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The perpetually warm, wet climate makes these environments more productive than any other terrestrial environment on Earth and promotes explosive plant growth. A tree here may grow over 23 m (75 ft) in height in just 5 years. From above, the forest appears as an unending sea of green,
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on Earth: Half of the world's species may live in these forests, where a square kilometer may be home to more than 1,000 tree species. These forests are found around the world, particularly in the
919:
The status of monsoon vine forests in the
Northern Territory: a perspective. In 'The rainforest legacy: Australian national rainforests study. Special Australian heritage publication series 7(1)
754:
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118:, TSMF are characterized by low variability in annual temperature and high levels of rainfall of more than 2,000 mm (79 in) annually. Forest composition is dominated by
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a low, often impenetrable dense forest of tangled tropical shrub and small trees. It is usually found in marshy areas but also on dry land in certain places. The term is used in
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now cover less than 6% of Earth's land surface. Scientists estimate that more than half of all the world's plant and animal species live in tropical rainforests.
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with more than 2000 mm, or 80 inches, annually) throughout the year. These forests occur in a belt around the equator, with the largest areas in the
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882:'Rainforests of Western Australia'. In 'The rainforest legacy: Australian national rainforests study'. Special Australian heritage publication series 7(1)
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2014:
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are found in cooler-climate mountainous areas. Those with elevations high enough to regularly encounter low-level cloud cover are known as
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Desarrollo sostenible y medio ambiente en RepĂşblica
Dominicana: Medios naturales, manejo histĂłrico, conservaciĂłn y protecciĂłn.
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Terborgh, J; Winter, B (1983). "A method for siting parks and reserves with special reference to
Colombia and Ecuador".
408:. Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season. These forests are found in
5820:
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199:. The forest floor, relatively clear of undergrowth due to the thick canopy above, is prowled by other animals such as
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68:
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4234:
4179:
4164:
3613:
3513:
2945:
2923:
1705:
654:
552:
547:
110:
TSMF is generally found in large, discontinuous patches centered on the equatorial belt and between the
94:
5825:
5551:
5141:
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3683:
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3423:
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6005:
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4154:
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1818:
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1700:
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1316:
1057:
806:
312:
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699:
563:
536:
425:
328:
115:
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5755:
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1032:
973:
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864:
844:
6397:
5380:
3227:
1871:
1639:
1629:
904:
An ecological survey of the monsoon forests of the north-western region of the
Northern Territory
822:
694:
626:
467:
805:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570.
747:
742:
17:
79:
27:"Tropical evergreen forest" redirects here. For the tropical evergreen coniferous forests, see
6751:
6382:
6045:
3232:
3222:
1808:
1730:
1659:
1649:
1572:
1122:
453:
353:
153:
broken only by occasional, taller "emergent" trees. These towering emergents are the realm of
64:
6950:
1669:
1259:
1065:
814:
620:
130:
111:
6449:
4927:
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3168:
3130:
2940:
2933:
1644:
1634:
1537:
1309:
506:
413:
61:
1061:
810:
356:. About half of the world's tropical rainforests are in the South American countries of
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1685:
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177:
123:
307:
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409:
230:
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1690:
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780:
704:
488:
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337:
219:
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142:
1301:
1291:
6851:
National
Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
6563:
5750:
1547:
471:
421:
341:
315:
classification scheme, and includes moist forests, wet forests, and rainforests.
254:
162:
146:
57:
1829:
180:, a medium layer of canopy, lower canopy, shrub level, and finally understory.
6736:
6377:
3163:
1776:
1552:
1264:
1247:
1001:
Cámara
Artigas, Rafael; MartĂnez Batlle, JosĂ© RamĂłn; DĂaz del Olmo, Fernando.
616:
405:
401:
365:
215:
172:
is highest in the forest canopy. The canopy can be divided into five layers:
6731:
3748:
3004:
1766:
1761:
1577:
429:
417:
173:
134:
119:
797:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
37:
3196:
3070:
1598:
1542:
1505:
492:
475:
234:
223:
154:
6545:
3295:
1500:
826:
279: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
238:
200:
196:
4126:
3178:
1474:
1364:
357:
345:
188:
158:
818:
685:
List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions
6856:
National
Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
6568:
3270:
1369:
1340:
311:
Tropical and subtropical moist forests (TSMF) as shown within the
306:
192:
104:
89:
78:
36:
6574:
Percy FitzPatrick
Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
1087:. Oxford Monographs on Biogeography. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
210:
All levels of these forests contain an unparalleled diversity of
2860:
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape
Peninsula and False Bay
1527:
1158:
Island Africa: the evolution of Africa's rare animals and plants
463:
361:
204:
41:
Distribution of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6846:
6715:
6438:
5896:
3268:
3002:
2906:
2848:
1904:
1833:
1305:
1292:
NASA picture of the afforestation of the earth in the year 2002
1248:"New Caledonia – a conservation imperative for an ancient land"
1034:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
975:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
955:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
866:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
846:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
2865:
List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1188:
Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa
1143:
Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm
248:
184:
183:
The canopy is home to many of the forest's animals, including
1173:
Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
755:"Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions"
241:. An area the size of Ireland is destroyed every few years.
938:. Rainforest CRC – via National Library of Australia.
2875:
List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2870:
List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2823:
List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
1160:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
746: This article incorporates text available under the
6493:
South African Association for Marine Biological Research
2880:
List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1085:
Biogeography and Quaternary history in tropical America
400:): receiving high overall rainfall with a warm summer
34:
Habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
3101:
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
1297:
BBC video clips and details of the species found here
990:
Diccionario provincial casi-razonado de vozes cubanas
237:, while others are subject to large-scale commercial
226:
that can grow over 30 cm (1 ft) in length.
