Trireme - Knowledge (XXG)

1228:. The Spartan General Brasidas summed up the difference in approach to naval warfare between the Spartans and the Athenians: "Athenians relied on speed and maneuverability on the open seas to ram at will clumsier ships; in contrast, a Peloponnesian armada might win only when it fought near land in calm and confined waters, had the greater number of ships in a local theater, and if its better-trained marines on deck and hoplites on shore could turn a sea battle into a contest of infantry." In addition, compared to the high-finesse of the Athenian navy (superior oarsmen who could outflank and ram enemy triremes from the side), the Spartans (as well as their allies and other enemies of Athens) would focus mainly on ramming Athenian triremes head on. It would be these tactics, in combination with those outlined by Brasidas, that led to the defeat of the Athenian fleet at the Second Battle of Syracuse during the 1381: 1322:. The maximum practical number of oar banks a ship could have was three. So the number in the type name did not refer to the banks of oars any more (as for biremes and triremes), but to the number of rowers per vertical section, with several men on each oar. The reason for this development was the increasing use of armour on the bows of warships against ramming attacks, which again required heavier ships for a successful attack. This increased the number of rowers per ship, and also made it possible to use less well-trained personnel for moving these new ships. This change was accompanied by an increased reliance on tactics like 6707: 6573: 5732: 5665: 5534: 4917: 4519: 902: 591:(ὑποζώματα) was to allow bending of the hull when faced with up to 90 kN of force. The calculations of forces that could have been absorbed by the ship are arguable because there is not enough evidence to confirm the exact process of jointing used in ancient times. In a modern reconstruction of the ship, a polysulphide sealant was used to compare to the caulking that evidence suggests was used; however this is also contentious because there is simply not enough evidence to authentically reproduce the triereis seams. 696:

the triereis onto the shores because there simply was no time to anchor a ship during war and gaining control of enemy shores was crucial in the advancement of an invading army. (Petersen) The joints of the ship required finding wood that was capable of absorbing water but was not completely dried out to the point where no water absorption could occur. There would be gaps between the planks of the hull when the ship was new, but, once submerged, the planks would absorb the water and expand, thus forming a watertight hull.

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the available internal dimensions. However, since modern humans are on average approximately 6 cm (2 inches) taller than Ancient Greeks (and the same relative dimensions can be presumed for oarsmen and other athletes), the construction of a craft which followed the precise dimensions of the ancient vessel led to cramped rowing conditions and consequent restrictions on the modern crew's ability to propel the vessel with full efficiency, which perhaps explains why the ancient speed records stand unbroken.

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signaled by the wooden statue of a deity located above the bronze ram on the front of the ship. In the case of Athens, since most of the fleet's triremes were paid for by wealthy citizens, there was a natural sense of competition among the patricians to create the "most impressive" trireme, both to intimidate the enemy and to attract the best oarsmen. Of all military expenditure, triremes were the most labor- and (in terms of men and money) investment-intensive.

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the lowest possible position where the Thalamian tholes were just above the waterline which retained the ship's resistance to waves and the possible rollover. If the center of gravity were placed any higher, the additional beams needed to restore stability would have resulted in the exclusion of the Thalamian the holes due to the reduced hull space. The purpose of the area just below the center of gravity and the waterline known as the

540: 324: 583:(θρανίτης), the Greek words for the oarsmen in, respectively the lowest, middle, and uppermost files of the triereis. The holes were pins that acted as fulcrums to the oars that allowed them to move. The center of gravity of the ship is low because of the overlapping formation of the files that allow the ports to remain closer to the ships walls. A lower center of gravity would provide adequate stability. 571:

highly effective for the trireme. The ports would house the oarsmen with a minimal waste of space. There would be three files of oarsmen on each side tightly but workably packed by placing each man outboard of, and in height overlapping, the one below, provided that thalamian tholes were set inboard and their ports enlarged to allow oar movement. Thalamian, zygian, and thranite are the English terms for

1128:) were fitted to the prows of warships, and were used to rupture the hull of the enemy ship. The preferred method of attack was to come in from astern, with the aim not of creating a single hole, but of rupturing as big a length of the enemy vessel as possible. The speed necessary for a successful impact depended on the angle of attack; the greater the angle, the lesser the speed required. At 60 degrees, 4 595:

to be pulled from the water during the night. The use of lightwoods meant that the ship could be carried ashore by as few as 140 men. Beaching the ships at night, however, would leave the troops vulnerable to surprise attacks. While well-maintained triremes would last up to 25 years, during the Peloponnesian War, Athens had to build nearly 20 triremes a year to maintain their fleet of 300.

216: 765:: a maximum speed of 8 knots and a steady speed of 4 knots could be maintained, with half the crew resting at a time. Given the imperfect nature of the reconstructed ship, as well as the fact that it was manned by totally untrained modern men and women, it is reasonable to suggest that ancient triremes, expertly built and navigated by trained men, would attain higher speeds. 36: 893:), in charge of the rowers on each side of the ship. What constituted these sailors' experience was a combination of superior rowing skill (physical stamina and/or consistency in hitting with a full stroke) and previous battle experience. The sailors were likely in their thirties and forties. In addition, there were ten sailors handling the masts and the sails. 1021:), due to the design of the ship, were unable to see the water and therefore, rowed blindly, therefore coordinating the rowing required great skill and practice. It is not known exactly how this was done, but there are literary and visual references to the use of gestures and pipe playing to convey orders to rowers. In the sea trials of the reconstruction 712: 1394: 548: 407:("long ships"). In any case, by the early 5th century, the trireme was becoming the dominant warship type of the eastern Mediterranean, with minor differences between the "Greek" and "Phoenician" types, as literary references and depictions of the ships on coins make clear. The first large-scale naval battle where triremes participated was the 444: 1086:. Grappling hooks would be used both as a weapon and for towing damaged ships (ally or enemy) back to shore. When the triremes were alongside each other, marines would either spear the enemy or jump across and cut the enemy down with their swords. As the presence of too many heavily armed hoplites on deck tended to destabilize the ship, the 1350:. The difference to the classical 5th century Athenian ships was that they were armoured against ramming and carried significantly more marines. Lightened versions of the trireme and smaller vessels were often used as auxiliaries, and still performed quite effectively against the heavier ships, thanks to their greater manoeuvrability. 436: 1174: 1257:, depicting prisoners bound and thrown into the sea being pushed and prodded under water with poles and spears, shows that enemy treatment of captured sailors in the Peloponnesian War was often brutal. Being speared amid the wreckage of destroyed ships was likely a common cause of death for sailors in the Peloponnesian War. 594:

Triremes required a great deal of upkeep in order to stay afloat, as references to the replacement of ropes, sails, rudders, oars and masts in the middle of campaigns suggest. They also would become waterlogged if left in the sea for too long. In order to prevent this from happening, ships would have

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The trireme was constructed to maximize all traits of the ship to the point where if any changes were made the design would be compromised. Speed was maximized to the point where any less weight would have resulted in considerable losses to the ship's integrity. The center of gravity was placed at

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The builders of the reconstruction project concluded that it effectively proved what had previously been in doubt, i.e., that Athenian triremes were arranged with the crew positioned in a staggered arrangement on three levels with one person per oar. This architecture would have made optimum use of

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If the men did not drown, they might be taken prisoner by the enemy. In the Peloponnesian War, "Sometimes captured crews were brought ashore and either cut down or maimed – often grotesquely, by cutting off the right hand or thumb to guarantee that they could never row again." The image found on an

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Once a naval battle was under way, for the men involved, there were numerous ways for them to meet their end. Drowning was perhaps the most common way for a crew member to perish. Once a trireme had been rammed, the ensuing panic that engulfed the men trapped below deck no doubt extended the amount

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The distance a trireme could cover in a given day depended much on the weather. On a good day, the oarsmen, rowing for 6–8 hours, could propel the ship between 80–100 kilometres (50–62 mi). There were rare instances, however, when experienced crews and new ships were able to cover nearly twice

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was therefore an essential part of the hulls of these ships; they were unable to fight, or even to go to sea at all, without it. Just as it used to be the practice to disarm modern warships by removing the breech-blocks from the guns, so, in classical times, disarmament commissioners used to disarm

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battles on land. Sometimes the battles raging at sea were watched by thousands of spectators on shore. Along with this greater spectacle, came greater consequences for the outcome of any given battle. Whereas the average percentage of fatalities from a land battle were between 10 and 15%, in a sea

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On the deck of a typical trireme in the Peloponnesian War there were 4 or 5 archers and 10 or so marines. These few troops were peripherally effective in an offensive sense, but critical in providing defense for the oarsmen. Should the crew of another trireme board, the marines were all that stood

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Once the triremes were seaworthy, it is argued that they were highly decorated with, "eyes, nameplates, painted figureheads, and various ornaments". These decorations were used both to show the wealth of the patrician and to make the ship frightening to the enemy. The home port of each trireme was

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Problems would occur, for example, when shipbuilders would use green wood for the hull; when green timber is allowed to dry, it loses moisture, which causes cracks in the wood that could cause catastrophic damage to the ship. The sailyards and masts were preferably made from fir, because fir trees

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Another very strong type of timber is oak; this was primarily used for the hulls of triereis, to withstand the force of hauling ashore. Other ships would usually have their hulls made of pine, because they would usually come ashore via a port or with the use of an anchor. It was necessary to ride

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and fortified port of Piraeus), they were going to have to do something about Athens superior naval force. Once Sparta gained Persia as an ally, they had the funds necessary to construct the new naval fleets necessary to combat the Athenians. Sparta was able to build fleet after fleet, eventually

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was enough to penetrate the hull, while it increased to 8 knots at 30 degrees. If the target for some reason was in motion in the direction of the attacker, even less speed was required, and especially if the hit came amidships. The Athenians especially became masters in the art of ramming, using

