33:
992:
neuromuscular junctions. However, Waglerin-1 is a more potent inhibitor of transmission across the mouse neuromuscular junction. A subsequent study demonstrated that
Waglerin-1 inhibited the adult mouse endplate response to acetylcholine with an IC50 of 50 nanomolar. In striking contrast, transmission across neuromuscular junctions of neonatal or transgenic mice lacking the adult acetylcholine receptor was not altered by micromolar concentrations of Waglerin-1. Biochemical studies demonstrated that the exquisite selectivity of Waglerin-1 for the adult mouse acetylcholine receptor relies upon several amino acid residues unique to the epsilon subunit of the adult mouse acetylcholine receptor. Waglerin-1's selectivity for the epsilon-subunit containing acetylcholine receptor of adult mice is complemented by selectivity of small peptide toxins purified from the venom of
832:
77:
1005:
to the discovery of novel molecular targets for drug development. While
Waglerin-1 interacts with other members of the ligand-gated superfamily of ion channels, the potency is much less than for inhibition of the adult mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor. Structural study suggests that Waglerin-1 may undergo molecular rearrangement that allows for binding to multiple receptors. The actions of Waglerin-1 reverse upon removal of the peptide.
808:
751:
52:
1004:
for the gamma-subunit containing acetylcholine receptor of neonatal skeletal muscle. The
Waglerins and complementary conotoxins are useful tools to discover the contribution of acetylcholine receptor subunits to synaptogenesis. In addition, study of the Waglerins and related toxic peptides may lead
991:
The venom of the Wagler's pit viper contains four novel peptides (Waglerins 1-4). The
Waglerins produce fatal respiratory paralysis of adult mice. An initial study indicated that micromolar concentrations of Waglerin 1 act both pre- and postsynaptically to inhibit transmission across rat
1799:
Teichert RW, Lopez-Vera E, Gulyas J, Maren
Watkins M, Rivier J, Olivera BM (November 2006). "Definition and Characterization of the Short alphaA-Conotoxins: A Single Residue Determines Dissociation Kinetics from the Fetal Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor".
1714:
Molles BE, Tsigelny I, Nguyen PD, Gao SX, Sine SM, Taylor P (June 2002). "Residues in the epsilon subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interact to confer selectivity of waglerin-1 for the alpha-epsilon subunit interface site".
1008:
Waglerin-1 is included in some skin creams marketed as wrinkle removers. There is no scientific evidence supporting the manufacturers' suggestion that the
Waglerin-1 included in their products relaxes wrinkle producing skeletal muscles.
1835:
Teichert RW, Garcia CC, Potian JG, Schmidt JJ, Witzemann V, Olivera BM, McArdle JJ (June 2008). "Peptide-Toxin Tools for
Probing the Expression and Function of Fetal and Adult Subtypes of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor".
804:. The phases vary greatly from having a black or brown coloration as a base, with orange and yellow banding, to others having a light green as the base color, with yellow or orange banding, and many variations therein.
946:
and arboreal, the Wagler's pit viper appears quite sluggish, as it remains motionless for long periods of time waiting for prey to pass by. When prey does pass by, or if disturbed, it can strike quickly.
971:. The pits, one on each side of the head between the eye and the nostril, are capable of detecting temperature difference of as little as 0.003 of a degree Celsius (0.0054 of a degree Fahrenheit).
32:
2271:
919:
has a wide distribution in
Central Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines, the Wagler's Pit Viper is restricted to mainland Southeast Asia, down to Sumatra and Bangka, West Indonesia."
855:
recorded from the provinces of Phang Nga, Phuket, Pattani, Surat Thani, Nakhon Si
Tammarat, Narathiwat, and Yala, probably distributed throughout the Peninsula in west
1700:
1655:
1602:
1510:
2214:
2253:
2294:
1524:
Schmidt JJ, Weinstein SA, Smith LA (1992). "Molecular properties and structure-function relationships of lethal peptides from venom of Wagler's pit viper,
800:
They are found in a wide variety of colors and patterns, often referred to as "phases". In the past, some researchers classified the different phases as
775: in) in total length (including tail), their bodies being black with yellow stripes. Males, on the other hand, typically do not exceed 75 cm (
2188:
2227:
1164:
903:. In a revision by Vogel et al (2007), the Wagler's pit viper species complex was differentiated into several taxa, including the resurrection of
1402:
2344:
1207:
2329:
1563:
Aiken, Simon P.; Sellin, Lawrence C.; Schmidt, James J.; Weinstein, Scott A; McArdle, Joseph J. (June 1992). "A novel peptide toxin from
2339:
823:
for the Wagler's pit viper include temple viper, temple pit viper, bamboo snake, temple snake, speckled pit viper, and temple pitviper.
