371:
387:
379:
888:
104:
31:
395:
62:
329:: the abdominal fold, the apical half obliquely of interspace 1, the termen broadly, the base of the cell and the costal area up to and including the basal half of interspace 7 velvety black, the rest of the wing rich silky yellow; the veins prominently but narrowly black; the inner margin of the terminal black border produced inwards into prominent cone-shaped markings in the interspaces.
269:
360:
Hindwing: the black at base and along the costal margin broader, occupying fully one-third of the cell, the area above it and above vein 7, interrupted however, in interspace 7 near the apex of wing, by a transverse yellow mark which is sometimes subobsolete; a postdiscal series of large oval black
340:
Hindwing: dorsal margin broadly black, with an edging of long soft black hairs; interspace 1 with a large oval postdiscal and a terminal black spot; interspace 2 with the postdiscal black spot generally separate from the cone-shaped projection of the black terminal border; the apical and lateral
336:
black spots in the interspaces, but never a complete series; in interspace 2 and sometimes also in interspace 3 these spots coalesce with the cone-shaped projections of the terminal black border. Underneath the abdominal fold is a dense mass of buffy-white scented cottony pubescence. Underside
361:
spots, those in interspaces 2 and 3 often joined on the upperside to the cone-shaped terminal black marks; dorsal margin also more broadly black, without the fringe of black hairs and or course of the abdominal fold. Antenna, head and thorax as in the male; abdomen dark brownish black above.
276:
274:
271:
270:
275:
273:
344:
Antenna, head and thorax black, the collar narrowly crimson; abdomen yellow, shaded above with black; beneath: the thorax with a large lateral patch of crimson, the anal segment prominently buff coloured.
370:
869:
and may also require protection in peninsular Malaya also. It is listed in
Appendix II of Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (
1301:
272:
1783:
1068:
1822:
1138:
Cotton, Adam; Fric, Zdenek
Faltynek; Smith, Colin; Smetacek, Peter (March 2013). "Subspecies catalogue of the butterflies of India (Papilionidae): A Synopsis".
1917:
1001:
1757:
386:
378:
1932:
1006:
1245:
1076:
1937:
319:
pale streaks on either side of the veins beyond the cell. The cilia is short, black, alternated with pale buffy white in the middle of the
1236:
Kurt
Rumbucher and Oliver Schäffler, 2005 Part 21, Papilionidae XI. Troides IV. helena-group. in Erich Bauer and Thomas Frankenbach Eds.
1809:
1329:
1269:
1227:
1197:
838:
The common birdwing, though widespread and common in many of the localities in which it occurs, was classified as vulnerable in 1985.
293:
1942:
1927:
764:
1957:
957:
862:
219:
1261:
1180:
1291:
1548:
887:
1947:
996:
333:
326:
320:
316:
312:
1731:
1251:
803:
1285:
922:
has been planted in the
Kadoorie Farm and Shan Liu Road in Hong Kong to sustain a healthy population of the species.
1122:
1827:
1583:
103:
1472:
965:
1611:
1894:
853:
or
Kerberos, in Greek and Roman mythology, is a multi-headed hound which guards the gates of the Underworld.
1604:
1952:
1674:
1625:
1590:
1569:
1354:
1322:
1092:
975:
1814:
353:
Upper and under sides of the female is similar to those in the male, but with the following differences:
1736:
1618:
1555:
198:
165:
816:– Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur, Orissa, Mizoram, Sikkim, Tripura, W. Bengal.
1655:
1648:
1597:
1576:
1562:
1541:
1361:
1712:
1514:
1500:
1172:
1102:
918:
906:
900:
51:
1521:
1451:
1395:
1062:
98:
1156:
733:
1788:
756:
1801:
1744:
1493:
1444:
1430:
1409:
1388:
1315:
1265:
1241:
1223:
1193:
1072:
912:
760:
262:
1192:. Nature Guides. Bombay, India: World Wide Fund for Nature-India by Oxford University Press.
755:
but it is observed that there are stable populations in three sites (the surrounding area of
1922:
1642:
1423:
776:
30:
394:
1835:
1507:
1479:
1465:
1416:
1126:
768:
705:
1402:
1381:
1120:
Hong Kong
Lepidopterists' Society webpage on Common Birdwing. Accessed 12 October 2006.
43:
1911:
1796:
1486:
1458:
953:
937:
846:
799:
772:
215:
71:
66:
1096:
1880:
1749:
991:
721:
258:
620:
is widely distributed and locally common in forest areas. Globally it is found in
1255:
1217:
337:
similar, the adnervular pale streaks on the forewing broader and more prominent.
1853:
1770:
1706:
795:
341:
margins of interspaces 2-6 pale yellow irrorated (sprinkled) with black scales.