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The arrangement and number of oarsmen is the first deciding factor in the size of the ship. For a ship to travel at high speeds would require a high oar-gearing, which is the ratio between the outboard length of an oar and the inboard length; it is this arrangement of the oars which is unique and

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Based on all archeological evidence, the design of the trireme most likely pushed the technological limits of the ancient world. After gathering the proper timbers and materials it was time to consider the fundamentals of the trireme design. These fundamentals included accommodations, propulsion,

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and that the Persian ships carried a similar number. This reflects the different practices between the Athenians and other, less professional navies. Whereas the Athenians relied on speed and maneuverability, where their highly trained crews had the advantage, other states favored boarding, in a

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was developed. By Imperial times, Rome controlled the entirety of the Mediterranean and thus the need to maintain a powerful navy was minimal, as the only enemy they would be facing is pirates. As a result, the fleet was relatively small and had mostly political influence, controlling the grain

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was widespread, especially in later centuries, but its inherent technical limitations meant that it could not play a decisive role in combat. The method for boarding was to brush alongside the enemy ship, with oars drawn in, in order to break the enemy's oars and render the ship immobile (which

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The materials from which the trireme was constructed were an important aspect of its design. The three principal timbers included fir, pine, and cedar. Primarily the choice in timber depended on where the construction took place. For example, in Syria and Phoenicia, triereis were made of cedar,

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was formed under the aegis of Athens. Gradually, the predominance of Athens turned the League effectively into an Athenian Empire. The source and foundation of Athens' power was her strong fleet, composed of over 200 triremes. It not only secured control of the Aegean Sea and the loyalty of her

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The trireme was designed for day-long journeys, with no capacity to stay at sea overnight, or to carry the provisions needed to sustain its crew overnight. Each crewman required 2 gallons (7.6 l) of fresh drinking water to stay hydrated each day, but it is unknown quite how this was stored and

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During the Peloponnesian War, there were a few variations to the typical crew layout of a trireme. One was a drastically reduced number of oarsmen, so as to use the ship as a troop transport. The thranites would row from the top benches while the rest of the space, below, would be filled with

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allies, but also safeguarded the trade routes and the grain shipments from the Black Sea, which fed the city's burgeoning population. In addition, as it provided permanent employment for the city's poorer citizens, the fleet played an important role in maintaining and promoting the radical

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between the enemy troops and the slaughter of the men below. It has also been recorded that if a battle were to take place in the calmer water of a harbor, oarsmen would join the offensive and throw stones (from a stockpile aboard) to aid the marines in harassing/attacking other ships.

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were naturally tall, and provided these parts in usually a single piece. Making durable rope consisted of using both papyrus and white flax; the idea to use such materials is suggested by evidence to have originated in Egypt. In addition, ropes began being made from a variety of

1208:(Gk. "half-circle"; literally, "moon-shaped (i.e. crescent-shaped) circle"), were defensive tactics to be employed against these manoeuvres. In all of these manoeuvres, the ability to accelerate faster, row faster, and turn more sharply than one's enemy was very important. 692:

because pine was not readily available. Pine is stronger and more resistant to decay, but it is heavy, unlike fir, which was used because it was lightweight. The frame and internal structure would consist of pine and fir for a compromise between durability and weight.

655:. With the Doric cubit of 0.49 m, this results in an overall ship length of just under 37 m. The height of the sheds' interior was established as 4.026 metres, leading to estimates that the height of the hull above the water surface was ca. 2.15 metres. Its 365:, but this reference is disputed by modern historians, and attributed to a confusion, since "triērēs" was by the 5th century used in the generic sense of "warship", regardless its type. The first definite reference to the use of triremes in naval combat dates to 769:

that distance (Thucydides mentions a trireme travelling 300 kilometres in one day). The commanders of the triremes also had to stay aware of the condition of their men. They had to keep their crews comfortably paced, so as not to exhaust them before battle.

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to be carried aboard. During the 5th and 4th centuries, the trireme's strength was in its maneuverability and speed, not its armor or boarding force. That said, fleets less confident in their ability to ram were prone to load more marines onto their ships.

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Triremes continued to be the mainstay of all smaller navies. While the Hellenistic kingdoms did develop the quinquereme and even larger ships, most navies of the Greek homeland and the smaller colonies could only afford triremes. They were used by the

979:, an outrigger which enabled the inclusion of the third row of oars without significant increase to the height and loss of stability of the ship. Greater demands were placed upon their strength and synchronization than on those of the other two rows. 1362:

supply and fighting pirates, who usually employed light biremes and liburnians. But instead of the successful liburnians of the Greek Civil War, it was again centred around light triremes, but still with many marines. Out of this type of ship, the

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In the subsequent Peloponnesian War, naval battles fought by triremes were crucial in the power balance between Athens and Sparta. Despite numerous land engagements, Athens was finally defeated through the destruction of her fleet during the

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distributed. This meant that all those aboard were dependent upon the land and peoples of wherever they landed each night for supplies. Sometimes this would entail traveling up to eighty kilometres in order to procure provisions. In the

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would be situated in the rear of the ship, and relay orders to the rest of the crew via the rowmaster. For the crew of Athenian triremes, the ships were an extension of their democratic beliefs. Rich and poor rowed alongside each other.

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of time it took the men to escape. Inclement weather would greatly decrease the crew's odds of survival, leading to a situation like that off Cape Athos in 411 (12 of 10,000 men were saved). An estimated 40,000 Persians died in the

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weight and waterline, centre of gravity and stability, strength, and feasibility. All of these variables are dependent on one another; however a certain area may be more important than another depending on the purpose of the ship.

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The use of light woods meant that the ship could be carried ashore by as few as 140 men, but also that the hull soaked up water, which adversely affected its speed and maneuverability. But it was still faster than other warships.

818:). Cities visited, which suddenly found themselves needing to provide for large numbers of sailors, usually did not mind the extra business, though those in charge of the fleet had to be careful not to deplete them of resources. 901: 244:, see below), are common in 8th century BC and later vases and pottery fragments, and it is at the end of that century that the first references to three-banked ships are found. Fragments from an 8th-century relief at the 679:

Construction of the trireme differed from modern practice. The construction of a trireme was expensive and required around 6,000 man-days of labour to complete. The ancient Mediterranean practice was to build the outer

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In the Athenian navy, the crews enjoyed long practice in peacetime, becoming skilled professionals and ensuring Athens' supremacy in naval warfare. The rowers were divided according to their positions in the ship into

935:, a typical Athenian trireme crew during the Peloponnesian War consisted of 80 citizens, 60 metics and 60 foreign hands. Indeed, in the few emergency cases where slaves were used to crew ships, these were deliberately 1435:

in 1988 achieved 9 knots (17 km/h or 10.5 mph). These results, achieved with inexperienced crew, suggest that the ancient writers were not exaggerating about straight-line performance. In addition,

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of ancient Athens; although it afforded great prestige, it constituted a great financial burden, so that in the 4th century, it was often shared by two citizens, and after 397 BC it was assigned to special boards.

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does not appear until the Roman period. According to Morrison and Williams, "It must be assumed the term pentekontor covered the two-level type". As a ship, it was fast and agile and was the dominant

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were normally seated, only rising to carry out any boarding action. The hoplites belonged to the middle social classes, so that they came immediately next to the trierarch in status aboard the ship.

865:, who was always an experienced seaman and was often the commander of the vessel. These experienced sailors were to be found on the upper levels of the triremes. Other officers were the bow lookout ( 1200:(Gk., "Sailing out through") involved a concentrated charge so as to break a hole in the enemy line, allowing galleys to break through and then wheel to attack the enemy line from behind; and the 602:(undergirding), and carried two spares. They were possibly rigged fore and aft from end to end along the middle line of the hull just under the main beams and tensioned to 13.5 tonnes force. The 606:

were considered important and secret: their export from Athens was a capital offense. This cable would act as a stretched tendon straight down the middle of the hull, and would have prevented

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Classical sources indicate that the trireme was capable of sustained speeds of ca. 6 knots at relatively leisurely oaring. There is also a reference by Xenophon of a single day's voyage from

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was able to execute a 180 degree turn in one minute and in an arc no wider than two and one half (2.5) ship-lengths. Additional sea trials took place in 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1994. In 2004

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means "hold"). Their position was certainly the most uncomfortable, being underneath their colleagues and also exposed to the water entering through the oarholes, despite the use of the

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in the 1880s. These have provided us with a general outline of the Athenian trireme. The sheds were ca. 40 m long and just 6 m wide. These dimensions are corroborated by the evidence of

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would also have significantly braced the structure of the trireme against the stresses of ramming, giving it an important advantage in combat. According to material scientist

5922: 2690: 1422:(who with Welsh founded the Trireme Trust that initiated and managed the project), and informed by evidence from underwater archaeology, built an Athenian-style trireme, 463:, which possessed a formidable navy. In order to counter this, and possibly with an eye already at the mounting Persian preparations, in 483/2 BC the Athenian statesman 1156:

Unlike the naval warfare of other eras, boarding an enemy ship was not the primary offensive action of triremes. Triremes' small size allowed for a limited number of

5927: 5240: 5188: 610:. Additionally, hull plank butts would remain in compression in all but the most severe sea conditions, reducing working of joints and consequent leakage. The 1769:"Proceedings of 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN ANTIQUITY PIRAEUS, 30 AUGUST - 1 SEPTEMBER 1985: THE TRIERES, ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION" 5932: 3993: 794:

argues that this "served the larger civic interest of acculturating thousands as they worked together in cramped conditions and under dire circumstances."