6866:
6828:
6805:
6682:
6582:
6554:
6516:
6473:
6368:
6253:
6106:
6089:
6044:
5918:
5839:
5784:
5680:
5494:
5330:
5041:
4701:
4543:
4125:
3747:
3294:
3213:
3195:
3177:
3149:
3119:
3084:
3054:
3024:
2790:
2675:
2649:
2583:
2548:
2452:
2414:
2382:
2331:
1961:
1915:
1791:
1749:
1678:
1622:
1611:
1591:
1518:
1483:
1457:
1419:
1388:
1357:
1348:
1339:
6341:Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area
6225:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
4948:Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland
1246:Mittermeier, R.A.; Werner, T.B.; Lees, A. (1996).
1114:
487:A number of TSMF ecoregions are notable for their
6388:Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
6114:Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
3096:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
6936:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6503:South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
906:, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service
191:. Below the canopy, a lower understory hosts to
46:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6690:List of authors of South African botanical taxa
6498:South African Environmental Observation Network
6346:Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area
2850:Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
6757:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4633:Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld
2808:List of invasive plant species in South Africa
1121:. San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press.
6508:South African National Biodiversity Institute
1845:
1317:
1224:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1100:Phytogeography and vegetation ecology of Cuba
1016:Diccionario de voces indĂgenas de Puerto Rico
917:Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Dunlop, Clyde (1987),
319:The biome includes several types of forests:
8:
6787:South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
6695:List of authors of South African animal taxa
6669:University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden
6413:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
4918:Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld
1283:Facts about the world's tropical rainforests
1190:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
6874:List of field guides to South African biota
6841:National Environmental Management Act, 1998
6747:Environmental impact of recreational diving
6351:Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area
6331:Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area
6321:Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area
6316:iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area
6185:Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area
5796:Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland
1465:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
332:, are forests which receive high rainfall (
29:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
6906:
6802:
6712:
6470:
6465:South African National Collection of Fungi
6435:
6261:Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
6103:
5915:
5893:
5711:Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld
3291:
3265:
3111:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
3021:
2999:
2903:
2845:
2411:
2379:
1958:
1912:
1901:
1852:
1838:
1830:
1619:
1354:
1345:
1324:
1310:
1302:
679:International Tropical Timber Organization
6296:Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
4973:Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland
4953:Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland
1263:
1005:Sevilla 2012. ISBN 84-00-08392-X, p. 169.
324:Lowland equatorial evergreen rain forests
295:Learn how and when to remove this message
6664:Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden
6301:Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area
6215:Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area
6036:Ç€Ai-Ç€Ais/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
5910:Index of protected areas of South Africa
3344:Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld
3286:List of vegetation types of South Africa
2828:List of botanists by author abbreviation
2803:List of invasive species in South Africa
2445:Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
936:"The rainforests of Cape York Peninsula"
428:, Northern Australia and across much of
6836:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
6674:Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
6634:KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden
6614:Harold Porter National Botanical Garden
6326:Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area
6281:Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area
5471:Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
5456:Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
5013:Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland
4958:Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4878:Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4738:Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland
4002:Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3937:Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3827:Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos
1171:Hamilton, AC; Bensted-Smith, R (1989).
1145:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP. 1986a.
1083:Whitmore, TC; Prance, GT, eds. (1987).
716:
591:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
6654:North-West University Botanical Garden
6649:Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden
6629:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
6624:Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
6526:African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme
6170:Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
4993:Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4495:Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
4077:Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld
4007:Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3962:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3952:Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld
3947:Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland
3942:Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos
5811:Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation
5562:Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
5003:Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland
4963:Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4883:Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4530:Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4395:Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4225:Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4210:Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4057:Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland
2459:Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
1186:Lovett, JC; Wasser, SK, eds. (1993).
1102:. Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó.
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
7:
6818:List of nature reserves in Cape Town
6599:Free State National Botanical Garden
6393:Department of Science and Innovation
6356:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
6240:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
5869:KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest
4998:Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland
4923:Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld
4893:Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland
4768:Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4588:Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld
4525:Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
4230:Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4215:Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation
3972:Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland
3822:Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland
3187:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
3056:Tropical and subtropical grasslands,
2818:List of slime moulds of South Africa
1449:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1411:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
880:Beard, J.S.; Keneally, K.F. (1987),
277:adding citations to reliable sources
6408:iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
6291:Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area
6286:Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area
6266:Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area
6195:Robben Island Marine Protected Area
6180:Marcus Island Marine Protected Area
6175:Malgas Island Marine Protected Area
6165:Jutten Island Marine Protected Area
5976:Golden Gate Highlands National Park
5876:List of forests of the Western Cape
5854:List of forests of the Eastern Cape
5801:Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation
4568:Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld
3414:Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld
2929:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot
1877:Marine biodiversity of South Africa
526:Northwestern Andean montane forests
6659:Pretoria National Botanical Garden
6336:Protea Banks Marine Protected Area
6276:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
6271:Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area
6210:Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area
6160:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
5647:Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes
4763:Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland
4480:Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos
4445:South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
4365:North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
3842:Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland
3772:Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland
3434:KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld
3066:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
3041:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
3016:List of ecoregions in South Africa
673:Center for Tropical Forest Science
25:
6639:Lowveld National Botanical Garden
6311:Childs Bank Marine Protected Area
6306:Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area
6235:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
6139:Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area
6129:Bird Island Marine Protected Area
6124:Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
6061:Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve
5821:Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation
4943:Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland
4838:Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld
4628:Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld
4608:Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld
4082:Western Free State Clay Grassland
3897:Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland
3837:Eastern Free State Clay Grassland
3719:Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld
2813:List of Oomycetes of South Africa
1375:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1216:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
570:Coastal forests of eastern Africa
509:in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay
6905:
6895:
6894:
6792:World Register of Marine Species
6609:Hantam National Botanical Garden
6531:National Biodiversity Assessment
6149:Helderberg Marine Protected Area
6056:Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve
5672:Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5632:Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation
5587:Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5542:Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands
5537:Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation
4888:Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland
4863:Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland
4693:Western RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
4623:Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld
4583:Eastern RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
4573:Central RuĂŞns Shale Renosterveld
4553:Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld
4470:South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4465:South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4455:South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4450:South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
4390:North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4385:North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4375:North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4370:North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
4092:Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland
4087:Western Highveld Sandy Grassland
4067:Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland
4022:Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland
3967:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland
3887:KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld
3817:Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland
3807:Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
3714:Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld
3604:Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld
3439:KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld
3046:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
2798:List of bacteria of South Africa
2465:Booklice, barklice and barkflies
741:
647:
633:
619:
532:Guayanan Highlands moist forests
253:
18:Tropical moist broadleaf forests
6536:National Vegetation Map Project
6230:Trafalgar Marine Protected Area
6200:Rocherpan Marine Protected Area
6190:Pondoland Marine Protected Area
5899:Protected areas of South Africa
5849:List of forests of South Africa
5806:Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation
5662:Subtropical Seashore Vegetation
5652:Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
5637:Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation
5607:Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation
4898:Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland
4853:Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland
4728:Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland
4688:Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld
4678:Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld
4663:Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld
4460:South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4380:North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4340:Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos
3977:Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland
3639:South Eastern Coastal Thornveld
3584:Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld
3359:Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
3141:Montane fynbos and renosterveld
3136:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
2510:Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
1491:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1014:Hernández Aquino, Luis (1993).
