698:
666:
682:
42:
93:
650:
70:
1152:
grows in rich, cool, moist to swampy deciduous woods, and along shrubby stream banks and pond edges of deep forests. In
Michigan, it also occurs along streams and swamps, but in conifer-hardwood forests. In its northern range, it occurs in dryer (although still moist), upland deciduous-coniferous
1138:: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
1072:, found elsewhere, is claimed to be larger and more robust. Although there may be regional size trends, much of the variation in size is largely dependent upon soil nutrients, and so the variety is not generally accepted by botanists.
934:
Identification typically requires a mature, flowering plant. When not in flower, the three species are difficult to distinguish. Moreover, the three species are known to interbreed with one another, which can add to the confusion.
2565:
1160:
is globally secure. It is vulnerable (or worse) in at least a dozen states and provinces. In particular, it is critically imperiled in
Illinois, Indiana, and West Virginia. In
2570:
2550:
2545:
2329:
665:
697:
2575:
2391:
2560:
681:
1984:
1068:
in 1923. The typical variety, found along the North
American coast from Delaware to Newfoundland, is described as a small delicate plant, while variety
2290:
2114:
2342:
2443:
871:
Dark reddish brown, maroon, purple, or white; heavily textured; 15–50 mm (0.6–2.0 in) long and 10–30 mm (0.4–1.2 in) wide
1336:
1224:
877:
Creamy white, dark reddish brown, or maroon; heavily textured; 20–50 mm (0.8–2.0 in) long and 10–40 mm (0.4–1.6 in) wide
2098:
2585:
1915:. Volume 4: 2009 and 2010 Changes to the Illinois List of Endangered and Threatened Species. Illinois Endangered Species Protection Board
2555:
2530:
2154:
1816:
1643:
2580:
874:
White (rarely pink), strongly recurved; thin textured; 15–25 mm (0.6–1.0 in) long and 9–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) wide
22:
629:
develops. Initially the fruit is white (or pink), ripening to a dark red by late summer. When ripe, the fruit is a plump six-lobed
2540:
1023:
extended south to
Georgia. Finally, in 1938, Barksdale showed conclusively that the specimen described by Linnaeus was actually
2316:
1798:
1625:
77:
750:. The following table compares these three species character by character while emphasizing the important characteristics of
2347:
2158:
806:
Sessile or subsessile with narrow leaf bases; 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long and 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) wide
649:
1445:
1119:
582:
Flowering occurs from late April to early June, possibly as late as July in the northern part of its range. A solitary
571:(stems) rise directly from the rhizome, each standing 15–40 cm (6–16 in) tall. At the apex of the scape is a
2238:
1808:
1635:
1587:
1546:
1390:
1132:: Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan
1011:
species persisted for 150 years. In 1906, Gleason shed some light on the confusion by showing how to distinguish
988:
are thick, creamy white or yellow, with the anthers greatly exceeding the length of the usually very short filaments.
494:
does not occur. This oversight led to much confusion, some of which continues to this day. Within its natural range,
2456:
1804:
1631:
1304:
1299:
1037:
2396:
1252:
1007:(in the modern sense) does not range that far south. The resulting confusion surrounding the pedicellate-flowered
1583:
1542:
1466:
1386:
92:
2126:
1183:
426:
means "drooping, curving forwards, facing downwards", a distinctive habit of its flower. It is commonly called
2461:
1437:
41:
2282:
2230:
1561:
1520:
1364:
887:
Anthers dark maroon, gray-maroon, or yellow with pollen; filaments as long as (or longer) than the anthers
2277:
2178:
2243:
1111:
803:
Sessile, rhombic to ovate-rhombic; 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) long and wide, widest near the middle
720:
451:
196:
2216:
1407:
458:
since presumably its bloom coincides with the spring arrival of the migrating bird with the same name.
1664:
440:) since the flower is invariably found nodding beneath the leaves. It is sometimes referred to as the
2264:
1053:
1909:
1736:
972:
tend to have recurved pedicels and/or recurved petals. These forms closely resemble large plants of
598:, each 15–25 mm (0.6–1.0 in) long and 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) wide. The flower is
59:
2383:
2032:
2502:
1934:
1698:
1199:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1024:
486:
220:
87:
2494:
2448:
2009:
2360:
2334:
950:, start by examining the pedicel. If the pedicel is longer than 3 cm (1.2 in), it is
2535:
2417:
2251:
1959:
1332:
1220:
1161:
1019:
on the basis of anther-filament ratio. However, Gleason mistakenly believed that the range of
999:
was first thought to be described by Carl
Linnaeus in 1753. Linnaeus gave the location of his
745:
436:
2422:
2142:
1878:
1688:
1680:
1169:
739:
594:, each 9–30 mm (0.4–1.2 in) long, and three strongly recurved white (rarely pink)
587:
560:
480:
474:
446:
420:
413:
1848:
925:
White or pink initially, but ripens to dark red; ridges become angles as the fruit expands
510:. The three species are known to interbreed with one another, which adds to the confusion.
