720:, "falling on the triple Axel is really brutal". It has been shown that the more skilled skaters have greater takeoff velocities and jump lengths. When skaters perform double Axels, they exhibit greater rotations during the flight phase, take off in more closed positions, and attain greater rotational velocities than when performing single Axels. They also increase their turns not by increasing the time in the air, but by increasing their rotational velocity when performing single, double, and triple Axels. According to researcher D.L. King, the key to executing a successful triple Axel is "achieving a high rotational velocity by generating angular momentum at take-off and minimising the moment of inertia about the spin axis".
708:
phase (which ends with the takeoff), the flight phase, when the skater rotates into the air, and the landing phase, which begins when the skater's blade hits the ice and ends when they are "safely skating backwards on the full outside edge with one leg behind in the air". According to researcher Anna
Mazurkiewicz and her colleagues, the most important parts of the entrance phase is the transition phase (also called the pre-takeoff phase) and the takeoff itself. The jump has a forward takeoff, approached with a series of backward crossovers in either the opposite or the same direction to the jump's rotation, followed by a step forward onto the forward outside takeoff edge.
712:
required to complete the Axel means that their centre of gravity must be transferred from the left side to the right, while rotating in the air, to reach the correct position to land. They land with five to ten times the force of their body weight on successful quadruple Axels. As a result, the Axel has an extra half-rotation, which, as figure skating expert Hannah
Robbins states, "makes a triple Axel more a quadruple jump than a triple": the single Axel consists of one-and-a-half revolutions, the double Axel consists of two-and-half revolutions, and the triple Axel consists of three-and-a-half revolutions.
774:
696:
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46:
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541:
503:
178:
2744:
1680:
464:
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618:
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2754:
197:. According to figure skating historian James Hines, the Axel is "figure skating's most difficult jump". It is the only basic jump in competition that takes off forward, which makes it the easiest jump to identify. Skaters commonly perform a double or triple Axel, followed by a jump of lower difficulty in combination. A double or triple Axel is required in the
707:
The Axel is an edge jump, which means that the skater must spring into the air from bent knees. It is the oldest but most difficult figure skating jump. A "lead-up" to the Axel is the waltz jump, a half-revolution jump and the first jump that skaters learn. The Axel has three phases: the entrance
168:
The triple Axel has become a common technical element in the men's singles discipline, while it is still rare among female single skaters. As of 2024, twenty women have successfully completed the triple Axel in competition. The quadruple Axel was successfully executed in competition for the first
715:
Sports reporter Nora
Princiotti states, about the triple Axel, "It takes incredible strength and body control for a skater to get enough height and to get into the jump fast enough to complete all the rotations before landing with a strong enough base to absorb the force generated". According to
711:
The skater must also approach the jump typically from the left forward outside edge of the skate, enabling them to step forward. They then kick through with their free leg, helping them to jump into the air. The skater must land on the right back outside edge of the skate and the change in foot
169:
time in 2022, but has not yet been landed by a female skater. Compared with other basic figure skating jumps, the Axel requires an extra half revolution, which makes a triple Axel "more a quadruple jump than a triple", according to figure skating expert Hannah
Robbins.
