Partition of Ireland - Knowledge (XXG)

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submit to me. I asked them what the nature of these new proposals was, and I was told that the Cabinet did not desire to consult me about them, and until they had come to a decision I would be told nothing...The next communication I received was on Saturday last, when the Minister for War and the Home Secretary requested me to call and see them at the War Office. They then informed me that another Cabinet Council had been held, and that it had been decided, mark you, decided, to insert in the Bill two entirely new provisions, one providing for the permanent exclusion of Ulster, of the six Ulster counties...and I was given to understand in so many words that this decision was not put before me for the purpose of discussion or consultation, that the decision was absolute and final, and the right hon. Gentlemen described themselves to me simply as messengers, without any power or authority to discuss these questions in any way whatever with me, and they informed me that it was the intention of the Government to introduce a Bill containing these provisions practically whether we liked it or not.

715:(son of Sir James Craig and Unionist MP for County Antrim) made a speech in the British House of Commons where he made clear the future make up of Northern Ireland: "The three Ulster counties of Monaghan, Cavan and Donegal are to be handed over to the South of Ireland Parliament. How the position of affairs in a Parliament of nine counties and in a Parliament of six counties would be is shortly this. If we had a nine counties Parliament, with 64 members, the Unionist majority would be about three or four, but in a six counties Parliament, with 52 members, the Unionist majority, would be about ten. The three excluded counties contain some 70,000 Unionists and 260,000 Sinn Feiners and Nationalists, and the addition of that large block of Sinn Feiners and Nationalists would reduce our majority to such a level that no sane man would undertake to carry on a Parliament with it. That is the position with which we were faced when we had to take the decision a few days ago as to whether we would call upon the Government to include the nine counties in the Bill or be settled with the six." 935: 900:"I know beforehand what is going to be done with us, and therefore it is well that we should make our preparations for that long fight which, I suppose, we will have to wage in order to be allowed even to live." He accused the government of "...not inserting a single clause...to safeguard the interests of our people. This is not a scattered minority...it is the story of weeping women, hungry children, hunted men, homeless in England, houseless in Ireland. If this is what we get when they have not their Parliament, what may we expect when they have that weapon, with wealth and power strongly entrenched? What will we get when they are armed with Britain's rifles, when they are clothed with the authority of government, when they have cast round them the Imperial garb, what mercy, what pity, much less justice or liberty, will be conceded to us then? That is what I have to say about the Ulster Parliament." 1003:) to exercise this opt-out during which time the provisions of the Government of Ireland Act continued to apply in Northern Ireland. According to legal writer Austen Morgan, the wording of the treaty allowed the impression to be given that the Irish Free State temporarily included the whole island of Ireland, but legally the terms of the treaty applied only to the 26 counties, and the government of the Free State never had any powers—even in principle—in Northern Ireland. On 7 December 1922 the Parliament of Northern Ireland approved an address to George V, requesting that its territory not be included in the Irish Free State. This was presented to the king the following day and then entered into effect, in accordance with the provisions of Section 12 of the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922. The treaty also allowed for a re-drawing of the border by a 863:, in secret near Dublin. Each restated his position and nothing new was agreed. On 10 May De Valera told the Dáil that the meeting "... was of no significance". In June that year, shortly before the truce that ended the Anglo-Irish War, David Lloyd George invited the Irish President de Valera to talks in London on an equal footing with the new Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, James Craig, which de Valera attended. De Valera's policy in the ensuing negotiations was that the future of Ulster was an Irish-British matter to be resolved between two sovereign states, and that Craig should not attend. After the truce came into effect on 11 July, the USC was demobilized (July – November 1921). Speaking after the truce Lloyd George made it clear to de Valera, 'that the achievement of a republic through negotiation was impossible'. 1448:' in the form of an undertaking 'that the Union is to become at an early date an accomplished fact from which there shall be no turning back.' Clause ii of the offer promised a joint body to work out the practical and constitutional details, 'the purpose of the work being to establish at as early a date as possible the whole machinery of government of the Union'. On the day after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbor (8 December 1941) Churchill sent a telegram to the Irish Prime Minister in which he obliquely offered Irish unity – "Now is your chance. Now or never! A nation once again! I will meet you wherever you wish." No meeting took place between the two prime ministers and there is no record of a response from de Valera. The proposals were first published in 1970 in a biography of de Valera. 538:. It sat in Dublin from July 1917 until March 1918, and comprised both Irish nationalist and Unionist politicians. It ended with a report, supported by nationalist and southern unionist members, calling for the establishment of an all-Ireland parliament consisting of two houses with special provisions for Ulster unionists. The reports proposal for the setting up of an all Ireland parliament was passed by 51 votes to 18. The amendment to exclude Ulster from the jurisdiction of a national parliament was voted down by 52 votes to 19. The majority of southern Unionists voted for the all Ireland parliament proposal. The report was, however, rejected by the Ulster unionist members, and since Sinn Féin had not taken part in the proceedings, the convention was considered a failure. 383: 1288:, British Prime Minister Baldwin commented on the future makeup of the commission: "If the Commission should give away counties, then of course Ulster couldn't accept it and we should back her. But the Government will nominate a proper representative for Northern Ireland and we hope that he and Feetham will do what is right." In September 1924 Winston Churchill made a speech (while out of political office) in which he made his feelings clear on the partition of Ireland: "On the one side will be Catholics, tending more and more to Republicanism; on the other Protestants, holding firmly to the British Empire and the Union Jack...No result could be more disastrous to Irish national aspirations..." 1315:. The agreement was enacted by the "Ireland (Confirmation of Agreement) Act 1925" and was passed unanimously by the British parliament on 8–9 December. The Dáil voted to approve the agreement, by a supplementary act, on 10 December 1925 by a vote of 71 to 20. With a separate agreement concluded by the three governments, the publication of Boundary Commission report became an irrelevance. Commission member Fisher stated to the Unionist leader Edward Carson that no area of importance had been ceded to the Irish Government: “If anybody had suggested twelve months ago that we could have kept so much I would have laughed at him”. The President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State 1240:

1922 the Irish Free State government set up the North East Boundary Bureau to prepare its case for the Boundary Commission. The Bureau conducted extensive work but the commission refused to consider its work, which amounted to 56 boxes of files. Most leaders in the Free State, both pro- and anti-treaty, assumed that the commission would award largely nationalist areas such as County Fermanagh, County Tyrone, South Londonderry, South Armagh and South Down and the City of Derry to the Free State and that the remnant of Northern Ireland would not be economically viable and would eventually opt for union with the rest of the island.

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northern unionists wanted the territory of the Ulster government to be reduced to six counties, so that it would have a larger Protestant/Unionist majority. Long offered the Committee members a deal – "that the Six Counties ... should be theirs for good ... and no interference with the boundaries". This left large areas of Northern Ireland with populations that supported either Irish Home Rule or the establishment of an all-Ireland Republic. The results from the last all-Ireland election (the 1918 Irish general election) showed Nationalist majorities in the envisioned Northern Ireland: Counties Tyrone and Fermanagh,

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liberties. It is true that Ulster is given the right to contract out, but she can only do so after automatic inclusion in the Irish Free State. We can only conjecture that it is a surrender to the claims of Sinn Fein that her delegates must be recognised as the representatives of the whole of Ireland, a claim which we cannot for a moment admit. The principles of the 1920 Act have been completely violated, the Irish Free State being relieved of many of her responsibilities towards the Empire. We are glad to think that our decision will obviate the necessity of mutilating the

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nevertheless, in sincere regard for internal peace, and to make manifest our desire not to bring force or coercion to bear upon any substantial part of the province of Ulster, whose inhabitants may now be unwilling to accept the national authority, we are prepared to grant to that portion of Ulster which is defined as Northern Ireland in the British Government of Ireland Act of 1920, privileges and safeguards not less substantial than those provided for in the 'Articles of Agreement for a Treaty' between Great Britain and Ireland signed in London on 6 December 1921.