2404:
1812:
1639:
1075:
557:
409:
130:
829:
Various habits but rarely recurved below the leaves; 4–12 cm (1.6–4.7 in) long
2435:
2430:
2059:
1000:
896:
Anthers thick, creamy white or yellow; anthers at least twice as long as the filaments
809:
Sessile, rhombic; 15–25 mm (0.6–1.0 in) long and wide, often wider than long
630:
607:
599:
572:
568:
117:
976:
and so the two are often confused. In such cases, examine the stamens. The anthers of
819:
Various habits but not recurved below the leaves; 1–10 cm (0.4–3.9 in) long
2524:
2355:
1125:. The species is known to occur in the following provinces, states, and territories:
1122:
518:
469:
416:
212:
163:
143:
1569:
1528:
1372:
579:, each 5–15 cm (2.0–5.9 in) long and 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in) wide.
2507:
2256:
1693:
1107:
2370:
2075:
1326:
2484:
2378:
2303:
2210:
1086:
in 1945. With deep rose-colored petals, the form is thought to be a hybrid with
622:
2201:
1287:
1213:
787:
One or more per rhizome, clumps common; 1.5–6 dm (5.9–23.6 in) long
590:
1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) long. The flower has three slender pale green
522:
928:
White or pink initially, but ripens to rosy red or purplish; strongly angled
790:
1–2(–3) per rhizome, each 1.5–4 dm (5.9–15.7 in) long
656:
2474:
2409:
545:
is found on rich, moist soils in both broadleaf and coniferous woodlands.
2469:
2195:
1115:
732:
526:
173:
153:
1910:"Endangered and Threatened Species of Illinois: Status and Distribution"
1887:
County-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1203:
855:
Green, often streaked with maroon; 10–50 mm (0.4–2.0 in) long
2295:
1857:
State-level distribution map from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
1702:
688:
672:
564:
490:, a nodding species native to the southern Appalachian Mountains where
405:
50:
2308:
2225:
1935:"Endangered, Threatened, Watch List and Extirpated Plants of Indiana"
1103:
615:
611:
603:
583:
2172:
1684:
727:
section for more background information.) Within its natural range,
1960:"Rare Plants tracked by the West Virginia Natural Heritage Program"
2321:
1782:
1613:
793:
One or more per rhizome, each 2–5 dm (7.9–19.7 in) long
626:
595:
591:
576:
104:
1052:, numerous varieties and forms have been described. For example,
529:(reports south of Virginia are most likely other species such as
2269:
2176:
861:
Green, weakly recurved; 14–45 mm (0.6–1.8 in) long
1965:. West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 4 August 2020
1574:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1533:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
1377:. Vol. 26. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press
610:
shaped like a pyramid. Each stamen consists of a thin white
906:
Dark purple or maroon; ovoid to spherical; strongly ridged
965:
while the other two species rarely exhibit this behavior.
1331:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 100.
1568:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1527:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1371:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
826:
below the leaves; 1.5–3 cm (0.6–1.2 in) long
618:. The filaments and anthers are about the same length.
21:"Nodding trillium" redirects here. For other uses, see
1940:. Indiana Department of Natural Resources. 14 May 2021
912:
White or pink flushed; flask-shaped; strongly ridged
756:
586:
hangs below the bracts (leaves) on a short recurved
2185:
1033:is absent from the southern Appalachian Mountains.
982:
anthers and filaments approximately equal in length
892:
filaments and anthers approximately equal in length
450:, a similar nodding species native to the southern
1219:. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. pp. 88–92.
1212:
484:). The specimen examined by Linnaeus was actually
1192:Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society
980:are slender, lavender-pink or purplish, with the
2566:Flora of the Great Lakes region (North America)
1164:, a single specimen was collected in 1879, but
1987:. ODNR Division of Natural Areas and Preserves
1889:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
1859:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014
839:Usually faces downward; smells like a wet dog
1247:
1245:
1243:
1211:Case, Frederick W.; Case, Roberta B. (1997).