1768: 6475: 6455: 1829: 802:. In another variation, the Athenians used 10 or so trireme for transporting horses. Such triremes had 60 oarsmen, and rest of the ship was for horses. 921:

but of free men. In the Athenian case in particular, service in ships was the integral part of the military service provided by the lower classes, the

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battle, the forces engaged ran the risk of losing their entire fleet. The number of ships and men in battles was sometimes very high. At the

688:) were employed, fitted in the keel and stretched by means of windlasses. Hence the triremes were often called "girded" when in commission. 659:

was relatively shallow, about 1 metre, which, in addition to the relatively flat keel and low weight, allowed it to be beached easily.

6413: 840:), responsible for manning, fitting out and maintaining the ship for his liturgical year at least; the ship itself belonged to Athens. The 759:, which translates as an average speed of 7.37 knots. These figures seem to be corroborated by the tests conducted with the reconstructed 6760: 6460: 5603: 1567: 1219:' strategy of outlasting the Peloponnesians by remaining within the walls of Athens indefinitely (a strategy made possible by Athens' 6470: 5860: 2676: 2593: 2570: 2547: 2510: 2486: 2420: 2349: 2330: 1811: 84: 1144:

In either case, the masts and railings of the ship were taken down prior to engagement to reduce the opportunities for opponents'

6740: 6495: 6402: 5362: 2606: 5573: 6770: 6750: 6222: 4340: 3986: 424: 748:), with square sails, while steering was provided by two steering oars at the stern (one at the port side, one to starboard). 6212: 5619: 1027:, it was evident that this was a difficult problem to solve, given the amount of noise that a full rowing crew generated. In 963:. According to the excavated Naval Inventories, lists of ships' equipment compiled by the Athenian naval boards, there were: 5218: 1785: 1249:, six Athenian generals were executed for failing to rescue several hundred of their men clinging to wreckage in the water. 6755: 6556: 6538: 6186: 3873: 2649: 2277: 6480: 6077: 5696: 3889: 5512: 2640: 931:

and hired foreigners were also accepted. Although it has been argued that slaves formed part of the rowing crew in the

264:, and fitted with oars pivoted at two levels. They have been interpreted as two-decked warships, and also as triremes. 6533: 6364: 5910: 5813: 5352: 5111: 4391: 811: 396: 6389: 5652: 5495: 5367: 5257: 5213: 4015: 3979: 2613: 732:), arranged in three rows, with one man per oar. Evidence for this is provided by Thucydides, who records that the 111: 1196:, "sailing around") involved outflanking or encircling the enemy so as to attack them in the vulnerable rear; the 6622: 6551: 6126: 5982: 5915: 5635: 5141: 5084: 3220: 2653: 468: 6765: 6663: 5875: 5402: 5397: 5203: 4934: 4484: 4137: 4002: 3583: 1449: 1281:

lost 170 ships (costing some 400 talents), and the majority of the crews were either killed, captured or lost.

845: 6168: 3924: 1755:"The 18th Jenkin Lecture, 1 October 2005: Some Engineering Concepts applied to Ancient Greek Trireme Warships" 1357:, but during the civil wars after Caesar's death the fleet was on the wrong side and a new warfare with light 947:

free to man his galleys, employing thus freedmen, but otherwise relied on citizens and foreigners as oarsmen.

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disables the enemy ship from simply getting away), then to board the ship and engage in hand-to-hand combat.

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The Athenian trireme had two great cables of about 47 mm in diameter and twice the ship's length called

6612: 6485: 6141: 6089: 5792: 5583: 5490: 5377: 5012: 4363: 1640: 940: 785:), who provided the ship's motive power, the deck crew headed by the trierarch and a marine detachment. The 6730: 6650: 6518: 6163: 5972: 5967: 5787: 5630: 5502: 5235: 4665: 4616: 4559: 4504: 4358: 3782: 3187: 2496: 1415: 1289: 150: 4436: 6641: 6523: 6197: 6173: 6028: 5507: 5465: 5392: 5290: 5275: 5265: 4857: 4736: 4690: 4621: 4586: 3392: 3286: 1740: 1274: 1270: 1225: 1211:

Athens' strength in the Peloponnesian War came from its navy, whereas Sparta's came from its land-based

815: 810:, the beached Athenian fleet was caught unawares on more than one occasion, while out looking for food ( 667: 524: 300: 145:, an ancient warship with a single row of 25 oars on each side (i.e., a single-banked boat), and of the 5838: 5017: 6617: 6490: 6430: 6283: 6217: 6060: 6048: 5892: 5701: 5460: 5455: 5357: 5317: 5198: 5121: 5007: 5000: 4554: 3939: 2457: 2387: 2289: 1411: 1254: 1099: 476: 471:

to start the construction of 200 triremes, using the income of the newly discovered silver mines at

6679: 6607: 6435: 6425: 6396: 6264: 6097: 6038: 5608: 5517: 5417: 5407: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5327: 5322: 5307: 5302: 5079: 4957: 4902: 4827: 4251: 4215: 3960: 3894: 3532: 3362: 1419: 1308: 1266: 1246: 1229: 932: 791: 644: 607: 520: 6065: 1045:", both corresponding quite well to the sound and motion of the oar going through its full cycle. 303:

in the 2nd century, drawing on earlier works, explicitly attributes the invention of the trireme (

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army. As the war progressed however the Spartans came to realize that if they were to undermine

6296: 5957: 5905: 5887: 5828: 5450: 5387: 5382: 5312: 5208: 5168: 5163: 5146: 5116: 4952: 4782: 4726: 4720: 4569: 4546: 4368: 4256: 3797: 3568: 3491: 2784: 2589: 2566: 2543: 2506: 2482: 2416: 2364: 2345: 2326: 1807: 1613: 1563: 1323: 1242: 1157: 1105: 1058: 836: 807: 681: 480: 388: 192: 119: 6289: 6735: 6602: 6158: 6053: 5797: 5706: 5598: 5427: 5422: 5173: 5156: 5126: 5057: 4832: 4611: 4489: 4416: 4236: 4112: 3588: 3537: 3461: 3446: 2858: 2759: 2728: 2723: 2465: 2395: 2297: 1339: 1294: 1185: 944: 756: 643:, which was the main war harbour of ancient Athens, were first carried out by Dragatsis and 504: 487: 479:, where both sides suffered great casualties. However, the decisive naval clash occurred at 55: 27: 20: 6018: 5372: 5332: 5270: 4373: 4308: 4162: 3868: 3848: 3843: 3731: 3661: 3301: 3145: 3087: 3062: 2987: 1833: 1083: 733: 539: 512: 288: 280: 175:

from the 7th to the 4th centuries BC, after which it was largely superseded by the larger

1754: 342:. Found in 1852, it is one of the main pictorial testaments to the layout of the trireme. 2461: 2391: 2293: 419:

cities were defeated by the Persian fleet, composed of squadrons from their Phoenician,

283:

in the late 8th century BC, and the Corinthian Ameinocles built four such ships for the

275:, and the exact time it developed into the foremost ancient fighting ship. According to 6528: 6324: 6270: 6258: 6043: 6013: 5772: 5711: 5647: 5640: 5445: 5440: 5151: 5104: 5022: 4967: 4695: 4601: 4564: 4411: 4273: 4107: 3914: 3812: 3792: 3641: 3240: 3162: 3105: 2873: 2863: 2754: 2536: 2500: 2469: 2399: 1145: 1078: 408: 403:, the majority of the Greek navies consisted of (probably two-tiered) penteconters and 268: 188: 127: 93: 2582: 2301: 1556: 323: 6724: 6672: 6513: 6383: 6357: 6317: 6310: 6303: 5962: 5897: 5777: 5099: 5094: 5067: 4995: 4892: 4426: 4348: 4261: 4097: 4077: 4040: 3817: 3802: 3741: 3721: 3610: 3431: 3421: 3367: 2853: 2559: 2538:

Ships and Sea-Power Before the Great Persian War: The Ancestry of the Ancient Trireme

2409: 2318: 1612:(1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press, 1609: 1445: 1354: 1278: 1193: 672: 500: 491: 412: 350: 253: 172: 101: 2668: 6418: 6108: 6102: 6008: 6003: 5942: 5823: 5178: 5052: 5027: 4979: 4972: 4897: 4812: 4448: 4383: 4241: 4179: 4102: 4060: 3909: 3787: 3746: 3696: 3600: 3542: 3502: 3347: 3327: 3074: 2820: 2794: 2635: 1301: 1269:

for example, 263 ships were involved, making for a total of 55,000 men, and at the

1028: 918: 656: 560: 552: 464: 400: 184: 131: 6343: 3047: 2524: 503:

in world history. Aside from Athens, other major naval powers of the era included

1414:(an author, Suffolk banker, writer and trireme enthusiast), advised by historian 1277:, the city-state of Athens lost what was left of its navy: the once 'invincible' 6695: 6657: 6240: 6179: 5998: 5952: 5937: 5865: 5593: 5072: 4877: 4772: 4579: 4315: 4246: 4152: 4070: 4055: 3929: 3904: 3822: 3716: 3671: 3666: 3615: 3547: 3507: 3451: 3235: 3225: 3210: 3167: 3157: 3140: 3125: 3012: 2992: 2888: 2833: 2749: 2718: 1799: 1474: 1319: 1134: 1129: 684:

first, and the ribs afterwards. To secure and add strength to the hull, cables (

615: 459:

Athens was at that time embroiled in a conflict with the neighbouring island of

180: 123: 6192: 6023: 5882: 5870: 5782: 5280: 5032: 4700: 4675: 4654: 4596: 4458: 4431: 4147: 4027: 3807: 3756: 3676: 3625: 3552: 3522: 3372: 3311: 3306: 3250: 3215: 3177: 3052: 3002: 2843: 2809: 2804: 2769: 2733: 2602: 2520: 2479:

The Athenian Trireme: The History and construction of an ancient Greek warship

1353:

With the rise of Rome the biggest fleet of quinqueremes temporarily ruled the

1220: 380: 311:

the possibility remains that the earliest three-banked warships originated in

276: 241: 215: 176: 6202: 6115: 5131: 5089: 5062: 4872: 4817: 4801: 4659: 4499: 4453: 4378: 4353: 4330: 4320: 4174: 4117: 4092: 3863: 3858: 3691: 3605: 3595: 3527: 3387: 3115: 2972: 2937: 2903: 2502:

The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times

2190:

John Coates, "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys" in

1327: 1117: 1070: 1066: 1033: 827: 786: 752: 671:

The mortise and tenon joint method of hull construction employed in ancient

648: 443: 373: 346: 312: 272: 219: 202:

with three files of oarsmen per side are sometimes referred to as triremes.