386:semi-evergreen (mixed) seasonal
264:needs additional citations for
6220:Stilbaai Marine Protected Area
6144:Goukamma Marine Protected Area
6119:Amathole Marine Protected Area
6076:Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
5466:Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert
5416:Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld
4873:Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4813:Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland
4808:Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland
4803:Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo
4788:Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld
4778:Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland
4668:Swartland Granite Renosterveld
4643:Robertson Granite Renosterveld
4072:Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland
3902:Low Escarpment Moist Grassland
3802:Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland
3689:Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld
3649:Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld
3379:Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld
3076:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
3036:Knysna–Amatole montane forests
2571:Marine heterobranch gastropods
1804:Ecological land classification
1333:Biogeographic regionalisations
586:Sri Lanka lowland rain forests
558:Albertine Rift montane forests
501:Southwest Amazon moist forests
352:in Australia and parts of the
1:
6619:Johannesburg Botanical Garden
6604:Garden Route Botanical Garden
6205:Robberg Marine Protected Area
6154:Hluleka Marine Protected Area
6134:De Hoop Marine Protected Area
5944:Augrabies Falls National Park
5761:Southern Afrotemperate Forest
5736:Northern Afrotemperate Forest
5481:Western Gariep Lowland Desert
5262:Saldanha Limestone Strandveld
5182:Grahamstown Grassland Thicket
4908:Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld
4903:Prince Albert Succulent Karoo
4818:Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld
4748:Die Plate Succulent Shrubland
4733:Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4618:Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld
4593:Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld
4510:Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos
4315:Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos
4305:Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos
3957:Northern Free State Shrubland
3927:Mooi River Highland Grassland
3589:Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld
3579:Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld
3569:Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld
3314:Barberton Serpentine Sourveld
1203:Madagascar: A natural history
1029:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
970:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
950:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
900:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
861:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
841:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
663:Tropical dry broadleaf forest
412:, parts of South America, in
398:Köppen climate classification
6901:Biodiversity of South Africa
6460:National Research Foundation
6418:South African National Parks
6021:Table Mountain National Park
6011:Mountain Zebra National Park
5986:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
5572:Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
5486:Western Gariep Plains Desert
5461:Richtersberg Mountain Desert
5421:Eastern Gariep Plains Desert
5212:Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket
5107:Crossroads Grassland Thicket
5018:Western Bushmanland Klipveld
4978:Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo
4833:Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld
4793:Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld
4753:Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo
4683:Uniondale Shale Renosterveld
4673:Swartland Shale Renosterveld
4658:Swartberg Shale Renosterveld
4648:Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld
4638:Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
4603:Langkloof Shale Renosterveld
4598:Kango Limestone Renosterveld
4558:Breede Alluvium Renosterveld
4520:Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos
4265:Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos
4012:Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld
3992:Sekhukhune Montane Grassland
3857:Frankfort Highveld Grassland
3812:Central Free State Grassland
3792:Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland
3629:Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld
3243:Southeast Atlantic ecoregion
3151:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1861:Biodiversity of South Africa
1470:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1218:"Puerto Rican moist forests"
1205:. Oxford, UK: Facts on File.
1070:10.1016/0006-3207(83)90005-8
753:World Wide Fund for Nature.
