45:
145:
971:
Triqui has been written in a number of different orthographies, depending on the intended audience. Linguists typically write the language with all tones fully marked and all phonemes represented. However, in works intended for native speakers of Triqui, a practical orthography is often used with a
1540:), as well as in Spanish. In March 2014, Natividad Medical Foundation launched Indigenous Interpreting+, "a community and medical interpreting business specializing in indigenous languages from Mexico and Central and South America," including Trique,
950:
Of the Triqui languages, the Copala dialect has undergone the most vowel loss, with many non-final syllables losing their vowels. The result, as in many other Oto-Manguean languages, is a complex set of consonant clusters. So, for instance, the word
1599:
The catalogue is the result of a project completed by INALI in 2007 in fulfillment of its obligations under
Mexican federal law to document and enumerate the indigenous languages of Mexico. The catalogue was published in the federal government's
1831:
A method comparison analysis examining the relationship between linguistic tone, melodic tune, and sung performances of children’s songs in
Chicahuaxtla Triqui: Findings and implications for documentary linguistics and indigenous language
1101:
There are also complex phonological processes that are triggered by the presence of root-final clitic pronouns. These pronouns (especially the first- and the second-person singular) may change the shape of the stem or alter its tone.
962:
The tonal phonology of other Triqui languages is more complex than Copala Triqui. The tone system of
Itunyoso Triqui has nine tones. The tone system of Chicahuaxtla Triqui has at least 10 tones but may have as many as 16.
1671:
Longacre, Robert E. Proto-Mixtecan. In
Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, volume 5. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Bloomington.
1877:
Hollenbach, Barbara. 1992. A syntactic sketch of Copala Trique. in C. Henry
Bradley & Barbara E. Hollenbach, eds. Studies in the syntax of Mixtecan languages, vol. 4, pp. 173–431. Dallas: Summer Institute of
1389:
Triqui is interesting for having toggle processes as well. For negation, a completive aspect prefix signifies the negative potential. A potential aspect prefix in the same context signifies the negative completive.
1398:
The following is a sample of Copala Triqui taken from a legend about the Sun and the Moon. The first column is Copala Triqui, the second is a
Spanish translation, and the third is an English translation.
1493:
1105:
As a language subfamily, Triqui is interesting for having a large tonal inventory, complex morphophonology, and interesting syntactic phenomena, much of which has yet to be described.
1819:
Broadwell, George A., Kosuke
Matsukawa, Edgar Martín del Campo, Ruth Scipione and Susan Perdomo. 2009. The Origin of the Sun and Moon: A Copala Triqui Legend. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
1738:
1862:
Elliott, A. Raymond, Fulgencio
Sandoval Cruz, and Felipe Santiago Rojas. 2012. “Notes from the Field: Chicahuaxtla Triqui Digital Wordlist and Preliminary Observations” 6: 208–36.
1590:
The proposal to group Mixtec, Trique and
Cuicatec into a single family (none more closely related to one than to the other) was made by Longacre (1957) with convincing evidence.
2021:
3635:
1851:
Elliott, A. Raymond, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Fausto
Sandoval Cruz. 2016. “Chicahuaxtla Triqui.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association, February, 1–15.
3054:
1936:
1888:
275:
3630:
1950:
206:
in 2007 (due to recent population movements). They are also spoken by 5,000 immigrants to the United States. Triqui languages belong to the
2014:
909:
2846:
1893:"Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales: Variantes lingüísticas de México con sus autodenominaciones y referencias geoestadísticas"
2235:
866:
1098:
The tonal changes associated with the potential aspect are complex but always involve lowering the tone of the root (Hollenbach 1984).
3008:
1904:
1871:
Hollenbach, Barbara. 1984. The phonology and morphology of tone and laryngeals in Copala Trique. Ph.D. thesis, University of Arizona.
1606:
3047:
1653:
Hollenbach, Barbara. The Phonology and Morphology of Tone and Laryngeals in Copala Trique. Ph.D Thesis, University of Arizona. 1984
975:
The following Copala Triqui example is written in both the practical (first line) and the linguistic (second line) orthographies:
2676:
1764:
726:
680:
1185:
Copala Triqui has an accusative marker maa³ or man³, which is obligatory for animate pronominal objects but optional otherwise:
3640:
3625:
2007:
1501:
418:
243:
1954:
1917:
1865:
Good, Claude. 1979. Diccionario Triqui, volume 20 of Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico.