35: 141:, manned with one man per oar. The early trireme was a development of the 39:

Fleet of triremes made up of photographs of the modern full-sized replica

19:

This article is about ancient warships. For the venture capital firm, see

6350: 6337: 6070: 5223: 4852: 4847: 4797: 4715: 4670: 4591: 4479: 4474: 4443: 4200: 4157: 4122: 4087: 4035: 3736: 3726: 3512: 3497: 3482: 3477: 3426: 3342: 3260: 3245: 3195: 3095: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 2912: 2878: 2789: 2774: 2764: 2135: 1654: 1343: 1335: 1304: 1216: 1113: 1062: 936: 799: 354: 292: 2450:

International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration

711: 6635: 6082: 5578: 5470: 5230: 4962: 4867: 4837: 4822: 4792: 4777: 4762: 4757: 4710: 4680: 4403: 4210: 4205: 4082: 4045: 3751: 3701: 3681: 3578: 3487: 3456: 3436: 3382: 3377: 3352: 3337: 3291: 3281: 3205: 3022: 2977: 2967: 2947: 2932: 2917: 2848: 2704: 2700: 2448:

Morrison, John S. (1974). "Greek naval tactics in the 5th century BC".

1469: 1407: 1393: 1358: 1297: 1261: 1212: 1109: 701: 640: 556: 547: 472: 362: 261: 249: 245: 168: 2378:

Foley, Vernon; Soedel, Werner (April 1981). "Ancient oared warships".

2048:

A. J. Graham, "Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes",

6686: 6331: 6152: 5947: 5691: 5136: 5042: 4887: 4842: 4787: 4752: 4747: 4731: 4705: 4649: 4494: 4421: 4325: 4298: 4293: 4283: 4231: 4132: 4065: 3944: 3919: 3777: 3711: 3706: 3517: 3441: 3332: 3296: 3255: 3200: 3150: 3130: 3120: 2982: 2952: 2922: 2828: 2799: 2779: 1479: 1363: 928: 923: 781:) of the ship was about 200. These were divided into the 170 rowers ( 652: 528: 460: 377: 233: 199: 146: 115: 3971: 2083:

Rachel L. Sargent, "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare",

2022:

Rachel L. Sargent, "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare",

834:). He was a wealthy Athenian citizen (usually from the class of the 163:), a warship with two banks of oars, of Phoenician origin. The word 1057:), usually 10–20, were carried aboard for boarding actions. At the 435: 5552: 5047: 5037: 4882: 4862: 4807: 4767: 4741: 4685: 4184: 3899: 3853: 3827: 3686: 3405: 3357: 3265: 3230: 3172: 3100: 3057: 2997: 2927: 2883: 2868: 2663: 1392: 1379: 1288: 1173: 1172: 1082:

situation that closely mirrored the one that developed during the

1074: 906: 710: 666: 546: 538: 508: 486:

After Salamis and another Greek victory over the Persian fleet at

442: 434: 420: 416: 392: 384: 322: 308: 284: 257: 214: 34: 2650:

History and archeology of the ship - lecture notes - 26. Triremes

4644: 4633: 4303: 4288: 4268: 4169: 4050: 3934: 3761: 3110: 3007: 2957: 2942: 2893: 2838: 1347: 358: 267:

Modern scholarship is divided on the provenance of the trireme,

6588: 5747: 5680: 5549: 4932: 4534: 4013: 3975: 2672: 399:). Thucydides meanwhile clearly states that in the time of the 4278: 2658: 1448:

from the port of Keratsini to the main port of Piraeus as the

138: 73: 2477:

Morrison, John S.; Coates, John F.; Rankov, N. Boris (2000).

2061:

Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, "Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren“,

2035:

Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, "Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren“,

1638:

Anthony J. Papalas (1997): "The Development of the Trireme",

158: 105: 900: 651:, whereby the individual space allotted to each rower was 2 2361:

Ancient Greek Warship, 500-322 BC (New Vanguard Series 132)

118:

that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the

67: 1104:

In the ancient world, naval combat relied on two methods:

939:, usually before being employed. For instance, the tyrant 1540:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–230. 1326:, missile skirmishes and using warships as platforms for 1786:"SHIPS & WAYS OF OTHER DAYS, BY E. KEBLE CHATTERTON" 1273:

more than 300 ships and 60,000 seamen were involved. In

483:, where Xerxes' invasion fleet was decisively defeated. 467:

used his political skills and influence to persuade the

889:) who gave the rowers' rhythm and two superintendents ( 2259: 2257: 2202: 2200: 2168: 2166: 1836:, from the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum of Mainz 1804:

Structures, or why things don't fall through the floor

728:

The ship's primary propulsion came from the 170 oars (

2050:

Transactions of the American Philological Association

740:) and oarloop". The ship also had two masts, a main ( 85: 2026:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1927), pp. 264–279 (266–268) 1260:

Naval battles were far more of a spectacle than the

222:

warship with two rows of oars, relief from Nineveh,

137:

The trireme derives its name from its three rows of

70: 64: 61: 26:"Trieres" redirects here. For the beetle genus, see 6504: 6446: 6249: 6233: 5981: 5851: 5806: 5765: 5758: 5483: 5289: 5256: 5249: 5187: 4988: 4945: 4632: 4545: 4467: 4402: 4339: 4224: 4193: 4026: 3953: 3882: 3836: 3770: 3654: 3634: 3561: 3470: 3414: 3320: 3274: 3186: 3086: 3071: 2902: 2818: 2742: 2711: 475:. The first clash with the Persian navy was at the 76: 58: 2652:, from the Centre for Maritime Archaeology of the 2629:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890) 2581: 2558: 2535: 2408: 1555: 917:In the ancient navies, crews were composed not of 499:. Athenian maritime power is the first example of 1402:, a reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme 1389:, a reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme 1009:, a leather sleeve through which the oar emerged. 2126:Morrison, Coats & Rankov (2000), pp. 248–250 2087:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1927), pp. 264–279 (277) 1926:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265-246 BC 1188:of triremes employed a variety of tactics. The 913:, projecting from the deck, is clearly visible. 826:In Athens, the ship's captain was known as the 361:, for service in the Mediterranean, and in the 1452:entered its final stages in the run-up to the 279:, the trireme was introduced to Greece by the 3987: 2684: 2641:Hellenic Navy web page for the reconstructed 2432:A History of Seafaring in the Classical World 2039:, Vol. 28 (1979), pp. 106–110 (106 & 110) 1061:, each Athenian ship was recorded to have 14 8: 2481:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2325:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. 1884: 1882: 1714: 1712: 1181:formation would have looked like from above. 191:maritime empire and its downfall during the 2439:Morrison, John S.; Williams, R. T. (1968). 2313:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2095: 2093: 1037:two different rowing chants can be found: " 905:Depiction of the position and angle of the 6585: 6529:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle 6476:International Congress of Maritime Museums 6456:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology 5762: 5755: 5744: 5677: 5546: 5253: 4942: 4929: 4542: 4531: 4023: 4010: 3994: 3980: 3972: 3083: 2691: 2677: 2669: 1600:See index in Morrison (2004) for examples. 986:in the middle row, named after the beams ( 6544:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology 2342:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World 2280:(April 1989). "The trireme sails again". 1562:. London: Constable and Company Limited. 1515:from τρι- (tri-) "three" + ἐρέτης "rower" 1013:Most of the rowers (108 of the 170 – the 415:, where the combined fleets of the Greek 287:. This was interpreted by later writers, 2052:, Vol. 122 (1992), pp. 257–270 (258–262) 1735: 1733: 736:oarsmen carried "each his oar, cushion ( 490:, the Ionian cities were freed, and the 387:was able to contribute 40 triremes to a 6514:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology 2611:"Age of the Trireme", special issue of 1491: 1444:was used ceremonially to transport the 1169:Naval strategy in the Peloponnesian War 16:Ancient vessel with three banks of oars 6466:European Association of Archaeologists 1285:Changes of engagement and construction 1245:. In the Peloponnesian War, after the 1177:A schematic view of what the circular 975:means "deck"). They rowed through the 639:, νεώσοικοι) at the harbour of Zea in 183:. Triremes played a vital role in the 5722:Pompey's campaign against the pirates 1644:, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 259–271 (259f.) 1549: 1547: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1454:2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony 1307:(r. 293–296 AD), depicting a trireme 1224:destroying the Athenian fleet at the 704:grass in the later third century BC. 7: 559:showing a trireme vessel during the 6461:Archaeological Institute of America 2065:, Vol. 28 (1979), pp. 106–110 (110) 357:(610–595 BC) built triremes on the 2470:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1974.tb00854.x 2400:10.1038/scientificamerican0481-148 2344:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 861:) was headed by the helmsman, the 110:, literally "three-rower") was an 100:, "with three banks of oars"; cf. 14: 6471:Institute of Nautical Archaeology 5861:Coastal defence and fortification 5236:Roman circumnavigation of Britain 4536:Navigation, and ports and harbors 2588:. Constable and Company Limited. 2505:. London: Conway Maritime Press. 2499:; Gardiner, Robert, eds. (1995). 2302:10.1038/scientificamerican0489-96 1827:Piraeus: Cantharus, Zea, Munichia 1431:Crewed by 170 volunteer oarsmen, 6705: 6571: 6496:Society for American Archaeology 5730: 5663: 5532: 4915: 4517: 2607:History of the Peloponnesian War 2565:. University of Oklahoma Press. 2004:A War Like No Other, pp. 238–239 1906:The Age of the Galley, pp. 58–59 1688:The Age of the Galley, pp. 45–46 232:Depictions of two-banked ships ( 54: 6746:Naval history of ancient Greece 5928:Phoenician discovery of America 635:Excavations of the ship sheds ( 327:The Lenormant Relief, from the 5620:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea 2561:Warfare in the Classical World 1591:Morrison and Williams 1968:155 1406:In 1985–1987 a shipbuilder in 909:in a trireme. The form of the 307:, "three-banked ship") to the 1: 6539:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa 5214:Phoenician maritime expansion 2529:. Cambridge University Press. 2443:. Cambridge University Press. 2441:Greek Oared Ships: 900–322 BC 1053:A varying number of marines ( 366: 336: 331:, depicting the rowers of an 295:, to mean that triremes were 223: 6481:Nautical Archaeology Society 3890:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 2534:Wallinga, Herman T. (1993). 1915:The Age of the Galley, p. 58 1338:Empires and sea powers like 1077:had 40 hoplites on board at 159: 106: 6534:Museum of Ancient Seafaring 5911:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion 5717:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar 5574:Indus–Mesopotamia relations 1112:. Artillery in the form of 1069:mercenaries) on board, but 857:The deck and command crew ( 724:Propulsion and capabilities 6787: 6761:Naval warfare of antiquity 6390:Phoenician Ship Expedition 5231:Pytheas' voyage to Britain 5224:Circumnavigation of Africa 2407:Hanson, Victor D. (2005). 2242:Hanson (2006), pp. 247–248 2224:Hanson (2006), pp. 246–247 1946:Thucydides VI.8, VIII.29.2 1373: 1097: 497:Athenian form of democracy 198:Medieval and early modern 154: 25: 18: 6703: 6595: 6584: 6569: 5916:Samothrace temple complex 5754: 5743: 5728: 5687: 5676: 5661: 5559: 5545: 5530: 5436: 4941: 4928: 4913: 4541: 4530: 4515: 4022: 4009: 2654:University of Southampton 623:triremes by removing the 450:, illustration from book 319:Early use and development 5204:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul 3584:Iron-hulled sailing ship 2309:Coates, John F. (2000). 2108:Fields (2007), pp. 13–14 2013:Fields (2007), pp. 14–15 1582:Casson (1995), pp. 57–58 1536:Coates, John F. (2000). 1450:2004 Olympic Torch Relay 1204:(Gk., "circle") and the 744:) and a small foremast ( 543:Model of a Greek trireme 252:depicting the fleets of 6741:Ships of ancient Greece 6486:RPM Nautical Foundation 6223:Surviving ancient ships 6142:Marsala Punic shipwreck 3393:Square-rigged caravel ( 2636:E. J. de Meester's page 2363:. Osprey Publications. 2340:Casson, Lionel (1995). 1065:and 4 archers (usually 943:once set all slaves of 941:Dionysius I of Syracuse 236:), with or without the 6771:Transport in Phoenicia 6751:Navy of ancient Athens 6519:Giza Solar boat museum 5973:Underwater exploration 5968:Underwater archaeology 5933:Pre-Columbian theories 5788:John Sinclair Morrison 5749:Research and education 5199:Austronesian Expansion 1832:30 August 2007 at the 1403: 1390: 1311: 1182: 914: 877:), the quartermaster ( 777:The total complement ( 716: 676: 563: 544: 523:, and finally, at the 456: 440: 343: 229: 187:, the creation of the 97: 45: 6590:Legend and literature 6548:Viking ship museums: 6524:Grand Egyptian Museum 6284:Austronesian replicas 6259:Heyerdahl expeditions 6169:Caligula's Giant Ship 6029:Dover Bronze Age Boat 4691:Berenice Troglodytica 3925:Pinnace (ship's boat) 3287:Chinese treasure ship 2631:, entry on "Warships" 2580:Welsh, Frank (1988). 2263:Hanson (2006), p. 264 2251:Hanson (2006), p. 248 2233:Hanson (2006), p. 246 2215:Hanson (2006), p. 255 2206:Hanson (2006), p. 242 2192:The Age of the Galley 2172:Hanson (2006), p. 254 2117:Hanson (2006), p. 240 2074:Casson (1991), p. 188 1995:Hanson (2006), p. 259 1986:Hanson (2006), p. 258 1977:Hanson (2006), p. 257 1968:Hanson (2006), p. 252 1937:Hanson (2006), p. 261 1928:, Cassell 2003, p. 98 1888:Hanson (2006), p. 239 1867:Hanson (2006), p. 262 1718:Hanson (2006), p. 260 1668:Bibliotheca historica 1554:Welsh, Frank (1988). 1396: 1383: 1292: 1275:Battle of Aegospotami 1271:Battle of Aegospotami 1226:Battle of Aegospotami 1176: 904: 816:Battle of Aegospotami 714: 670: 550: 542: 525:Battle of Aegospotami 446: 438: 372:, when, according to 326: 301:Clement of Alexandria 218: 38: 6756:Navy of ancient Rome 6491:Sea Research Society 5893:Maritime archaeology 5702:Ameinias the Phocian 5697:Mediterranean piracy 3940:Thames sailing barge 3771:Recreational vessels 2584:Building the Trireme 2557:Warry, John (2004). 2430:Meijer, Fik (1986). 2359:Fields, Nic (2007). 