217:
Paulson was the first skater to accomplish an Axel, at the first international figure skating competition, which was held in Vienna in 1882, while wearing speed skates. Hines, who called
Paulsen "progressive" for inventing it, stated that he did it "as a
209:
in all ISU competitions. The Axel jump is the most studied jump in figure skating. In competition, the base value of an Axel is determined by the number of revolutions completed during the jump. In the current +5/-5 GOE
337:
329:
313:
309:
246:
m distance); Hines stated that "there is little doubt in the minds of those who saw him that had the technique then been known, he probably could have easily performed triple or even quadruple jumps". At the
1537:
149:. It is the sport's oldest and most difficult jump, and the only basic jump in competition with a forward take-off, which makes it the easiest to identify. A double or triple Axel is required in both the
1442:
321:
304:. Since Ito, multiple other women have landed the jump in competition. However, only five have completed the triple Axel in an Olympic program: Ito during her free skate in 1992; Japanese skater
288:, throughout the years, the triple Axel "has become more common for male skaters" to perform. The first female skater to successfully execute a triple Axel in competition was Japanese skater
2676:
1023:
1296:
360:
1389:
930:
2666:
2268:
1418:
981:
1997:
670:
368:
1506:
773:
1708:
2671:
2569:
1520:
1570:
1432:
2263:
2207:
2636:
740:
788:
758:
301:
271:
248:
1259:
1206:
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2237:
2232:
1156:
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2651:
2124:
1967:
852:
2227:
591:
267:
1031:
226:
was the first woman to include an Axel in her programs; Hines reported that she would terminate the Axel with her "famous fade-away ending", the
1360:
356:
238:, who was known for his athleticism, performed Axels with a trajectory of four feet height and 20 feet distance from take-off to landing (1.20
2641:
2202:
2002:
1241:
911:
234:
from Norway was the first female skater to perform an Axel in competition. It was also reported by Hines that in the 1930s, Austrian skater
1286:
743:, the most among skaters. Besides the quality, Hanyu's jump is notable for its consistency, having landed 51 triple Axels with a positive
2656:
2192:
1375:
728:
1712:
2646:
2216:
2197:
1926:
1878:
1829:
1806:
1783:
1762:
944:
2610:
2595:
2339:
747:(GOE) in 53 international senior short programs, recording only two mistakes in a span of twelve years in that competition segment.
1623:
1488:
1437:[14-year-old Shabotova jumped a triple Axel at the Budapest Trophy. Last year, she moved to the national team of Ukraine].
800:
2778:
2212:
2027:
1734:
2278:
1404:
985:
1409:
1315:
222:". By the mid-1920s, the Axel was the only jump that was not being doubled. During the early 1900s, Professional German skater
1839:
1470:
1100:
2273:
2136:
198:
150:
2537:
2314:
1267:
839:
1324:
1992:
1960:
1821:
695:
352:
2600:
2517:
2246:
1987:
1528:
1461:
162:
1558:
723:
As of
January 2023, four skaters have earned a perfect score for the triple Axel jump (since the introduction of the
2615:
2471:
2052:
1636:
359:. They were also the first couple to perform a throw triple Axel at the Olympics and international competition, in
2757:
2032:
1870:
514:
214:, the base value of a single Axel is 1.10, a double Axel 3.30, a triple Axel 8.00, and a quadruple Axel 12.50.
2590:
1291:
223:
1271:
1187:
340:. As of October 2020, twelve women have successfully completed the triple Axel in international competition.
2783:
2747:
1953:
732:
1434:
14-летняя Шаботова прыгнула тройной аксель на Budapest Trophy. В прошлом году она перешла в сборную Украины
2532:
2309:
2161:
1138:
2242:
2222:
2057:
1385:
834:
2585:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2098:
1342:
85:
2527:
2047:
2042:
1631:
1493:
848:
296:
of Japan in 1988. She was also the first woman to land it at an international competition, at the
45:
2119:
2062:
1228:
1222:
1193:
744:
724:
284:
219:
211:
75:
2476:
1521:"2022 U.S. International Figure Skating Classic – Judges details per skater – Men Free Skating"
1922:
1916:
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1863:
1825:
1802:
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1773:
1758:
1498:
1352:
1233:
1198:
1148:
1143:
922:
779:
1936:
Russell, Susan D. (6 September 2022). "Yuzuru Hanyu – An Icon Leaves the
Competitive Stage".
189:
The Axel jump, also called the Axel
Paulsen jump for its creator the Norwegian figure skater
2700:
2146:
1901:
1798:
1694:
1221:
1186:
293:
227:
1287:"US female figure skater 1 of only 3 in Olympics history to land the high-risk triple Axel"
2693:
2131:
1347:
844:
629:
297:
1640:
2416:
2390:
2151:
2083:
1976:
333:
325:
206:
194:
158:
146:
121:
36:
1818:
Figure
Skating in the Formative Years: Singles, Pairs, and the Expanding Role of Women
1726:
2772:
2385:
2334:
1704:
664:
546:
508:
367:
was the first skater to successfully complete a quadruple Axel in competition at the
2714:
2707:
2605:
2522:
2466:
2456:
2451:
2411:
2406:
2380:
2156:
2141:
2103:
2088:
2037:
1566:
1456:
917:
764:
717:
647:
413:
364:
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317:
235:
202:
190:
182:
154:
142:
125:
111:
177:
2721:
2564:
2512:
2491:
2481:
568:
529:
491:
452:
282:
became the first skater to complete a triple Axel at the
Olympics. According to
279:
263:
256:
252:
231:
1755:
The Winter Olympics: An Insider's Guide to the Legends, the Lore, and the Games
2728:
2446:
2428:
2360:
2067:
1559:"What is a triple Axel? And why is it so hard for figure skaters to pull off?"
