641:). These engines used a series of double-acting cylinders of progressively increasing diameter and/or stroke (and hence volume) designed to divide the work into three or four, as appropriate, equal portions for each expansion stage. Where space is at a premium, two smaller cylinders of a large sum volume might be used for the low-pressure stage. Multiple-expansion engines typically had the cylinders arranged in-line, but various other formations were used. In the late 19th century, the Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy balancing 'system' was used on some marine triple-expansion engines. Y-S-T engines divided the low-pressure expansion stages between two cylinders, one at each end of the engine. This allowed the crankshaft to be better balanced, resulting in a smoother, faster-responding engine which ran with less vibration. This made the 4-cylinder triple-expansion engine popular with large passenger liners (such as the
60:
547:, once steam engines were adopted the manufacturer no longer needed to site the mills by running water. Cotton spinning required ever larger mills to fulfil the demand, and this drove the owners to demand increasingly powerful engines. When boiler pressure had exceeded 60 psi, compound engines achieved a thermo-dynamic advantage, but it was the mechanical advantages of the smoother stroke that was the deciding factor in the adoption of compounds. In 1859, there was 75,886 ihp (indicated horsepower) of engines in mills in the Manchester area, of which 32,282 ihp was provided by compounds though only 41,189 ihp was generated from boilers operated at over 60psi.
446:
535:
52:
581:
610:
150:, and the temperature would drop corresponding to the volume increase. However, in practice the material of the surrounding cylinder acts as a heat reservoir, cooling the steam in the earlier part of the expansion and heating it in the later part. These irreversible heat flows decrease the efficiency of the process, so that beyond a certain point, further increasing the expansion ratio would actually decrease efficiency, in addition to decreasing the
596:
298:
573:
2160:
1517:
401:
system allowed greater control of the steam intake and cut-offs. An engine could be slowed by either a throttle which reduced the pressure of the steam, or by adjusting the cut-off on either cylinder. The latter was more efficient as no power was lost. The cycle was smoother as the two cylinders were not in phase.
718:
the reversing gear. A locomotive operating at very early cut-off of steam (e.g. at 15% of the piston stroke) allows maximum expansion of the steam, with less wasted energy at the end of the stroke. Superheating eliminates the condensation and rapid loss of pressure that would otherwise occur with such expansion.
732:
Consider a 4-cylinder engine on a ship. Let x be the vertical direction, z be the fore-aft direction, and y be the port-starboard direction. Let the 4 cylinders be mounted in a row along the z-axis, so that their pistons are pointed downwards. The pistons are connected to the same crankshaft via long
256:
40:
717:
was widely adopted, and the vast majority of steam locomotives were simple-expansion (with some compound locomotives converted to simple). It was realised by engineers that locomotives at steady speed were worked most efficiently with a wide-open regulator and early cut-off, the latter being set via
685:
For railway locomotive applications the main benefit sought from compounding was economy in fuel and water consumption plus high power/weight ratio due to temperature and pressure drop taking place over a longer cycle, this resulting in increased efficiency; additional perceived advantages included
628:
In the marine environment, the general requirement was for autonomy and increased operating range, as ships had to carry their coal supplies. The old salt-water boiler was thus no longer adequate and had to be replaced by a closed fresh-water circuit with condenser. The result from 1880 onwards was
191:
Double-expansion (usually just known as 'compound') engines expand the steam in two stages, but this does not imply that all such engines have two cylinders. They may have four cylinders working as two LP-HP pairs, or the work of the large LP cylinder can be split across two smaller cylinders, with
3427:
183:
is more uniform, so balancing is easier and a smaller flywheel may be used. Only the smaller HP cylinder needs to be built to withstand the highest pressure, which reduces the overall weight. Similarly, components are subject to less strain, so they can be lighter. The reciprocating parts of the
400:
devised a method of fixing an additional high-pressure cylinder within an existing beam engine. To do so involved using a long pipe to connect the cylinders, and an extra set of valves to balance them. In effect this acted as a receiving chest, and a new type of compound had been invented. This
174:
in 1805. In the compound engine, high-pressure steam from the boiler first expands in a high-pressure (HP) cylinder and then enters one or more subsequent lower pressure (LP) cylinders. The complete expansion of the steam occurs across multiple cylinders and, as there is less expansion in each
279:
respectively. These engines use a series of double-acting cylinders of progressively increasing diameter and/or stroke and hence volume. These cylinders are designed to divide the work into three or four equal portions, one for each expansion stage. The adjacent image shows an animation of a
1872:
134:
down the cylinder, until the valve shuts (e.g. after 25% of the piston's stroke). After the steam supply is cut off the trapped steam continues to expand, pushing the piston to the end of its stroke, where the exhaust valve opens and expels the partially depleted steam to the
1244:
2617:
178:
There are other advantages: as the temperature range is smaller, cylinder condensation is reduced. Loss due to condensation is restricted to the LP cylinder. Pressure difference is less in each cylinder so there is less steam leakage at the piston and valves. The
187:
To derive equal work from lower-pressure steam requires a larger cylinder volume as this steam occupies a greater volume. Therefore, the bore, and in rare cases the stroke as well, are increased in low-pressure cylinders, resulting in larger cylinders.
3435:
1710:
490:, the first major ship to be successfully powered by a triple expansion engine. The success relied on solving the problem of designing a boiler that could operate at the (then) high pressures needed to realise the benefits of triple expansion.