367:
2304:
1887:
Ye JH, Ren J, McArdle JJ (August 1999). "Waglerin-1 inhibits GABA(A) current of neurons in the nucleus accumbens of neonatal rats".
1446:
1295:
1255:
1234:
1143:
1135:
1930:
Ye JH, McArdle JJ (March 1997). "Waglerin-1 modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid activated current of murine hypothalamic neurons".
1669:
McArdle, Joseph J.; Lentz, Thomas L.; Witzemann, Veit; Schwarz, Holger; Weinstein, Scott A.; Schmidt, James J. (September 1999).
2309:
2232:
1156:
2084:
1283:
2324:
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2070:
London: Trustees of the
British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I-XXV. (
1275:
76:
2334:
2314:
1471:(1991). "Characterization and amino acid sequences of two lethal peptides isolated from venom of Wagler's pit viper,
836:
2258:
2140:
789: in). Males have large triangular-shaped heads, with relatively thin green bodies. They are almost entirely
577:
831:
1123:
503:
1115:
590:
2063:
725:
516:
1373:
2102:
2068:
Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ.
528:
1957:
Sellin LC, Mattila K, Annila A, Schmidt JJ, McArdle JJ, Hyvonen M, Rantala TT, Kivisto T (January 1996).
1694:
1649:
1596:
1504:
1040:
181:
1752:"A Uniquely Selective Inhibitor of the Mammalian Fetal Neuromuscular Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor"
1414:
1389:
2175:
2149:
1974:
1845:
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1063:
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2018:
1222:
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739:
354:
263:
41:
1912:
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1464:
1193:
1189:
1018:
758:
250:
207:
71:
1670:
1331:
complex (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae). I. Definition of included taxa and redescription of
376:
2219:
1671:"Waglerin-1 Selectively Blocks the Epsilon Form of the Muscle Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor"
1067:
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607:
1567:
acts pre- and post-synaptically to block transmission at the rat neuromuscular junction".
1365:
750:
1361:
1978:
1849:
1618:"Effects of waglerin-I on neuromuscular transmission of mouse nerve-muscle preparations"
2045:
1995:
1958:
1776:
1751:
1580:
1369:
1316:
1185:
697:
671:
429:
399:
371:
198:
2050:
Bemerkungen ĂĽber Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien, 1te Lieferung: Ophidier
1986:
1900:
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2240:
1633:
1541:
1488:
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1080:
1071:
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225:
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61:
56:
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1767:
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820:
709:
2201:
2134:
1750:
Teichert RW, Rivier J, Torres J, Dykert J, Miller C, Olivera BM (January 2005).
736:
416:
233:
1348:
801:
794:
701:
682:
2125:
1857:
943:
864:
860:
689:
679:
675:
627:
88:
1908:
1865:
1821:
1785:
1736:
1686:
911:, but those from Mindanao include snakes assigned to both this species and
2004:
1943:
1641:
1588:
1549:
1496:
1128:
Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1
2119:
900:
880:
856:
852:
790:
713:
693:
128:
108:
2090:
2193:
1250:. New York: United States Government / Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp.
928:
892:
868:
848:
840:
733:
704:
that are recognized as being valid. It is sometimes referred to as the
667:
118:
1813:
1728:
2206:
979:
Sexually mature females of the Wagler's pit viper bear live young by
968:
960:
932:
896:
98:
2096:
1617:
1130:. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp.
835:
A green phase of Wagler's pit viper in a terrarium of Reptile Park,
1390:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T192241A217770117.en
1035:
1022:
830:
806:
749:
148:
138:
1038:
was erected in which it was placed together with Hutton's viper,
1034:
and venom characteristics set it apart, so that eventually a new
1021:
reclassification over the years and was previously placed in the
1385:
964:
884:
2180:
2100:
1058:
1056:
935:, at altitudes from sea level to 400 m (1,300 ft).
1439:
A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Borneo
1932:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1675:
The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2022:
851:
from the provinces of Minh Hai and Song Be, in southern
1441:. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp.
2109:
1616:Tsai M-C, Hsieh WH, Smith LA, Lee CY (March 1995).
1963:which blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor"
1959:"Conformational analysis of a toxic peptide from
1202:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 278.
907:. The Western Philippine populations belong to
1095:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T192174A2051138.en
761:: the females grow to approximately 1 m (
8:
1699:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1654:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1601:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1509:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1290:. 1st Edition. Berlin: GeitjeBooks. 368 pp.