2323:The Ancient Mariners 2311:The Athenian Trireme 2181:Fields (2007), p. 15 2160:Herodotus, VII.184.2 2099:Fields (2007), p. 13 1924:Adrian Goldsworthy, 1727:Fields (2007), p. 10 1641:The Mariner's Mirror 1558:Building the Trireme 1538:The Athenian Trireme 1418:and naval architect 1100:Oared vessel tactics 1001:in the lowest row, ( 990:) on which they sat. 477:Battle of Artemisium 5584:Maritime Jade Route 4737:Kaveri Poompattinam 3961:Nautical operations 3895:Floating restaurant 3783:Ljungström sailboat 3363:Full-rigged pinnace 2659:Merchant ships page 2462:1974IJNAr...3...21M 2411:A War Like No Other 2392:1981SciAm.244d.148F 2380:Scientific American 2294:1989SciAm.260d..96C 2282:Scientific American 2085:Classical Philology 2024:Classical Philology 1897:Thucydides, II.93.2 1876:Fields (2007), p. 9 1858:Fields (2007), p. 8 1706:Thucydides I.14.1–3 1655:Thucydides I.13.2–5 1293:Coin minted by the 1267:Battle of Arginusae 1247:Battle of Arginusae 1230:Sicilian Expedition 933:Sicilian Expedition 881:), the shipwright ( 792:Victor Davis Hanson 521:Sicilian Expedition 6132:Bajo de la Campana 5834:Peter Throckmorton 5819:Jean-Yves Empereur 5793:William L. Rodgers 5614:Maritime Silk Road 3078:and other vessels 3072:Naval and merchant 2151:Herodotus, VI.15.2 1629:Morrison 1995: 146 1404: 1391: 1376:Olympias (trireme) 1316:Hellenistic period 1312: 1253:early-5th-century 1183: 1073:narrates that the 915: 873:), the boatswain ( 837:pentakosiomedimnoi 812:Battle of Syracuse 717: 715:Bronze trireme ram 677: 564: 545: 527:, at the hands of 457: 453:Nordisk familjebok 441: 397:Battle of Pelusium 370: 525 BC 349:mentions that the 344: 340: 410 BC 335:Athenian trireme, 329:Athenian Acropolis 230: 227: 700 BC 46: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6713: 6580: 6579: 6567: 6566: 6187:Madrague de Giens 5906:Temple of Isthmia 5902:Maritime temples 5888:Marine navigation 5847: 5846: 5839:Shelley Wachsmann 5829:J. Richard Steffy 5739: 5738: 5672: 5671: 5541: 5540: 5528: 5527: 5479: 5478: 5209:Ocean exploration 4924: 4923: 4911: 4910: 4570:Rutter (nautical) 4526: 4525: 4513: 4512: 4369:Mortise and tenon 4003:Ancient seafaring 3969: 3968: 3798:Sailing hydrofoil 3650: 3649: 3569:Blackwall frigate 3492:Baltimore Clipper 2664:The Trireme Trust 2497:Morrison, John S. 2434:. Croom and Helm. 2370:978-1-84603-074-1 1806:. Pelican Books. 1697:Herodotus, III.44 1679:Stromata, I 16.36 1618:978-0-8018-5130-8 1243:Battle of Salamis 1059:Battle of Salamis 808:Peloponnesian War 469:Athenian assembly 193:Peloponnesian War 122:, especially the 120:Mediterranean Sea 6778: 6709: 6708: 6603:Ark of bulrushes 6586: 6575: 6574: 6213:Oldest surviving 5923:Nusantao network 5798:Chester G. Starr 5763: 5756: 5745: 5734: 5733: 5707:Cilician pirates 5678: 5667: 5666: 5604:Sa Huynh-Kalanay 5599:Iron Age Britain 5547: 5536: 5535: 5254: 4943: 4930: 4919: 4918: 4833:Ptolemais Theron 4543: 4532: 4521: 4520: 4113:Single-outrigger 4024: 4011: 3996: 3989: 3982: 3973: 3538:Ship of the line 3462:Ship of the line 3084: 3080:(by origin date) 2859:Full-rigged ship 2760:Fore-and-aft rig 2729:Age of Discovery 2724:Maritime history 2693: 2686: 2679: 2670: 2599: 2587: 2576: 2564: 2553: 2541: 2530: 2516: 2492: 2473: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2415:. Random House. 2414: 2403: 2374: 2355: 2336: 2314: 2305: 2264: 2261: 2252: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2195: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2142:Themistocles XIV 2133: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2088: 2081: 2075: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1929: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1904: 1898: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1837: 1824: 1818: 1817: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1782: 1776: 1775: 1773: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1751: 1745: 1737: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1707: 1704: 1698: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1680: 1677: 1671: 1664: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1607: 1601: 1598: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1561: 1551: 1542: 1541: 1533: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1496: 1295:Romano-Britannic 1206:mēnoeidēs kyklos 971:in the top row ( 757:Heraclea Pontica 645:Wilhelm Dörpfeld 531:and her allies. 431:The Persian Wars 371: 368: 341: 338: 260:show ships with 228: 225: 162: 156: 109: 88: 83: 82: 79: 78: 75: 72: 69: 66: 63: 60: 28:Trieres (beetle) 21:Trireme Partners 6786: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6766:Achaemenid navy 6721: 6720: 6719: 6710: 6706: 6701: 6591: 6576: 6572: 6563: 6506: 6500: 6448: 6447:Institutes and 6442: 6397:Viking replicas 6338:Balangay Voyage 6251: 6245: 6229: 5984: 5977: 5853: 5843: 5802: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5555: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5475: 5432: 5285: 5245: 5190: 5183: 4984: 4937: 4920: 4916: 4907: 4783:Mueang Phra Rot 4637: 4628: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4509: 4463: 4437:Triangular sail 4398: 4335: 4309:Sail components 4220: 4189: 4163:Tessarakonteres 4018: 4005: 4000: 3970: 3965: 3949: 3878: 3832: 3766: 3655:Fishing vessels 3646: 3630: 3557: 3466: 3410: 3316: 3270: 3182: 3146:Tessarakonteres 3079: 3077: 3073: 3067: 2988:Outrigger canoe 2898: 2814: 2738: 2707: 2697: 2624: 2614:Ancient Warfare 2596: 2579: 2573: 2556: 2550: 2533: 2519: 2513: 2495: 2489: 2476: 2447: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2406: 2377: 2371: 2358: 2352: 2339: 2333: 2317: 2308: 2278:Coates, John F. 2276: 2273: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2198: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2146: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2091: 2082: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1847:De architectura 1844: 1840: 1834:Wayback Machine 1825: 1821: 1814: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1779: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1665: 1661: 1652: 1648: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1608: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1553: 1552: 1545: 1535: 1534: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1497: 1493: 1488: 1466: 1378: 1372: 1287: 1238: 1171: 1154: 1152:On-board forces 1146:grappling hooks 1102: 1096: 1084:First Punic War 1051: 899: 879:pentēkontarchos 855: 844:was one of the 824: 775: 746:histos akateios 726: 665: 633: 537: 439:A Greek trireme 433: 369: 339: 321: 226: 213: 208: 92:; derived from 86: 57: 53: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6784: 6782: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6723: 6722: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6699: 6692: 6691: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6639: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6605: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6582: 6581: 6578: 6577: 6570: 6568: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6516: 6510: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6452: 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6407: 6406: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6387: 6380: 6372:Mediterranean 6370: 6369: 6368: 6361: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6325:Alingano Maisu 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6281: 6280: 6279: 6268: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6183: 6176: 6174:De Meern ships 6171: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6129: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6112: 6105: 6100: 6092: 6087: 6086: 6085: 6075: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6044:Cape Gelidonya 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5989: 5987: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5810: 5808: 5807:Archaeologists 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5773:David Blackman 5769: 5767: 5760: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5712:Jewish pirates 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5681: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5655: 5645: 5644: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5510: 5505: 5500: 5499: 5498: 5487: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5398:Lake Trasimene 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5299:Mediterranean: 5295: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5268: 5262: 5260: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4926: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4639: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4602:Maritime pilot 4599: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4572: 4567: 4565:Portolan chart 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4138:Oared warships 4135: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4007: 4006: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3991: 3984: 3976: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3963: 3957: 3955: 3951: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3915:Norfolk wherry 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3886: 3884: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3840: 3838: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3813:Trailer sailer 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3793:Pocket cruiser 3790: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3772: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3642:Montagu whaler 3638: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3592: 3591: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3403: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3278: 3276: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3192: 3190: 3188:Post-classical 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3106:Borobudur ship 3103: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2907: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2864:Jackass-barque 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2823: 2816: 2815: 2813: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2785:Ljungström rig 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2731: 2726: 2721: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2708: 2698: 2696: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2647: 2638: 2633: 2623: 2622:External links 2620: 2619: 2618: 2609: 2600: 2594: 2577: 2571: 2554: 2548: 2542:. E.J. Brill. 2531: 2517: 2511: 2493: 2487: 2474: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2421: 2404: 2386:(4): 116–129. 