155:
1697:
941:
737:
629:
866:
752:
677:
673:
645:
641:
254:
135:
115:
1026:
1840:
1723:
1296:
1874:
1691:
1338:
1119:
850:
725:
657:
653:
637:
1889:
1762:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1064:
Threatened
Swallowtail Butterflies of the World: The IUCN Red Data Book
875:
717:
693:
685:
661:
633:
299:
The description of the commonest subspecies of the butterfly in India,
175:
1775:
1188:
Gay, Thomas; Kehimkar, Isaac David; Punetha, Jagdish
Chandra (1992).
791:
741:
729:
713:
701:
669:
261:. It is often found in the wildlife trade due to its popularity with
145:
125:
39:
1668:
1848:
886:
870:
783:
665:
625:
621:
393:
385:
377:
369:
267:
88:
82:
357:
Forewing: the adnervular pale streaks broader and more prominent.
1211:. Gangtok, Sikkim, India: Sikkim Nature Conservation Foundation.
709:
697:
689:
649:
1672:
1311:
1307:
1222:. India, A Lifescape. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press.
1209:
The
Butterflies of Sikkim Himalaya and Their Natural History
751:
is at the northern limit of its range. It is not common in
1098:
The Fauna of
British India, Including Ceylon and Burma
790:
is found in the north-east of the country including
390:
Common birdwing (সোনাল), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
382:
Common birdwing (সোনাল), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
1864:
1681:
1532:
1372:
1345:
865:in Hong Kong. The common birdwing is protected in
849:in Greek mythology was the daughter of Zeus.
1323:
1061:Collins, N. Mark; Morris, Michael G. (1985).
8:
1002:List of butterflies of India (Papilionidae)
1669:
1330:
1316:
1308:
1081:– via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1046:
265:. The butterfly has seventeen subspecies.
60:
29:
20:
891:Illustration including larva and pupa of
863:Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap 170
1177:The Identification of Indian Butterflies
1101:. Vol. II (1st ed.). London:
1018:
1007:List of protected species in Hong Kong
806:. The subspecies found in India are:
7:
1895:0AA2D993-9E3A-4DD2-B259-856ED81BC3CF
1918:IUCN Red List least concern species
1304:Photos, video and more information
765:Kadoorie Farm & Botanic Garden
294:External morphology of Lepidoptera
14:
398:Illustration of males and females
1257:Butterflies of the Indian Region
916:. A food plant for the species,
861:This species is protected under
102:
1219:Butterflies of Peninsular India
1179:(2nd ed.). Mumbai, India:
898:The larval food plants include
495:Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
463:Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
431:Rumbucher & Schäffler, 2005
332:All specimens have one or more
235:
1262:Bombay Natural History Society
1240:. Keltern: Goecke & Evers
1181:Bombay Natural History Society
763:), Shan Liu Road (Tai Po) and
292:For explanation of terms, see
1:
1933:Butterflies described in 1758
1252:Wynter-Blyth, Mark Alexander
997:List of butterflies of India
315:are rich velvety black with
1938:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1216:Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000).
1190:Common Butterflies of India
804:Andaman and Nicobar Islands
1974:
814:(C. & R. Felder, 1865)
802:. It is also found in the
423:(C. & R. Felder, 1865)
291:
1636:
1125:27 September 2006 at the
1067:. Gland & Cambridge:
636:, peninsular and eastern
232:
227:
204:
197:
99:Scientific classification
97:
80:
58:
49:
37:
28:
23:
1943:Butterflies of Singapore
1928:Butterflies of Indochina
1288:Butterflies of Singapore
1238:Butterflies of the World
1103:Taylor and Francis, Ltd.
966:Troides oblongomaculatus
771:). It is also found on
303:Felder, is given below:
257:belonging to the family
1958:Butterflies of Malaysia
1207:Haribal, Meena (1992).
613:Distribution and status
281:Troides helena cerberus
940:. The members of this
895:
399:
391:
383:
375:
284:
38:Male, dorsal side, at
890:
397:
389:
381:
373:
279:
1027:"Appendices | CITES"
976:Troides × celebensis
374:Flight and nectaring
263:butterfly collectors
16:Species of butterfly
1948:Butterflies of Java
1474:T. oblongomaculatus
1292:Butterflycorner.net
933:is a member of the
919:Aristolochia tagala
907:Aristolochia tagala
901:Aristolochia indica
873:) as are all other
834:– South Nicobar Is.