8:
1735:Eames, A.J.; Wiegand, K.M. (November 1923).
1571:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1530:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
1374:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
909:White or pink flushed; flask-shaped; ridged
858:Green; 9–30 mm (0.4–1.2 in) long
633:up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in diameter.
513:The nodding trillium is the most northerly
498:is often confused with two closely related
2173:
1114:in the east, and as far south as northern
464:was thought to be one of three species of
68:
40:
29:
1722:
1692:
2571:Least concern flora of the United States
2551:Flora of the North-Central United States
1835:
1769:
1600:
1506:
1494:
563:that spreads by means of an underground
2546:Flora of the Northeastern United States
1239:
715:has been confused with several nodding
645:
235:
2101:. Ohio Department of Natural Resources
1908:Mankowski, Anne, ed. (February 2011).
1402:
1400:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1673:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
1358:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
237:
7:
2576:Least concern flora of North America
890:Anthers pale lavender-pink or gray;
703:With fruit in Vermont (31 July)
2155:Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center
1817:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1644:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1188:found in the southern Appalachians"
957:. More importantly, the pedicel of
614:and a pale lavender-pink (or gray)
2561:Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
1663:Gleason, Henry Allan (July 1906).
1263:. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia
1148:At the southern end of its range,
963:strongly recurved below the leaves
14:
1476:. Eloise Butler Wildflower Garden
23:Nodding trillium (disambiguation)
2462:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328446-2
696:
680:
664:
648:
91:
2062:. Connecticut Botanical Society
1799:International Plant Names Index
1626:International Plant Names Index
1560:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
1519:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
1416:Northern Ontario Plant Database
1363:Case Jr., Frederick W. (2002).
719:species native to the southern
621:If the flower is successfully
468:described by Swedish botanist
1:
2159:University of Texas at Austin
724:
606:and a single white (or pink)
525:and as far south as northern
472:in 1753 (the other two being
1665:"The pedunculate species of
1446:United States Forest Service
1438:"Northern Nodding Trillium (
1184:"The pedicellate species of
521:, occurring as far north as
2586:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1809:Harvard University Herbaria
1636:Harvard University Herbaria
1588:Harvard University Herbaria
1547:Harvard University Herbaria
1391:Harvard University Herbaria
1144:: Saint Pierre and Miquelon
1048:. Although POWO accepts no
731:is often confused with two
2602:
2556:Flora of the United States
2531:NatureServe secure species
1805:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1632:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1305:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1300:Plants of the World Online
1038:Plants of the World Online
20:
16:Species of flowering plant
1584:Missouri Botanical Garden
1582:– via eFloras.org,
1543:Missouri Botanical Garden
1541:– via eFloras.org,
1387:Missouri Botanical Garden
1385:– via eFloras.org,
845:Erect forms face outward
842:Nodding below the leaves
442:northern nodding trillium
434:(not to be confused with
226:
219:
202:
195:
88:Scientific classification
86:
66:
57:
48:
39:
32:
2581:Plants described in 1753
2085:. University of Michigan
1325:Gledhill, David (2008).
1182:Barksdale, Lane (1938).
1094:Distribution and habitat
454:. It is also called the
2541:Flora of Eastern Canada
2123:Intermountain Herbarium
1694:2027/hvd.32044106472392
984:, while the anthers of
1836:Case & Case (1997)
1770:Case & Case (1997)
1601:Case & Case (1997)
1586:, St. Louis, MO &
1545:, St. Louis, MO &
1507:Case & Case (1997)
1495:Case & Case (1997)
1389:, St. Louis, MO &
1078:(1885-1982) described
1036:As of September 2021,
283:Eames & Wiegand
2151:Native Plant Database
2018:Minnesota Wildflowers
1985:"Rare Plants of Ohio"
1168:is now thought to be
1040:(POWO) lists 14
938:To distinguish among
721:Appalachian Mountains
456:whip-poor-will flower
452:Appalachian Mountains
2046:. Native Plant Trust
1261:NatureServe Explorer
1156:As of October 2019,
777:(drooping trillium)
444:to distinguish from
343:Cay. & J.Cay.
295:Cay. & J.Cay.
271:Cay. & J.Cay.
2014:(Nodding Trillium)"
1725:, pp. 271–273.
