakalim
5279:Aprikalim
5242:Tertiapin
5222:Clozapine
5139:Glipizide
4934:Quinidine
4884:Ergtoxins
4849:Cisapride
4839:BRL-32872
4819:Azimilide
4782:(KCNH2, K
4757:Tedisamil
4742:Quinidine
4732:Paxilline
4697:Inakalant
4692:Ibutilide
4677:Hanatoxin
4632:Bunaftine
4627:Bretylium
4622:Azimilide
4607:Adekalant
4566:Potassium
4548:Bay K8644
4489:Sesamodil
4439:Monatepil
4429:Manoalide
4424:Magnesium
4409:Imepitoin
4399:Fendiline
4379:Ethadione
4369:Eperisone
4349:Dauricine
4324:Berbamine
4235:δ subunit
4039:PD-173212
3954:Verapamil
3944:Ronipamil
3934:Nexopamil
3919:Falipamil
3914:Etripamil
3899:Devapamil
3894:Dagapamil
3874:Nictiazem
3864:Diltiazem
3854:Diltiazem
3804:Oxodipine
3529:methadone
3525:oxycodone
3507:methadone
3472:Bupropion
3407:lidocaine
3328:dosulepin
3132:Clozapine
3122:Asenapine
3084:Valproate
3005:Phase III
2993:Withdrawn
2930:Beclamide
2821:Imepitoin
2769:Ethadione
2686:Valproate
2651:Phenytoin
2597:Tiagabine
2587:Progabide
2550:Valproate
2516:Imepitoin
2495:Temazepam
2480:Midazolam
2475:Lorazepam
2445:Felbamate
2430:Primidone
2017:Epilepsia
1861:244818801
1810:218563266
1474:Drugs.com
1323:16 August
1284:Drugs.com
1223:in 1993,
1219:in 1990,
1133:, with a
1125:Structure
1072:half-life
1017:primidone
1013:phenytoin
949:Pregnancy
943:thyroxine
885:nystagmus
833:pregnancy
827:, and an
782:Trileptal
389:Excretion
378:half-life
228:Routes of
202:Pregnancy
150:Monograph
144:Drugs.com
18:Trileptal
7941:Prodrugs
7890:Medicine
7828:Pirolate
7621:Zotepine
7506:Perazine
7421:Loxapine
7000:Mezepine
6985:Mazindol
6970:Loxapine
6955:Litracen
6693:Acridine
6614:instead.
6589:instead.
6500:Blockers
6492:Unsorted
6418:Blockers
6319:Blockers
6296:Chloride
6258:A-317567
6250:Blockers
6199:Benzamil
6186:Blockers
6015:NKTR-171
6010:GDC-0276
6005:Funapide
6000:DSP-2230
5995:AZD-3161
5960:Procaine
5875:Butamben
5723:Ethotoin
5598:Ajmaline
5577:Blockers
5536:Riluzole
5495:Blockers
5393:Blockers
5299:Emakalim
5077:Blockers
4919:Pimozide
4789:Ajmaline
4589:Blockers
4404:Fostedil
4334:Canadine
4304:Phenibut
4264:Baclofen
4213:NP078585
4158:Bepridil
3996:SR-33805
3949:Tiapamil
3909:Emopamil
3889:Anipamil
3624:Blockers
3537:tramadol
3521:morphine
3499:ketamine
3489:nabilone
3481:cannabis
3350:tramadol
3183:Ketamine
2925:Albutoin
2899:Sultiame
2636:Ethotoin
2470:Diazepam
2455:Clobazam
2313:18721143
2270:33177610
2219:22575611
2178:21101054
2170:22510036
2135:22161387
2104:31488797
2069:Archived
2047:20445985
2039:19298435
1879:DailyMed
1853:34855997
1802:32384309
1765:32129501
1678:ClinCalc
1652:Archived
1648:ClinCalc
1603:35591806
1557:25068107
1549:17376019
1480:13 April
1412:DailyMed
1317:Archived
1289:13 April
1235:Research
1229:Novartis
1225:Portugal
989:diazepam
936:sunburns
802:by mouth
786:epilepsy
768:(verify)
496:DrugBank
396:(<1%)
300:Class C1
242:ATC code
235:By mouth
204:category
186:DailyMed
7931:Ketones
7466:Naranol
6900:Doxepin
6685:Classes
6268:Aspirin
6090:Menthol
6077:Others:
6047:Toxins:
5890:Cocaine
5415:GAL-021
5035:KCNQ (K
4997:KCNQ (K
4814:AZD1305
4752:Sotalol
4747:ShK-186
4727:Notoxin
4414:JTV-519
4394:Fasudil
4123:ProTx I
4103:ABT-639
4090:SNX-482