1380:
1310:
700:
606:
348:
289:
1502:
1356:
1237:
1202:
1188:"Mirai Nagasu Lands Triple Axel, a First by an American Woman at an Olympics"
1152:
926:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2093:
1376:"Kamila Valieva becomes fourth woman to land triple axel in Olympic history"
1343:"Why Mirai Nagasu's Historic Triple Axel at the Olympics Is Such a Big Deal"
736:
305:
1906:
1889:
17:
1655:
1653:
1405:"Higuchi Wakaba joins historic list by landing triple Axel on Olympic ice"
262:
The first successful triple Axel in competition was performed by Canadian
2559:
2423:
1533:
1466:
1414:
1320:
964:
962:
275:
255:
was the first skater to complete a double Axel in competition. American
2496:
1888:
Mazurkiewicz, Anna; Iwańska, Dagmara; Urbanik, Czesław (27 July 2018).
1022:
Galocha, Artur; Samuels, Robert; Berkowitz, Bonnie (10 February 2022).
1489:"U.S. figure skater Ilia Malinin lands first quad Axel in competition"
585:
469:
437:
430:
1673:"Triple Axel element query – Senior men by most awarded +3/+5 marks"
694:
623:
176:
1945:
375:
List of first performed Axel jumps in international competition
1949:
1940:. Denville Township, New Jersey. pp. 22–33. IFSISS22-05.
300:, as well as the first woman to land it at the Olympics, in
1582:
1580:
1659:
1610:
968:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
982:"ISU Communication 2475 Single and Pair Skating 2022-24"
259:
was the first woman to perform a double Axel, in 1953.
1890:"Biomechanics of the Axel Paulsen Figure Skating Jump"
1168:
1166:
912:"A GIF Guide to Figure Skaters' Jumps at the Olympics"
343:
The first throw triple Axel was performed by American
945:"ISU Technical Panel Handbook Single Skating 2023-24"
892:
890:
888:
886:
141:, named after its inventor, Norwegian figure skater
2685:
2624:
2578:
2550:
2505:
2437:
2399:
2348:
2302:
2291:
2256:
2183:
2174:
2112:
2076:
2020:
2011:
1865:
Culture on Ice: Figure Skating and Cultural Meaning
1696:「GOE５が一度もないなんてあり得る？」羽生結弦のSP"トリプルアクセル"採点に欧州名物解説者が悲鳴！
396:
117:
107:
99:
91:
81:
71:
63:
55:
34:
1862:
1778:. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
910:
1024:"How Yuzuru Hanyu Nearly Landed a Quadruple Axel"
2570:World Professional Figure Skating Championships
1017:
1015:
835:"Triple Axel new ladies' figure skating staple"
1961:
8:
1253:
1251:
1139:"Button Has Never Been Known to Zip His Lip"
1132:
1130:
185:, creator of the Axel jump, pictured in 1895
1757:. Seattle, Washington: Mountaineers Books.
1552:
1550:
1482:
1480:
1336:
1334:
703:, first female skater to land a triple Axel
230:, a move she invented. In the early 1920s,
2299:
2180:
2017:
1968:
1954:
1946:
909:Abad-Santos, Alexander (5 February 2014).
828:
826:
436:1882 international skating competition in
373:
44:
1905:
1586:
1006:
865:
1840:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
1660:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
1611:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
1101:"ISU Figure Skating Media Guide 2023/24"
969:Mazurkiewicz, Iwańska & Urbanik 2018
681:
1918:Figure Skating: Championship Techniques
1795:Historical Dictionary of Figure Skating
1509:from the original on 15 September 2022.