1444:, Britain made a qualified offer of Irish unity in June 1940, without reference to those living in Northern Ireland. On their rejection, neither the London nor Dublin governments publicised the matter. Ireland would have allowed British ships to use selected ports for counter submarine operations, arresting Germans and Italians, setting up a joint defence council and allowing overflights. In return, arms would have been provided to Ireland and British forces would cooperate on a German invasion. London would have declared that it accepted 'the principle of a 1097:. The second Pact consisted of ten Articles which called for an end to all IRA activity in Northern Ireland and the setting up of a special police force that would represent the two communities. Article VII called for meetings before the Northern Ireland Government exercised its option to opt out of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The purpose of the meetings was to be "...whether means can be devised to secure the unity of Ireland or failing this whether agreement can be arrived at on the boundary question otherwise than by recourse to the Boundary Commission." 1074:, who spoke strongly against partition or re-partition of any kind. The pro-treaty side argued that the proposed Boundary Commission would give large swathes of Northern Ireland to the Free State, leaving the remaining territory too small to be viable. In October 1922, the Irish Free State government established the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau (NEBB) a government office which by 1925 had prepared 56 boxes of files to argue its case for areas of Northern Ireland to be transferred to the Free State. 1232: 483:

been requested in 1912 and 1914). Redmond was assured by the British Prime Minister and the entire Cabinet that voters in all counties excluded from Home Rule would be permitted to vote on joining a Home Rule Ireland (a vote was never held). Redmond was also "guaranteed" that all excluded counties were to be returned to Home Rule Ireland after six years. On 20 July 1916 Redmond was removed from any further negotiations with the British government. He spoke on the floor of the House of Commons:

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and Donegal). In May 1914 three border boundary options were proposed for the temporary exclusion of part of Ulster from Home Rule. One option recommended that Counties Tyrone and Fermanagh, south County Armagh, south County Down, the cities of Newry and Derry should be left under the proposed Irish Parliament. There was then debate over how much of Ulster should be excluded and for how long, and whether to hold referendums in each county. The Chancellor of the Exchequer

1166: 414:"You can no more split Ireland into parts than you can split England or Scotland into parts...You have an essential unity of race and temperament, although I agree that unhappily dissensions have been rank, partially by religion, and partially, by the organisation of partisanship. The more Irishmen are encouraged and empowered to cooperate in the great works of governing their own country, the more convinced am I that these differences will disappear." 33: 1700: 719: 915:"The Bill gives us everything we fought for, everything we armed ourselves for, and to attain which we raised our Volunteers in 1913 and 1914...but we have many enemies in this country, and we feel that an Ulster without a Parliament of its own would not be in nearly as strong a position...where, above all, the paraphernalia of Government was already in existence...We should fear no one and would be in a position of absolute security." 1672: 554: 1686: 1109:

put down the amendments wished to bring forward the month during which Northern Ireland could exercise its right to opt out of the Irish Free State. They justified this view on the basis that if Northern Ireland could exercise its option to opt out at an earlier date, this would help to settle any state of anxiety or trouble on the new

1304:, while the UK government agreed that the Free State would no longer have to pay its share of the UK's national debt (the British claim was £157 million). The Chancellor of the Exchequer Winston Churchill was quoted on the terms of the cancellation of the Irish war debt: "I made a substantial modification of the financial provisions." 1253:) had firmly ruled out the use of plebiscites. In Southern Ireland the new Parliament fiercely debated the terms of the Treaty yet devoted a very small amount of time on the issue of partition – just nine out of 338 transcript pages. The commission's final report recommended only minor transfers of territory, and in both directions. 1093:

the leaders of government in the north and south were to meet. Among other issues, the first pact (21 January 1922) called for the ending of the ongoing "Belfast Boycott" of northern goods by the south and the return of jobs to the thousands of Catholics that had been forcibly removed from Belfast's mills and shipyards (see

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the Free State will not be allowed, under the provisions of the Act, to exercise authority in Ulster; but, technically, Ulster will be part of the Free State.... Nothing will do more to intensify the feeling in Ulster than that she should be placed, even temporarily, under the Free State which she abominates.

852:, headed by Unionist Party leader James Craig. Republican and nationalist members refused to attend. King George V addressed the ceremonial opening of the Northern parliament on 22 June. Meanwhile, Sinn Féin won an overwhelming majority in the Southern Ireland election. They treated both as elections for 1354:

was in place in Northern Ireland. Plural voting allowed one person to vote multiple times in an election. Only ratepayers (or taxpayers) could vote in local elections and the House of Commons of Northern Ireland. Owners of businesses were often able to cast more than one vote while non ratepayers did

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was appointed by the British Government to represent the Northern Ireland Government (after the Northern Government refused to name a member). It has been argued that the selection of Fisher ensured that only minimal (if any) changes would occur to the existing border. In a 1923 conversation with the

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passed the following resolution: "We, the County Council of Fermanagh, in view of the expressed desire of a large majority of people in this county, do not recognise the partition parliament in Belfast and do hereby direct our Secretary to hold no further communications with either Belfast or British

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returned Sinn Fein/Nationalist Party majorities: 54.7% Nationalist / 45.3% Unionist in Fermanagh – Tyrone (which was a single constituency). In a letter dated 7 September 1921 from Lloyd George to the President of the Irish Republic Eamon de Valera regarding Counties Fermanagh and Tyrone, the British

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made his feelings about the possibility of the partition of Ireland clear: "Whatever Ulster's right may be, she cannot stand in the way of the whole of the rest of Ireland. Half a province cannot impose a permanent veto on the nation. Half a province cannot obstruct forever the reconciliation between

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took place only in England from January 1939 until May 1940. During this campaign approximately 300 bombings/acts of sabotage took place resulting in 10 deaths, 96 injuries and significant damage to infrastructure. In response the British government enacted the Prevention of Violence Act 1939, which

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would have had jurisdiction to legislate for Northern Ireland in matters not delegated to Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act. This never came to pass. On 13 December 1922, Craig addressed the Parliament of Northern Ireland, informing them that the King had accepted the Parliament's

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in October 1922, said that "when the 6th of December is passed the month begins in which we will have to make the choice either to vote out or remain within the Free State." He said it was important that that choice be made as soon as possible after 6 December 1922 "in order that it may not go forth

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When the Irish Free State (Agreement) Bill was being debated on 21 March 1922, amendments were proposed which would have provided that the Ulster Month would run from the passing of the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act and not the Act that would establish the Irish Free State. Essentially, those who

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In early 1922 the two leaders of Northern and Southern Ireland agreed on two pacts that were referred to as the Craig-Collins Pacts. Both Pacts were designed to bring peace to Northern Ireland and deal with the issue of partition. Both Pacts fell apart and it was the last time for over 40 years that

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The form in which the settlement is to take effect will depend upon Ireland herself. It must allow for full recognition of the existing powers and privileges of the Parliament of Northern Ireland, which cannot be abrogated except by their own consent. For their part, the British Government entertain

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covering the whole island. Unionists, however, won most seats in northeastern Ulster and affirmed their continuing loyalty to the United Kingdom. Many Irish republicans blamed the British establishment for the sectarian divisions in Ireland, and believed that Ulster Unionist defiance would fade once

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A small team of five assisted the commission in its work. While Feetham was said to have kept his government contacts well informed on the commission's work, MacNeill consulted with no one. With the leak of the Boundary Commission report (7 November 1925), MacNeill resigned from both the commission

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The Irish War of Independence led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, between the British government and representatives of the Irish Republic. Negotiations between the two sides were carried on between October and December 1921. The British delegation consisted of experienced parliamentarians/debaters such

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of Belfast goods and banks. The 'Belfast Boycott' was enforced by the IRA, who halted trains and lorries from Belfast and destroyed their goods. Conflict continued intermittently for two years, mostly in Belfast, which saw "savage and unprecedented" communal violence between Protestant and Catholic