1662:
Good, Claude. Diccionario Triqui, volume 20 of Serie de Vocabularios Indigenas. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Mexico. 1979.
3003:
1838:
1446:(1) Esta es una historia antigua que les voy a relatar a ustedes, para tí, para cualquier persona que pueda escuchar esto.
3369:
774:
733:
687:
108:
1868:
Hollenbach, Barbara. 1977. El origen del sol y de la luna – cuatro versiones en el trique de Copala, Tlalocan 7:123-70.
3040:
2896:
719:
673:
430:
131:
253:
3645:
3590:
2240:
1299:
746:
387:
1709:
1380:
900:
781:
542:
535:
449:
263:
1979:
1874:
Hollenbach, Barbara, 1988. Three Trique myths of San Juan Copala. Mexico City: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
3319:
2931:
2861:
2245:
2208:
2131:
1823:
1636:
767:
760:
3271:
1943:
3650:
3580:
3504:
3408:
3294:
2275:
1790:
1521:
1427:(2) ꞌO̱chrej me ze güii a̱ güii caꞌngaa, zo̱ꞌ, chumii̱ taj nii me ze ñáán, zo̱ꞌ, ꞌo̱ xcuaꞌánꞌ ꞌna̱j Caꞌaj ne̱
399:
2871:
2260:
1845:
1739:"Natividad Medical Foundation Announces Indigenous Interpreting+ Community and Medical Interpreting Business"
257:
3349:
3339:
2255:
1560:
590:
583:
555:
1939:. UTA Working Papers in Linguistics 2006-2007, pp. 31–49. Arlington: University of Texas at Arlington.
3191:
2946:
2666:
2598:
2156:
2030:
932:
and have complex phonologies. The tone system of Copala Triqui is the best described and has eight tones.
693:
655:
648:
635:
627:
483:
267:
3379:
1961:
1424:(1) Niánj me ꞌo̱ nana̱ maa ga̱a naá ca̱ta̱j riaan zoj riaan zo̱ꞌ riaan me maꞌa̱n ze co̱no̱ maa niánj ne̱
3595:
3575:
3499:
3196:
3148:
3098:
2222:
920:
Itunyoso Triqui may tend to have ten geminated consonants; /mː, βː, tː, nː, lː, tːʃ, jː, ʈːʂ, kː, kːʷ/.
838:
810:
803:
3168:
2971:
2603:
1468:(2) Once upon a time, when the universe was born, they say that there lived a grandmother named Ca’aj.
947:'woman' has the middle (3) tone on the first syllable and the lowest (1) tone on the second syllable.
3359:
3226:
2292:
2169:
2045:
1913:
1795:
603:
3585:
3494:
3449:
3434:
3394:
3309:
3241:
3186:
3133:
3128:
3063:
2936:
2856:
2757:
2650:
2582:
2572:
2567:
2395:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2355:
2270:
1545:
1525:
1114:
490:
103:
2671:
1465:(1) Here is an ancient legend that I am going to tell you all, you, and anyone who can hear this.
3389:
3334:
3113:
2881:
2818:
2800:
2770:
2712:
2645:
2608:
2562:
2326:
2317:
2265:
1791:"Keeping a language alive: Dictionary project aims to save native tongue of the Triqui community"
478:
207:
77:
3424:
2689:
2530:
2509:
2452:
2447:
2126:
1946:. U. Penn Working Papers in Linguistics 14(1):269-281. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
3534:
3464:
3429:
3414:
3354:
3344:
3324:
3276:
3251:
3163:
3138:
3118:
2961:
2951:
2921:
2906:
2876:
2826:
2727:
2722:
2577:
2473:
2442:
2420:
2307:
2301:
2164:
2054:
1932:
Longacre, Robert E. 1957. Proto-Mixtecan. International Journal of American Linguistics 23(4).
1921:
1846:
Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì ‘de como apareció la gente del mundo’: leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla
1537:
858:
505:
495:
215:
3554:
3549:
3514:
3484:
3419:
3374:
3314:
3211:
3206:
3158:
3143:
3108:
3103:
2976:
2966:
2891:
2836:
2765:
2732:
2694:
2557:
2514:
2504:
2499:
2457:
2410:
2368:
2250:
2183:
2141:
2076:
2071:
2063:
1852:
1578:
1556:
1549:
1509:
1072:
830:
473:
211:
160:
1830:
3559:
3539:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3489:
3454:
3399:
3329:
3304:
3231:
3216:
3201:
3088:
2983:
2941:
2926:
2901:
2866:
2831:
2808:
2782:
2752:
2684:
2494:
2363:
2333:
2280:
2101:
2095:
1881:
Hollenbach, Barbara. 2005. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. (Available at
1620:
1541:
1533:
797:
500:
247:
239:
203:
67:
2956:
2911:
3544:
3444:
3384:
3261:
3246:
3153:
3123:
3023:
2886:
2775:
2640:
2635:
2116:
2111:
2086:
1841:. International Journal of American Linguistics: Online Texts. Vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-32.