1467:"Nodding Trillium,
1328:The Names of Plants
1050:infraspecific names
771:(nodding trillium)
671:With flower bud in
575:of three leaf-like
412:in the bunchflower
376:Trillium latifolium
60:Conservation status
2099:"Nodding Trillium"
2060:"Nodding Trillium"
1003:as "Carolina" but
968:Northern forms of
535:Trillium catesbaei
487:Trillium catesbaei
2518:
2517:
2418:Open Tree of Life
2179:Taxon identifiers
1838:, pp. 91–92.
1564:Trillium flexipes
1509:, pp. 89–90.
1338:978-0-521-86645-3
1226:978-0-88192-374-2
1162:Lake County, Ohio
1026:T. catesbaei
932:
931:
824:strongly recurved
539:Trillium flexipes
508:Trillium flexipes
437:Trillium flexipes
432:nodding wakerobin
397:
396:
388:
380:
372:
364:
356:
348:Trillium cernuum
344:
336:Trillium cernuum
332:
324:Trillium cernuum
320:
312:Trillium cernuum
308:
300:Trillium cernuum
296:
288:Trillium cernuum
284:
276:Trillium cernuum
272:
264:Trillium cernuum
260:
252:Trillium cernuum
248:
240:Trillium cernuum
81:
2593:
2511:
2510:
2498:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2439:
2438:
2426:
2425:
2413:
2412:
2400:
2399:
2387:
2386:
2374:
2373:
2364:
2363:
2351:
2350:
2338:
2337:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2299:
2298:
2286:
2285:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2233:
2231:trillium-cernuum
2221:
2220:
2219:
2217:Trillium cernuum
2206:
2205:
2204:
2187:Trillium cernuum
2174:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2145:Trillium cernuum
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:. Archived from
2117:Trillium cernuum
2110:
2108:
2106:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2082:
2078:Trillium cernuum
2071:
2069:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2039:
2035:Trillium cernuum
2028:
2026:
2024:
2012:Trillium cernuum
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1939:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1914:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1881:Trillium cernuum
1875:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1851:Trillium cernuum
1845:
1839:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1793:
1785:Trillium cernuum
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1739:Trillium cernuum
1732:
1726:
1723:Barksdale (1938)
1720:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1696:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1620:
1616:Trillium cernuum
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1590:, Cambridge, MA.
1581:
1579:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1549:, Cambridge, MA.
1540:
1538:
1523:Trillium erectum
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1473:
1469:Trillium cernuum
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1440:Trillium cernuum
1436:Stritch, Larry.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1410:Trillium cernuum
1404:
1395:
1394:
1393:, Cambridge, MA.
1384:
1382:
1367:Trillium cernuum
1360:
1343:
1342:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1294:
1290:Trillium cernuum
1284:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1255:Trillium cernuum
1249:
1230:
1218:
1207:
1100:Trillium cernuum
1080:Trillium cernuum
1017:T. flexipes
997:Trillium cernuum
986:T. flexipes
970:T. flexipes
948:T. flexipes
922:(same as ovary)
775:T. flexipes
757:
747:T. flexipes
713:Trillium cernuum
700:
684:
668:
652:
639:Trillium cernuum
561:herbaceous plant
554:Trillium cernuum
543:Trillium cernuum
531:Trillium rugelii
504:Trillium erectum
496:Trillium cernuum
492:Trillium cernuum
481:Trillium sessile
475:Trillium erectum
462:Trillium cernuum
447:Trillium rugelii
428:nodding trillium
421:specific epithet
401:Trillium cernuum
386:
378:
370:
368:Trillium hamosum
362:
360:Trillium glaucum
354:
351:
342:
339:
330:
327:
318:
315:
306:
303:
294:
291:
282:
279:
270:
267:
258:
255:
246:
243:
231:Trillium cernuum
208:
206:Trillium cernuum
96:
95:
75:
72:
71:
44:
34:Trillium cernuum
30:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2460:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2434:
2429:
2421:
2416:
2408:
2405:Observation.org
2403:
2395:
2390:
2382:
2377:
2369:
2368:MichiganFlora:
2367:
2359:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2328:
2320:
2315:
2307:
2302:
2294:
2289:
2281:
2276:
2268:
2263:
2255:
2250:
2242:
2237:
2229:
2224:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2181:
2163:
2161:
2141:
2132:
2130:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2063:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2037:
2031:
2022:
2020:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1862:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1791:
1781:
1780:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1752:
1737:"Variations in
1734:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1705:
1685:10.2307/2478819
1662:
1661:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1577:
1575:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1536:
1534:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1464:
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1398:
1380:
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1362:
1361:
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1339:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1292:
1286:
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1276:
1266:
1264:
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1250:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1210:
1181:
1178:
1166:T. cernuum
1158:T. cernuum
1150:T. cernuum
1110:in the west to
1102:extends across
1096:
1088:T. erectum
1076:Edgar T. Wherry
1062:T. cernuum
1046:T. cernuum
1031:T. cernuum
1021:T. cernuum
1013:T. cernuum
1005:T. cernuum
994:
978:T. cernuum
974:T. cernuum
959:T. cernuum
955:T. cernuum
944:T. erectum
940:T. cernuum
769:T. cernuum
765:(red trillium)
763:T. erectum
752:T. cernuum
741:T. erectum
729:T. cernuum
709:
708:
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701:
692:
687:With flower in
685:
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669:
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410:flowering plant
393:
384:Trillium medium
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188:T. cernuum
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53:(10 June)
49:With flower in
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2508:wfo-0000750770
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2004:
2003:External links
2001:
1999:
1998:
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1951:
1926:
1900:
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1828:
1774:
1762:
1751:(299): 189–191
1727:
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1679:(7): 387–396.