2375: 2369: 2356: 2350: 2337: 2331: 2319:Casson, Lionel 2315: 2306: 2272: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2253: 2244: 2235: 2226: 2217: 2208: 2196: 2183: 2174: 2162: 2153: 2144: 2140:Parallel Lives 2128: 2119: 2110: 2101: 2089: 2076: 2067: 2054: 2041: 2028: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1838: 1819: 1812: 1791: 1777: 1760: 1746: 1729: 1720: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1659: 1646: 1631: 1622: 1610:Casson, Lionel 1602: 1593: 1584: 1575: 1569:978-0094668805 1568: 1543: 1517: 1508: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1462: 1420:John F. Coates 1416:J. S. Morrison 1410:, financed by 1374:Main article: 1371: 1370:Reconstruction 1368: 1309:on the reverse 1286: 1283: 1237: 1234: 1170: 1167: 1153: 1150: 1095: 1092: 1050: 1047: 1011: 1010: 991: 980: 898: 895: 885:), the piper ( 854: 851: 823: 820: 774: 771: 725: 722: 664: 661: 632: 629: 579:(ζύγιος), and 536: 533: 432: 429: 409:Battle of Lade 320: 317: 305:trikrotos naus 212: 209: 207: 204: 128:ancient Greeks 114:and a type of 112:ancient vessel 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6783: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6731:Ancient ships 6729: 6728: 6726: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6688: 6684: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6675: 6674: 6673:Metamorphoses 6670: 6668: 6666: 6665:The Histories 6662: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6643:The Histories 6640: 6638: 6637: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6587: 6583: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6395: 6391: 6388: 6386: 6385: 6381: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6371: 6367: 6366: 6362: 6360: 6359: 6358:Marumaru Atua 6355: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6333: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6319: 6318:Samudra Raksa 6315: 6313: 6312: 6308: 6306: 6305: 6304:Te Au o Tonga 6301: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6188: 6184: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6164:Blackfriars I 6162: 6160: 6159:Arles Rhône 3 6157: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6110: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6079: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963:Thalassocracy 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5948:Shell middens 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5898:Naval warfare 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5858: 5856: 5850: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5805: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5778:Lionel Casson 5776: 5774: 5771: 5770: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5746: 5742: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5679: 5675: 5654: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5621: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5609:Incense trade 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5548: 5544: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5514: 5513:South America 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5488: 5486: 5482: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Sailing ships 5459: 5457: 5456:Oared vessels 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5378:Cape Hermaeum 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5189:Migration and 5186: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5002: 4999: 4998: 4997: 4996:Ancient Egypt 4994: 4993: 4991: 4989:Civilizations 4987: 4981: 4978: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4409: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4364:Clinker built 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Boat building 4347: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4098:Navis lusoria 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3977: 3974: 3962: 3959: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3837:Special terms 3835: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3803:Sailing yacht 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3769: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3643: 3640: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3432:East Indiaman 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3422:Bermuda sloop 3420: 3419: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3076: 3075:sailing ships 3070: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2817: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2680: 2675: 2674: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2595:9780094668805 2591: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2574: 2572:0-8061-2794-5 2568: 2563: 2562: 2555: 2551: 2549:90-04-09225-0 2545: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2526:Ancient Ships 2522: 2518: 2514: 2512:0-85177-554-3 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2488:0-521-56419-0 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2424: 2422:0-8129-6970-7 2418: 2413: 2412: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2353: 2351:0-8018-5130-0 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2332:0-691-01477-9 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2230: 2227: 2221: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2175: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2120: 2114: 2111: 2105: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1980: 1974: 1971: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1855: 1852: 1848: 1842: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1813:0-306-81283-5 1809: 1805: 1801: 1800:Gordon, J. E. 1795: 1792: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1756: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1703: 1700: 1694: 1691: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1606: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1588: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1559: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1446:Olympic Flame 1443: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1356: 1355:Mediterranean 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1331: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1310: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1280: 1279:thalassocracy 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1250: 1248: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1151: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1101: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1048: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 989: 985: 981: 978: 974: 970: 966: 965: 964: 962: 958: 954: 948: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 925: 920: 919:galley slaves 912: 908: 903: 896: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 852: 850: 847: 843: 839: 838: 833: 829: 821: 819: 817: 813: 809: 803: 801: 795: 793: 788: 784: 780: 772: 770: 766: 764: 763: 758: 754: 749: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 723: 721: 713: 709: 705: 703: 697: 693: 689: 687: 683: 674: 669: 662: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 630: 628: 626: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 596: 592: 590: 584: 582: 578: 574: 568: 562: 558: 554: 549: 541: 534: 532: 530: 526: 522: 516: 514: 510: 506: 502: 501:thalassocracy 498: 493: 492:Delian League 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 455: 454: 449: 445: 437: 430: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 413:Ionian Revolt 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 379: 375: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 334: 330: 325: 318: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 221: 217: 210: 205: 203: 201: 196: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 173:Mediterranean 170: 166: 161: 152: 151:Ancient Greek 148: 144: 140: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 103: 102:Ancient Greek 99: 95: 91: 90: 81: 51: 44: 43: 37: 33: 29: 22: 6694: 6685: 6678: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6651:On the Ocean 6649: 6642: 6634: 6631:Literature: 6419: 6401: 6382: 6375: 6365:Aotearoa One 6363: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6275: 6271: 6263: 6250:Experimental 6218:Museum ships 6185: 6178: 6151: 6123:Phoenician: 6114: 6109:Leontophoros 6107: 6071:Butuan boats 6066:Pontian boat 6004:Dufuna canoe 5943:Shipbuilding 5854:and theories 5824:Boris Rankov 5618: 5551:Economy and 5451:Incendiaries 5298: 5085:Indus Valley 5053:Tarumanagara 4980:Ubaid period 4898:Wadi al-Jarf 4813:Ostia Antica 4417:Fore-and-aft 4384:Shipbuilding 4359:Carvel built 4341:Construction 4299:Steering oar 4180:Sailing ship 4142: 4103:Obelisk ship 4061:Dugout canoe 3910:Norfolk punt 3788:Mast aft rig 3697:Herring buss 3621:West Country 3543:Sloop-of-war 3398: 3394: 3328:Crommesteven 3135: 2821:sailing rigs 2795:Mast aft rig 2743:Sailing rigs 2703:vessels and 2642: 2628: 2617:, 2/2 (2008) 2612: 2583: 2560: 2537: 2525: 2501: 2478: 2456:(1): 21–26. 2453: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2410: 2383: 2379: 2360: 2341: 2322: 2310: 2288:(4): 68–75. 2285: 2281: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2191: 2186: 2177: 2156: 2147: 2139: 2131: 2122: 2113: 2104: 2084: 2079: 2070: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2018: 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1933: 1925: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1822: 1803: 1794: 1780: 1763: 1749: 1739: 1723: 1702: 1693: 1684: 1675: 1667: 1662: 1653: 1649: 1639: 1634: 1625: 1605: 1596: 1587: 1578: 1557: 1537: 1511: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1458: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1423: 1405: 1397: 1384: 1352: 1332: 1313: 1259: 1255:black-figure 1251: 1239: 1210: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1178: 1163: 1155: 1143: 1141:) triremes. 1138: 1125: 1123: 1103: 1087: 1054: 1052: 1042: 1038: 1032: 1029:Aristophanes 1022: 1018: 1014: 1012: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 987: 983: 977:parexeiresia 976: 972: 968: 960: 956: 952: 949: 922: 916: 911:parexeiresia 910: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 856: 841: 835: 831: 825: 804: 796: 782: 778: 776: 767: 760: 750: 745: 742:histos megas 741: 737: 729: 727: 718: 706: 698: 694: 690: 685: 678: 663:Construction 636: 634: 624: 619: 611: 603: 599: 597: 593: 588: 585: 580: 576: 575:(θαλάμιος), 572: 569: 565: 561:Roman Empire 553:Roman mosaic 517: 485: 465:Themistocles 458: 451: 447: 404: 401:Persian Wars 391:invasion of 345: 332: 304: 299:in Corinth. 296: 266: 238:parexeiresia 237: 231: 197: 185:Persian Wars 181:quinqueremes 164: 136: 49: 47: 40: 32: 6658:Argonautica 6645:(Herodotus) 6608:Flood myths 6505:Museums and 6449:conferences 6414:Vital Alsar 6252:archaeology 6061:Austronesia 6054:Hjortspring 6049:Rochelongue 5999:Pesse canoe 5953:Ship burial 5938:Sea Peoples 5871:Lighthouses 5866:Grave goods 5814:George Bass 5594:Spice trade 5191:exploration 5013:Philippines 5008:Austronesia 5001:Old Kingdom 4878:Trincomalee 4828:Prosphorion 4773:Myos Hormos 4617:Micronesian 4608:By region: 4580:Lighthouses 4388:By region: 4153:Quinquereme 4078:Kunlun ship 4071:Penteconter 4056:Dragon boat 3905:Mersey flat 3883:Other types 3672:Barca-longa 3574:Down Easter 3211:Bomb vessel 3163:K'un-lun po 3141:Quadriremes 3126:Penteconter 3013:Quadrimaran 2834:Barquentine 2750:Bermuda rig 2719:Age of Sail 2521:Torr, Cecil 1845:Vitruvius, 1475:Penteconter 1412:Frank Welsh 1366:developed. 