1601:
1529:
929:
1623:, online extract reproduced from Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2008), p.5 .
123:
3619:
3439:
3364:
3299:
3266:
3236:
3221:
2851:
2841:
2717:
2478:
2202:
2196:
2191:
2146:
2136:
2121:
1984:
610:
562:
235:
195:
98:
30:
1989:
1839:
Ruhuâ Ruˈman Hioˈóo Gatsii ‘IN THE HOLE OF WHITE DIRT’ LEGEND IN CHICAHUAXTLA TRIQUI
3404:
3256:
2916:
2106:
569:
191:
72:
1892:
935:
Tones in Triqui languages are typically written with superscript numbers, so that
3607:
Note: The list of official languages is ordered by decreasing size of population.
1692:
1474:(4) She wanted to have children very much, but that time was a time of darkness.
3459:
1376:
1298:
This use of the accusative before some objects and not others is what is called
454:
435:
423:
404:
392:
381:
369:
136:
1433:(4) Me ndo rá ga̱ taꞌníí ne̱ za̱ a ne̱ tiempó yoꞌ ga̱a ne̱ tiempó xrmi̱ꞌ me ne̱
1856:
1471:(3) There lived our Grandmother Ca’aj, who wanted to have children very much.
1448:(2) Erase una vez, cuando nació el universo, una abuela que se llamaba Ca'aj.
443:
374:
227:
1994:
1882:
2230:
1925:
1305:
The following example (repeated from above) shows a Copala Triqui question:
886:
706:
665:
412:
117:
1717:
1681:
Hollenbach, Barbara. Vocabulario breve del triqui de San Juan Copala. 2005
1454:(4) Deseaba mucho tener hijos, pero aquel tiempo era tiempo de tinieblas.
356:
The following phonology is based on Hollenbach (1984) and DiCanio (2008):
1999:
1964:. Ph.D. dissertation, University at Albany, State University of New York.
1955:
Proceedings of the Conference on Indigenous Languages of Latin America IV
1497:
3093:
1920:: 22–78 (first section), 1–96 (second section), 1–112 (third section).
1844:
Elliott, A. Raymond, Pablo Hernández Cruz, Fausto Sandoval Cruz. 2020.
524:
144:
3032:
3524:
1951:
Tone Alternation Patterns for Potential Aspect in Chicahuaxtla Triqui
1092:
The same /k-/ prefix plus a tonal change shows the potential aspect:
199:
50:
1974:
1937:
Preliminary Tone Analysis of Possessed Nouns in Chicahuaxtla Trique
1834:. Language Documentation & Conservation. Vol. 14, pp. 139-187.
1505:
1282:
1227:
1165:
1430:(3) Ñáán, zo̱, xcuaꞌánꞌ Caꞌaj me ze me ndo rá yoꞌ ga̱ taꞌníí ne̱
1264:
1209:
3036:
2003:
1359:
1349:
1047:
1034:
1897:
1323:
999:
172:
1313:
986:
1710:"Salinas hospital to train indigenous-language interpreters"
1528:, was training medical interpreters bilingual in one of the
1451:(3) Vivía la abuela Ca’aj, quien deseaba mucho tener hijos.
282:
published in early 2008. The variants listed by INALI are:
178:
1691:
Lopéz, Román Vidal; Broadwell, George Aaron (2009-01-01).
1826:. Ph.D. dissertation: University of California, Berkeley.
1824:
The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique
1639:. Ph.D Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 2008.
1637:
The Phonetics and Phonology of San Martín Itunyoso Trique
1386:
Copala Triqui syntax is described in Hollenbach (1992).
1371:'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estas hablando?)
1062:'To whom are you speaking?' (¿Con quién estás hablando?)