1655:
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1603:, p. 103.
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711:Historically,
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691:(10 June)
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2133:September 24,
2129:on 2007-07-23
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1497:, p. 90.
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675:(14 May)
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659:(17 May)
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470:Carl Linnaeus
467:
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417:Melanthiaceae
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197:Binomial name
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164:Melanthiaceae
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118:Tracheophytes
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56:
52:
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38:
35:
31:
28:
24:
19:
2186:
2162:. Retrieved
2150:
2144:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:the original
2122:
2116:
2105:28 September
2103:. Retrieved
2089:27 September
2087:. Retrieved
2077:
2066:27 September
2064:. Retrieved
2050:27 September
2048:. Retrieved
2043:
2034:
2023:27 September
2021:. Retrieved
2017:
2011:
1989:. Retrieved
1979:
1969:28 September
1967:. Retrieved
1954:
1944:28 September
1942:. Retrieved
1929:
1919:27 September
1917:. Retrieved
1903:
1893:27 September
1891:. Retrieved
1886:
1880:
1873:
1863:27 September
1861:. Retrieved
1856:
1850:
1843:
1831:
1820:. Retrieved
1797:
1788:
1784:
1777:
1765:
1755:27 September
1753:. Retrieved
1748:
1744:
1738:
1730:
1718:
1706:. Retrieved
1676:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1647:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1608:
1596:
1576:. Retrieved
1570:
1563:
1555:
1535:. Retrieved
1529:
1522:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:. Retrieved
1468:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1439:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1415:
1409:
1379:. Retrieved
1373:
1366:
1327:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1267:27 September
1265:. Retrieved
1260:
1254:
1214:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1176:Bibliography
1165:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:mid-Atlantic
1112:Newfoundland
1108:Saskatchewan
1099:
1097:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1045:
1035:
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995:
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981:
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967:
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951:
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431:
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398:
383:
375:
367:
359:
347:
335:
323:
316:terrae-novae
311:
299:
287:
275:
263:
251:
244:billingtonii
239:
230:
205:
203:
187:
186:
174:
137:
124:
111:
33:
27:
18:
2379:NatureServe
2304:iNaturalist
2211:Wikispecies
1991:4 September
1310:17 February
1172:from Ohio.
723:. (See the
655:A clump in
625:, a single
549:Description
517:species in
319:B.Boivin
131:Angiosperms
78:NatureServe
2525:Categories
2492:WisFlora:
2436:kew-290615
2431:Plant List
2164:20 October
1822:2021-10-18
1708:24 October
1649:2021-10-02
1480:20 October
1235:References
1170:extirpated
1070:macranthum
1066:macranthum
1064:var.
1060:described
822:Short and
623:pollinated
523:Hudson Bay
292:marginatum
280:macranthum
256:declinatum
2361:116996384
2283:220013789
2044:Go Botany
1813:Libraries
1640:Libraries
1215:Trilliums
1029:and that
738:species,
733:sympatric
657:Minnesota
602:with six
558:perennial
502:species,
331:Wherry
307:Wherry
182:Species:
101:Kingdom:
2536:Trillium
2482:VASCAN:
2475:18400798
2470:Tropicos
2384:2.127984
2335:11010547
2322:328446-2
2202:Q3024334
2196:Wikidata
1789:tangerae
1787:f.