1445:from the original on 21 September 2022.
1441:(in Russian). Moscow. 18 October 2020.
1244:from the original on 18 September 2018.
822:
754:
1915:Petkevich, John Misha (1 March 1989).
1573:from the original on 15 February 2022.
1543:from the original on 27 November 2022.
1392:from the original on 20 February 2022.
1299:from the original on 17 February 2022.
1209:from the original on 17 February 2022.
1159:from the original on 11 December 2022.
933:from the original on 27 November 2022.
855:from the original on 12 February 2019.
31:
1727:"Skating Scores – Yuzuru Hanyu (JPN)"
1683:from the original on 20 January 2023.
1598:
1557:Princiotti, Nora (12 February 2018).
1473:from the original on 26 October 2022.
1457:"Pairs – Rena Inoue and John Baldwin"
1363:from the original on 6 December 2022.
1341:Calfas, Jennifer (12 February 2018).
1121:
1076:
1064:
1052:
896:
877:
637:
558:
481:
403:
7:
2753:
1709:Nippon Sports Kikaku Publishing Inc.
1487:Carpenter, Les (14 September 2022).
1327:from the original on 16 August 2022.
1258:Flade, Tatjana (20 September 2011).
1172:
833:Robbins, Hannah (11 February 2018).
380:
1894:Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism
1403:McCarvel, Nick (15 February 2022).
1285:Miller, Andrea (12 February 2018).
1260:"Midori Ito Returns to Competition"
1185:Victor, Daniel (12 February 2018).
292:, at a regional competition in the
1737:from the original on 21 June 2022.
1374:Penny, Brandon (6 February 2022).
193:, is an edge jump in the sport of
50:Illustration of a single Axel jump
25:
2611:World Figure Skating Hall of Fame
2340:Competition elements in ice dance
1988:International Skating Union (ISU)
1715:from the original on 15 May 2021.
1421:from the original on 3 June 2022.
1220:Lubarsky, Jared (10 March 1991).
794:Bradie Tennell rotates in the air
397:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2677:Highest historical junior scores
1921:. New York City: Penguin Books.
799:
787:
772:
757:
657:
616:
578:
539:
501:
462:
423:
357:2006 U.S. National Championships
161:in all events sanctioned by the
1410:International Olympic Committee
1316:International Olympic Committee
1137:Pucin, Diane (7 January 2002).
201:and an Axel is required in the
145:, is an edge jump performed in
984:. pp. 2–4. Archived from
157:segment for junior and senior
1:
2208:Four Continents Championships
1268:Denville Township, New Jersey
338:2022 women's individual event
312:as well as her free skate in
1938:International Figure Skating
1822:University of Illinois Press
1264:International Figure Skating
328:in her short program at the
1869:. Middletown, Connecticut:
1844:International Skating Union
1529:International Skating Union
1462:International Skating Union
363:. In 2022, American skater
163:International Skating Union
2800:
2647:Figure skaters (ice dance)
2616:World Figure Sport Society
2274:Junior World Challenge Cup
2269:World Junior Championships
2238:World Junior Championships
1637:Colorado Springs, Colorado
270:. Six years later, at the
2738:
2667:Highest historical scores
1983:
1871:Wesleyan University Press
1861:Kestnbaum, Ellyn (2003).
1775:Figure Skating: A History
1565:. Boston, Massachusetts:
947:. 8 July 2023. p. 18
515:1948 Winter Olympic Games
475:1920s skating competition
393:
390:
387:
384:
379:
320:in her free skate in the
43:
2591:Doping in figure skating
1816:Hines, James R. (2015).
1793:Hines, James R. (2011).
1772:Hines, James R. (2006).