3961:AH-1058
3958:Others:
3601:Calcium
3515:(e.g.,
3513:Opioids
3497:(e.g.,
3479:(e.g.,
3425:(e.g.,
3405:(e.g.,
3371:(e.g.,
3344:(e.g.,
3318:(e.g.,
3299:(e.g.,
3188:Lithium
2818:Others:
2722:Others:
2656:Ureides
2611:Channel
2502:Bromide
2499:Others:
2321:6157607
2261:8550938
1963:10 July
1926:10 July
1756:7059897
1242:lithium
1217:Denmark
1184:History
1174:prodrug
1141:on the
1048:prodrug
984:CYP2C19
893:fatigue
690:252.273
652:Formula
505:DB00776
451:PubChem
357:>95%
258:)
252: (
250:N03AF02
217: D
188::
164:a601245
7876:Portal
7716:Others
6771:(TCAs)
6565:Others
5554:Sodium
5207:Barium
5011:XE-991
4879:E-4031
4829:BeKm-1
4799:AmmTX3
4682:HgeTx1
4672:E-4031
4454:Osthol
4223:TROX-1
4108:ML-218
3450:Others
3334:Opioid
3176:Others
2988:WHO-EM
2918:Others
2867:Others
2574:Others
2319:
2311:
2268:
2258:
2217:
2176:
2168:
2133:
2102:
2045:
2037:
1859:
1851:
1808:
1800:
1763:
1753:
1626:
1601:
1555:
1547:
1507:
1445:5 June
1305:Anvisa
1212:
1198:patent
1155:anemia
1135:ketone
1028:CYP3A5
1024:CYP3A4
1015:, and
928:tremor
889:ataxia
852:
723:SMILES
576:ChEMBL
565:D00533
394:Kidney
326:℞-only
324:
311:
298:
285:
184:
124:
7951:Ureas
6599:LGICs
6306:CaCCs
6278:PcTX1
6237:ASICs
5564:VGSCs
4834:BmTx3
4687:HsTx1
4576:VGKCs
3611:VDCCs
3293:SNRIs
2317:S2CID
2174:S2CID
2043:S2CID
1857:S2CID
1806:S2CID
1553:S2CID
1436:(PDF)
1221:Spain
1202:Geigy
1147:liver
743:InChI
699:JSmol
525:31608
465:34312
368:Liver
7813:P7C3
6612:here
6610:See
6587:here
6585:See
6574:TRPs
6405:CFTR
6332:DIDS
6173:ENaC
6094:mint
5482:K2Ps
5353:GIRK
5198:GIRK
5064:IRKs
4780:hERG
4128:Z944
4054:Z160
3419:TCAs
3338:MRIs
3312:TCAs
3271:and
2391:PAMs
2384:GABA
2309:PMID
2266:PMID
2215:PMID
2166:PMID
2131:PMID
2100:PMID
2077:2015
2035:PMID
1965:2011
1955:FASS
1928:2011
1887:2020
1849:PMID
1798:PMID
1761:PMID
1737:2020
1714:2015
1685:2024
1660:2024
1624:ISBN
1599:PMID
1545:PMID
1505:ISBN
1482:2019
1447:2022
1419:2020
1325:2023
1291:2019
1116:and
1108:The
1026:and
811:and
792:and
556:KEGG
536:UNII
485:7254
347:data
140:AHFS
5836:FBT
5269:ATP
5089:ATP
3549:GHB
2366:N03
2299:doi
2256:PMC
2246:doi
2205:doi
2158:doi
2123:doi
2025:doi
1991:doi
1915:450
1839:doi
1790:doi
1751:PMC
1741:doi
1589:doi
1537:doi
1157:or
1149:of
1056:MHD
601:EPA
455:CID
313:POM
255:WHO
87:ɑːr
7902::
6634:•
6135:,
6131:,
5862:,
5436:Ca
5434:BK
5404:Ca
5402:BK
5379:Ca
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4241:):
3956:;
3881:;
3851:;
3539:,
3535:,
3531:,
3527:,
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3505:,
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3487:,
3483:,
3433:,
3429:,
3395:,
3391:,
3387:,
3383:,
3379:,
3375:,
3348:,
3326:,
3322:,
3303:,
3224:,
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3206:,
3202:,
3198:,
3194:,
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2816:;
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2720:;
2698:;
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2019:.
2015:.
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1987:34
1985:.
1973:^
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320:US
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