847:The Wagler's pit viper is found in southern
2097:
1838:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1017:The Wagler's pit viper has undergone much
50:
31:
20:
2060:, new species, p. 562). (in German).
1994:
1775:
1229:. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp.
1093:
1463:Weinstein, Scott A.; Schmidt, James J.;
1165:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1052:
2019:"Euoko, Y-30 Intense Lift Concentrate"
1692:
1647:
1594:
1502:
959:of the Wagler's pit viper consists of
859:, as well as the island of Penang, in
1388:Red List of Threatened Species 2022:
811:Lateral view of an adult male's head.
7:
1030:. However, its distinctly different
983:. Litter size varies from 15 to 41.
708:because of its abundance around the
2295:IUCN Red List least concern species
1227:Living Snakes of the World in Color
1081:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1581:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1992.tb00508.x
14:
1199:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles
931:of the Wagler's pit viper is the
563:Trimeresurus wagleri subannulatus
554:Trimeresurus wagleri philippensis
524:Trimeresurus wagleri alboviridis
75:
388:— A.M.C. Duméril, Bibron &
1768:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4065-04.2005
1:
2091:Reptarium.cz Reptile Database
1987:10.1016/s0006-3495(96)79559-0
1901:10.1016/s0006-8993(99)01668-6
1569:Pharmacology & Toxicology
1248:Poisonous Snakes of the World
2345:Taxa named by Friedrich Boie
2093:. Accessed 12 December 2007.
1634:10.1016/0041-0101(94)00158-5
1542:10.1016/0041-0101(92)90047-9
1489:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90107-3
1392:. Accessed on 12 April 2024.
598:Tropidolaemus philippinensis
545:Trimeresurus wagleri wagleri
2330:Reptiles of the Philippines
635:Trimeresurus philippinensis
2361:
2340:Reptiles described in 1827
1382:Tropidolaemus subannulatus
917:Tropidolaemus subannulatus
837:Taman Mini Indonesia Indah
757:The Wagler's pit viper is
485:Tropidolaemus subannulatus
472:Tropidolaemus subannulatus
437:Tropidolaemus subannulatus
424:Tropidolaemus Philippensis
1349:10.11646/zootaxa.1644.1.1
1327:(2007). "Revision of the
710:Temple of the Azure Cloud
662:, more commonly known as
648:— David & Vogel, 1996
639:— David & Vogel, 1996
622:— David & Vogel, 1996
536:Trimeresurus philippensis
213:
206:
187:
180:
72:Scientific classification
70:
48:
39:
30:
23:
2305:Snakes of Southeast Asia
395:Tropidolaemus Schlegelii
1858:10.1196/annals.1405.015
1756:Journal of Neuroscience
593:& Romano-Hoge, 1981
459:Tropidolaemus Schlegeli
344:Tropidolaemus hombronii
331:Trigonocephalus Wagleri
318:Trigonocephalus Wagleri
309:Trimesurus subannulatus
300:Trimesurus Philippensis
1405:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1159:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1074:Tropidolaemus wagleri
927:The preferred natural
844:
812:
793:, and their tails are
754:
384:Tropidolaemus hombroni
2310:Reptiles of Indonesia
2155:Tropidolaemus_wagleri
2141:Tropidolaemus wagleri
2111:Tropidolaemus wagleri
2086:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1526:Trimeresurus wagleri
1473:Trimeresurus wagleri
1451:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1333:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1329:Tropidolaemus wagleri
1088:: e.T192174A2051138.
1041:Tropidolaemus huttoni
871:, the islands of the
834:
810:
753:
659:Tropidolaemus wagleri
644:Tropidolaemus wagleri
585:Tropidolaemus wagleri
362:Tropidolaemus wagleri
357:& Guichenot, 1853
258:Tropidolaemus wagleri
191:Tropidolaemus wagleri
25:Tropidolaemus wagleri
2325:Reptiles of Malaysia
2320:Reptiles of Thailand
2074:, pp. 562–564).
1961:Trimeresurus wagleri
1565:Trimeresurus wagleri
1403:"Wagler's Pit Viper
797:to aid in climbing.
446:Trimeresurus wagleri
390:A.H.A. Duméril, 1854
288:Trimesurus maculatus
1979:1996BpJ....70....3S
1967:Biophysical Journal
1850:2008NYASA1132...61T
1575:(6 Pt 1): 459–462.
1465:Bernheimer, Alan W.