1863:
1567:. The YST system aims to make sure that the total of all 4 forces cancels out as exactly as possible. Specifically, it aims to make sure that the total force (along the x-axis) and the total torque (around the y-axis) are both zero:
363:, patented in 1805. The Woolf engine lessened the increased magnitude of the continual heating and cooling of a single-expansion high pressure steam engine that leads to inefficiency. It also solved the problem that the contemporary
3372:
2656:
When the double-expansion group is duplicated, producing a 4-cylinder compound, the individual pistons within the group are usually balanced at 180°, the groups being set at 90° to each other. In one case (the first type of
2362:
184:
engine are lighter, reducing the engine vibrations. The compound could be started at any point in the cycle, and in the event of mechanical failure the compound could be reset to act as a simple, and thus keep running.
538:
A Marchent & Morley horizontal tandem compound engine built 1914, at Craven Mills, Cole. The air pump and jet condenser are nearest with the LP cylinder beyond. It is fitted with Morley's patent piston drop
114:
There are many compound systems and configurations, but there are two basic types, according to how HP and LP piston strokes are phased and hence whether the HP exhaust is able to pass directly from HP to LP
2155:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{4}M_{i}(r_{i}\cos \phi _{i}-{\frac {r_{i}^{2}}{2l_{i}}}\cos(2\phi _{i}))=0;\quad \sum _{i=2}^{4}M_{i}a_{i}(r_{i}\cos \phi _{i}-{\frac {r_{i}^{2}}{2l_{i}}}\cos(2\phi _{i}))=0}
192:
one HP cylinder exhausting into either LP cylinder, giving a 3-cylinder layout where the cylinder and piston diameter of all three are about the same, making the reciprocating masses easier to balance.
1078:
3206:
228:
after 1880. It was not widely used in railway locomotives where it was often perceived as complicated and unsuitable for the harsh railway operating environment and limited space afforded by the
2463:
2215:
1572:
3388:
660:, the expansion engine dominated marine applications where high vessel speed was not essential. It was superseded by the steam turbine when speed was required, such as for warships and
652:
The development of this type of engine was important for its use in steamships as by exhausting to a condenser the water could be reclaimed to feed the boiler, which was unable to use
1009:
940:
801:
1512:{\displaystyle x_{i}=r_{i}\cos \phi _{i}+{\sqrt {l_{i}^{2}(r_{i}\sin \phi _{i})^{2}}}=l_{1}+r_{i}\cos \phi _{i}-{\frac {r_{i}^{2}}{l_{i}}}(1-\cos(2\phi _{i}))/2+O(r_{i}^{3}/l^{2})}
1565:
3517:
1121:
713:. A wide variety of compound designs were tried around 1900, but most were short-lived in popularity, due to their complexity and maintenance liability. In the 20th century the
2458:
1719:
2664:
With the 3-cylinder compound arrangement, the LP cranks were either set at 90° with the HP one at 135° to the other two, or in some cases all three cranks were set at 120°.
2405:
1148:
871:
280:
triple-expansion engine. The steam travels through the engine from left to right. The valve chest for each of the cylinders is to the left of the corresponding cylinder.
2242:
2622:
The YST system requires at least 4 cylinders. With 3 cylinders, the same derivation gives us only 6 variables to vary, which is insufficient to solve all 8 equations.
232:(particularly in Britain). Compounding was never common on British railways and not employed at all after 1930, but was used in a limited way in many other countries.
130:
In a single-expansion (or 'simple') steam engine, the high-pressure steam enters the cylinder at boiler pressure through an inlet valve. The steam pressure forces the
1186:
2649: With two-cylinder compounds used in railway work, the pistons are connected to the cranks as with a two-cylinder simple at 90° out-of-phase with each other (
1237:
831:
146:
An earlier cut-off increases the expansion ratio, which in principle allows more energy to be extracted and increases efficiency. Ideally, the steam would expand
1210:
224:
The adoption of compounding was widespread for stationary industrial units where the need was for increased power at decreasing cost, and almost universal for
453:
Pollit and
Wigzell cross-compound engine, which drives the rope race seen in the background, transmitting power to line shafts on all five levels of the mill
462:
took out a patent for a multiple-expansion engine, with three or more cylinders connected to one beam or crankshaft. He built a triple-expansion engine for
2364:
must vanish separately. This gives us 8 equations to solve, which is in general possible if there are at least 8 variables of the system that we can vary.
267:
It is a logical extension of the compound engine (described above) to split the expansion into yet more stages to increase efficiency. The result is the
59:
2247:
503:
1891 – Triple expansion compound marine engines, operating at 160psi, consumed on average about 1.5 lbs of coal per hour per indicated horsepower.
3510:
584:
1890s triple-expansion (three cylinders of 26, 42 and 70 inch diameters in a common frame with a 42-inch stroke) marine engine that powered the
432:- a higher pressure was needed to realise the advantages of double-expansion. The efficiency obtained enabled this ship to travel 8,500 miles before
143:" allows much more work to be extracted, since the expansion of the steam is doing additional work beyond that done by the steam at boiler pressure.
620:, assembled for testing prior to delivery. The engine is 21 feet (6.4 meters) long and 19 feet (5.8 meters) tall and was designed to operate at 76
4392:
476:
reported that compound marine engines, operating at 45psi to 60psi, consumed 2 lbs to 2.5 lbs of coal per hour per indicated horsepower.
88:
where steam is expanded in two or more stages. A typical arrangement for a compound engine is that the steam is first expanded in a high-pressure
4477:
99:
cylinders. Multiple-expansion engines employ additional cylinders, of progressively lower pressure, to extract further energy from the steam.