1667:Trillium
1204:24332541
1186:Trillium
1116:Virginia
1084:tangerae
1082:f.
1042:synonyms
1009:Trillium
992:Taxonomy
736:Trillium
725:Taxonomy
717:Trillium
612:filament
600:bisexual
527:Virginia
515:Trillium
500:Trillium
466:Trillium
355:Farw.
352:walpolei
304:tangerae
268:lalondei
259:Farw.
247:Farw.
221:Synonyms
175:Trillium
160:Family:
154:Liliales
144:Monocots
2296:2742194
2270:1083248
1745:Rhodora
1703:2478819
1153:woods.
1118:in the
1106:, from
1058:Wiegand
883:Stamens
815:Pedicel
689:Ontario
673:Vermont
604:stamens
588:pedicel
565:rhizome
424:cernuum
406:species
379:Raf.
371:Raf.
363:Raf.
328:typicum
170:Genus:
150:Order:
105:Plantae
76: (
74:Secure
51:Ontario
2444:PLANTS
2423:111902
2410:461335
2309:169984
2244:430766
2226:ARKive
1811:&
1801:(IPNI)
1792:Wherry
1701:
1638:&
1628:(IPNI)
1451:1 July
1335:
1223:
1202:
1130:Canada
1104:Canada
946:, and
867:Petals
851:Sepals
835:Flower
799:Leaves
616:anther
596:petals
592:sepals
584:flower
577:bracts
569:scapes
419:. The
414:family
340:viride
2397:82476
2348:43065
2330:IRMNG
2257:58TX7
1963:(PDF)
1938:(PDF)
1913:(PDF)
1699:JSTOR
1200:JSTOR
1142:Other
1054:Eames
1015:from
918:Fruit
902:Ovary
631:berry
627:fruit
608:ovary
573:whorl
556:is a
537:, or
404:is a
387:Raf.
138:Clade
125:Clade
112:Clade
2495:5276
2485:6655
2457:POWO
2449:TRCE
2392:NCBI
2371:2728
2356:IUCN
2343:ITIS
2317:IPNI
2291:GBIF
2239:BOLD
2166:2021
2135:2007
2107:2021
2091:2021
2068:2021
2052:2021
2025:2021
1993:2019
1971:2021
1946:2021
1921:2021
1895:2021
1865:2021
1757:2021
1710:2021
1580:2007
1539:2007
1482:2021
1453:2019
1423:2007
1383:2007
1333:ISBN
1312:2023
1269:2021
1221:ISBN
1056:and
1044:for
783:Stem
744:and
506:and
478:and
326:var.
314:var.
278:var.
254:var.
2503:WFO
2278:FNA
2265:EoL
2252:CoL
1689:hdl
1681:doi
961:is
952:not
541:).
430:or
408:of
2527::
2505::
2472::
2459::
2446::
2433::
2420::
2407::
2394::
2381::
2358::
2345::
2332::
2319::
2306::
2293::
2280::
2267::
2254::
2241::
2228::
2213::
2198::
2157:,
2153:.
2149:.
2121:.
2081:L.
2042:.
2038:L.
2016:.
1885:.
1855:.
1815:;
1807:;
1803:.
1796:.
1749:25
1747:.
1743:.
1697:.
1687:.
1677:33
1675:.
1671:.
1642:;
1634:;
1630:.
1623:.
1619:L.
1472:L.
1444:.
1442:)"
1414:.
1399:^
1347:^
1303:.
1297:.
1293:L.
1277:^
1259:.
1242:^
1196:54
1194:.
1190:.
1090:.
942:,
754::
533:,
350:f.
338:f.
302:f.
290:f.
266:f.
242:f.
213:L.
140::
127::
114::
2168:.
2147:"
2143:"
2137:.
2119:"
2115:"
2109:.
2093:.
2083:"
2076:"
2070:.
2054:.
2040:"
2033:"
2027:.
2010:"
1995:.
1973:.
1948:.
1923:.
1897:.
1883:"
1879:"
1867:.
1853:"
1849:"
1825:.
1794:"
1783:"
1759:.
1741:"
1712:.
1691::
1683::
1669:"
1652:.
1621:"
1614:"
1566:"
1562:"
1525:"
1521:"
1484:.
1474:"
1455:.
1425:.
1412:"
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