1695:
1433:
1311:"Midori Ito – Biography"
767:set ups for an Axel jump
727:in 2004): Yuzuru Hanyu,
679:Quadruple Axel (women's)
592:1978 World Championships
552:1953 skating competition
336:in both programs of the
268:1978 World Championships
181:Norwegian figure skater
2779:Figure skating elements
782:set up for an Axel jump
741:maximum score ten times
699:Japanese figure skater
2642:Figure skaters (pairs)
2637:Figure skaters (women)
2310:Choreographic sequence
2203:European Championships
2003:Records and statistics
1907:10.2478/pjst-2018-0007
739:. Hanyu was awarded a
704:
641:Quadruple Axel (men's)
332:; and Japanese skater
205:for junior and senior
186:
37:Figure skating element
27:Jump in figure skating
2672:Highest junior scores
1753:Judd, Ron C. (2009).
1536:. 14 September 2022.
1386:Stamford, Connecticut
1274:on 25 September 2011.
698:
600:Triple Axel (women's)
523:Double Axel (women's)
446:Single Axel (women's)
224:Charlotte Oelschlägel
180:
2632:Figure skaters (men)
2586:Adult figure skating
2257:Synchronized skating
2099:Synchronized skating
1993:National federations
1820:. Urbana, Illinois:
671:2022 CS U.S. Classic
308:in both programs in
249:1948 Winter Olympics
72:Scoring abbreviation
2264:World Championships
2233:Youth Olympic Games
2198:World Championships
1846:. 20 September 2023
1801:: Scarecrow Press.
1632:U.S. Figure Skating
1624:"Identifying Jumps"
1497:. Washington, D.C.
1494:The Washington Post
1103:. 20 September 2023
921:. Washington, D.C.
849:University of Tulsa
562:Triple Axel (men's)
485:Double Axel (men's)
407:Single Axel (men's)
376:
2506:Moves in the field
2125:Demise and revival
2120:Compulsory figures
2063:ISU Judging System
1900:(2). Warsaw: 3–9.
1229:The New York Times
1194:The New York Times
988:on 3 November 2023
806:Mone Chiba landing
745:grade of execution
725:ISU Judging System
705:
374:
316:; American skater
285:The New York Times
278:, Canadian skater
187:
2766:
2765:
2546:
2545:
2440:and basic strokes
2303:Required elements
2287:
2286:
2279:Challenger Series
2243:Junior Grand Prix
2228:World Team Trophy
2223:Challenger Series
2170:
2169:
2028:Glossary of terms
1733:. United States.
1679:. United States.
1646:on 17 March 2015.
1351:. New York City.
1295:. New York City.
1232:. New York City.
1197:. New York City.
1144:Los Angeles Times
780:Adelina Sotnikova
688:
687:
324:; Russian skater
272:1984 Winter Games
139:Axel Paulsen jump
131:
130:
67:Axel Paulsen jump
16:(Redirected from
2791:
2756:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2701:The Cutting Edge
2487:
2462:
2300:
2181:
2147:Compulsory dance
2018:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1932:
1911:
1909:
1884:
1868:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1835:
1812:
1799:Lanham, Maryland
1789:
1768:
1739:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1701:thedigestweb.com
1691:
1685:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1639:. Archived from
1628:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1525:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1338:
1329:
1328:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1270:. Archived from
1255:
1246:
1245:
1225:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1134:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1080:
1074:
1068:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:on 28 March 2023
1030:. Archived from
1019:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:
995:
993:
978:
972:
966:
957:
956:
954:
952:
941:
935:
934:
914:
906:
900:
894:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
856:
830:
803:
791:
776:
761:
729:Javier Fernández
716:American skater
667:
663:
661:
660:
652:
651:
650:
626:
622:
620:
619:
611:
610:
609:
588:
584:
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571:
549:
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468:
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457:
456:
455:
433:
429:
427:
426:
418:
417:
416:
399:
382:
377:
294:Aichi Prefecture
245:
241:
228:Charlotte spiral
103:Backward outside
64:Alternative name
48:
32:
21:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2734:
2694:Blades of Glory
2681:
2620:
2596:Country changes
2574:
2552:
2542:
2501:
2485:
2460:
2439:
2433:
2395:
2344:
2295:
2293:
2283:
2252:
2185:
2184:Singles, pairs
2176:
2166:
2132:Special figures
2108:
2072:
2013:
2007:
1998:World Standings
1979:
1974:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1914:
1887:
1881:
1860:
1849:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1815:
1809:
1792:
1786:
1771:
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1748:
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1725:
1724:
1720:
1703:(in Japanese).