3318:
3189:
2774:
3168:
1941 Locomotive
Cyclopedia of American Practice, Eleventh Edition, Simmons-Boardman Publishing Corporation, 30 Church Street, New York p.813
3052:
Griffiths, Denis (1993). "Chapter 5: Triple
Expansion and the First Shipping Revolution". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr. Basil (eds.).
4482:
3503:
721:
Large
American locomotives used two cross-compound steam-driven air compressors, e.g. the Westinghouse 8 1/2" 150-D, for the train brakes.
450:
389:, making him the inventor of the naval compound steam engine. The steam paddle tugboat was then successfully used for service on the river
3967:
175:
cylinder, the steam cools less in each cylinder, making higher expansion ratios practical and increasing the efficiency of the engine.
656:. Land-based steam engines could simply exhaust much of their steam, as feed water was usually readily available. Prior to and during
555:
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3340:
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of 1905 was the first major warship to replace the proven technology of the reciprocating engine with the then-novel steam turbine.
445:
729:
The presentation follows
Sommerfeld's textbook, which contains a diagram (Figure 17) that is not reproduced for copyright reasons.
534:
4426:
4338:
585:
4467:
2891:
119:) or whether pressure fluctuation necessitates an intermediate "buffer" space in the form of a steam chest or pipe known as a
4397:
4232:
4041:
2661:), the pistons worked in the same phase driving a common crosshead and crank, again set at 90° as for a two-cylinder engine.
1017:
2909:
2684:
system suitable for compounds, ihp or indicated horse power. As a rule of thumb ihp is 2.6 times nhp, in a compound engine.
3685:
51:
2612:{\displaystyle l_{1},l_{2},l_{3},l_{4},{\frac {a_{3}}{a_{2}}},{\frac {a_{4}}{a_{2}}},\alpha _{2},\alpha _{3},\alpha _{4}}
4071:
4061:
3352:"De Maatschappij voor scheeps- en werktuigbouw Fijenoord te Rotterdam, voorheen de Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij"
2892:"De Maatschappij voor scheeps- en werktuigbouw Fijenoord te Rotterdam, voorheen de Nederlandsche Stoomboot Maatschappij"
2626:
558:. This engine was a cross-compound design to 2,500 ihp, driving a 24 ft, 90 ton flywheel, and operated until 1965.
235:
The first successful attempt to fly a heavier-than-air fixed-wing aircraft solely on steam power occurred in 1933, when
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580:
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3287:
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613:
140-ton – also described as 135-ton – vertical triple expansion steam engine of the type used to power
550:
To generalise, between 1860 and 1926 all
Lancashire mills were driven by compounds. The last compound built was by
397:
2985:
Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the
Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.).
95:, then having given up heat and losing pressure, it exhausts directly into one or more larger-volume low-pressure
4431:
4420:
3977:
693:'s 1856 patent for a "continuous expansion locomotive", the practical history of railway compounding begins with
642:
463:
2795:
2793:
4205:
4137:
262:
High-pressure steam (red) passes through three stages, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue) to the condenser
46:
High-pressure steam (red) passes through three stages, exhausting as low-pressure steam (blue) to the condenser
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879:
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480:
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243:
biplane to fly on a 150 hp angle-compound V-twin steam engine of their own design instead of the usual
151:
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4446:
4344:
4185:
4066:
3717:
3655:
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665:
621:
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140:
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2410:
1705:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{4}M_{i}{\ddot {x}}_{i}=0;\quad \sum _{i=2}^{4}M_{i}a_{i}{\ddot {x}}_{i}=0}
255:
39:
4056:
3995:
3856:
3722:
3670:
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3560:
3149:, Ann Arbor, MI: Scholarly Publishing Office, University of Michigan Library, 2005, pp. 16, 17,
378:
124:
4365:
3899:
3773:
3690:
3680:
2930:
Geschiedenis van de techniek in
Nederland. De wording van een moderne samenleving 1800-1890. Deel V
680:
609:
567:
551:
494:
469:
1871 – Charles
Normand, of Le Havre fitted a triple-expansion engine to a Seine river boat in 1871.
405:
330:
225:
31:
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349:
385:, with steam from her high-pressure cylinders. This modification was designed by Dutch engineer
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1521:
As each cylinder moves up and down, it exerts a vertical force on its mounting frame equaling
710:
698:
147:
92:
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17:
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4226:
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3925:
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3813:
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3351:
3277:
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2823:
2694:
382:
106:
in 1804. Around 1850, compound engines were first introduced into
Lancashire textile mills.
1215:
809:
595:
4411:
4144:
4086:
4005:
3894:
3889:
3803:
3758:
3108:
1858:{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{4}M_{i}x_{i}=Const;\quad \sum _{i=2}^{4}M_{i}a_{i}x_{i}=Const}
433:
334:
240:
236:
155:
2928:
220:– the cylinders are arranged in a vee (usually at a 90° angle) and drive a common crank.
4330:
4179:
4151:
3828:
3727:
3650:
3640:
3550:
3403:
2699:
1195:
694:
518:
459:
421:
2460:
do not matter, only their ratios matter. Together, this gives us 9 variables to vary:
297:
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4118:
4091:
3990:
3909:
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3407:
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646:
599:
229:
64:
4319:
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690:
657:
617:
614:
390:
356:
244:
167:
116:
85:
337:'s engine erectors in Cornwall, patented a double-cylinder compound reciprocating
3179:
2357:{\displaystyle \sin(\phi _{1}),\cos(\phi _{1}),\sin(2\phi _{1}),\cos(2\phi _{1})}
4244:
4218:
4171:
3768:
3742:
3712:
3590:
3585:
714:
661:
544:
417:
338:
103:
2769:(5th ed.), Bangalore, New Delhi: Laxmi Publications, pp. 723 et seq,
4250:
4193:
3818:
3753:
3737:
3675:
3632:
3622:
2840:
2677:
572:
413:
342:
136:
3477:
3230:
803:
be the effective masses of the compounded piston-rod system of each cylinder.