345:
Oaxaca: Constancia del Rosario, Putla Villa de Guerrero
284:
1694:
The origin of the sun and moon: a Copala Triqui legend
274:
Mexico's federal agency for its indigenous languages,
1075:
is fairly limited. Verbs take a /k-/ prefix (spelled
175:
1962:
Phonetics and Phonology of Chicahuaxtla Triqui Tones
1765:"Some NY immigrants cite lack of Spanish as barrier"
278:(INALI), identifies four varieties of Trique in its
169:
166:
3568:
3477:
3285:
3177:
3079:
3070:
2996:
2817:
2799:
2745:
2705:
2659:
2628:
2621:
2591:
2550:
2543:
2523:
2487:
2466:
2435:
2428:
2419:
2403:
2394:
2354:
2347:
2316:
2291:
2221:
2182:
2155:
2085:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2037:
1579:
Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020
163:
130:
116:
92:
66:
56:
36:
26:
21:
1555:A Trique-speaking community has also settled in
242:, Oaxaca (and recently due to migrations in the
1957:. Austin: AILLA, University of Texas at Austin.
1492:Triqui-language programming is carried by the
1457:(5) Se preocupó, se preocupó la abuela Ca’aj.
3048:
2015:
1436:(5) Navij rá, zo̱ꞌ, navij rá xcuaꞌánꞌ Caꞌaj.
8:
1789:Carleo-Evangelist, Jordan (April 14, 2014).
1649:
1647:
1645:
1477:(5) Our Grandmother Ca’aj worried, worried.
280:Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales
3076:
3055:
3041:
3033:
2625:
2547:
2432:
2425:
2400:
2351:
2059:
2050:
2041:
2022:
2008:
2000:
1581:INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
1375:As this example shows, Copala Trique has
238:spoken by 15,000 people (1990 census) in
1889:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
1460:(6) Entonces ella dijo, “Tengo esposo!”
955:'cow' in Itunyoso Triqui corresponds to
467:
363:
266:spoken by 2,000 people (1983 survey) in
1944:Reconstruction of Proto-Trique Phonemes
1571:
1480:(6) Then she said, “I have a husband!”
276:Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas
1995:Triqui resources native-languages.org
18:
470:
91:
7:
1631:
1629:
1171:Aꞌnii⁵ Mariia⁴ chraa³ raa⁴ yoo⁴ a³².
1086:Aꞌmiie³² izoꞌ¹. 'You are speaking'.
1233:Queneꞌe³ Mariia⁴ (maa³) chraa⁴ a³².
62:30,000 in Mexico (2020 census)
3009:Classification of Mixtec languages
1980:Triqui language picture dictionary
1975:Online dictionary of Copala Triqui
1288:Queneꞌe³ Mariia⁴ *(maa³) zoꞌ¹ a³².
14:
1439:(6) Ga̱a ne̱ "Vaa nica̱j" taj ne̱
1365:Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹ ga²
1174:put Maria tortilla in tenate DECL
1095:C-aꞌmii² zoꞌ¹. 'You will speak.'
1056:Me³ zii⁵ riaan³² aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹ ga²
972:somewhat simpler representation.
943:with the highest (5) tone, while
908:
899:
865:
837:
809:
802:
780:
773:
766:
759:
745:
732:
725:
718:
686:
679:
672:
654:
647:
634:
626:
609:
602:
589:
582:
568:
561:
554:
541:
534:
453:
448:
434:
429:
422:
417:
403:
398:
391:
386:
254:Triqui de San Andrés Chicahuaxtla
1985:Triqui resources from Hollenbach
1763:Claudio Torrens (May 28, 2011).
334:Oaxaca: Putla Villa de Guerrero
159:
143:
43:
1905:Diario Oficial de la Federación
1607:Diario Oficial de la Federación
1401:
1177:'Maria put the tortilla in the
939:'river' indicates the syllable
3631:Indigenous languages of Mexico
3004:List of Oto-Manguean languages
231:lists three major varieties:
1:
3636:Verb–subject–object languages
1914:Imprenta del Gobierno Federal
1848:. Tlalocan. Vol. 25, 147-212.
1708:Melissa Flores (2012-01-23).
1559:, as well as in northwestern
1089:C-aꞌmii³² zoꞌ¹. 'You spoke'.
1083:) to show completive aspect:
312:Oaxaca: Santiago Juxtlahuaca
264:Triqui de San Martín Itunyoso
1697:(in Spanish). Lincom Europa.
1502:San Quintín, Baja California
1053:Me síí rihaan aꞌmii so̱ꞌ ga̱
928:All varieties of Triqui are
323:Oaxaca: San Martín Itunyoso
190:, languages are a family of
3591:Plains Indian Sign Language
1837:Elliott, A. Raymond. 2017.
1829:Elliott, A. Raymond. 2020.