404:and (often) a cooler winter
6440:Biodiversity research in SA
6071:Kruger to Canyons Biosphere
5934:Addo Elephant National Park
5706:Maputaland Wooded Grassland
5622:Southern Kalahari Salt Pans
5527:Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes
5517:Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes
5476:Western Gariep Hills Desert
5426:Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert
5366:Bushmanland Sandy Grassland
5361:Bushmanland Basin Shrubland
5257:Saldanha Granite Strandveld
5112:Doubledrift Karroid Thicket
4983:Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland
4858:Namaqualand Shale Shrubland
4848:Namaqualand Inland Duneveld
4798:Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld
4653:RuĂŞns Silcrete Renosterveld
4535:Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
4345:Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos
4335:Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos
4255:Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos
4245:Garden Route Granite Fynbos
4200:Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
4102:Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland
4052:uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland
4037:Tarkastad Montane Shrubland
4027:Stormberg Plateau Grassland
3922:Midlands Mistbelt Grassland
3907:Lydenburg Montane Grassland
3777:Barberton Montane Grassland
3762:Amathole Mistbelt Grassland
3709:Waterberg Mountain Bushveld
3574:Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld
3369:Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
2986:Maputaland-Pondoland Region
2477:Dragonflies and damselflies
1711:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1401:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1222:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1175:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
896:Webb, L. J. (Leonard James)
668:Tropical coniferous forests
576:Madagascar subhumid forests
503:in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia
334:tropical rainforest climate
133:than any other terrestrial
6972:
6797:World Wide Fund for Nature
6455:Iziko South African Museum
6245:Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary
6026:Tankwa Karoo National Park
5959:Garden Route National Park
5696:KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt
5617:Southern Kalahari Mekgacha
5567:Fynbos Riparian Vegetation
5502:Albany Alluvial Vegetation
5386:Kalahari Karroid Shrubland
5356:Bushmanland Arid Grassland
5351:Blouputs Karroid Thornveld
5232:Motherwell Karroid Thicket
5192:Groot Brak Dune Strandveld
5102:Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
4843:Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld
4823:Namaqualand Arid Grassland
4613:Montagu Shale Renosterveld
4515:Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos
4440:South Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4420:Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos
4415:Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos
4360:North Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4330:Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos
4310:Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos
4300:Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
4205:Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos
4160:Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos
4107:Woodbush Granite Grassland
4032:Strydpoort Summit Sourveld
3877:Karoo Escarpment Grassland
3872:KaNgwane Montane Grassland
3847:Eastern Highveld Grassland
3797:Bloemfontein Dry Grassland
3767:Amathole Montane Grassland
3757:Aliwal North Dry Grassland
3734:Zululand Coastal Thornveld
3634:Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld
3609:Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld
3594:Polokwane Plateau Bushveld
3559:Northern Zululand Sourveld
3509:Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld
3504:Malelane Mountain Bushveld
3304:Andesite Mountain Bushveld
3248:Southwest Indian ecoregion
2616:Marine spiny-finned fishes
1814:Vegetation classifications
1716:Temperate Northern Pacific
1201:Preston-Mafham, K (1991).
934:; Fell, David. G. (2005).
601:New Caledonia rain forests
581:Puerto Rican moist forests
572:from Somalia to Mozambique
513:Chocó–Darién moist forests
129:These forests are home to
83:Moist broadleaf forest in
69:World Wide Fund for Nature
26:
6890:
6813:Biodiversity of Cape Town
6722:
6711:
6445:
6434:
5964:Tsitsikamma National Park
5905:
5892:
5864:KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest
5831:Subantarctic Polar Desert
5612:Namib Seashore Vegetation
5441:Kwaggarug Mountain Desert
5312:Vanstadens Forest Thicket
5252:Saldanha Flats Strandveld
5242:Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket
5227:Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket
5222:Langebaan Dune Strandveld
5137:Escarpment Valley Thicket
5008:Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld
4938:Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld
4913:Richtersveld Red Duneveld
4723:Anenous Plateau Shrubland
4718:Agter-Sederberg Shrubland
4713:Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
4563:Breede Shale Renosterveld
4505:Swartland Alluvium Fynbos
4485:Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos
4475:Southern Cape Dune Fynbos
4425:Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos
4405:Overberg Sandstone Fynbos
4400:Olifants Sandstone Fynbos
4325:Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos
4290:Kango Conglomerate Fynbos
4285:Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos
4275:Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos
4250:Garden Route Shale Fynbos
4112:Xhariep Karroid Grassland
4017:Soweto Highveld Grassland
3867:Ithala Quartzite Sourveld
3832:East Griqualand Grassland
3782:Basotho Montane Shrubland
3654:Springbokvlakte Thornveld
3644:Southern Lebombo Bushveld
3624:Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld
3554:Northern Lebombo Bushveld
3479:Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld
3474:Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld
3419:Kuruman Mountain Bushveld
3399:Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld
3394:Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld
3384:Gordonia Plains Shrubland
3364:Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld
3324:Cathedral Mopane Bushveld
3281:
3275:Vegetation classification
3264:
3205:Southern Africa mangroves
3011:
2998:
2961:Drakensberg Alpine Centre
2919:
2902:
2855:
2844:
2433:Shorttailed whipscorpions
1911:
1906:National taxon checklists
1900:
1882:Temperate Southern Africa
1867:
1726:Temperate Southern Africa
1265:10.1017/s0030605300021487
992:3d ed. Havana 1861 p. 172
596:Borneo peat swamp forests
520:Wet Tropics of Queensland
373:Tropical seasonal forests