4046:
4031:
3281:
2784:
364:
1867:
Now, plugging in the equations, we find that it means (up to second-order)
75:
small high-pressure cylinder (left) and large low-pressure cylinder (right)
701:
were operated in the United States up to the end of mainline steam by the
271:. Such engines use either three or four expansion stages and are known as
3935:
653:
500:
launched, the first battleship to be powered by triple expansion engines.
733:
vertical rods. Now, we set up the fundamental quantities of the engine:
393:, becoming the first ship with a compound steam engine to enter service.
3238:
2407:
are fixed by the design of the cylinders. Also, the absolute values of
624:
and propel a Liberty ship at about 11 knots (12.7 mph; 20.4 km/h).
247:
inline or radial aviation gasoline engine it would have normally used.
2719:
van Riemsdijk, John (1970), "The Compound locomotive, Parts 1, 2, 3",
4051:
3788:
180:
131:
3222:
166:
A solution to the dilemma was invented in 1804 by British engineer
3570:
806:
Let cylinder 2 to be separated from cylinder 1 with a distance of
709:
in France also saw significant use, especially in the rebuilds of
608:
594:
579:
571:
533:
444:
254:
58:
50:
38:
102:
Invented in 1781, this technique was first employed on a Cornish
3495:
2802:, pp. 147, 162, Using the Steam: Expansion and Compounding.
436:. This made her competitive on routes between China and Britain.
3499:
1192:
Now, as the engine operates, the vertical position of cylinder
689:
While designs for compound locomotives may date as far back as
645:), but was ultimately replaced by the virtually vibration-free
381:
was modified to use an extra low pressure cylinder, taken from
208:– the cylinders are end to end, driving a common connecting rod
292:
3207:"The Scientific Results and Aims of Modern Applied Mechanics"
2676: The power of a mill engine was originally measured in
2974:
http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/66013.html
1083:
Since the crankshaft is turned in tandem by all cylinders,
1080:
be the angle of the crankshaft connector of each cylinder.
1011:
be the radii of the crankshaft connector of each cylinder.
3434:, One guy from Barlick-Book Transcription, archived from
3054:
The Advent of Steam - The Merchant Steamship before 1900
2987:
The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900
2855:
Encyclopædia Britannica Online, retrieved 29 March 2007.
341:
in 1781. He was prevented from developing it further by
3490:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
1073:{\displaystyle \phi _{1},\phi _{2},\phi _{3},\phi _{4}}
309:
55:
Cutaway of triple expansion compound steam engine, 1888
2680:, but this system understated the power of a compound
2466:
2413:
2373:
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2170:
1875:
1722:
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882:
839:
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743:
3031:
Biographical Dictionary of the History of Technology
2217:, and expand the cosine functions, we see that with
4385:
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Northern Mill Engine Society at Bolton Steam Museum
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795:
416:compound steam engine. The engine was designed by
352:develops an effective high pressure steam engine.
2799:
3409:Recent Cotton Mill Construction and Engineering
3056:. Conway Maritime Press Ltd. pp. 106–126.
2210:{\displaystyle \phi _{i}=\phi _{1}+\alpha _{i}}
27:Steam engine where steam is expanded in stages
3511:
3333:Compound Locomotives: An International Survey
2839:George & William Besler (29 April 2011).
2811:
2733:
345:, who claimed his own patents were infringed.
259:Double-acting triple-expansion marine engine.
8:
3470:The balancing of multiplecrank steam-engines
2625:The YST system is used on ships such as the
420:, one of her owners. Holt had persuaded the
43:Double-acting triple-expansion marine engine
3028:Day, Lance and McNeil, Ian (Editors) 2013,
2989:. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159.
2829:, July 1933, detailed article with drawings
195:Two-cylinder compounds can be arranged as:
4167:
4106:
3793:
3575:
3518:
3504:
3496:
3305:Semmens, P.W.B.; Goldfinch, A.J. (2003) .
3181:Mechanics: Lectures on Theoretical Physics
3077:Macintyre, Donald; Bathe, Basil W (1974).
942:be the length of each rod of the cylinder.
3335:. Penryn: Atlantic Transport Publishers.
3079:Man of War a History of the Combat Vessel
2972:National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, UK,
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2754:
214:– the cylinders are one inside the other
4393:Glossary of steam locomotive components
3356:Tijdschrift voor economische geographie
2896:Tijdschrift voor economische geographie
2711:
1004:{\displaystyle r_{1},r_{2},r_{3},r_{4}}
935:{\displaystyle l_{1},l_{2},l_{3},l_{4}}
796:{\displaystyle M_{1},M_{2},M_{3},M_{4}}
3104:
3094:
633:using three or four expansion stages (
543:Though the first mills were driven by
3412:, London: John Heywood, p. 284,
3259:
3133:
3121:
3016:
2943:
2824:"World's First Steam Driven Airplane"
2745:
7:
2721:Transactions of the Newcomen Society
1560:{\displaystyle M_{i}{\ddot {x}}_{i}}
833:along the z-axis, and similarly for
30:For compound steam locomotives, see
3371:Gurr, Duncan; Hunt, Julian (1998),
1116:{\displaystyle \phi _{i}-\phi _{1}}
367:cylinders could not handle it well.