1300:differential object marking
1236:saw Maria ACC tortilla DECL
3667:
1822:DiCanio, Christian. 2008.
1381:pied-piping with inversion
306:Triqui de San Juan Copala
295:Variant (name in Spanish)
256:spoken by 6,000 people in
109:San Martín Itunyoso Triqui
3604:
3017:
2236:Chiltepec-Tlacoatzintepec
1990:Triqui resources from SIL
1960:Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2012.
1949:Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2010.
1942:Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2008.
1935:Matsukawa, Kosuke. 2007.
1857:10.1017/S0025100315000389
1239:'Maria saw the tortilla.'
885:
857:
829:
796:
705:
664:
523:
504:
499:
494:
489:
482:
477:
472:
447:
210:branch together with the
198:of the Mexican states of
142:
68:Linguistic classification
3581:Albarradas Sign Language
2677:Western Tlacolula Valley
1522:Natividad Medical Center
1619:Table data source: see
258:San Andrés Chicahuaxtla
3641:Oto-Manguean languages
3626:Mesoamerican languages
2132:Estado de México Otomi
2031:Oto-Manguean languages
1368:WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR
1291:saw Maria ACC you DECL
1059:WH 3 to speak 2 INTERR
3596:Chatino Sign Language
3576:Mexican Sign Language
2897:Mitlatongo-Yutanduchi
2847:Atatláhuca–San Miguel
286:Varieties of Triqui (
1900:online reproduction)
1796:Times Union (Albany)
1635:DiCanio, Christian.
1113:Copala Triqui has a
3586:Mayan Sign Language
3064:Languages of Mexico
1912:(9). México, D.F.:
1891:(14 January 2008).
1532:(including Trique,
1526:Salinas, California
1115:verb-subject-object
317:Triqui de La Media
291:
268:San Martín Itunyoso
104:Chicahuaxtla Triqui
3646:Mixtecan languages
3197:Chontal de Tabasco
2932:San Miguel Piedras
2862:Chayuco-Jamiltepec
2681:Extended Ocotepec
1496:'s radio stations
959:in Copala Triqui.
339:Triqui de La Baja
328:Triqui de La Alta
285:
244:San Quintín valley
3613:
3612:
3473:
3472:
3295:Chontal of Oaxaca
3030:
3029:
3024:extinct languages
2992:
2991:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2741:
2740:
2617:
2616:
2539:
2538:
2343:
2342:
2217:
2216:
2178:
2177:
2077:Michoacán Mazahua
1530:Oaxacan languages
1485:
1484:
918:
917:
756:
713:
622:
579:
531:
519:
514:
461:
460:
349:
348:
202:and the state of
194:spoken by 30,000
151:
150:
3658:
3320:Chichimeca Jonaz
3077:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3034:
2626:
2548:
2433:
2426:
2401:
2352:
2334:Chorotega/Mangue
2209:Chichimeca Jonaz
2142:Texcatepec Otomi
2060:
2051:
2042:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2001:
1929:
1901:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1716:. Archived from
1705:
1699:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1640:
1633:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1602:official gazette
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1557:Albany, New York
1520:As of 2012, the
1510:Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca
1402:
1361:
1351:
1325:
1315:
1294:'Maria saw you.'
1284:
1266:
1229:
1211:
1167:
1073:bound morphology
1049:
1036:
1001:
988:
912:
903:
869:
841:
813:
806:
784:
777:
770:
763:
754:
749:
736:
729:
722:
711:
695:
690:
683:
676:
658:
651:
638:
630:
620:
613:
606:
593:
586:
577:
572:
565:
558:
545:
538:
529:
517:
512:
468:
457:
452:
438:
433:
426:
421:
407:
402:
395:
390:
364:
292:
236:Triqui de Copala
212:Mixtec languages
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
147:
126:
49:
47:
46:
19:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3651:Trique language
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3600:
3564:
3469:
3409:whistled speech
3287:
3281:
3217:Sierra Popoluca
3179:
3173:
3081:
3072:
3066:
3061:
3031:
3026:
3013:
2988:
2947:Southern Puebla
2813:
2787:
2737:
2701:
2655:
2613:
2587:
2535:
2519:
2483:
2462:
2415:
2390:
2339:
2312:
2287:
2246:Lalana-Tepinapa
2213:
2174:
2151:
2127:Querétaro Otomi
2102:Mezquital Otomi
2096:Classical Otomi
2081:
2072:Central Mazahua
2033:
2028:
1971:
1895:
1887:
1816:
1811:
1801:
1799:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1721:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1618:
1614:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1518:
1490:
1396:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1343:
1335:
1327:
1317:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1268:
1258:
1250:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1213:
1203:
1195:
1183:
1169:
1159:
1151:
1143:
1135:
1127:
1111:
1069:
1064:
1051:
1038:
1025:
1014:
1003:
990:
969:
926:
485:
466:
362:
354:
248:Baja California
240:San Juan Copala
224:
204:Baja California
162:
158:
122:
59:
58:Native speakers
44:
42:
38:
17:
16:Language family
12:
11:
5:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3350:Western Apache
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3183:
3181:
3178:10,000-100,000
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2872:Chigmecatitlán
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2660:Western Valley
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2632:
2630:
2629:Trans-Yautepec
2623:
2619:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2599:Coatecas Altas
2595:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2405:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2297:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2161:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2117:Highland Otomi
2114:
2112:Acazulco Otomi
2109:
2104:
2099:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2068:
2066:
2057:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1970:
1969:External links
1967:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1908:(in Spanish).