1697:
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1309:
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1249:
1223:"Power Skating"
1219:
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1184:
1183:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1147:. Los Angeles.
1136:
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1128:
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1028:Washington Post
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845:Tulsa, Oklahoma
832:
831:
824:
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804:
795:
792:
783:
777:
768:
762:
753:
693:
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630:1988 NHK Trophy
617:
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463:
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451:
450:
449:
424:
422:
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412:
411:
410:
369:CS U.S. Classic
330:2022 team event
322:2018 team event
298:1988 NHK Trophy
243:
239:
175:
95:Forward outside
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2797:
2795:
2787:
2786:
2784:Jumping sports
2781:
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2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2750:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2733:
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2711:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2662:Highest scores
2659:
2654:
2652:Olympic venues
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
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2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:Biellmann spin
2414:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2391:Quadruple jump
2388:
2383:
2378:
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2195:
2189:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Original dance
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2084:Single skating
2080:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1977:Figure skating
1975:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1928:978-0452262096
1927:
1912:
1885:
1880:978-0819566423
1879:
1857:
1856:
1836:
1831:978-0252039065
1830:
1813:
1808:978-0810868595
1807:
1790:
1785:978-0252072864
1784:
1769:
1764:978-1594850639
1763:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1731:Skating Scores
1718:
1711:3 April 2021.
1686:
1677:Skating Scores
1664:
1649:
1615:
1603:
1601:, p. 101.
1591:
1589:, p. 285.
1587:Kestnbaum 2003
1576:
1546:
1512:
1476:
1448:
1424:
1395:
1366:
1330:
1302:
1277:
1247:
1212:
1177:
1175:, p. 100.
1162:
1126:
1124:, p. 113.
1114:
1081:
1079:, p. 170.
1069:
1067:, p. 185.
1057:
1055:, p. 132.
1045:
1011:
1007:Kestnbaum 2003
999:
973:
958:
936:
901:
882:
870:
868:, p. 206.
866:Petkevich 1989
858:
821:
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419:
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401:
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395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
334:Wakaba Higuchi
326:Kamila Valieva
242:m height and 6
220:special figure
212:judging system
207:single skaters
195:figure skating
174:
171:
159:single skaters
147:figure skating
129:
128:
119:
115:
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109:
105:
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2686:Film & TV
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2386:Toe loop jump
2384:
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2364:
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2335:Step sequence
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2209:
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2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Olympic Games
2191:
2190:
2188:
2186:and ice dance
2182:
2179:
2175:International
2173:
2163:
2160:
2158:
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2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
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2138:
2137:Short program
2135:
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2019:
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1705:Bunkyo, Tokyo
1702:
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1061:
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1054:
1049:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1009:, p. 67.
1008:
1003:
1000:
987:
983:
977:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
946:
940:
937:
932:
928:
924:
920:
919:
913:
905:
902:
899:, p. 32.
898:
893:
891:
889:
887:
883:
880:, p. 49.
879:
874:
871:
867:
862:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:
840:The Collegian
836:
829:
827:
823:
816:
811:
802:
797:
790:
785:
781:
775:
770:
766:
760:
755:
750:
748:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
719:
713:
709:
702:
697:
690:
684:
683:None ratified
678:
677:
674:
672:
669:
666:
665:United States
654:
649:
643:
640:
636:
633:
631:
628:
625:
613:
608:
602:
599:
598:
595:
593:
590:
587:
575:
570:
564:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
547:United States
536:
531:
525:
522:
521:
518:
516:
513:
510:
509:United States
498:
493:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
459:
454:
448:
445:
444:
441:
439:
435:
432:
420:
415:
409:
406:
402:
385:Jump element
378:
372:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
258:
254:
250:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
213:
208:
204:
200:
199:short program
196:
192:
184:
179:
172:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:short program
148:
144:
140:
136:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
92:Take-off edge
90:
87:
84:
80:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
42:
39:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2727:
2720:
2715:Spinning Out
2713:
2708:Ice Princess
2706:
2699:
2692:
2657:Competitions
2606:Kiss and cry
2551:Professional
2538:Spread eagle
2523:Hydroblading
2497:Twizzle turn
2467:Counter turn
2457:Choctaw turn
2452:Bracket turn
2438:Steps, turns
2412:Layback spin
2407:Upright spin
2381:Salchow jump
2355:
2315:Death spiral
2177:competitions
2157:Rhythm dance
2142:Free skating
2104:Four skating
2089:Pair skating
2038:Figure skate
1937:
1917:
1897:
1893:
1864:
1848:. Retrieved
1843:
1817:
1794:
1774:
1754:
1730:
1721:
1700:
1689:
1676:
1667:
1662:, p. 4.