361:Woolf high-pressure compound engine
172:Woolf high pressure compound engine
4245:National Museum of Scotland engine
3452:Cotton Mills of Greater Manchester
3377:, Oldham Education & Leisure,
3184:. Academic Press. pp. 76–98.
3147:Compound Engines facsimile reprint
675:Application to railway locomotives
576:Model of a triple-expansion engine
25:
3307:How Steam Locomotives Really Work
2898:: 137–138 – via Delpher.nl.
2453:{\displaystyle a_{2},a_{3},a_{4}}
412:was launched, equipped with a 300
4427:List of steam technology patents
2367:Of the variables of the system,
725:The Yarrow-Schlick-Tweedy system
424:to allow a boiler pressure of 60
296:
202:– the cylinders are side by side
3450:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992),
3081:. Mcgraw-hill Inc. p. 95.
2010:
1785:
1635:
4412:Murdoch's model steam carriage
4398:History of steam road vehicles
2959:The Clipper Ship Era 1843-1869
2800:Semmens & Goldfinch (2003)
2351:
2335:
2323:
2307:
2295:
2282:
2270:
2257:
2143:
2140:
2124:
2052:
1998:
1995:
1979:
1907:
1506:
1473:
1456:
1453:
1437:
1422:
1337:
1307:
605:triple-expansion marine engine
1:
4478:Steam locomotive technologies
4339:Murray's Hypocycloidal Engine
3428:"Arthur Robert's Engine List"
2962:. New York: G.P. Putnam Sons.
18:Triple-expansion steam engine
4062:Return connecting rod engine
3472:, Brill, Leiden Publishing,
2627:SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse
4483:History of the steam engine
3986:Condensing steam locomotive
3205:Sommerfeld, A. (May 1904).
3178:Sommerfeld, Arnold (1950).
2400:{\displaystyle M_{i},r_{i}}
1239:. By trigonometry, we have
1143:{\displaystyle \alpha _{i}}
866:{\displaystyle a_{3},a_{4}}
703:Norfolk and Western Railway
639:quadruple-expansion engines
277:quadruple-expansion engines
251:Multiple-expansion engines
139:, or to a condenser. This "
4499:
4293:"Coalbrookdale Locomotive"
3432:Arthur Roberts Black Book.
3374:The Cotton Mills of Oldham
3288:Cambridge University Press
2244:arbitrary, the factors of
678:
565:
527:
516:
464:Victoria Mills, Dukinfield
29:
4299:"Pen-y-Darren" locomotive
3968:Single- and double-acting
2956:Clark, Arthur H. (1911).
2237:{\displaystyle \phi _{1}}
697:'s designs in the 1870s.
631:multiple-expansion engine
333:, the grandson of one of
269:multiple-expansion engine
237:George and William Besler
4138:Newcomen Memorial Engine
3211:The Mathematical Gazette
1714:This can be achieved if
474:Sir Fredrick J. Bramwell
428:instead of the normal 25
359:develops the stationary
4442:Timeline of steam power
4437:Stationary steam engine
4320:Woolf's compound engine
4227:Soho Manufactory engine
4082:Steeple compound engine
3749:straight line mechanism
3454:, Carnegie Publishing,
3350:Löhnis, Th. P. (1916),
3311:Oxford University Press
2890:Löhnis, Th. P. (1916).
1181:{\displaystyle i=2,3,4}
530:Stationary steam engine
481:Alexander Carnegie Kirk
387:Gerhard Moritz Roentgen
152:mean effective pressure
4468:Compound steam engines
4447:Water-returning engine
4421:Lean's Engine Reporter
4194:Chacewater Mine engine
4067:Six-column beam engine
2927:Lintsen, H.W. (1994).
2842:The Besler Steam Plane
2613:
2454:
2401:
2358:
2238:
2211:
2156:
2031:
1896:
1859:
1806:
1743:
1706:
1656:
1596:
1561:
1513:
1233:
1206:
1182:
1144:
1117:
1074:
1005:
936:
867:
827:
797:
707:Alfred George de Glehn
625:
606:
592:
577:
540:
454:
264:
77:
56:
48:
4287:London Steam Carriage
3426:Roberts, A S (1921),
2845:(YouTube). Bomberguy.
2761:Raiput, R.K. (2005),
2631:SS Deutschland (1900)
2614:
2455:
2402:
2359:
2239:
2212:
2157:
2011:
1876:
1860:
1786:
1723:
1707:
1636:
1576:
1562:
1514:
1234:
1232:{\displaystyle x_{i}}
1207:
1183:
1145:
1118:
1075:
1006:
937:
868:
828:
826:{\displaystyle a_{2}}
798:
612:
598:
583:
575:
537:
466:which opened in 1867.
448:
258:
82:compound steam engine
62:
54:
42:
4233:Bradley Works engine
4057:Reciprocating engine
3880:Babcock & Wilcox
3723:Centrifugal governor
3468:Holst, C.P. (1926),
2914:Algemeen Handelsblad
2866:"Richard Trevithick"
2464:
2411:
2371:
2248:
2221:
2168:
1873:
1720:
1573:
1525:
1245:
1216:
1196:
1154:
1127:
1087:
1018:
949:
880:
837:
810:
741:
588:Christopher Columbus
3774:Sun and planet gear
3329:Van Riemsdijk, J.T.
2916:. 1834 . p. 6.