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for the "encouragement of Irish unity". The Long Committee felt that the nine-county proposal "will enormously minimise the partition issue...it minimises the division of Ireland on purely religious lines. The two religions would not be unevenly balanced in the Parliament of Northern Ireland." Most

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I was informed, on behalf of the Cabinet, that negotiations and communications and consultations with me had been struck off, and that I would receive no communication from the Cabinet until they had come to a decision, behind my back, upon proposals which I had never seen and which they refused to

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In May 1914, the British government introduced an amending bill to the Third Home Rule Act allowing for the "temporary exclusion of Ulster" from Home Rule. Some Ulster unionists were willing to tolerate the 'loss' of some mainly-Catholic areas of the province (the Ulster counties of Monaghan, Cavan

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warned his wife about MacNeill: "I want you to see to it that our people know of his treachery to us. He must never be allowed back into the national life of this country, for so sure as he is, so sure he will act treacherously in a crisis. He is a weak man, but I know every effort will be made to

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His Majesty's Government did not want to assume that it was certain that on the first opportunity Ulster would contract out. They did not wish to say that Ulster should have no opportunity of looking at entire Constitution of the Free State after it had been drawn up before she must decide whether

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The disorder is extreme. Surely the Government will not refuse to make a concession which will do something... to mitigate the feeling of irritation which exists on the Ulster side of the border.... pon the passage of the Bill into law Ulster will be, technically, part of the Free State. No doubt

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I was pleased to fight shoulder to shoulder, on the Somme and elsewhere, with my fellow-countrymen from the North of Ireland. We fraternised, and we thought that when we came home we would not bicker again, but that we would be happy in Ireland, with a Parliament for our own native country. We did

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We protest against the declared intention of your government to place Northern Ireland automatically in the Irish Free State. Not only is this opposed to your pledge in our agreed statement of November 25th, but it is also antagonistic to the general principles of the Empire regarding her people's

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Prior to the first meeting of the committee, Long sent a memorandum to the British Prime Minister recommending two parliaments for Ireland (24 September 1919). That memorandum formed the basis of the legislation that partitioned Ireland – the Government of Ireland Act 1920. At the first meeting of

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the leader of the largest political party in Ireland (the Irish Parliamentary Party) agreed to the temporary exclusion of some areas of Ulster. In June 1916 Lloyd George asked for Redmonds approval for six counties (now to include Tyrone and Fermanagh) to be temporarily excluded (four counties had

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Unionists opposed the Bill, but argued that if Home Rule could not be stopped then all or part of Ulster should be excluded from it. Irish nationalists opposed partition, although some were willing to accept Ulster having some self-governance within a self-governing Ireland ("Home Rule within Home

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Since partition, most Irish nationalists/republicans continue to seek a united and independent Ireland, while Ulster unionists/loyalists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the UK. Over the years the Unionist governments of Northern Ireland have been accused of discrimination against the Irish

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The terms of Article 12 were ambiguous – no timetable was established or method to determine "the wishes of the inhabitants". Article 12 did not specifically call for a plebiscite or specify a time for the convening of the commission (the commission did not meet until November 1924). The northern

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The Anglo-Irish Treaty (signed 6 December 1921) contained a provision (Article 12) that would establish a boundary commission, which would determine the border "...in accordance with the wishes of the inhabitants, so far as may be compatible with economic and geographic conditions...". In October

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publicly rejected the "...arbitrary, new-fangled, and universally unnatural boundary". They pledged to oppose the new border and to "make the fullest use of our rights to mollify it". While speaking in the British House of Parliament on 14 December 1921, the British Prime Minister remarked on the

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While the Irish Free State was established at the end of 1922, the Boundary Commission contemplated by the Treaty was not to meet until 1924. Things did not remain static during that gap. In April 1923, just four months after independence, the Irish Free State established customs barriers on the

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had Irish unification as one of its core policies and sought to rewrite the Free State's constitution. Sinn Féin rejected the legitimacy of the Free State's institutions altogether because it implied accepting partition. In Northern Ireland, the Nationalist Party was the main political party in

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That whilst refusing to admit the right of any part of Ireland to be excluded from the supreme authority of the Parliament of Ireland, or that the relations between the Parliament of Ireland and any subordinate legislature in Ireland can be a matter for treaty with a Government outside Ireland,

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The British government introduced the Government of Ireland Bill in early 1920 and it passed through the stages in the British parliament that year. It would partition Ireland and create two self-governing territories within the UK, with their own bicameral parliaments, along with a Council of

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The Irish War of Independence resulted in a truce in July 1921 and led to the Anglo-Irish Treaty that December. Under the Treaty, the territory of Southern Ireland would leave the UK and become the Irish Free State. Northern Ireland's parliament could vote it in or out of the Free State, and a

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of the Irish Free State. The Treaty was ambiguous on whether the month should run from the date the Anglo-Irish Treaty was ratified (in March 1922 via the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act) or the date that the Constitution of the Irish Free State was approved and the Free State established (6

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was costing Britain $ 150,000,000 annually, and therefore American financial support for Britain was prolonging the partition of Ireland. Whenever partition was ended, Marshall Aid would restart. On 27 September 1951, Fogarty's resolution was defeated in Congress by 206 votes to 139, with 83

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MOST GRACIOUS SOVEREIGN, We, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the Senators and Commons of Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled, having learnt of the passing of the Irish Free State Constitution Act, 1922 do, by this humble Address, pray your Majesty that the powers of the

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parliament. However, in a 29 May 1916 letter to the Unionist leader Edward Carson, Lloyd George made clear that the exclusion should not be temporary: "We must make it clear that at the end of the provisional period Ulster does not, whether she wills it or not, merge in the rest of Ireland."

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Both governments agreed to the disbandment of the Council of Ireland. The leaders of the two parts of Ireland did not meet again until 1965. Since partition, Irish republicans and nationalists have sought to end partition, while Ulster loyalists and unionists have sought to maintain it. The

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Viscount Peel continued by saying the government desired that there should be no ambiguity and would to add a proviso to the Irish Free State (Agreement) Bill providing that the Ulster Month should run from the passing of the Act establishing the Irish Free State. He further noted that the

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added County Armagh thereby recommending that four counties be excluded from Home Rule. During Asquith's time in office the Liberal Chief Whip proposed that "roughly five counties" be excluded. Finally, in May 1916 Lloyd George proposed that six counties be excluded from a Dublin Home Rule

184:, Ulster unionists formed a Northern Ireland government. A Southern government was not formed, as republicans recognised the Irish Republic instead. During 1920–22, in what became Northern Ireland, partition was accompanied by violence "in defence or opposition to the new settlement" – see 615:

The number of counties that might be excluded from an Irish Home Rule parliament varied over the years. During the Gladstone era it was proposed that all nine counties of Ulster be excluded. A nine county exclusion was again proposed in September 1912, during this time the Unionist leader

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and the Free State Government. As he departed the Free State Government admitted that MacNeill "wasn't the most suitable person to be a commissioner." The source of the leaked report was generally assumed to be made by Fisher. The commission's report was not published in full until 1969.

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not want two Irelands at the Front; it was one Ireland, whether we, came from the North or from the South...I feel in common with thousands of my countrymen in Ireland, that I and they have been cheated out of the fruits of our victory. We placed our trust in you and you have betrayed us.

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In reference to the threat of Unionist violence and the achievement of a separate status of Ulster, Winston Churchill felt that "...if Ulster had confined herself simply to constitutional agitation, it is extremely improbable that she would have escaped inclusion in a Dublin Parliament."

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MFPP Working Paper No. 2, "The Creation and Consolidation of the Irish Border" by KJ Rankin and published in association with Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin and Institute for Governance, Queen's University, Belfast (also printed as IBIS working paper no.

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Prime Minister stated that his government had a very weak case on the issue "of forcing these two Counties against their will" into Northern Ireland. On 28 November 1921 both Tyrone and Fermanagh County Councils declared allegiance to the new Irish Parliament (Dail). On 2 December the

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While not explicitly mentioned in the 1998 Good Friday Agreement, the Common Travel Area between the UK and the Republic of Ireland, EU integration at that time and the demilitarisation of the boundary region provided by the treaty resulted in the virtual dissolution of the border.