1885:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1781:
1769:UTSanDiego.com
1755:
1730:
1714:HealthyCal.org
1700:
1683:
1674:
1664:
1655:
1641:
1625:
1612:
1592:
1583:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1517:
1514:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1462:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1406:Copala Triqui:
1395:
1392:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1277:
1269:
1259:
1251:
1243:
1242:
1222:
1214:
1204:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1160:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1119:
1110:
1107:
1068:
1065:
1039:
1026:
1015:
1004:
991:
978:
977:
968:
965:
925:
922:
916:
915:
913:
906:
904:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
863:
861:
855:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
835:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
807:
800:
794:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
778:
771:
764:
757:
751:
750:
743:
741:
739:
737:
730:
723:
716:
714:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
696:
691:
684:
677:
670:
668:
662:
661:
659:
652:
645:
643:
641:
639:
632:
623:
617:
616:
614:
607:
600:
598:
596:
594:
587:
580:
574:
573:
566:
559:
552:
550:
548:
546:
539:
532:
527:
521:
520:
515:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
481:
476:
471:
465:
462:
459:
458:
446:
440:
439:
427:
415:
409:
408:
396:
384:
378:
377:
372:
367:
361:
358:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
340:
336:
335:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
318:
314:
313:
310:
307:
303:
302:
299:
296:
272:
271:
261:
251:
223:
220:
149:
148:
140:
139:
134:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
106:
101:
94:
90:
89:
88:
87:
86:
85:
70:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
40:
34:
33:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3663:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3608:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3046:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2784:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:Sierra Juárez
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2204:
2203:Southern Pame
2200:
2198:
2197:Northern Pame
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2147:Ixtenco Otomi
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2137:Temoaya Otomi
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Tenango Otomi
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1744:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1720:on 2012-01-29
1719:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1551:
1547:
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342:tnanj niꞌinj
341:
338:
337:
333:
330:
327:
326:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:xnánj nu̱ꞌ a
308:
305:
304:
300:
297:
294:
293:
290:), per INALI
289:
283:
281:
277:
269:
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241:
237:
234:
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209:
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197:
196:Trique people
193:
189:
183:
156:
146:
141:
138:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
119:
115:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
99:Copala Triqui
97:
96:
95:
84:
81:
80:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
55:
52:
41:
35:
32:
29:
25:
20:
3606:
3500:Plautdietsch
3478:Non-official
3286:Under 10,000
3109:Tzotzil Maya
3104:Tzeltal Maya
3099:Yucatec Maya
3019:
2937:Silacayoapan
2857:Cacaloxtepec
2551:Cis-Yautepec
2332:
2325:
2300:
2201:
2192:Central Pame
2157:Matlatzincan
2107:Tilapa Otomi
2094:
1909:
1903:
1878:Linguistics.