2767:Thermal Engineering
2678:Nominal Horse Power
2100:
1955:
1490:
1409:
1306:
681:Compound locomotive
568:Marine steam engine
562:Marine applications
556:Wye No.2 mill, Shaw
331:Jonathan Hornblower
212:Telescopic-compound
170:, who patented his
162:Compounding engines
32:Compound locomotive
4274:Richard Trevithick
3872:Water-tube boilers
3686:Gresley conjugated
3358:, pp. 133–156
2910:"Ijzeren Spoorweg"
2812:Van Riemsdijk 1994
2734:Van Riemsdijk 1994
2609:
2450:
2397:
2354:
2234:
2207:
2152:
2086:
1941:
1855:
1702:
1557:
1509:
1476:
1395:
1292:
1229:
1202:
1178:
1140:
1113:
1070:
1001:
932:
863:
823:
793:
699:Mallet locomotives
686:more even torque.
626:
607:
593:
578:
552:Buckley and Taylor
541:
455:
441:Multiple-expansion
350:Richard Trevithick
308:. You can help by
265:
125:receiver compounds
84:unit is a type of
78:
57:
49:
4455:
4454:
4381:
4380:
4260:
4259:
3944:
3943:
3844:Fire-tube boilers
3699:
3698:
3320:978-0-19-860782-3
3278:Hills, Richard L.
3191:978-1-4832-2028-4
2776:978-81-7008-834-9
2659:Vauclain compound
2647:Cylinder phasing:
2568:
2541:
2116:
1971:
1687:
1617:
1548:
1420:
1346:
1205:{\displaystyle i}
705:. The designs of
326:
325:
263:
76:
47:
16:(Redirected from
4490:
4405:fardier à vapeur
4239:Whitbread Engine
4200:Smethwick Engine
4168:
4107:
3926:Feedwater heater
3794:
3576:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3480:
3464:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3422:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3387:, archived from
3359:
3346:
3324:
3301:
3283:Power from Steam
3263:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3175:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3143:
3137:
3131:
3125:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3100:
3092:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3001:
3000:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2830:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2787:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2695:Compound turbine
2671:
2644:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2581:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2475:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2435:
2423:
2422:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2322:
2321:
2294:
2293:
2269:
2268:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2180:
2179:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2139:
2138:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2099:
2094:
2085:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2030:
2025:
1994:
1993:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1864:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1836:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1816:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1763:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1742:
1737:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1655:
1650:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1605:
1595:
1590:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1495:
1489:
1484:
1463:
1452:
1451:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1408:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1359:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1334:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1270:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1227:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1056:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1030:
1029:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1002:
1000:
999:
987:
986:
974:
973:
961:
960:
941:
939:
938:
933:
931:
930:
918:
917:
905:
904:
892:
891:
872:
870:
869:
864:
862:
861:
849:
848:
832:
830:
829:
824:
822:
821:
802:
800:
799:
794:
792:
791:
779:
778:
766:
765:
753:
752:
451:Coldharbour Mill
398:William McNaught
372:Double-expansion
321:
318:
300:
293:
261:
110:Compound systems
74:
45:
21:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4377:
4352:
4325:
4306:
4256:
4213:
4157:
4145:Fairbottom Bobs
4130:Newcomen engine
4124:
4096:
4042:Expansion valve
4015:
4001:Watt's separate
3972:
3940:
3914:
3866:
3838:
3783:
3759:Parallel motion
3695:
3646:Stephenson link
3627:
3565:
3534:Operating cycle
3529:
3524:
3487:
3467:
3462:
3449:
3441:
3439:
3438:on 23 July 2011
3425:
3420:
3404:Nasmith, Joseph
3402:
3394:
3392:
3391:on 18 July 2011
3385:
3370:
3367:
3365:Further reading
3362:
3349:
3343:
3327:
3321:
3304:
3298:
3290:. p. 244.
3276:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3223:10.2307/3603435
3204:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3163:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3132:
3128:
3120:
3116:
3103:
3093:
3089:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3004:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2955:
2954:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2827:Popular Science
2822:
2818:
2814:, pp. 2–3.
2810:
2806:
2798:
2791:
2777:
2760:
2759:
2752:
2744:
2740:
2736:, pp. 4–9.
2732:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2691:
2685:
2668:
2665:
2641:
2639:
2599:
2586:
2573:
2558:
2548:
2531:
2521:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2440:
2427:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2387:
2374:
2369:
2368:
2341:
2313:
2285:
2260:
2246:
2245:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2197:
2184:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2130:
2105:
2101:
2071:
2055:
2042:
2032:
1985:
1960:
1956:
1926:
1910:
1897:
1871:
1870:
1827:
1817:
1807:
1754:
1744:
1718:
1717:
1677:
1667:
1657:
1607:
1597:
1571:
1570:
1538:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1496:
1443:
1410:
1380:
1364:
1351:
1336:
1326:
1310:
1277:
1261:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1219:
1214:
1213:
1194:
1193:
1152:
1151:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1103:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1060:
1047:
1034:
1021:
1016:
1015:
991:
978:
965:
952:
947:
946:
922:
909:
896:
883:
878:
877:
853:
840:
835:
834:
813:
808:
807:
783:
770:
757:
744:
739:
738:
727:
683:
677:
570:
564:
532:
526:
521:
515:
513:Pumping engines
510:
443:
379:Hercules (1829)
374:
322:
316:
313:
306:needs expansion
291:
286:
260:
253:
241:Travel Air 2000
206:Tandem compound
164:
158:of the engine.