778:(USC) was formed to help the regular police. The USC was almost wholly Protestant and some of its members carried out reprisal attacks on Catholics. From 1920 to 1922, more than 500 were killed in Northern Ireland and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them Catholics. See 1173:

The treaty "went through the motions of including Northern Ireland within the Irish Free State while offering it the provision to opt out". It was certain that Northern Ireland would exercise its opt out. The Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, Sir James Craig, speaking in the

523:. In April 1916, republicans took the opportunity of the war to launch a rebellion against British rule, the Easter Rising. It was crushed after a week of heavy fighting in Dublin. The harsh British reaction to the Rising fuelled support for independence, with republican party 1622:, the British government reiterated its commitment to the Agreement. On Northern Ireland's status, it said that the government's "clearly-stated preference is to retain Northern Ireland's current constitutional position: as part of the UK, but with strong links to Ireland". 1077:

De Valera had drafted his own preferred text of the treaty in December 1921, known as "Document No. 2". An "Addendum North East Ulster" indicates his acceptance of the 1920 partition for the time being, and of the rest of Treaty text as signed in regard to Northern Ireland:

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possibility of including Tyrone and Fermanagh into Northern Ireland: "There is no doubt—certainly since the Act of 1920—that the majority of the people of two counties prefer being with their Southern neighbours to being in the Northern Parliament." On 21 December 1921 the

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worked with the North East Boundary Bureau to develop cases for the exclusion of Nationalist areas from Northern Ireland. Healy urged the Dublin government to insist on a plebiscite in the counties of Fermanagh and Tyrone. By December 1924 the chairman of the commission

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I should have thought, however strongly one may have embraced the cause of Ulster, that one would have resented it as an intolerable grievance if, before finally and irrevocably withdrawing from the Constitution, she was unable to see the Constitution from which she was

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De Valera's minority refused to be bound by the result. Collins now became the dominant figure in Irish politics, leaving de Valera on the outside. The main dispute centred on the proposed status as a dominion (as represented by the Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity) for

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In what became Northern Ireland, the process of partition was accompanied by violence, both "in defense or opposition to the new settlement". The IRA carried out attacks on British forces in the north-east, but was less active than in the south of Ireland. Protestant

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an earnest hope that the necessity of harmonious co-operation amongst Irishmen of all classes and creeds will be recognised throughout Ireland, and they will welcome the day when by those means unity is achieved. But no such common action can be secured by force.

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speech, Unionist leader Edward Carson had called for loyalists to take matters into their own hands to defend Ulster, and had linked republicanism with socialism and the Catholic Church. In response to the expulsions and attacks on Catholics, the Dáil approved a

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to the world that we had the slightest hesitation." On 7 December 1922, the day after the establishment of the Irish Free State, the Parliament of Northern Ireland resolved to make the following address to the King so as to opt out of the Irish Free State:

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officers in Ireland threatened to resign rather than deploy against the Ulster Volunteers. This meant that the British government could legislate for Home Rule but could not be sure of implementing it. Ireland seemed to be on the brink of civil war.

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was held in Northern Ireland on whether it should remain part of the UK or join a united Ireland. Irish nationalists boycotted the referendum and only 57% of the electorate voted, resulting in an overwhelming majority for remaining in the UK.

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The commission consisted of only three members Justice Richard Feetham, who represented the British government. Feetham was a judge and graduate of Oxford. In 1923 Feetham was the legal advisor to the High Commissioner for South Africa.

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We most earnestly desire to help in bringing about a lasting peace between the peoples of these two islands, but see no avenue by which it can be reached if you deny Ireland's essential unity and set aside the principle of national

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together with the Home Rule Bill (now Government of Ireland Act 1914) on 18 September 1914. The Suspensory Act ensured that Home Rule would be postponed for the duration of the war with the exclusion of Ulster still to be decided.

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called for a separate provincial government for Ulster where Protestant unionists were a majority. Irish unionists assembled at conventions in Dublin and Belfast to oppose both the Bill and the proposed partition. The unionist MP

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of the Free State. Under Article 12 of the Treaty, Northern Ireland could exercise its opt-out by presenting an address to the King, requesting not to be part of the Irish Free State. Once the treaty was ratified, the Houses of

959:, they had clear advantages over the Sinn Féin negotiators. The Treaty was signed on 6 December 1921. Under its terms, the territory of Southern Ireland would leave the United Kingdom within one year and become a self-governing 1268:, the Irish governments Minister for Education, represented the Irish Government. In 1913 MacNeill established the Irish Volunteers and in 1916 issued countermanding orders instructing the Volunteers not to take part in the 1209:

border. This was a significant step in consolidating the border. "While its final position was sidelined, its functional dimension was actually being underscored by the Free State with its imposition of a customs barrier".

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Ireland comprising members of both. Northern Ireland would comprise the aforesaid six northeastern counties, while Southern Ireland would comprise the rest of the island. The Act was passed on 11 November and received

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had negotiated the treaty and had it approved by the cabinet, the Dáil (on 7 January 1922 by 64–57), and by the people in national elections. Regardless of this, it was unacceptable to Éamon de Valera, who led the

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government of the Free State hoped the Boundary Commission would make Northern Ireland too small to be viable. It focused on the need to build a strong state and accommodate Northern unionists. The anti-Treaty

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began in the late 1960s. This civil rights campaign was opposed by loyalists and hard-line unionist parties, who accused it of being a republican front to bring about a united Ireland. This unrest led to the

934: 911:(the brother of Sir James Craig) made the feelings of many Unionists clear concerning the importance they placed on the passing of the Act and the establishment of a separate Parliament for Northern Ireland: 774:

civilians. There was rioting, gun battles and bombings. Homes, business and churches were attacked and people were expelled from workplaces and from mixed neighbourhoods. The British Army was deployed and an

1308:

commented on the cancellation of the southern governments debt (referred to as the war debt) to the British: the Free State "sold Ulster natives for four pound a head, to clear a debt we did not owe."

856:, and its elected members gave allegiance to the Dáil and Irish Republic, thus rendering "Southern Ireland" dead in the water. The Southern parliament met only once and was attended by four unionists. 1195:

If the Houses of Parliament of Northern Ireland had not made such a declaration, under Article 14 of the Treaty, Northern Ireland, its Parliament and government would have continued in being but the

1640:

Following partition, most sporting bodies continued on an all-Ireland basis. The main exception was association football (soccer), as separate organising bodies were formed in Northern Ireland (

3437: 1311:

The final agreement between the Irish Free State, Northern Ireland, and the United Kingdom (the inter-governmental agreement) of 3 December 1925 was published later that day by Prime Minister

1589:

in 1998. It was ratified by two referendums in both parts of Ireland, including an acceptance that a united Ireland would only be achieved by peaceful means. The remaining provisions of the

675:

Many Unionists feared that the territory would not last if it included too many Catholics and Irish Nationalists but any reduction in size would make the state unviable. The six counties of

620:

repeatedly spoke of the exclusion of all nine counties of Ulster. In April 1912 Winston Churchill proposed that three counties (Down, Antrim and Londonderry) be excluded. Later that year

663:

the committee (15 October 1919) it was decided that two devolved governments should be established — one for the nine counties of Ulster and one for the rest of Ireland, together with a

131:, that could be used to prevent Ulster from being ruled by an Irish government. The British government proposed to exclude all or part of Ulster, but the crisis was interrupted by the 1914: 896:, summed up the feelings of many Nationalists concerning partition and the setting up of a Northern Ireland Parliament while Ireland was in a deep state of unrest. Devlin stated: 1188:

Discussion in the Parliament of the address was short. No division or vote was requested on the address, which was described as the Constitution Act and was then approved by the

3761: 3697: 1601: 4346: 2004: 4804: 1576: 1572: 1404: 432:, to prevent Ulster becoming part of a self-governing Ireland. They also threatened to establish a Provisional Ulster Government. In response, Irish nationalists founded the 4730: 410:

in April 1912. An amendment to the Bill was introduced calling for the partition of Ireland. In June 1912 Asquith spoke in Parliament rejecting the suggestion of partition:

2864: 2903: 2345: 1094: 779: 566: 364:, who would later support home rule, opposed it in the 1890s because of the dangers of partition. Although the Bill was approved by the Commons, it was defeated in the 185: 3723: 1058:

to stop it. Collins was primarily responsible for drafting the constitution of the new Irish Free State, based on a commitment to democracy and rule by the majority.