740:Johann Georg Wagler
42:Conservation status
2335:Reptiles of Borneo
2315:Reptiles of Brunei
1411:Wildlife Singapore
1246:U.S. Navy (1991).
845:
813:
759:sexually dimorphic
755:
732:, is in honour of
664:Wagler's pit viper
251:nomen conservandum
2282:
2281:
2103:Taxon identifiers
1814:10.1021/bi052016d
1729:10.1021/bi025732d
1723:(25): 7895–7906.
1469:Smith, Leonard A.
1209:978-1-4214-0135-5
692:. The species is
655:
654:
480:— W. Peters, 1872
441:— W. Peters, 1861
65:
2352:
2275:
2274:
2262:
2261:
2249:
2248:
2236:
2235:
2223:
2222:
2210:
2209:
2197:
2196:
2184:
2183:
2171:
2170:
2158:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2130:
2129:
2128:
2098:
2072:Lachesis wagleri
2052:. Isis von Oken
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2021:. Archived from
2015:
2009:
2008:
1998:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1808:(4): 1304–1312.
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1690:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1645:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1600:
1592:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1536:(9): 1027–1137.
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1460:
1454:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1413:. Archived from
1399:
1393:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1305:
1299:
1265:
1259:
1244:
1238:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1196:(26 July 2011).
1194:Grayson, Michael
1190:Watkins, Michael
1182:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1153:
1147:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1060:
1001:Conus pergrandis
995:Conus geographus
889:Mentawai Islands
873:Riau Archipelago
827:Geographic range
788:
787:
783:
780:
774:
773:
769:
766:
649:
640:
623:
611:
594:
581:
568:
559:
550:
541:
532:
520:
511:Lachesis wagleri
507:
498:Bothrops Wagleri
494:
481:
468:
455:
442:
433:
420:
403:
391:
380:
358:
340:
327:
314:
305:
296:
284:
267:
246:
229:
193:
80:
79:
59:
54:
53:
35:
21:
16:Species of snake
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2359:
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2354:
2353:
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2200:
2192:
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2174:
2166:
2161:
2153:
2148:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2105:
2081:
2058:Cophias wagleri
2042:
2040:Further reading
2037:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1956:
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1457:
1433:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1360:
1356:
1335:(Boie, 1827)".
1307:
1306:
1302:
1288:Asian Pitvipers
1266:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1221:
1217:
1210:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1155:
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1100:
1098:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1050:
1015:
989:
977:
953:
941:
925:
913:T. philippensis
909:T. subannulatus
905:T. subannulatus
829:
818:
785:
781:
778:
776:
771:
767:
764:
762:
748:
722:
700:. There are no
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566:
565:
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493:W. Peters, 1872
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173:T. wagleri
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55:
51:
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2211:
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2115:
2113:
2107:
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2101:
2095:
2094:
2080:
2079:External links
2077:
2076:
2075:
2061:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2010:
1949:
1922:
1895:(1–2): 29–37.
1889:Brain Research
1879:
1827:
1791:
1762:(3): 732–736.
1742:
1706:
1681:(1): 543–550.
1661:
1628:(3): 363–371.
1608:
1555:
1516:
1483:(2): 227–237.
1455:
1435:Das, Indraneil
1427:
1394:
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921:
828:
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814:
747:
744:
721:
718:
698:Southeast Asia
672:venomous snake
653:
652:
651:
650:
641:
632:
618:philippinensis
612:
595:
582:
569:
567:— Taylor, 1922
560:
558:— Taylor, 1922
551:
549:— Taylor, 1922
542:
540:— Taylor, 1922
533:
521:
508:
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256:
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245:F. Boie, 1827
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235:
227:
222:
218:
215:
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212:
209:
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194:
192:
186:
183:
182:Binomial name
179:
175:
174:
169:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:Tropidolaemus
157:
154:
153:
150:
147:
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47:
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2057:
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2053:
2049:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2013:
1970:
1966:
1960:
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1938:(1): 74–80.
1935:
1931:
1925:
1892:
1888:
1882:
1844:(1): 61–70.
1841:
1837:
1830:
1805:
1802:Biochemistry
1801:
1794:
1759:
1755:
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1717:Biochemistry
1716:
1709:
1695:cite journal
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1597:cite journal
1572:
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1505:cite journal
1480:
1476:
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1415:the original
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1340:
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1332:
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1168:. Retrieved
1158:
1151:
1127:
1116:McDiarmid RW
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1085:
1079:
1073:
1068:Chan-Ard, T.
1039:
1027:Trimeresurus
1025:
1016:
1007:
999:
993:
990:
978:
975:Reproduction
955:The primary
954:
942:
926:
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912:
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846:
843:, Indonesia.