1641:the original
1630:
1618:
1613:, p. 5.
1606:
1594:
1567:Boston Globe
1562:
1527:
1515:
1492:
1460:
1451:
1438:
1427:
1408:
1398:
1379:
1369:
1346:
1314:
1305:
1290:
1280:
1272:the original
1263:
1227:
1215:
1192:
1180:
1142:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1072:
1060:
1048:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:the original
1027:
1002:
990:. Retrieved
986:the original
976:
971:, p. 3.
949:. Retrieved
939:
918:The Atlantic
916:
904:
873:
861:
838:
765:Yuzuru Hanyu
722:
718:Mirai Nagasu
714:
710:
706:
682:
648:Ilia Malinin
414:Axel Paulsen
365:Ilia Malinin
353:John Baldwin
342:
318:Mirai Nagasu
283:
261:
236:Felix Kaspar
216:
203:free program
191:Axel Paulsen
188:
183:Axel Paulsen
167:
155:free skating
143:Axel Paulsen
138:
134:
132:
112:Axel Paulsen
100:Landing edge
82:Element type
56:Element name
35:
29:
2722:Yuri on Ice
2565:Ice theatre
2513:Besti squat
2492:Rocker turn
2482:Mohawk turn
2077:Disciplines
2053:Competition
2012:Competitive
1746:Works cited
992:28 December
569:Vern Taylor
530:Carol Heiss
492:Dick Button
453:Sonja Henie
280:Brian Orser
264:Vern Taylor
257:Carol Heiss
253:Dick Button
251:, American
232:Sonja Henie
118:Disciplines
18:Triple Axel
2773:Categories
2729:Zero Chill
2601:Grand Slam
2518:Cantilever
2447:Three turn
2429:Camel spin
2361:Euler jump
2213:Grand Prix
2162:Free dance
2068:6.0 system
1850:12 October
1599:Hines 2006
1563:boston.com
1381:NBC Sports
1122:Hines 2015
1107:12 October
1077:Hines 2011
1065:Hines 2015
1053:Hines 2011
951:12 October
897:Hines 2011
878:Hines 2015
812:References
701:Midori Ito
607:Midori Ito
349:Rena Inoue
290:Midori Ito
2560:Ice shows
2528:Ina Bauer
2477:Loop turn
2472:Crossover
2376:Lutz jump
2371:Loop jump
2366:Flip jump
2356:Axel jump
2294:and other
2094:Ice dance
1503:0190-8286
1439:sports.ru
1357:0040-781X
1238:1553-8095
1203:1553-8095
1173:Judd 2009
1153:2165-1736
927:2151-9463
817:Citations
737:Shoma Uno
691:Execution
355:, at the
306:Mao Asada
135:Axel jump
59:Axel jump
2748:Category
2424:Sit spin
2292:Elements
2113:Segments
1735:Archived
1713:Archived
1681:Archived
1571:Archived
1538:Archived
1534:Lausanne
1507:Archived
1471:Archived
1467:Lausanne
1443:Archived
1419:Archived
1415:Lausanne
1390:Archived
1361:Archived
1325:Archived
1321:Lausanne
1297:Archived
1292:ABC News
1242:Archived
1207:Archived
1157:Archived
931:Archived
853:Archived
347:skaters
276:Sarajevo
153:and the
108:Inventor
2758:Commons
2553:skating
2033:History
2021:General
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