412:T. h. bunguranensis
52:Conservation status
896:
820:T. h. heliconoides
468:T. h. heliconoides
400:
392:
384:
376:
285:
1905:
1904:
1675:Taxon identifiers
1666:
1665:
1260:. Bombay, India:
1246:978-3-937783-09-3
1078:978-2-88032-603-6
981:
971:
961:
913:Thottea siliquosa
833:
824:
815:
761:Sai Kung District
608:
600:
592:
584:
576:
575:Fruhstorfer, 1896
568:
560:
552:
544:
536:
535:Fruhstorfer, 1906
528:
520:
519:Fruhstorfer, 1913
512:
504:
496:
488:
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
447:Fruhstorfer, 1913
444:T. h. euthycrates
440:
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424:
416:
408:
277:
242:
241:
92:
75:
1965:
1898:
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1013:Cited references
979:
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951:
831:
822:
813:
777:Hong Kong Island
606:
599:Rothschild, 1908
598:
590:
583:Rothschild, 1908
582:
574:
572:T. h. sagittatus
566:
559:Rothschild, 1895
558:
556:T. h. propinquus
550:
542:
534:
527:Rothschild, 1908
526:
518:
511:Rothschild, 1908
510:
503:Rothschild, 1908
502:
494:
486:
478:
476:T. h. hephaestus
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
436:T. h. dempoensis
430:
422:
414:
407:Rothschild, 1908
406:
278:
210:
107:
106:
86:
69:
64:
63:
33:
24:Common birdwing
21:
1973:
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1962:
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1893:
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1632:
1585:O. meridionalis
1528:
1368:
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1336:
1297:Specimen images
1282:
1272:
1250:
1230:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1187:
1171:
1168:
1163:
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1157:Greek Mythology
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1127:Wayback Machine
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988:
980:(Wallace, 1865)
928:
926:Related species
885:
859:
844:
769:New Territories
706:Kangean Islands
615:
588:T. h. sugimotoi
543:(Doherty, 1891)
516:T. h. mosychlus
404:T. h. antileuca
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351:
309:
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251:common birdwing
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1866:Papilio helena
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1713:Troides helena
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1683:Troides helena
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1613:O. rothschildi
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1516:T. staudingeri
1512:
1505:
1502:T. rhadamantus
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1280:External links
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893:Troides helena
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811:T. h. cerberus
747:In Hong Kong,
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593:
591:Hanafusa, 1992
585:
580:T. h. spilotia
577:
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567:Deslisle, 1991
561:
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548:T. h. orientis
545:
537:
532:T. h. nereides
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479:(Felder, 1865)
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420:T. h. cerberus
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1606:O. richmondia
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1550:O. alexandrae
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1523:T. vandepolli
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1453:T. magellanus
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1397:T. andromache
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938:species group
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925:
923:
921:
920:
915:
914:
909:
908:
903:
902:
894:
889:
882:
880:
878:
877:
872:
868:
864:
856:
854:
852:
848:
841:
839:
830:
829:T. h. ferrari
827:
825:– Andaman Is.
823:(Moore, 1877)
821:
818:
812:
809:
808:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
773:Lantau Island
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:archipelago,
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
612:
605:
602:
597:
596:T. h. typhaon
594:
589:
586:
581:
578:
573:
570:
565:
562:
557:
554:
551:Parrott, 1991
549:
546:
541:
538:
533:
530:
525:
522:
517:
514:
509:
506:
501:
498:
493:
490:
485:
482:
477:
474:
471:(Moore, 1877)
469:
466:
461:
460:T. h. hahneli
458:
453:
452:T. h. ferrari
450:
445:
442:
437:
434:
429:
428:T. h. demeter
426:
421:
418:
413:
410:
405:
402:
401:
396:
388:
380:
372:
365:
359:
356:
355:
354:
348:
346:
342:
338:
335:
330:
328:
324:
322:
318:
314:
311:Upperside of
306:
304:
302:
295:
287:
282:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:
238:
237:
231:
226:
221:
217:
211:
209:
203:
200:
199:Binomial name
196:
192:
191:
186:
183:
182:
179:
178:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
144:
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140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
105:
100:
96:
90:
84:
79:
73:
68:
67:Least Concern
57:
53:
48:
45:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
1865:
1682:
1656:
1649:
1627:O. victoriae
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1592:O. paradisea
1591:
1584:
1577:
1571:O. euphorion
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1534:Ornithoptera
1533:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1495:T. prattorum
1494:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1446:T. hypolitus
1445:
1438:
1437:
1432:T. haliphron
1431:
1424:
1417:
1411:T. cuneifera
1410:
1403:
1396:
1390:T. amphrysus
1389:
1382:
1373:
1362:
1356:T. brookiana
1355:
1347:Trogonoptera
1346:
1286:Life history
1256:
1237:
1218:
1208:
1189:
1176:
1152:
1143:
1139:
1133:
1097:
1087:
1063:
1034:. Retrieved
1030:
1021:
992:Papilionidae
974:
964:
948:
934:
930:
929:
917:
911:
905:
899:
897:
892:
874:
860:
857:Conservation
845:
837:
832:Tytler, 1926
828:
819:
810:
787:
781:
748:
746:
724:(Bunguran),
722:Great Natuna
684:is found in
681:
617:
616:
607:Hayami, 1991
603:
595:
587:
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
540:T. h. nereis
539:
531:
524:T. h. neoris
523:
515:
507:
499:
492:T. h. hypnos
491:
487:Hayami, 1991
484:T. h. hermes
483:
475:
467:
459:
455:Tytler, 1926
451:
443:
435:
427:
419:
411:
403:
352:
343:
339:
331:
325:
310:
300:
298:
283:. Video clip
280:
259:Papilionidae
250:
245:
244:
243:
233:
207:
205:
189:
188:
176:
166:Papilionidae
18:
1771:iNaturalist
1707:Wikispecies
1620:O. tithonus
1557:O. chimaera
1425:T. dohertyi
1173:Evans, W.H.