350:Wet Tropics of Queensland
100:Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
6644:Makana Botanical Gardens
6066:Kogelberg Nature Reserve
6031:West Coast National Park
5996:Mapungubwe National Park
5969:Wilderness National Park
5859:Forests of KwaZulu-Natal
5771:Southern Mistbelt Forest
5746:Northern Mistbelt Forest
5642:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5547:Cape Seashore Vegetation
5391:Lower Gariep Broken Veld
5302:Thorndale Forest Thicket
5282:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5267:Saltaire Karroid Thicket
5247:Overberg Dune Strandveld
5217:Lambert's Bay Strandveld
5132:Escarpment Mesic Thicket
4578:Ceres Shale Renosterveld
4435:Robertson Granite Fynbos
4430:Potberg Sandstone Fynbos
4410:Peninsula Granite Fynbos
4220:De Hoop Limestone Fynbos
4135:Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
4097:Winburg Grassy Shrubland
4062:Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland
3464:Loskop Mountain Bushveld
3071:Southern Africa bushveld
3058:savannas, and shrublands
3026:Tropical and subtropical
2516:Silverfish and firebrats
2474:Cockroaches and termites
1892:Wildlife of South Africa
1736:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1686:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
450:freshwater swamp forests
139:Indo-Malayan Archipelago
5766:Southern Coastal Forest
5741:Northern Coastal Forest
5726:Lowveld Riverine Forest
5701:Maputaland Coastal Belt
5431:Helskloof Canyon Desert
5396:Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld
5277:St Francis Dune Thicket
5272:Sardinia Forest Thicket
5167:Geluk Grassland Thicket
5127:Escarpment Arid Thicket
5077:Baviaans Valley Thicket
4355:Namaqualand Sand Fynbos
4175:Breede Quartzite Fynbos
4117:Zastron Moist Grassland
3997:Senqu Montane Shrubland
3987:Rand Highveld Grassland
3932:Mthatha Moist Grassland
3852:Egoli Granite Grassland
3699:Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland
3679:Thukela Valley Bushveld
3664:Swaziland Sour Bushveld
3549:Norite Koppies Bushveld
3534:Mopane Gabbro Shrubland
3529:Mopane Basalt Shrubland
3499:Makuleke Sandy Bushveld
3444:Lebombo Summit Sourveld
3349:Eastern Valley Bushveld
3028:moist broadleaf forests
2888:Timber trees of Gauteng
2621:Marine Perciform fishes
1757:Biogeographic provinces
1721:Temperate South America
1439:Moist broadleaf forests
1050:Biological Conservation
528:of Colombia and Ecuador
229:Many forests are being
85:Mudumalai National Park
6594:Durban Botanic Gardens
6483:Animal Demography Unit
6001:Marakele National Park
5954:Camdeboo National Park
5949:Bontebok National Park
5816:Subantarctic Fellfield
5627:Southern Karoo Riviere
5507:Albany Dune Strandveld
5436:Kahams Mountain Desert
5322:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
5297:Sundays Valley Thicket
5237:Nanaga Savanna Thicket
5202:Hartenbos Dune Thicket
5177:Gouritz Valley Thicket
5097:Buffels Valley Thicket
5033:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
4868:Namaqualand Strandveld
4783:Klawer Sandy Shrubland
4500:Swartberg Shale Fynbos
4320:Kouga Sandstone Fynbos
4240:Elim Ferricrete Fynbos
4195:Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
4190:Canca Limestone Fynbos
4170:Breede Alluvium Fynbos
4150:Algoa Sandstone Fynbos
4145:Albertinia Sand Fynbos
4042:Tsakane Clay Grassland
3917:Mabela Sandy Grassland
3862:Income Sandy Grassland
3724:Western Sandy Bushveld
3619:Schmidtsdrif Thornveld
3539:Musina Mopane Bushveld
3494:Makhado Sweet Bushveld
3459:Limpopo Sweet Bushveld
3454:Limpopo Ridge Bushveld
3449:Legogote Sour Bushveld
3354:Gabbro Grassy Bushveld
3329:Central Sandy Bushveld
3159:Kalahari xeric savanna
3121:Mediterranean forests,
2951:Griqualand West Centre
2519:Stick and leaf insects
1287:The Nature Conservancy
779:Basic Biology (2016).
560:from Uganda to Burundi
542:Veracruz moist forests
515:in Colombia and Panama
340:of South America, the
316:
107:
87:
42:
6806:Regional biodiversity
6762:Marine protected area
6488:BirdLife South Africa
6403:Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
6016:Namaqua National Park
5939:Agulhas National Park
5716:Transkei Coastal Belt
5657:Subtropical Salt Pans
5602:Namaqualand Salt Pans
5532:Cape Inland Salt Pans
5512:Algoa Dune Strandveld
5406:Upper Karoo Hardeveld
5307:Umtiza Forest Thicket
5292:Sundays Mesic Thicket
5172:Goukamma Dune Thicket
5122:Elands Forest Thicket
5092:Buffels Mesic Thicket
5072:Albany Valley Thicket
4490:Suurberg Shale Fynbos
4280:Hopefield Sand Fynbos
4165:Boland Granite Fynbos
3892:Leolo Summit Sourveld
3787:Bedford Dry Grassland
3694:Tzaneen Sour Bushveld
3599:Postmasburg Thornveld
3489:Makatini Clay Thicket
2976:Sekhukhuneland Centre
2946:Cape Floristic Region
2924:Cape Floristic Region
2909:Biodiversity hotspots
2468:Butterflies and moths
1819:Zoogeographic regions
1777:Global 200 ecoregions
1706:Temperate Australasia
1444:Dry broadleaf forests
655:Earth sciences portal
566:of Kenya and Tanzania
553:Upper Guinean forests
548:Congolese rainforests
310:
176:canopy with emergent
93:
82:
54:tropical moist forest
40:
6782:Scuba diving tourism
6742:Encyclopedia of Life
6006:Mokala National Park
5991:Kruger National Park
5557:Drakensberg Wetlands
5451:Noms Mountain Desert
5401:Northern Upper Karoo
5287:Sundays Arid Thicket
5207:Kasouga Dune Thicket
5197:Hamburg Dune Thicket
5162:Gamka Valley Thicket
5082:Bethelsdorp Bontveld
5067:Albany Mesic Thicket
5028:Western Little Karoo
4828:Namaqualand Blomveld
4758:Eastern Little Karoo
4350:Montagu Shale Fynbos
4270:Hangklip Sand Fynbos
4260:Greyton Shale Fynbos
4155:Atlantis Sand Fynbos
3982:Queenstown Thornveld
3882:Klerksdorp Thornveld
3669:Tembe Sandy Bushveld
3524:Moot Plains Bushveld
3123:woodlands, and scrub
2913:Centres of diversity
2489:Jumping bristletails
1887:Western Indo-Pacific
1799:Altitudinal zonation
1741:Western Indo-Pacific
1701:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1696:Central Indo-Pacific
436:Montane rain forests
396:climates (as in the
329:tropical rainforests
326:, commonly known as
313:Holdridge Life Zones
273:improve this article
95:Congolian rainforest
6772:Nature conservation
6081:Waterberg Biosphere
5981:Karoo National Park
5721:Ironwood Dry Forest
5667:Tanqua Wash Riviere
5597:Namaqualand Riviere
5446:Namib Lichen Fields
5411:Western Upper Karoo
5376:Eastern Upper Karoo
5371:Eastern Lower Karoo
5317:Western Gwarrieveld
5187:Grassridge Bontveld
5152:Fish Valley Thicket
5117:Eastern Gwarrieveld
5057:Albany Arid Thicket
5023:Western Gwarrieveld
4968:Steytlerville Karoo
4743:Citrusdal Vygieveld
4185:Breede Shale Fynbos
4140:Agulhas Sand Fynbos
3912:Lydenburg Thornveld
3429:Kuruman Vaalbosveld
3409:Kimberley Thornveld
3339:Dwaalboom Thornveld
3106:Highveld grasslands
2966:Soutpansberg Centre
2556:Non-marine molluscs
2424:Microwhip scorpions
1772:Lists of ecoregions
1429:Tropical rainforest
1156:Kingdon, J (1989).