1320:quinquereme 1314:During the 927:, although 891:toicharchoi 842:triērarchia 832:triērarchos 616:J.E. Gordon 411:during the 405:ploia makrá 281:Corinthians 248:capital of 177:quadriremes 143:penteconter 124:Phoenicians 6725:Categories 6667:(Polybius) 6311:Hawaiʻiloa 6193:Nemi ships 6078:Black Sea‎ 6024:Khufu ship 5985:and relics 5883:Marine art 5876:Alexandria 5783:Fik Meijer 5766:Historians 5653:Indo-Roman 5466:Greek navy 5368:Salamis II 5358:Hellespont 5318:Artemisium 5308:Nile Delta 5271:Achaemenid 5164:Achaemenid 5033:Langkasuka 5028:Micronesia 4946:Prehistory 4873:Sounagoura 4701:Chittagong 4676:Barbarikon 4655:Alexandria 4597:Pilot boat 4547:Navigation 4379:Sewn-plank 4374:Lashed-lug 4252:Figurehead 4225:Components 4194:Propulsion 4148:Quadrireme 4129:Polyremes 4108:Outriggers 3869:Treenailed 3849:Lashed lug 3844:Inflatable 3823:Windsurfer 3808:Sportsboat 3757:Well smack 3626:Windjammer 3553:Trincadour 3523:Padewakang 3373:Man-of-war 3312:Trabaccolo 3251:Malangbang 3053:Vaka katea 3003:Pentamaran 2844:Brigantine 2805:Square rig 2800:Pinisi rig 2780:Lateen rig 2770:Gunter rig 2734:Navigation 2603:Thucydides 2271:References 1955:Xenophon, 1670:, XIV.42.3 1666:Diodorus, 1502:"three" + 1346:and later 1236:Casualties 1221:Long Walls 1133:light, un- 1098:See also: 1019:thalamitai 995:thalamitai 961:thalamitai 863:kybernētēs 734:Corinthian 686:hypozōmata 631:Dimensions 625:hupozomata 612:hypozomata 604:hypozomata 600:hypozomata 589:hypozomata 427:subjects. 381:Polycrates 277:Thucydides 242:outriggers 220:Phoenician 6680:Geography 6618:Gilgamesh 6507:memorials 6431:Viracocha 6344:Faʻafaite 6297:Sarimanok 6203:Yassi Ada 6116:Syracusia 6039:Canaanite 6014:Moor Sand 5484:By region 5446:Grappling 5418:Naulochus 5408:Myonessus 5363:Echinades 5348:Arginusae 5343:Cynossema 5328:Naupactus 5323:Eurymedon 5157:Classical 5132:Phoenicia 5127:Mycenaean 5090:Tamilakam 5073:Polynesia 5063:Srivijaya 4858:Satingpra 4818:Palembang 4802:Cattigara 4744:(Kadaram) 4727:Jambukola 4721:Guangzhou 4662:(Podouke) 4660:Arikamedu 4622:Polynesia 4555:Celestial 4468:Armaments 4454:Spritsail 4412:Crab claw 4354:Careening 4321:Sternpost 4175:Reed boat 4118:Catamaran 4093:Multihull 3864:Tall ship 3692:Gableboat 3606:Leti leti 3596:Janggolan 3528:Post ship 3399:de armada 3388:Speronara 3116:Fire ship 3048:Va'a-tele 2973:Kora kora 2938:Catamaran 2904:Multihull 2810:Tanja rig 2755:Crab claw 2712:Overviews 2699:Types of 2194:, p. 133. 1959:, I.5.3–7 1957:Hellenica 1620:, fig. 76 1328:artillery 1198:diekplous 1190:periplous 1186:Squadrons 1139:aphraktai 1118:catapults 1114:ballistas 1071:Herodotus 1034:The Frogs 999:thalamioi 969:thranitai 953:thranitai 875:keleustēs 859:hypēresia 853:Deck crew 846:liturgies 828:trierarch 822:Trierarch 787:trierarch 753:Byzantium 738:hypersion 649:Vitruvius 637:neōsoikoi 581:thranites 573:thalamios 374:Herodotus 347:Herodotus 313:Phoenicia 309:Sidonians 273:Phoenicia 6696:Tākitimu 6599:Legend: 6557:Roskilde 6436:Tangaroa 6377:Olympias 6351:Gaualofa 6290:Hōkūleʻa 6265:Kon-Tiki 6098:Ashkelon 6034:Uluburun 5993:Earliest 5759:Scholars 5641:shipping 5441:Boarding 5353:Mytilene 5338:Syracuse 5303:Alashiya 5266:Egyptian 5250:Military 5241:Timeline 5219:Sardinia 5142:Carthage 5058:Kalingga 5018:Sa Huỳnh 4953:Timeline 4903:Zanzibar 4853:Sarapion 4848:Rhacotis 4778:Martaban 4723:(Canton) 4716:Godavaya 4711:Giao Chỉ 4681:Barygaza 4671:Avalites 4592:Piloting 4480:Catapult 4475:Ballista 4449:Mast-aft 4262:Planking 4201:Paddling 4158:Hexareme 4123:Trimaran 4088:Longship 4036:Balangay 3818:Wharrams 3737:Sixareen 3732:Nordland 3727:Patorani 3513:Gundalow 3498:Gallivat 3483:Chialoup 3478:Bilander 3427:Corvette 3343:Galleass 3302:Lancaran 3261:Tongkang 3246:Longship 3196:Balinger 3096:Balangay 3043:Ungalawa 3038:Trimaran 3033:Tongiaki 3028:Tipairua 2879:Schooner 2775:Junk rig 2765:Gaff rig 2643:Olympias 2523:(1894). 2321:(1991). 2136:Plutarch 2063:Historia 2037:Historia 1830:Archived 1802:(1978). 1464:See also 1442:Olympias 1438:Olympias 1433:Olympias 1425:Olympias 1399:Olympias 1386:Olympias 1359:liburnas 1344:Carthage 1340:Syracuse 1336:Diadochi 1324:boarding 1305:Allectus 1217:Pericles 1106:boarding 1088:epibatai 1067:Scythian 1063:hoplites 1055:epibatai 1039:ryppapai 1024:Olympias 1003:thalamos 945:Syracuse 937:set free 883:naupēgos 871:prōratēs 800:hoplites 762:Olympias 620:hupozoma 505:Syracuse 425:Egyptian 355:Necho II 353:pharaoh 351:Egyptian 297:invented 293:Diodorus 246:Assyrian 189:Athenian 98:trirēmis 42:Olympias 6736:Galleys 6636:Odyssey 6613:Genesis 6410:Others 6209:Lists: 6198:Marausa 6148:Roman: 6138:Punic: 6103:Kyrenia 6094:Greek: 6090:Marsala 6083:Sinop D 5958:Tacking 5692:History 5579:Meluhha 5569:Fishing 5564:Whaling 5471:Ramming 5393:Aegates 5388:Drepana 5383:Ecnomus 5313:Salamis 5301: 5291:Battles 5169:Nabatea 5152:Archaic 5122:Nuragic 5112:Somalia 4963:Oceania 4958:Britain 4935:History 4868:Socotra 4838:Qandala 4823:Piraeus 4793:Muziris 4763:Madurai 4758:Manthai 4696:Canopus 4666:Arsinoe 4638:harbors 4587:History 4575:Coastal 4505:Sambuca 4490:Dolphin 4404:Rigging 4216:Poling 4206:Sailing 4143:Trireme 4083:Liburna 4046:Coracle 4016:Vessels 3954:Related 3752:Tartane 3702:Jangada 3682:Felucca 3677:Falkuša 3635:20th c. 3589:Warship 3579:Golekan 3562:19th c. 3488:Clipper 3471:18th c. 3457:Polacca 3437:Frigate 3415:17th c. 3383:Patache 3378:Manchua 3353:Flyboat 3338:Galleon 3321:16th c. 3292:Caravel 3282:Carrack 3275:15th c. 3241:Kondura 3206:Birlinn 3136:Trireme 3088:Ancient 3023:Tepukei 2978:Lakatoi 2968:Karakoa 2948:Guilalo 2933:Camakau 2918:Amatasi 2906:vessels 2874:Mistico 2849:Catboat 2790:Lug rig 2701:sailing 2645:trireme 2458:Bibcode 2388:Bibcode 2290:Bibcode 1788:. 1913. 1470:Warship 1408:Piraeus 1302:emperor 1298:usurper 1262:hoplite 1213:Hoplite 1158:marines 1110:ramming 1094:Tactics 1049:Marines 1041:" and " 1031:' play 1015:zygitai 984:zygitai 973:thranos 957:zygitai 887:aulētēs 867:prōreus 779:plērōma 702:esparto 673:vessels 657:draught 641:Piraeus 618:: "The 608:hogging 557:Tunisia 513:Corinth 481:Salamis 473:Laurion 448:Trireme 389:Persian 363:Red Sea 333:aphract 285:Samians 250:Nineveh 234:biremes 211:Origins 206:History 200:galleys 171:in the 169:warship 107:triērēs 50:trireme 6687:Aeneid 6403:Viking 6384:Regina 6153:Alkedo 6009:Abydos 5983:Wrecks 5852:Topics 5682:Piracy 5636:Greece 5496:Odisha 5428:Actium 5423:Mycale 5258:Navies 5147:Greece 5137:Olmecs 5105:Pandya 5080:Minoan 5043:Champa 5023:Lapita 4968:Remote 4888:Tyndis 4843:Quilon 4788:Muscat 4753:Lothal 4748:Korkai 4732:Jeddah 4706:Essina 4650:Adulis 4560:Charts 4495:Harpax 4485:Corvus 4459:Square 4427:Settee 4422:Lateen 4331:Tiller 4326:Strake 4294:Rudder 4284:Paddle 4232:Anchor 4211:Towing 4133:Bireme 4066:Galley 4041:Bangka 3945:Wherry 3920:Pausik 3778:Dinghy 3722:Mayang 3717:Masula 3712:Lugger 3707:Jukung 3611:Palari 3533:74-gun 3518:Lanong 3442:Galeas 3368:Lorcha 3333:Galiot 3297:Ghurab 3256:Shitik 3201:Benawa 3151:Dromon 3131:Bireme 3121:Galley 2983:Lanong 2953:Jukung 2923:Baurua 2854:Cutter 2829:Barque 2592: 2569: 2546: 2509: 2485: 2419: 2367: 2348: 2329: 1810: 1616: 1566: 1506:"oar". 1480:Bireme 1364:dromon 1202:kyklos 1179:kyklos 1135:decked 1126:embola 1124:Rams ( 1075:Chiots 1043:o opop 1007:askōma 959:, and 929:metics 924:thētai 907:rowers 897:Rowers 783:eretai 653:cubits 577:zygios 535:Design 529:Sparta 488:Mycale 461:Aegina 423:, and 421:Carian 417:Ionian 378:tyrant 376:, the 269:Greece 165:dieres 160:diērēs 155:διήρης 147:bireme 132:Romans 116:galley 6623:Greek 6426:Abora 6420:Ivlia 6332:Saina 6276:Ra II 6234:Sites 6019:Dokos 5631:Egypt 5553:trade 5518:Rafts 5503:Japan 5491:India 5403:Chios 5373:Mylae 5333:Olpae 5281:Roman 5276:Greek 5174:Aksum 5100:Chera 5095:Chola 5068:Sunda 5048:Kutai 5038:Kedah 4883:Tulum 4863:Sidon 4808:Opone 4798:Óc Eo 4768:Malao 4742:Kedah 4686:Basra 4634:Ports 4612:Inuit 4432:Tanja 4392:Egypt 4242:Cabin 4185:Tomol 4028:Types 3900:Fusta 3854:Razee 3828:Yacht 3747:Smack 3742:Sgoth 3687:Fifie 3662:Bagan 3616:Tamar 3601:Lambo 3503:Garay 3406:Xebec 3395:round 3358:Fluyt 3348:Ghali 3266:Zabra 3231:Knarr 3173:Mtepe 3101:Boita 3058:Vinta 3018:Takia 2998:Paraw 2963:Kalia 2928:Bigiw 2913:ʻalia 2884:Sloop 2869:Ketch 1849:I.2.4 1772:(PDF) 1744:I.153 1504:rēmus 1498:from 1486:Notes 1130:knots 988:zygoi 730:kōpai 555:from 509:Corfu 393:Egypt 385:Samos 289:Pliny 258:Sidon 240:(the 94:Latin 89:-reem 6552:Oslo 6274:and 6180:Isis 6127:Gozo 5648:Rome 5626:Maya 5508:Rome 5413:Nile 5179:Rome 5117:Maya 4973:Near 4893:Tyre 4645:Aden 4444:Junk 4316:Stem 4304:Sail 4289:Rope 4274:Mast 4269:Keel 4257:Hull 4247:Deck 4170:Raft 4051:Dhow 3935:Scow 3930:Pram 3874:ULDB 3859:Sewn 3762:Yoal 3667:Bago 3548:Toop 3508:Grab 3452:Pink 3447:Koff 3236:Koch 3226:Jong 3221:Hulk 3168:Lepa 3158:Junk 3111:Dhow 3008:Proa 2993:Pahi 2958:Kaep 2943:Drua 2894:Yawl 2889:Snow 2839:Brig 2705:rigs 2590:ISBN 2567:ISBN 2544:ISBN 2507:ISBN 2483:ISBN 2417:ISBN 2365:ISBN 2346:ISBN 2327:ISBN 1808:ISBN 1614:ISBN 1564:ISBN 1500:tri- 1348:Rome 1116:and 1108:and 1079:Lade 1017:and 814:and 773:Crew 682:hull 511:and 359:Nile 291:and 262:rams 256:and 254:Tyre 179:and 139:oars 130:and 5589:Tin 4636:and 4500:Ram 4279:Oar 4237:Bow 3397:or 3307:Hoy 3216:Cog 3178:Uru 2819:By 2466:doi 2396:doi 2384:244 2298:doi 2286:261 1194:Gk. 997:or 993:54 982:54 967:62 869:or 755:to 627:." 383:of 271:or 87:TRY 6727:: 6272:Ra 6241:H3 5995:: 3063:Wa 2605:, 2464:. 2452:. 2394:. 2382:. 2296:. 2284:. 2256:^ 2199:^ 2165:^ 2138:, 2092:^ 1881:^ 1741:IG 1732:^ 1711:^ 1546:^ 1520:^ 1456:. 1428:. 1342:, 1330:. 1232:. 1148:. 955:, 551:A 515:. 507:, 367:c. 337:c. 315:. 224:c. 195:. 157:, 153:: 134:. 126:, 104:: 96:: 74:iː 68:aɪ 48:A 4804:) 4800:( 3995:e 3988:t 3981:v 3494:) 3490:( 3401:) 2692:e 2685:t 2678:v 2598:. 2575:. 2552:. 2515:. 2491:. 2472:. 2468:: 2460:: 2454:3 2425:. 2402:. 2398:: 2390:: 2373:. 2354:. 2335:. 2304:. 2300:: 2292:: 1816:. 1774:. 1757:. 1572:. 1300:- 1192:( 1137:( 830:( 675:. 395:( 149:( 80:/ 77:m 71:r 65:r 62:t 59:ˈ 56:/ 52:( 30:. 23:.

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