883:Food plants
796:West Bengal
664:, southern
604:T. h. venus
564:T. h. rayae
500:T. h. isara
321:interspaces
288:Description
228:Subspecies
156:Lepidoptera
85:Appendix II
1912:Categories
1881:Q122503908
1657:O. allotei
1650:O. akakeae
1599:O. priamus
1578:O. goliath
1564:O. croesus
1543:O. aesacus
1509:T. riedeli
1481:T. plateni
1467:T. miranda
1418:T. darsius
1363:T. trojana
1166:References
1036:2022-01-14
738:Kalimantan
734:Tukangbesi
678:Indonesian
668:including
630:Bangladesh
508:T. h. mopa
415:Ohya, 1982
366:Subspecies
334:postdiscal
317:adnervular
136:Arthropoda
1439:T. helena
1404:T. criton
1383:T. aeacus
1339:Birdwings
1146:(1): 5–8.
1031:cites.org
879:species.
867:Indonesia
842:Etymology
788:T. helena
757:Po Lo Che
753:Hong Kong
749:T. helena
682:T. helena
676:. In the
674:Hong Kong
646:Indonesia
642:Singapore
618:T. helena
313:forewings
255:butterfly
184:Species:
122:Kingdom:
116:Eukaryota
1875:Wikidata
1849:Species+
1810:LepIndex
1802:91188632
1789:10277094
1721:BioLib:
1698:Q2189311
1692:Wikidata
1641:Natural
1488:T. plato
1460:T. minos
1254:(1957).
1175:(1932).
1140:Bionotes
1123:Archived
1095:(1907).
986:See also
954:Linnaeus
851:Cerberus
726:Sulawesi
658:Thailand
654:Cambodia
638:Malaysia
327:Hindwing
234:17, see
216:Linnaeus
162:Family:
132:Phylum:
126:Animalia
112:Domain:
72:IUCN 3.1
1923:Troides
1890:ZooBank
1763:1936993
1643:hybrids
1374:Troides
876:Troides
767:in the
718:Sumbawa
694:Enggano
686:Sumatra
662:Vietnam
634:Myanmar
253:, is a
177:Troides
172:Genus:
152:Order:
146:Insecta
142:Class:
87: (
70: (
1841:199024
1815:172776
1776:146925
1724:403687
1302:ARKive
1268:
1244:
1226:
1196:
1075:
935:helena
800:Orissa
798:, and
792:Sikkim
742:Brunei
740:, and
730:Butung
714:Lombok
702:Bawean
672:, and
670:Hainan
349:Female
249:, the
40:Manado
1828:95590
1784:IRMNG
1750:7CVQX
1737:32771
944:are:
942:clade
871:CITES
847:Helen
784:India
666:China
626:India
622:Nepal
89:CITES
83:CITES
1854:4453
1823:NCBI
1797:IUCN
1758:GBIF
1732:BOLD
1266:ISBN
1242:ISBN
1224:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1073:ISBN
1069:IUCN
958:1758
910:and
786:the
775:and
710:Bali
698:Java
690:Nias
650:Laos
307:Male
236:text
220:1758
1745:CoL
782:In
1914::
1892::
1877::
1851::
1838::
1825::
1812::
1799::
1786::
1773::
1760::
1747::
1734::
1709::
1694::
1264:.
1144:15
1142:.
1110:^
1071:.
1045:^
1029:.
956:,
904:,
794:,
779:.
744:.
736:,
732:,
728:,
720:,
716:,
712:,
708:,
704:,
700:,
696:,
692:,
688:,
660:,
656:,
652:,
648:,
644:,
640:,
632:,
628:,
624:,
323:.
218:,
42:,
1331:e
1324:t
1317:v
1274:.
1232:.
1202:.
1183:.
1039:.
960:)
952:(
759:(
296:.
222:)
214:(
91:)
74:)
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