1814:Bibliography
1800:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1774:February 10,
1772:. Retrieved
1768:
1758:
1747:. Retrieved
1745:. 2014-03-07
1743:Market Wired
1742:
1733:
1722:. Retrieved
1718:the original
1713:
1703:
1693:
1686:
1677:
1667:
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1615:
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1595:
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1161:
1156:
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1148:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:word order:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1058:
1055:
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1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
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1005:
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961:
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949:
944:
940:
936:
934:
927:
919:
355:
320:snáꞌánj nìꞌ
287:
279:
273:
226:
225:
192:Oto-Manguean
187:
154:
152:
93:Subdivisions
82:
73:Oto-Manguean
39:distribution
3360:Matlatzinca
3192:Tojol-abʼal
2972:Yoloxóchitl
2882:Cuyamecalco
2667:Chichicápam
2651:Quiavicuzas
2583:Tlacolulita
2276:Tepetotutla
2223:Chinantecan
2170:Matlatzinca
1832:communities
1508:, based in
1500:, based in
1394:Sample text
1377:wh-movement
967:Orthography
331:nánj nïꞌïn
301:Localities
3620:Categories
3495:Portuguese
3395:Texistepec
3330:Chocholtec
3310:Chiricahua
3272:Qʼanjobʼal
3187:Tarahumara
3073:Indigenous
2962:Tilantongo
2952:Soyaltepec
2877:Coatzospan
2771:Texmelucan
2713:Albarradas
2646:Lachiguiri
2609:Ozolotepec
2604:Miahuatlán
2563:Quiegolani
2293:Tlapanecan
2046:Oto-Pamean
1749:2014-03-13
1724:2012-08-05
1561:Washington
1181:(basket).'
1067:Morphology
464:Consonants
228:Ethnologue
37:Geographic
3390:Kaqchikel
3370:Mezcalero
3335:Pima Bajo
3242:Popolocan
3169:Purépecha
3149:Chinantec
3071:Official/
3022:indicate
2977:Zacatepec
2967:Tututepec
2892:Ixtayutla
2837:Amoltepec
2762:Papabuco
2728:Ayoquezco
2723:Antequera
2396:Zapotecan
2386:Popolocan
2379:varieties
2356:Popolocan
2327:Chiapanec
2271:Sochiapam
2231:Chinantec
1621:"triqui"
712:voiceless
707:Fricative
666:Affricate
530:voiceless
491:Retroflex
352:Phonology
270:, Oaxaca.
260:, Oaxaca.
222:Varieties
118:Glottolog
27:Ethnicity
3535:Japanese
3505:Venetian
3465:Awakatek
3460:Ayapanec
3355:Jakaltek
3345:Lacandón
3325:Huarijío
3288:speakers
3252:Cuicatec
3227:Tepehuán
3180:speakers
3164:Tlapanec
3082:speakers
3080:100,000+
2942:Sindihui
2927:Pinotepa
2902:Mixtepec
2867:Chazumba
2827:Cuicatec
2819:Mixtecan
2801:Amuzgoan
2766:Elotepec
2758:Lachixío
2733:Quiatoni
2695:Zaachila
2573:Xanaguía
2568:Lapaguía
2558:Mixtepec
2544:Southern
2505:Yatzachi
2500:Zoogocho
2458:Abejones
2429:Northern
2318:Manguean
2308:Tlapanec
2302:Subtiaba
2266:Palantla
2261:Ozumacín
2241:Highland
2165:Tlahuica
1926:46461036
1498:XEQIN-AM
1416:English:
1411:Spanish:
1245:Queneꞌe³
1219:tortilla
1190:Queneꞌe³
1141:tortilla
621:prenasal
486:alveolar
479:Alveolar
298:Autonym
216:Cuicatec
208:Mixtecan
124:triq1251
78:Mixtecan
3555:Chinese
3550:Italian
3515:Catalan
3485:English
3450:Cochimí
3380:Kʼicheʼ
3375:Ixcatec
3340:Qʼeqchí
3315:Tacuate
3277:Tepehua
3212:Chatino
3207:Huichol
3159:Mazahua
3144:Huastec
3134:Mazatec
3129:Totonac
3119:Zapotec
3094:Nahuatl
3089:Spanish
3020:Italics
2922:Peñasco
2887:Estetla
2783:Solteco
2753:El Alto
2690:Ocotlán
2685:Isthmus
2622:Central
2531:Choápam
2510:Yalálag
2495:Cajonos
2488:Cajonos
2453:Yavesía
2448:Aloápam
2421:Zapotec
2411:Chatino
2404:Chatino
2374:Mazatec
2369:Ixcatec
2348:Eastern
2256:Ojitlán
2064:Mazahua
2055:Otomian
2038:Western
1802:June 4,
1550:Chatino
1546:Zapotec
1542:Mixteco
1538:Zapotec
1534:Mixteco
1338:aꞌmii³²
1330:riaan³²
1261:*(maa³)
1253:Mariia⁴
1198:Mariia⁴
1130:Mariia⁴
1071:Triqui
1020:aꞌmii³²
1009:riaan³²
953:si⁵kuj⁵
945:cha³na¹
859:Lateral
525:Plosive
506:Glottal
496:Palatal
3560:German
3540:Korean
3530:Romani
3525:Arabic
3520:Hebrew
3510:Basque
3490:French
3455:Kiliwa
3445:Olutec
3435:Pápago
3430:Kumiai
3425:Qatoʼk
3420:Cucapá
3405:Kikapú
3400:Paipai
3305:Akatek
3232:Triqui
3202:Amuzgo
3114:Mixtec
2984:Trique
2852:Ayutla
2842:Apoala
2832:Mixtec
2809:Amuzgo
2776:Zaniza
2641:Petapa
2636:Guevea
2592:Coatec
2578:Xánica
2474:Rincón
2467:Rincón
2443:Ixtlán
2364:Chocho
2251:Lealao
2184:Pamean
1924:
1610:(DOF).