1113:Kingdon, J (1997).
1098:Borhidi, A (1991).
1062:1983BCons..27...45T
988:Pichardo, Esteban.
811:1959JEcol..47..551W
700:Tropical vegetation
564:Eastern Arc forests
537:Cuban moist forests
426:Indian subcontinent
214:species, including
116:Tropic of Capricorn
6941:Terrestrial biomes
6541:Reef Atlas Project
6398:Eastern Cape Parks
5577:Highveld Salt Pans
5522:Bushmanland Vloere
5346:Albany Broken Veld
5157:Gamka Arid Thicket
5147:Fish Mesic Thicket
5087:Blombos Strandveld
4295:Knysna Sand Fynbos
4235:Elgin Shale Fynbos
4180:Breede Sand Fynbos
3614:Roodeberg Bushveld
3514:Marikana Thornveld
3228:Benguela ecoregion
3086:Montane grasslands
2611:Marine bony fishes
2501:Net-winged insects
2390:Marine crustaceans
1872:Afrotropical realm
1809:Floristic kingdoms
1573:Hydrothermal vents
1434:Coniferous forests
1396:Coniferous forests
884:, pp. 289–304
799:Journal of Ecology
695:Trees of the world
627:Environment portal
483:Notable ecoregions
468:Dominican Republic
454:peat swamp forests
317:
145:, and the African
108:
88:
43:
6923:
6922:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6881:
6752:Low impact diving
6707:
6706:
6703:
6702:
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6383:City of Cape Town
6364:
6363:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5826:Subantarctic Mire
5552:Cape Vernal Pools
5142:Fish Arid Thicket
3729:Zeerust Thornveld
3684:Tsende Mopaneveld
3674:Thukela Thornveld
3484:Mafikeng Bushveld
3424:Kuruman Thornveld
3374:Gordonia Duneveld
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3233:Delagoa ecoregion
3223:Agulhas ecoregion
3215:Marine ecoregions
2994:
2993:
2898:
2897:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2645:
2644:
2601:Freshwater fishes
2566:Marine gastropods
2544:
2543:
2361:Marine cnidarians
2327:
2326:
1827:
1826:
1787:
1786:
1731:Tropical Atlantic
1607:
1606:
1514:
1513:
1406:Deciduous forests
354:Malay Archipelago
305:
304:
297:
52:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
6963:
6909:
6908:
6898:
6897:
6803:
6713:
6471:
6436:
6104:
5916:
5894:
5592:Muscadel Riviere
3739:Zululand Lowveld
3469:Loskop Thornveld
3319:Bhisho Thornveld
3292:
3266:
3022:
3000:
2981:Barberton Centre
2904:
2846:
2412:
2380:
2365:Marine flatworms
2193:Scrophulariaceae
1959:
1913:
1902:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1831:
1620:
1355:
1346:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1303:
1270:
1269:
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1243:
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1233:
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1207:
1206:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1183:
1177:
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1168:
1162:
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1153:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1037:, pp. 13–70
1025:
1019:
1012:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
980:
979:
978:, pp. 20–25
966:
960:
959:
958:, pp. 34–38
946:
940:
939:
928:
922:
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914:
908:
907:
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886:
885:
877:
871:
870:
869:, pp. 13–20
857:
851:
850:
849:, pp. 13–20
837:
831:
830:
791:
785:
784:
776:
770:
769:
767:
766:
757:. Archived from
745:
738:
657:
652:
651:
650:
643:
638:
637:
636:
629:
624:
623:
388:forests, have a
376:, also known as
300:
293:
289:
286:
280:
257:
249:
112:Tropic of Cancer
21:
6971:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6961:
6960:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6878:
6862:
6824:
6801:
6718:
6699:
6678:
6585:
6578:
6556:
6555:Citizen science
6550:
6518:
6512:
6475:
6469:
6450:Bolus Herbarium
6441:
6422:
6370:
6360:
6249:
6098:
6096:
6094:
6092:
6085:
6047:
6040:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5914:
5901:
5880:
5841:
5835:
5788:
5780:
5731:Mangrove Forest
5687:
5685:
5683:
5676:
5490:
5337:
5335:
5333:
5326:
5062:Albany Bontveld
5048:
5046:
5044:
5037:
4933:Roggeveld Karoo
4928:Robertson Karoo
4704:
4697:
4539:
4121:
4047:Tsomo Grassland
3743:
3704:VhaVenda Miombo
3659:Stella Bushveld
3564:Nossob Bushveld
3519:Molopo Bushveld
3389:Granite Lowveld
3334:Delagoa Lowveld
3290:
3277:
3252:
3238:Natal ecoregion
3209:
3191:
3173:
3169:Succulent Karoo
3145:
3131:Albany thickets
3122:
3115:
3087:
3080:
3057:
3050:
3027:
3020:
3007:
2990:
2971:Wolkberg Centre
2941:Succulent Karoo
2934:Succulent Karoo
2915:
2894:
2851:
2832:
2786:
2671:
2641:
2579:
2561:Marine molluscs
2540:
2448:
2427:Pseudoscorpions
2410:
2378:
2323:
2101:Crossosomatales
2086:Ceratophyllales
1964:
1957:
1907:
1896:
1863:
1858:
1828:
1823:
1783:
1745:
1674:
1614:
1603:
1599:Endolithic zone
1587:
1520:
1510:
1479:
1453:
1421:
1415:
1384:
1350:
1335:
1330:
1279:
1274:
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1245:
1244:
1240:
1231:
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1215:
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1199:
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1180:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1117:African mammals
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1027:
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819:10.2307/2257290
793:
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739:
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653:
648:
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639:
634:
632:
625:
618:
615:
610:
507:Atlantic Forest
485:
446:Flooded forests
424:, parts of the
416:and around the
414:Central America
378:moist deciduous
301:
290:
284:
281:
270:
258:
247:
77:
67:defined by the
62:tropical forest
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6969:
6967:
6959:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6946:Tropical flora
6943:
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6777:Nature reserve
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3404:Kathu Bushveld
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2069:Caryophyllales
2066:
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2029:
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2022:
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1277:External links
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1258:(2): 104–112.