1419:

In January 1939 the IRA's Army Council informed the British government that they were going to war with Britain with the goal of ending partition. The "Sabotage" or

1319:

informed the Irish Parliament (the Dail) that "...the only security for the Catholic minority in Northern Ireland now depended on the goodwill of their neighbours."

1380: 1114: 83:(Home Rule) and remained part of the UK. The larger Southern Ireland was not recognised by most of its citizens, who instead recognised the self-declared 32-county 1543: 633:

In September 1919, British Prime Minister Lloyd George tasked a committee with planning Home Rule for Ireland within the UK. Headed by English Unionist politician

80: 4784: 3657: 3973: 1723: 1425: 1041:

a member of Parliament and combat veteran of World War I, addressed his fellow members of the British House of Commons concerning the Government of Ireland Act:

235:

in Northern Ireland, and that the status of Northern Ireland would not change without the consent of a majority of its population. The treaty also reaffirmed an

205: 3888: 2824: 1038: 391: 274: 1192:. Craig left for London with the memorial embodying the address on the night boat that evening, 7 December 1922. King George V received it the following day. 478:

to allow Unionists and Nationalists to come together and discuss the issue of partition, but the conference achieved little. After much negotiations in 1914,

196:, mainly between Protestant and Catholic civilians. More than 500 were killed and more than 10,000 became refugees, most of them from the Catholic minority. 4774: 817:

authorized that both County Councils offices be seized (by the Royal Irish Constabulary), the County officials expelled, and the County Councils dissolved.

814: 53: 174:(Northern Ireland) and one for the rest of the island (Southern Ireland). This was passed as the Government of Ireland Act 1920, and came into force as a 1396: 470:

supported "the principle of the referendum...each of the Ulster Counties is to have the option of exclusion from the Home Rule Bill." In July 1914, King

1547: 1457: 893: 570: 213: 4292: 4023: 3355: 4531: 4442: 1937: 4480: 3157: 1499: 382: 744:

saw Irish nationalists and republicans win control of Tyrone and Fermanagh county councils, which were to become part of Northern Ireland, while

3523: 3372: 972: 795: 656: 637:, it was known as the 'Long Committee'. The makeup of the committee was Unionist in outlook and had no Nationalist representatives as members. 297: 604: 436:

to ensure Home Rule was implemented. The Ulster Volunteers smuggled 25,000 rifles and three million rounds of ammunition into Ulster from the

167: 4769: 3217: 1947: 1477:

that confirmed partition for as long as a majority of the electorate in Northern Ireland wanted it, styled in Dublin as the "Unionist Veto".

1376: 1126:

The British Government took the view that the Ulster Month should run from the date the Irish Free State was established and not beforehand,

1100:

Under the treaty it was provided that Northern Ireland would have a month – the "Ulster Month" – during which its Houses of Parliament could

188:. In the spring and early summer of 1922, the IRA launched a failed "Northern Offensive" into border areas of Northern Ireland. The capital, 1383:

defined the 'national territory' as: "the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas". The state was named 'Ireland' (in

4690: 1964: 1906: 1175: 889: 293: 2593: 2554: 2114: 1867: 1765: 699:

comprised the maximum area unionists believed they could dominate. The remaining three counties of Ulster had large Catholic majorities:

3995: 2500: 1285: 853: 638: 4721: 3385: 3236: 545:

and argued there could be no Home Rule without it. This sparked outrage in Ireland and further galvanised support for the republicans.

57: 4809: 3765: 3701: 3570: 2677: 2494: 1861: 1759: 908: 712: 642: 4343: 4267: 4238: 4084: 3139: 2997: 2715: 2587: 2548: 2462: 2319: 2295: 2270: 2236: 2209: 2065: 1799: 1564: 588: 159: 4419: 4370: 760:. Loyalists drove 8,000 "disloyal" co-workers from their jobs in the Belfast shipyards, all of them either Catholics or Protestant 599:

In an attempt to bring about the secession of Ireland from the UK, the Irish War of Independence began on 21 January 1919 with the

4427: 4378: 2144: 2015: 1605:

had already amended the 1920 Act so that it would only apply to Northern Ireland. It was finally repealed in the Republic by the

3647: 1645: 3963: 3484: 1223: 1063: 428:, pledging to oppose Home Rule by any means and to defy any Irish government. They founded a large paramilitary movement, the 65: 2090: 2040: 1582: 1141: 1050: 996: 834: 791: 649: 634: 471: 170:(IRA) and British forces. In 1920 the British government introduced another bill to create two devolved governments: one for 69: 3727: 4794: 4789: 1607: 1495:

abstaining – a factor that swung some votes against his motion was that Ireland had remained neutral during World War II.

1273: 1004: 820: 394:, the Irish Parliamentary Party again agreed to support a Liberal government if it introduced another home rule bill. The 3592: 3046: 2440: 2416: 2168: 1339: 475: 171: 99:. Ireland had a large Catholic, nationalist majority who wanted self-governance or independence. Prior to partition the 200:

commission could then redraw or confirm the provisional border. The Northern government chose to remain in the UK. The

3584: 3463: 3176: 2816: 1657: 1552: 1517: 1347: 1015:

Sir James Craig, the Prime Minister of Northern Ireland objected to aspects of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. In a letter to

775: 653: 576: 558: 542: 344: 151: 1272:

which greatly limited the numbers that turned out for the rising. On the day before his execution, the Rising leader

848:

were held on 24 May. Unionists won most seats in Northern Ireland. Its parliament first met on 7 June and formed its

580: 1498:

From 1956 to 1962, the IRA carried out a limited guerrilla campaign in border areas of Northern Ireland, called the

72:. The Act intended both territories to remain within the United Kingdom and contained provisions for their eventual 4655: 3209: 1653: 1641: 1343: 1189: 741: 646: 340:, as Protestant unionists attacked the city's Catholic nationalist minority. The Bill was defeated in the Commons. 320:

and religious persecution of Protestants by a Catholic-dominated Irish government. English Conservative politician

313: 292:

while remaining part of the United Kingdom. The nationalist Irish Parliamentary Party won most Irish seats in the

4319:

From Bricklayer to Bricklayer: The Rhode Island Roots of Congressman John E. Fogarty's Irish-American Nationalism

1595: 1280: 1218: 278: 201: 163: 4799: 4779: 805: 285: 253: 100: 3762:"Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report, 13 December 1922, Volume 2 (1922) / Pages 1191–1192, 13 December 1922" 135:(1914–18). Support for Irish independence grew during the war and after the 1916 armed rebellion known as the 3020:

Northern nationalism: nationalist politics, partition and the Catholic minority in Northern Ireland 1890–1940

4753: 2540: 2081:

King, Carla (2000). "Defenders of the Union: Sir Horace Plunkett". In Boyce, D. George; O'Day, Alan (eds.).