117:Woolf compounds
112:
73:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4496:
4494:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4460:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4409:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4362:
4360:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4296:
4290:
4284:
4270:
4268:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4211:
4203:
4197:
4191:
4183:
4180:Kinneil Engine
4176:
4174:
4165:
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4152:Elsecar Engine
4149:
4141:
4134:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4115:
4113:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4072:Steeple engine
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:Feedwater pump
3928:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3876:
3874:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3798:
3797:Simple boilers
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3779:Watt's linkage
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3728:Connecting rod
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3582:
3580:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3486:
3485:External links
3483:
3482:
3481:
3465:
3460:
3447:
3423:
3418:
3400:
3383:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3347:
3341:
3325:
3319:
3302:
3296:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:, p. 145.
3252:
3197:
3190:
3170:
3161:
3155:
3138:
3136:, p. 281.
3126:
3124:, p. 160.
3114:
3087:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3021:
3019:, p. 241.
3002:
2995:
2977:
2965:
2948:
2946:, p. 157.
2936:
2919:
2901:
2882:
2857:
2848:
2831:
2816:
2804:
2789:
2775:
2750:
2748:, p. 147.
2738:
2726:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:Willans engine
2697:
2690:
2687:
2638:
2635:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2470:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2381:
2377:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2231:
2227:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1747:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1613:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1535:
1531:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1417:
1413:
1407:
1402:
1398:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1226:
1222:
1201:
1190:
1189:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1137:
1133:
1123:is a constant
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1024:
1012:
998:
994:
990:
985:
981:
977:
972:
968:
964:
959:
955:
943:
929:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
903:
899:
895:
890:
886:
874:
860:
856:
852:
847:
843:
820:
816:
804:
790:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
764:
760:
756:
751:
747:
726:
723:
711:André Chapelon
695:Anatole Mallet
679:Main article:
676:
673:
566:Main article:
563:
560:
528:Main article:
525:
522:
519:Cornish engine
517:Main article:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
491:
477:
470:
467:
460:Daniel Adamson
442:
439:
438:
437:
422:Board of Trade
402:
394:
373:
370:
369:
368:
353:
346:
324:
323:
303:
301:
290:
287:
285:
282:
252:
249:
226:marine engines
222:
221:
218:Angle-compound
215:
209:
203:
200:Cross-compound
181:turning moment
163:
160:
111:
108:
70:cross-compound
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4495:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:Steam engines
4471:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4300:
4297:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4280:Puffing Devil
4277:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4269:
4267:
4266:High-pressure
4263:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4219:Rotative beam
4216:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4127:
4120:
4119:Savery Engine
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4092:Working fluid
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3769:Rotative beam
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:hypocycloidal
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3527:Steam engines
3521:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3461:0-948789-89-1
3457:
3453:
3448:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3421:
3419:1-4021-4558-6
3415:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3390:
3386:
3384:0-902809-46-6
3380:
3376:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3342:0-906899-61-3
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3297:0-521-45834-X
3293:
3289:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3253:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3217:(45): 26–31.
3216:
3212:
3208:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3187:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3158:
3156:1-4255-0657-7
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3110:
3098:
3090:
3088:9780070445857
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3063:0-85177-563-2
3059:
3055:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3040:0-203-02829-5
3037:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:0-85177-563-2
2992:
2988:
2981:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2883:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2843:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2620:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2559:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2254:
2251:
2229:
2225:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2149:
2146:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1868:
1865:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1712:
1699:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1621:
1614:
1611:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1568:
1552:
1545:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1519:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1224:
1220:
1199:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1135:
1131:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1082:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1013:
996:
992:
988:
983:
979:
975:
970:
966:
962:
957:
953:
944:
927:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
901:
897:
893:
888:
884:
875:
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
818:
814:
805:
788:
784:
780:
775:
771:
767:
762:
758:
754:
749:
745:
736:
735:
734:
730:
724:
722:
719:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
682:
674:
672:
670:
669:
663:
659:
655:
650:
648:
647:steam turbine
644:
643:Olympic class
640:
636:
632:
623:
619:
618:Liberty ships
616:
611:
604:
603:
597:
590:
589:
582:
574:
569:
561:
559:
557:
553:
548:
546:
536:
531:
523:
520:
512:
507:
502:
499:
498:
492:
489:
488:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
465:
461:
457:
456:
452:
447:
440:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
409:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
375:
371:
366:
362:
358:
354:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
327:
320:
317:December 2009
311:
307:
304:This section
302:
299:
295:
294:
288:
283:
281:
278:
274:
270:
257:
250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:loading gauge
227:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
189:
185:
182:
176:
173:
169:
161:
159:
157:
154:and thus the
153:
149:
148:adiabatically
144:
142:
138:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
109:
107:
105:
100:
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
71:
67:
66:
61:
53:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4432:Modern steam
4419:
4404:
4366:Porter-Allen
4345:
4311:
4279:
4206:
4186:
4143:
4077:Safety valve
4006:"Pickle-pot"
3900:Thimble tube
3555:
3469:
3451:
3440:, retrieved
3436:the original
3431:
3408:
3393:, retrieved
3389:the original
3373:
3355:
3332:
3306:
3282:
3270:Bibliography
3260:Hills (1989)
3255:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3180:
3173:
3164:
3146:
3141:
3134:Hills (1989)
3129:
3122:Hills (1989)
3117:
3078:
3072:
3053:
3047:
3030:
3024:
3017:Hills (1989)
2986:
2980:
2968:
2958:
2951:
2944:Hills (1989)
2939:
2929:
2922:
2913:
2904:
2895:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2869:
2860:
2851:
2841:
2834:
2826:
2819:
2807:
2766:
2746:Hills (1989)
2741:
2729:
2720:
2714:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2655:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2624:
2621:
2366:
2164:Plugging in
2163:
1869:
1866:
1716:
1713:
1569:
1520:
1241:
1212:is equal to
1191:
1150:for each of
731:
728:
720:
691:James Samuel
688:
684:
667:
662:ocean liners
658:World War II
651:
638:
634:
630:
627:
615:World War II
601:
587:
549:
542:
524:Mill engines
508:Applications
496:
486:
410: (1865)
407:
360:
357:Arthur Woolf
314:
310:adding to it
305:
276:
272:
268:
266:
245:Curtiss OX-5
239:converted a
234:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
194:
190:
186:
177:
171:
168:Arthur Woolf
165:
145:
129:
120:
113:
101:
96:
89:
86:steam engine
81:
79:
72:steam engine
69:
63:
36:
4163:Watt engine
3963:Oscillating
3919:Boiler feed
3764:Plate chain
3743:Tusi couple
3656:Walschaerts
3541:Atmospheric
3105:|work=
3034:Routledge,
2933:(in Dutch).