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641:Ecology portal
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126:tree species.
124:semi-deciduous
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24:
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2606:Marine fishes
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2221:
2220:Euphorbiaceae
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2126:Escalloniales
2124:
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2015:Hyacinthaceae
2013:
2011:
2010:Asphodelaceae
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1989:
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1953:Pteridophytes
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1583:Demersal zone
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1380:Alpine tundra
1378:
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1368:
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1358:Polar/montane
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1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1228:on 2010-03-08
1227:
1223:
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1197:
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1189:
1182:
1179:
1174:
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1128:9780124083554
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945:
942:
937:
933:
932:Stanton, J.P.
927:
924:
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888:
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868:
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828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
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790:
787:
782:
775:
772:
761:on 2011-04-01
760:
756:
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749:
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727:
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723:
721:
717:
710:
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693:
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690:Monodominance
688:
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669:
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664:
661:
660:
656:
645:
642:
631:
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617:
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607:
606:Western Ghats
604:
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587:
584:
582:
579:
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461:
458:
455:
451:
447:
444:
441:
440:cloud forests
437:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:, in coastal
419:
415:
411:
410:South Florida
407:
403:
399:
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331:
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325:
322:
321:
320:
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309:
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296:
288:
278:
274:
268:
267:
262:This section
260:
256:
251:
250:
244:
242:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
220:stick insects
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
160:
156:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
106:
102:
101:
97:dominated by
96:
92:
86:
81:
74:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
39:
30:
19:
6912:
6899:Categories:
6867:Publications
6727:Biodiversity
5786:Subantarctic
5776:Swamp Forest
5756:Scarp Forest
4988:Tanqua Karoo
4773:Hantam Karoo
4545:Renosterveld
3025:
2667:Red seaweeds
2525:Strepsiptera
2344:Comb jellies
2314:Zingiberales
2294:Saxifragales
2274:Ranunculales
2215:Malpighiales
2111:Dioscoreales
2106:Cucurbitales
2091:Commelinales
1995:Aquifoliales
1750:Subdivisions
1640:Australasian
1630:Afrotropical
1592:Other biomes
1568:Benthic zone
1563:Pelagic zone
1558:Neritic zone
1548:Kelp forests
1438:
1420:Tropical and
1255:
1251:
1241:
1230:. Retrieved
1226:the original
1221:
1211:
1202:
1196:
1187:
1181:
1172:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1137:
1116:
1108:
1099:
1093:
1084:
1078:
1056:(1): 45–58.