1691: 1372: 504: 348: 321: 309: 305: 4670:

Post-partition limbo states: failed state formation and conflicts in Northern Ireland and Jammu-and-Kashmir

4179:

The Peacebuilding Elements of the Belfast Agreement and the Transformation of the Northern Ireland Conflict

1231: 4452: 4296: 4182: 4027: 3352: 2972:

Arming the Protestants: The Formation of the Ulster Special Constabulary and the Royal Ulster Constabulary

2373:, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, IL, pg 37., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-20844 1718: 1480: 352: 3319: 1456:

In 1942–1944 the IRA carried out a series of attacks on security forces in Northern Ireland known as the

1424:

permitted deportation of persons thought to be associated with the IRA. The Irish government enacted the

4519: 4439: 3201: 1705: 1586: 1148:

also wanted Northern Ireland to have a chance to see the Irish Free State Constitution before deciding.

904: 800: 583:, Sinn Féin's elected members boycotted the British parliament and founded a separate Irish parliament ( 228: 3154: 1300:

The Irish Free State, Northern Ireland and UK governments agreed to suppress the report and accept the

266: 91:), Ireland was partitioned. At that time, the territory of Southern Ireland left the UK and became the 1534: 1502:. It aimed to destabilise Northern Ireland and bring about an end to partition, but ended in failure. 4128:

Building Democracy in Ireland: Political Order and Cultural Integration in a Newly Independent Nation

3527: 2434: 2162: 1338:

opposition to the Unionist governments and partition. Other early anti-partition groups included the

845: 181: 4597:

Northern Nationalism: Nationalist politics, partition and the Catholic minority in Northern Ireland

4024:"Private Business. - Treaty (Confirmation of Amending Agreement) Bill, 1925—Second Stage (Resumed)" 1329: 607:(IRA) began attacking British forces. The British authorities outlawed the Dáil in September 1919. 520: 508: 395: 317: 143: 96: 1546:

were accused of discrimination against the Irish nationalist and Catholic minority. A non-violent

519:

During the First World War, support grew for full Irish independence, which had been advocated by

4696: 1384: 1360: 1016: 952: 929: 849: 809:

Local Government Departments, and we pledge our allegiance to Dáil Éireann." Shortly afterwards,

688: 664: 600: 467: 407: 356: 337: 301: 104: 88: 4709: 1510: 1356: 1305: 1165: 860: 859:

On 5 May 1921, the Ulster Unionist leader Sir James Craig met with the President of Sinn Féin,

351:

had been formed to oppose home rule, and the Bill sparked mass unionist protests. In response,

4263: 4234: 4080: 3566: 3213: 3135: 2711: 2673: 2583: 2577: 2544: 2532: 2490: 2458: 2315: 2291: 2266: 2232: 2205: 2110: 2086: 2061: 2036: 1943: 1857: 1851: 1795: 1755: 1749: 1408: 984: 948: 445: 441: 429: 424:

the British and Irish democracies." In September 1912, more than 500,000 Unionists signed the

420: 261: 193: 128: 32: 4717: 2484: 1184:

Parliament and Government of the Irish Free State shall no longer extend to Northern Ireland.

402:

bills passed by the Commons, but only delay them for up to two years. British Prime Minister

4743: 3678:'The Irish Border: History, Politics, Culture' Malcolm Anderson, Eberhard Bort (Eds.) pg. 68 3394: 3232: 1635: 1556: 1491: 1473: 1468: 1437: 1071: 979:. Under the former Act, at 1 pm on 6 December 1922, King George V (at a meeting of his 964: 718: 696: 549:

1918 General Election, Long Committee, Violence & 1921 Northern Ireland General Election

531: 449: 433: 377: 116: 92: 61: 4624:

Counties of Contention: a study of the origins and implications of the partition of Ireland

1891:

Maney, Gregory. "The Paradox of Reform: The Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland", in

227:–1998), a thirty-year conflict in which more than 3,500 people were killed. Under the 1998 4738: 4725: 4446: 4423: 4374: 4350: 4153: 3588: 3359: 3180: 3161: 2910: 2820: 2118: 2028: 2011: 1483: 1312: 1250: 1145: 1055: 956: 824:

Crowds in Belfast for the state opening of the Northern Ireland Parliament on 22 June 1921

761: 737: 708: 500: 425: 361: 132: 124: 2993: 4367: 4619: 4416: 3132:

The Irish Constitutional Tradition. Responsible Government and Modern Ireland 1782–1922

1728: 1677: 1506: 1445: 1441: 1392: 1334: 1316: 976: 968: 704: 592: 553: 535: 365: 257: 84: 73: 45: 4050: 176: 4763: 1649: 1351: 1269: 1265: 1127: 980: 885: 748:

had its first Irish nationalist mayor. In summer 1920, sectarian violence erupted in

692: 684: 676: 617: 584: 437: 403: 232: 155: 136: 2346:"Plotting partition: The other Border options that might have changed Irish history" 1428:

with almost one thousand IRA members being imprisoned or interned without trial.

1033:

Nationalist objections to the Government of Ireland Act & the Anglo Irish Treaty

4702: 4609: 1713: 1560: 1529: 1490:

on 29 March 1950. This proposed suspending Marshall Plan Foreign Aid to the UK, as

1461: 1110: 944: 841: 810: 700: 512: 479: 453: 325: 217: 17: 4747: 4051:"A Commission Steeped in Controversy? The nature and role of the Irish Boundary C" 740:

in the north-east attacked the Catholic minority in reprisal for IRA actions. The

524: 507:. Asquith abandoned his Amending Bill, and instead rushed through a new bill, the 147: 3550:

Imagining Ireland's Independence: The Debates Over the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921

1853:

The British Labour Party and the Establishment of the Irish Free State, 1918–1924

324:

proclaimed: "the Orange card is the one to play", in reference to the Protestant

4693:(Workers Solidarity Movement – An anarchist organisation which supports the IRA) 4557: 2224: 1615: 1513:. It was the first meeting between the two heads of government since partition. 1400: 1245: 938:

Members of the Irish negotiation committee returning to Ireland in December 1921

765: 680: 236: 4640:. Dublin: Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin, 2006. 4616:. Dublin: Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin, 2004. 444:

of April 1914. The Irish Volunteers also smuggled weaponry from Germany in the

231:, the Irish and British governments and the main political parties agreed to a 4663:

Genealogies of partition: history, history-writing and the troubles in Ireland

4633:. Dublin: Institute for British-Irish Studies, University College Dublin, 2006 3724:"Northern Irish parliamentary reports, online; Vol. 2 (1922), pages 1147–1150" 1667: 1196: 1025: 289: 108: 77: 4614:

Ethnic conflict and the two-state solution: the Irish experience of partition

3353:

Dáil Éireann – Volume 7 – 20 June 1924 The Boundary Question – Debate Resumed

1169:

James Craig (centre) with members of the first government of Northern Ireland

752:

and Derry, and there were mass burnings of Catholic property by loyalists in

4293:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 115 – 10 May 1949 – Protest Against Partition—Motion" 3910: 2872:(Speech). House of Commons: Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (PRONI) 757: 621: 331: 112: 3581: 3173: 2813: 216:

to end discrimination, viewing it as a republican front. This helped spark

4467:

The United Kingdom's exit from and new partnership with the European Union

4282:. New Brunswick, USA: Transactions Publishers. p. 229. ISBN 1-56000-901-2 3648:"HL Deb 27 March 1922 vol 49 cc893-912 IRISH FREE STATE (AGREEMENT) BILL" 2083:

Defenders of the Union: A Survey of British and Irish Unionism Since 1801

1067: 960: 162:

an independent Irish Republic covering the whole island. This led to the

3233:"Correspondence between Lloyd-George and De Valera, June–September 1921" 4583:

Partition and the limits of Irish nationalism: an ideology under stress

4000: 3968: 3652: 3438:"Ashburton Guardian, Volume XLII, Issue 9413, 16 December 1921, Page 5" 1563:(1969–98), involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries. In 1973 a 1471:

introduced a motion in the Dáil strongly against the terms of the UK's

1388: 1070:, but continuing partition was a significant matter for Ulstermen like 770: 753: 749: 723: 579:, Sinn Féin won the overwhelming majority of Irish seats. In line with 189: 4703:

The Socialist Environmental Alliance: The SWP and Partition of Ireland

672:

and the Constituencies of Armagh South, Belfast Falls and Down South.