715:superheater
668:Dreadnought
545:water power
418:Alfred Holt
339:beam engine
104:beam engine
68:horizontal
4462:Categories
4372:Ljungström
4358:High-speed
4251:Lap Engine
4207:Resolution
4111:Precursors
3996:Kirchweger
3958:Locomotive
3905:Three-drum
3885:Field-tube
3852:Locomotive
3834:Lancashire
3754:Link chain
3738:Crankshaft
3705:Mechanisms
3633:Valve gear
3442:11 January
3395:11 October
3309:. Oxford:
2706:References
343:James Watt
289:Early work
137:atmosphere
4403:Cugnot's
4346:Salamanca
4047:Hydrolock
4032:Crosshead
3978:Condenser
3814:Egg-ended
3478:494164185
3247:125314831
3231:0025-5572
3107:ignored (
3097:cite book
2651:quartered
2601:α
2588:α
2575:α
2343:ϕ
2333:
2315:ϕ
2305:
2287:ϕ
2280:
2262:ϕ
2255:
2226:ϕ
2199:α
2186:ϕ
2173:ϕ
2132:ϕ
2122:
2082:−
2073:ϕ
2069:
2013:∑
1987:ϕ
1977:
1937:−
1928:ϕ
1924:
1878:∑
1788:∑
1725:∑
1685:¨
1638:∑
1615:¨
1578:∑
1546:¨
1445:ϕ
1435:
1429:−
1391:−
1382:ϕ
1378:
1328:ϕ
1324:
1279:ϕ
1275:
1132:α
1105:ϕ
1101:−
1092:ϕ
1062:ϕ
1049:ϕ
1036:ϕ
1023:ϕ
602:Ukkopekka
408:Agamemnon
383:Agrippina
365:cast iron
4386:See also
4312:Compound
4187:Old Bess
4027:Blowback
3950:Cylinder
3936:Injector
3895:Stirling
3890:Sentinel
3804:Haystack
3718:Cataract
3691:Southern
3681:Caprotti
3556:Compound
3406:(1895),
3331:(1994).
3280:(1989).
3042:(P. 694)
2875:30 April
2870:Asme.org
2785:85232680
2689:See also
2682:McNaught
654:seawater
497:Victoria
487:Aberdeen
406:SS
335:Newcomen
121:receiver
93:cylinder
4102:History
4011:Surface
3829:Cornish
3789:Boilers
3671:Corliss
3608:Corliss
3591:D slide
3561:Uniflow
3551:Cornish
3239:3603435
635:triple-
493:1887 –
479:1881 –
472:1872 –
458:1861 –
434:coaling
404:1865 –
396:1845 –
377:1833 –
355:1804 –
348:1797 -
329:1781 –
284:History
273:triple-
141:cut-off
4414:(1784)
4408:(1769)
4374:(1908)
4368:(1862)
4349:(1812)
4341:(1805)
4331:Murray
4322:(1803)
4301:(1804)
4295:(1803)
4289:(1803)
4283:(1801)
4253:(1788)
4247:(1786)
4241:(1785)
4235:(1783)
4229:(1782)
4210:(1781)
4202:(1779)
4196:(1778)
4190:(1777)
4182:(1768)
4154:(1795)
4148:(1760)
4140:(1725)
4121:(1698)
4087:Stroke
4052:Piston
4037:Cutoff
3910:Yarrow
3862:Launch
3857:Scotch
3618:Sleeve
3613:Poppet
3598:Piston
3579:Valves
3571:Valves
3476:
3458:
3416:
3381:
3339:
3317:
3294:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3188:
3153:
3085:
3060:
3038:
2993:
2783:
2773:
2672:
2645:
539:valves
483:built
132:piston
4020:Other
3824:Flued
3809:Wagon
3733:Crank
3676:Lentz
3666:Baker
3661:Allan
3586:Slide
3243:S2CID
3235:JSTOR
2637:Notes
156:power
65:Robey
4172:Beam
3713:Beam
3623:Bash
3603:Drop
3546:Watt
3474:OCLC
3456:ISBN
3444:2009
3414:ISBN
3397:2009
3379:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3315:ISBN
3292:ISBN
3227:ISSN
3186:ISBN
3151:ISBN
3109:help
3083:ISBN
3058:ISBN
3036:ISBN
2991:ISBN
2877:2017
2781:OCLC
2771:ISBN
2763:"17"
2674:ihp:
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945:Let
876:Let
737:Let
666:HMS
637:and
629:the
554:for
495:HMS
449:The
391:Waal
275:and
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3991:Jet
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1272:cos
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485:SS
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