1604:, the
1548:, and
1504:, and
1360:INTERR
1216:chraa⁴
1206:(maa³)
1179:tenate
1157:tenate
1138:chraa³
1122:Aꞌnii⁵
1109:Syntax
1048:INTERR
1006:rihaan
937:chraa⁵
831:Rhotic
755:voiced
578:voiced
518:labial
474:Labial
360:Vowels
288:trique
200:Oaxaca
188:Trique
186:), or
155:Triqui
137:Triqui
83:Triqui
51:Mexico
48:
31:Trique
22:Triqui
3545:Greek
3385:Lipan
3262:Yaqui
3247:Huave
3139:Chʼol
3124:Otomí
2997:Lists
2957:Tidaá
2917:Nuyoo
2912:Nuxaá
2746:Other
2718:Mitla
2706:Other
2672:Güilá
2524:Other
2515:Tabaá
2479:Yatee
2281:Usila
2087:Otomi
1918:SEGOB
1567:Notes
1536:, or
1506:XETLA
1488:Media
1341:speak
1256:Maria
1201:Maria
1133:Maria
1023:speak
1017:aꞌmii
957:skuj⁵
941:chraa
930:tonal
924:Tones
887:Glide
798:Nasal
513:plain
501:Velar
484:Post-
382:Close
370:Front
3569:Sign
3440:Ixil
3415:Teko
3365:Seri
3300:Chuj
3267:Pame
3237:Cora
3222:Mayo
3154:Mixe
2907:Ñumí
1922:OCLC
1804:2016
1776:2013
1672:1957
1379:and
1346:zoꞌ¹
1320:zii⁵
1283:DECL
1279:a³².
1271:zoꞌ¹
1228:DECL
1224:a³².
1166:DECL
1162:a³².
1154:yoo⁴
1146:raa⁴
1031:zoꞌ¹
1028:so̱ꞌ
996:zii⁵
444:Open
375:Back
214:and
153:The
3257:Mam
1910:652
1898:PDF
1853:doi
1524:of
1516:Use
1494:CDI
1356:ga²
1310:Me³
1274:you
1265:ACC
1248:saw
1210:ACC
1193:saw
1125:put
1081:qu-
1079:or
1044:ga²
1041:ga̱
993:síí
983:Me³
694:c͡ɲ
688:ʈ͡ʂ
681:t͡ʃ
674:t͡s
656:ᵑɡʷ
413:Mid
132:ELP
3622::
1953:.
1916:,
1902:.
1793:.
1767:.
1741:.
1712:.
1644:^
1628:^
1563:.
1552:.
1544:,
1512:.
1383:.
1333:to
1314:WH
1302:.
1149:in
1077:c-
1012:to
987:WH
980:Me
649:ᵑɡ
636:ⁿd
631:)
628:ᵐb
611:ɡʷ
563:kʷ
250:).
246:,
218:.
173:iː
3411:)
3407:(
3056:e
3049:t
3042:v
2023:e
2016:t
2009:v
1928:.
1896:(
1884:)
1859:.
1855::
1806:.
1778:.
1752:.
1727:.
1350:2
1324:3
1035:2
1000:3
910:w
901:j
867:l
839:r
811:n
804:m
782:ʐ
775:ʒ
768:z
761:β
747:h
734:ʂ
727:ʃ
720:s
625:(
604:ɡ
591:d
584:b
570:ʔ
556:k
543:t
536:p
455:ã
450:a
436:õ
431:o
424:ẽ
419:e
405:ũ
400:u
393:ĩ
388:i
182:/
179:i
176:k
170:r
167:t
164:ˈ
161:/
157:(
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