821:Common names
819:
816:Common names
799:
756:
729:
723:
706:temple viper
705:
663:
658:
657:
656:
643:
634:
625:
617:
614:
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572:philippensis
571:
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172:
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159:
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2202:iNaturalist
2135:Wikispecies
1973:(1): 3–13.
1372:, Vogel G,
1268:Gumprecht A
1223:Mehrtens JM
1186:Beolens, Bo
1120:Campbell JA
1101:19 November
1064:Grismer, L.
746:Description
489:immaculatus
335:Sumatrensis
234:nomen nudum
2300:Crotalinae
2289:Categories
2029:2013-08-09
1421:2008-10-09
1374:Diesmos AC
1370:Iskandar D
1138:(series).
1048:References
1032:morphology
802:subspecies
795:prehensile
702:subspecies
683:Crotalinae
615:Trimesurus
476:celebensis
339:Gray, 1849
326:Gray, 1849
322:Celebensis
313:Gray, 1842
304:Gray, 1842
135:Suborder:
1453:, p. 58.)
1380:(2022). "
1280:Captain A
1272:Tillack F
1146:(volume).
1019:taxonomic
944:Nocturnal
865:Indonesia
861:Singapore
720:Etymology
690:Viperidae
680:subfamily
676:pit viper
628:ex errore
517:Boulenger
504:F. MĂĽller
430:W. Peters
355:Jacquinot
349:Guichenot
167:Species:
149:Viperidae
139:Serpentes
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
2220:11296054
2120:Wikidata
2066:(1896).
2048:(1827).
1917:38433826
1909:10433985
1874:25290991
1866:18567854
1822:16430227
1786:15659611
1737:12069578
1687:10087048
1437:(2006).
1366:Inger RF
1362:Auliya M
1343:: 1–40.
1286:(2004).
1284:Ryabov S
1276:Orlov NL
1225:(1987).
1126:(1999).
1124:Touré TA
1070:(2012).
1013:Taxonomy
939:Behavior
901:Karimata
881:Billiton
857:Malaysia
853:Thailand
791:arboreal
714:Malaysia
465:Theobald
411:Hombroni
281:Schlegel
271:Trigonoc
208:Synonyms
145:Family:
129:Squamata
119:Reptilia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
2272:wagleri
2194:2443722
2126:Q577013
2089:at the
2005:8770182
1996:1224904
1975:Bibcode
1944:9223541
1846:Bibcode
1777:6725330
1642:7638875
1622:Toxicon
1589:1359525
1550:1440639
1530:Toxicon
1497:2048140
1477:Toxicon
1384:". The
1337:Zootaxa
1325:Vidal N
1313:David P
1309:Vogel G
969:lizards
961:rodents
951:Feeding
929:habitat
923:Habitat
893:Siberut
869:Sumatra
863:and in
849:Vietnam
841:Jakarta
784:⁄
770:⁄
730:wagleri
694:endemic
685:of the
678:in the
668:species
666:, is a
452:GĂĽnther
400:Bleeker
275:wagleri
241:Wagleri
226:H. Boie
221:Wagleri
201:, 1827)
199:F. Boie
155:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
2246:192174
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2181:790394
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967:, and
933:forest
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897:Natuna
887:, the
877:Bangka
734:German
687:family
610:, 1996
606:&
580:, 1942
578:Maslin
531:, 1917
529:Taylor
519:, 1896
506:, 1880
467:, 1868
454:, 1864
432:, 1861
419:, 1859
402:, 1857
379:, 1854
374:&
372:Bibron
295:, 1842
283:, 1837
266:, 1830
264:Wagler
228:, 1826
2215:IRMNG
2207:30936
2168:59BSH
1913:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1036:genus
1023:genus
987:Venom
965:birds
608:Vogel
604:David
487:var.
474:var.
333:var.
320:var.
2259:8770
2254:NCBI
2241:IUCN
2228:ITIS
2189:GBIF
2001:PMID
1940:PMID
1905:PMID
1862:PMID
1842:1132
1818:PMID
1782:PMID
1733:PMID
1701:link
1683:PMID
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1585:PMID
1546:PMID
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1493:PMID
1443:ISBN
1386:IUCN
1378:Sy E
1341:1644
1292:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1172:2007
1140:ISBN
1132:ISBN
1103:2021
1086:2012
998:and
957:diet
885:Nias
724:The
674:, a
591:Hoge
293:Gray
2176:EoL
2163:CoL
2150:ADW
1991:PMC
1983:doi
1936:282
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