1053:
1049:
1043:
1033:
1023:
1015:
1010:
1002:
997:
989:
984:
974:
964:
954:
944:
926:
918:
912:
903:
890:
881:
875:
865:
855:
845:
835:
802:
798:
789:
774:
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
748:CC BY-SA 3.0
740:
705:Cloud forest
522:in Australia
489:biodiversity
486:
459:
448:, including
445:
435:
385:
381:
377:
371:
338:Amazon basin
327:
323:
318:
291:
282:
271:Please help
266:verification
263:
228:
212:invertebrate
209:
182:
170:biodiversity
168:In general,
167:
151:
143:Amazon Basin
131:more species
128:
109:
98:
65:habitat type
53:
49:
45:
44:
6956:Rainforests
6829:Legislation
6683:Taxonomists
6564:iNaturalist
5751:Sand Forest
5381:Gamka Karoo
2584:Vertebrates
2537:Webspinners
2471:Caddisflies
2395:Sea spiders
2374:Tardigrades
2356:Polychaetes
2348:Echinoderms
2237:Nymphaeales
2210:Magnoliales
2183:Acanthaceae
2146:Apocynaceae
2141:Gentianales
2081:Celastrales
2049:Brassicales
2044:Boraginales
2025:Orchidaceae
2005:Asparagales
1978:Alismatales
1660:Neotropical
1650:Indomalayan
1623:Terrestrial
1553:Coral reefs
1422:subtropical
1349:Terrestrial
472:Puerto Rico
422:West Africa
366:Rainforests
344:of central
342:Congo basin
224:butterflies
163:harpy eagle
147:Congo Basin
75:Description
58:subtropical
6930:Categories
6737:Ecotourism
6378:CapeNature
6369:Management
5049:Strandveld
3164:Nama Karoo
3005:Ecoregions
2591:Amphibians
2522:Stoneflies
2507:Orthoptera
2421:Harvestmen
2407:Entognatha
2404:Millipedes
2401:Centipedes
2383:Arthropods
2289:Sapindales
2284:Santalales
2247:Pandanales
2242:Oxalidales
2173:Icacinales
2168:Huerteales
2163:Gunnerales
2158:Geraniales
2116:Dipsacales
2064:Canellales
2037:Asteraceae
1943:Lycophytes
1938:Liverworts
1767:Ecoregions
1762:Bioregions
1670:Palearctic
1578:Cold seeps
1538:Intertidal
1232:2010-11-17
765:2019-05-29
711:References
406:dry season
402:wet season
285:March 2022
216:New Guinea
161:, and the
6732:Biosphere
6584:Botanical
6557:databases
6093:protected
6046:Biosphere
4703:Succulent
3749:Grassland
3197:Mangroves
2884:Related:
2534:True bugs
2504:Notoptera
2436:Solifugae
2430:Scorpions
2415:Arachnids
2352:Nematodes
2341:Bryozoans
2338:Ascidians
2304:Vahliales
2299:Solanales
2269:Proteales
2252:Piperales
2188:Lamiaceae
2151:Rubiaceae
2074:Aizoaceae
2054:Bruniales
2032:Asterales
2020:Iridaceae
1963:Flowering
1933:Hornworts
1645:Holarctic
1635:Antarctic
1543:Mangroves
1389:Temperate
1018:. p. 330.
795:Webb, Len
544:in Mexico
430:Indochina
418:Caribbean
174:overstory
155:hornbills
135:ecosystem
120:evergreen
6519:projects
6517:Research
6474:Research
6254:Offshore
6095:areas of
6048:reserves
5924:National
2650:Seaweeds
2637:Reptiles
2549:Molluscs
2528:Termites
2498:Mayflies
2495:Mantises
2232:Myrtales
2227:Malvales
2205:Liliales
2200:Laurales
2178:Lamiales
2121:Ericales
2096:Cornales
2000:Arecales
1988:Apiaceae
1973:Acorales
1923:Conifers
1792:See also
1665:Oceanian
1655:Nearctic
1533:Littoral
1506:Mangrove
1496:Riparian
1031:(1982),
972:(1982),
952:(1982),
902:(1982),
863:(1982),
843:(1982),
781:"Forest"
750:license.
613:See also
493:endemism
476:Colombia
394:savannah
235:farmland
201:gorillas
197:big cats
6951:Forests
6717:Related
6586:gardens
6546:SeaKeys
6107:Coastal
5922:African
5686:Coastal
5045:Thicket
3296:Savanna
2791:Related
2632:Mammals
2480:Earwigs
2462:Beetles
2453:Insects
2442:Ixodida
2439:Araneae
2369:Sponges
2332:Animals
2309:Vitales
2279:Rosales
2262:Poaceae
2136:Fagales
2131:Fabales
2059:Buxales
1983:Apiales
1519:Aquatic
1501:Wetland
1058:Bibcode
827:2257290
807:Bibcode
460:Manigua
392:or wet
390:monsoon
382:monsoon
239:logging
231:cleared
189:monkeys
159:toucans
103:, near
56:, is a
6099:Africa
6091:Marine
5842:VEGMAP
5840:not on
5682:Forest
5495:Azonal
5338:desert
5043:Albany
4127:Fynbos
3271:Biomes
3179:Tundra
2531:Thrips
2257:Poales
1965:plants
1948:Mosses
1928:Cycads
1916:Plants
1691:Arctic
1679:Marine
1615:realms
1521:biomes
1475:Steppe
1365:Tundra
1351:biomes
1341:Biomes
1125:
825:
681:(ITTO)
675:(CTFS)
466:, the
358:Brazil
348:, the
346:Africa
193:snakes
178:crowns
141:, the
6914:Index
6569:iSpot
6097:South
5926:Parks
5920:South
5789:biome
5334:Karoo
4705:Karoo
2677:Fungi
2596:Birds
2486:Flies
2483:Fleas
1370:Taiga
1285:from
823:JSTOR
245:Types
105:Isiro
5688:belt
5332:Nama
3273:and
2911:and
2492:Lice
1528:Pond
1252:Oryx
1123:ISBN
518:The
491:and
474:and
464:Cuba
452:and
362:Peru
360:and
233:for
222:and
205:deer
203:and
195:and
187:and
185:apes
122:and
114:and
60:and
50:TSMF
5684:and
5336:and
5047:and
1484:Wet
1458:Dry
1260:doi
1066:doi
815:doi
384:or
275:by
218:'s
6932::
1256:30
1254:.
1250:.
1220:.
1064:.
1054:27
1052:.
898:;
821:.
813:.
803:47
801:.
719:^
495::
470:,
380:,
364:.
207:.
165:.
157:,
149:.
71:.
6156:I
2783:Z
2780:Y
2777:X
2774:W
2771:V
2767:U
2762:T
2757:S
2753:R
2750:Q
2746:P
2742:O
2739:N
2735:M
2730:L
2726:K
2723:J
2720:I
2716:H
2712:G
2709:F
2705:E
2700:D
2695:C
2690:B
2685:A
1853:e
1846:t
1839:v
1325:e
1318:t
1311:v
1268:.
1262::
1235:.
1131:.
1072:.
1068::
1060::
829:.
817::
809::
783:.
768:.
478:.
456:.
442:.
432:.
298:)
292:(
287:)
283:(
269:.
48:(
31:.
20:)
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