127:

founded a large paramilitary organization (at least 100,000 men), the

4481:"The Good Friday Agreement, the Irish backstop and Brexit | #TheCube" 1619: 1420: 120: 3889:"The Boundary Commission Debacle 1925, aftermath & implications" 2457:, "The passing of the Home Rule Bill" p. 76, Routledge Press (1998) 1652:, a person from Northern Ireland can choose to represent either the 3876:

From Partition to Brexit: The Irish Government and Northern Ireland

3022:, Ulster Historical Foundation, Belfast, Pg 146, ISBN 9780901905550 2994:"Northern Ireland Parliamentary Election Results 1921–29: Counties" 316:

in 1886. Protestant unionists in Ireland opposed the Bill, fearing

4220:, New York University Press, New York, pg 809, ISBN 978-1479834280 1533: 1355:

not have the right to vote. In Southern Ireland plural voting for

1230: 1222: 1164: 933: 819: 745: 717: 669: 552: 381: 265: 31: 2838:

Demographic Engineering: Population Strategies in Ethnic Conflict

2775:

Fatal Path: British Government and the Irish Revolution 1910–1922

1200:

address and had informed the British and Free State governments.

4106:

Party Politics in a New Democracy: The Irish Free State, 1922–37

3511:

The Man Who Made Ireland: The Life and Death of Michael Collins.

2537:

A New History of Ireland: Ireland under the Union, II, 1870–1921

399: 4631:

Analysing partition: definition, classification and explanation

4198:. Jefferson, NC US: McFarland & Company Publishers. p. 138. 987:) signed a proclamation establishing the new Irish Free State. 212:

nationalist and Catholic minority. In 1967 Unionists opposed a

4576:

Partition in Ireland, India and Palestine: theory and practice

3608:, BTP Publications, Belfast, pgs. 159–160, ISBN 1-900960-1-1-7 3524:"Dáil Éireann – Volume 3 – 22 December, 1921 DEBATE ON TREATY" 3309:

The Times, Court Circular, Buckingham Palace, 6 December 1922.

990:

Under the treaty, Northern Ireland's parliament could vote to

3627: 3625: 3623: 2904:"1920 local government elections recalled in new publication" 2000: 1998: 1371:

De Valera came to power in Dublin in 1932, and drafted a new

1350:(formed in 1945). Until 1969 a system for elections known as 866:

On 20 July, Lloyd George further declared to de Valera that:

111:

that would give Ireland a devolved government within the UK (

27:

1921 division of the island of Ireland into two jurisdictions

4697:

James Connolly: Labour and the Proposed Partition of Ireland

4344:"Lemass-O'Neill talks focused on `purely practical matters'" 4262:(Hutchinson 1970; Arrow paperback 1974) Arrow pp. 365–368. 1460:. The Irish government's internment of Irish Republicans in 884:

Speaking in the House of Commons on the day the Act passed,

499:

The Home Rule Crisis was interrupted by the outbreak of the

3821:, Four Courts Press, Dublin, Pg 145, ISBN 978 1 84682 189 9 4590:

Labour and partition: the Belfast working class, 1905–1923

3843:, Dublin: The O'Brien Press p. 94, ISBN 978-1-84717-059-0. 3134:. Catholic University Press of America. pp. 103–110. 2421:(Speech). UK House of Parliament cols 1432-3. 24 July 1916 844:

in December 1920. It would come into force on 3 May 1921.

4718:

Northern Ireland Timeline: Partition: Civil war 1922–1923

4141:

Encyclopedia of British and Irish Political Organizations

1836: 1834: 1464:

greatly reduced the effectiveness of the IRA's campaign.

4677:

Fianna Fáil, Partition and Northern Ireland, 1926 – 1971

3698:"Northern Ireland Parliamentary Report, 7 December 1922" 2111:

The Making of Ireland: From Ancient Times to the Present

1235:

The Boundary Commission's proposed changes to the border

328:. The belief was later expressed in the popular slogan, 4392:

The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace

4139:

Peter Barberis, John McHugh, Mike Tyldesley (editors).

3687:

Northern Ireland Parliamentary Debates, 27 October 1922

3035:, Four Courts Press, Dublin, pg 105, ISBN 9781846822995 76:. The smaller Northern Ireland was duly created with a 4026:. Historical Debates. 10 December 1925. Archived from 87:. On 6 December 1922 (a year after the signing of the 3911:"Joseph Brennan's financial memo of 30 November 1925" 3642: 3640: 2853:, Pluto Press Ltd, London, pg. 24, ISBN 0 86104 300 6 2752:, Merrion Press, Newbridge, pg 17, ISBN 9781785372933 1992:

Ch. III Orange Drums, pp. 32–33, Putnam London (1960)

1907:"Brexit and the history of policing the Irish border" 3996:"Hansard; Commons, 2nd and 3rd readings, 8 Dec 1925" 3393:. The Belfast Press. pp. 66, 68. Archived from 2058:

The long Gestation: Irish Nationalist Life 1891–1918

1754:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 239. 1602:

Irish Free State (Consequential Provisions) Act 1922

1244:

anti partitionist (and future Member of Parliament)

4368:

The European Union and Relationships Within Ireland

2288:

The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French

2263:

The Little Field Marshal: A Life of Sir John French

2229:

The Ulster Crisis, Resistance to Home Rule, 1912–14

1819:. Cambridge University Press, 2019. pp. 11, 100–101 1577:

Northern Ireland Belfast Agreement referendum, 1998

1573:

Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland

1227:

North East Boundary Bureau recommendations May 1923

561:

showing the dramatic swing in support for Sinn Féin

296:. It then held the balance of power in the British 4440:A nation once again? The Government of Ireland Act 4295:. Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie. Archived from 3526:. Historical-debates.oireachtas.ie. Archived from 2579:The Irish Experience Since 1800: A Concise History 1538:A republican anti-partition march in London, 1980s 846:Elections to the Northern and Southern parliaments 4196:The IRA Bombing Campaign Against Britain, 1939-40 3878:, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pg 26. 3804: 3802: 3582:"Document No. 2" text; viewed online January 2011 3387:The Belfast Agreement: A Practical Legal Analysis 3264:(Speech). debate. UK House of Parliament: Hansard 52:) was the process by which the Government of the 4638:Debating Partition: Justifications and Critiques 3464:"IRELAND IN 1921 by C. J. C. Street O.B.E., M.C" 3090: 3088: 1965:"The Good Friday Agreement in the Age of Brexit" 4321:(Providence College, Rhode Island, 1990), p. 7. 3964:"Announcement of agreement, Hansard 3 Dec 1925" 3565:, New York University Press, New York, pg 830, 3440:. Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. 16 December 1921. 3183:De Valera to Lord Justice O'Connor, 4 July 1921 2760: 2758: 1181: 1153: 1132: 1119: 1080: 1043: 1021: 913: 898: 877: 868: 485: 412: 284:During the 19th century, the Irish nationalist 4599:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation, 1994. 4571:. Dublin: Dublin Historical Association, 1983. 2265:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 178–89. 1403:texts in Articles 2 and 3 were deleted by the 1151:Lord Birkenhead remarked in the Lords debate: 1144:had agreed with that interpretation, and that 1088:Craig-Collins Pacts and debate on Ulster Month 4645:Northern IRA and the Early Years of Partition 4079:, The Overlook Press, Woodstock, NY, pg 294. 3865:, Dublin: Argenta. p. 34, ISBN 9780951117248. 3817:Phoenix, Eamon & Parkinson, Alan (2010), 2616:The Conscription Controversy in Great Britain 541:In 1918, the British government attempted to 336:. Partly in reaction to the Bill, there were 275:December 1910 United Kingdom general election 8: 4233:(Gill & Macmillan, Dublin 1992) p. 201. 3819:Conflicts in the North of Ireland, 1900–2000 3111:. Oxford University Press, 2004, pp. 368–370 1593:were repealed and replaced in the UK by the 1559:, beginning a thirty-year conflict known as 1095:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 1066:, rather than as an independent all-Ireland 780:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 567:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 186:The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920–1922) 166:(1919–21), a guerrilla conflict between the 150:won the vast majority of Irish seats in the 4711:Partition — what it means for Irish workers 4604:Dividing Ireland: World War 1 and partition 4154:"Electoral Law Act (Northern Ireland) 1968" 3764:. Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk. Archived from 3700:. Stormontpapers.ahds.ac.uk. Archived from 3098:. Manchester University Press, 1998. p. 299 2694:The Irish War of Independence and Civil War 2455:Dividing Ireland, World War I and Partition 2396:. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd. p. 112. 2134:. Manchester University Press, 1998. p. 247 2104: 2102: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1788:The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics 967:. The treaty was given legal effect in the 815:Minister of Home Affairs (Northern Ireland) 386:Ulster Volunteers marching in Belfast, 1914 54:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 4805:Constitutional history of Northern Ireland 4672:. Koln: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2009. 3227: 3225: 2710:. Oxford: Facts on File Ltd. p. 156. 2696:. Pen and Sword History, 2020. pp.xii–xiii 2290:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 168. 1660:team (which competes as "Great Britain"). 4731:Home rule for Ireland, Scotland and Wales 4506:A Dictionary of British and Irish History 4504:Philip Waller, Robert Peberdy (editors). 4130:. Cambridge University Press, 1986. p.139 3935:. Cambridge University Press, 1989. p.145 2204:. Dublin: The Mercier Press. p. 68. 1724:Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border 1426:Offences against the State Acts 1939–1998 1296:War debt cancellation and final agreement 571:Timeline of the Irish War of Independence 398:meant the House of Lords could no longer 68:. It was enacted on 3 May 1921 under the 3933:Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society 3863:The IRA in the Twilight Years: 1923–1948 2894:. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015. pp. 97–98 2149:(Speech). Hansard col. 787. 11 June 1912 1893:Nonviolent Conflict and Civil Resistance 1751:Ireland 1798–1998: War, Peace and Beyond 1516:Both the Republic and the UK joined the 534:in an attempt to find a solution to its 300:, and entered into an alliance with the 208:in 1925, but they were not implemented. 4258:Longford, Earl of & O'Neill, T.P. 3552:. Rowman & Littlefield, 2006. p.104 3080:Ireland 1912–1985: Politics and society 3069:Farrell, pg 82, Phoenix (1994), pg 163. 3048:All-Ireland Parliament, vol 149 cc39-40 1895:. 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Polity Press, 2006. pp.153, 156–158 4231:Irish Historical Documents since 1800 3660:from the original on 26 December 2012 3444:from the original on 11 November 2011 742:January and June 1920 local elections 448:that July. On 20 March 1914, in the " 7: 4679:. Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 2013 4562:The History of Partition (1912–1925) 3033:The Irish Revolution 1912–23: Tyrone 2708:Companion to Irish History 1603-1921 2658:. Gill & MacMillan, 1995. p. 245 2314:, pp. 32–33, Edco Publishing (2004) 2312:Sovereignty and partition, 1912–1949 2231:, pp. 58–68, Faber and Faber (1967) 1917:from the original on 8 November 2020 1870:from the original on 29 January 2017 1176:House of Commons of Northern Ireland 1135:she would or would not contract out. 975:, and in Ireland by ratification by 36:Political map of present-day Ireland 4652:The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925 4585:. 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The 643:Prime Minister of Northern Ireland 530:The British parliament called the 60:into two self-governing polities: 25: 4564:. Dublin: Browne and Nolan, 1950. 4520:"Ireland & the Olympic Games" 4394:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. p.106 4143:. A&C Black, 2000. pp.236–237 3976:from the original on 15 July 2009 3513:(Palgrave Macmillan, 1992) p 312. 3371:legally, under Article 12 of the 3045:Lloyd George (14 December 1921). 2851:Northern Ireland the Orange State 2146:Establishment of Irish Parliament 2035:. Blackstaff Press. p. 402. 1963:Serhan, Yasmeen (10 April 2018). 1011:Unionist objections to the Treaty 786:1921 Election in Tyrone/Fermanagh 724:destroyed by loyalists in Lisburn 308:convinced British Prime Minister 277:showing a large majority for the 192:, saw "savage and unprecedented" 4569:The Partition of Ireland 1911–25 4479:Barry, Sinead (21 August 2019). 4428:Conflict Archive on the Internet 4417:Chronology of the Conflict: 1973 4379:Conflict Archive on the Internet 3000:from the original on 27 May 2012 2948:. Mercier Press, 2009. pp. 90–92 2863:Craig, Charles (29 March 1920). 2016:Parliament of the United Kingdom 1698: 1684: 1670: 559:1918 general election in Ireland 4334:. Pan Macmillan, 2008. pp.72–74 4049:Clifton, Nick (December 2020). 4001:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3969:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3653:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 2670:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 2486:The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 1939:Brexit: Causes and Consequences 1646:Football Association of Ireland 1644:) and the Republic of Ireland ( 1544:governments of Northern Ireland 1359:elections was abolished by the 452:", many of the highest-ranking 288:campaigned for Ireland to have 4775:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 3491:. UK parliament. 29 March 1920 2892:Revolutionary Ireland: 1912–25 2533:"The new nationalism, 1916–18" 2344:Mulvagh, Conor (24 May 2021). 2251:, Liberties Press, 2005, p. 12 1591:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1585:began in 1993, leading to the 1583:Northern Ireland peace process 1548:campaign to end discrimination 1432:British offer of unity in 1940 1415:Sabotage Campaign of 1939–1940 1142:Parliament of Southern Ireland 1130:for the Government remarking: 997:Parliament of Northern Ireland 835:Government of Ireland Act 1920 829:Government of Ireland Act 1920 792:Parliament of Northern Ireland 577:December 1918 general election 543:impose conscription in Ireland 70:Government of Ireland Act 1920 1: 4218:Atlas of the Irish Revolution 4077:The Transformation of Ireland 3563:Atlas of the Irish Revolution 3351:For further discussion, see: 3051:(Speech). House of Parliament 1608:Statute Law Revision Act 2007 1379:in the Irish Free State. Its 790:In the first election to the 221: 180:on 3 May 1921. Following the 4770:Political history of Ireland 4626:. Cork: Mercier Press, 2004. 4108:. Springer, 2017. pp.136–137 3726:. Ahds.ac.uk. Archived from 3593:National Archives of Ireland 3485:"GOVERNMENT OF IRELAND BILL" 3109:Home Rule – An Irish History 2827:. Retrieved 14 January 2023. 2582:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 133. 2202:British Brutality in Ireland 1905:Smith, Evan (20 July 2016). 1794:Gill & Macmillan (2005) 1557:deployment of British troops 1367:Constitution of Ireland 1937 1340:National League of the North 476:Buckingham Palace Conference 239:between both jurisdictions. 4699:(Marxists Internet Archive) 4665:. London: Frank Cass; 2006. 3913:. Difp.ie. 30 November 1925 3031:McCluskey, Fergal, (2013), 2840:. Routledge, 2016. pp.96–98 1518:European Economic Community 1348:Irish Anti-Partition League 776:Ulster Special Constabulary 654:Chief Secretary for Ireland 505:Ireland's involvement in it 345:Second Irish Home Rule Bill 50:críochdheighilt na hÉireann 4826: 4656:Cambridge University Press 4606:. London: Routledge, 1998. 4117:Farrell (2017), pp.152–153 3861:MacEoin, Uinseann (1997), 3261:Government of Ireland Bill 3210:Cambridge University Press 3096:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 2974:. Pluto Press, 1983. p.166 2849:Farrell, Michael, (1980), 2814:The Irish Election of 1918 2576:Hachey, Thomas E. (2010). 2132:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 2085:. Routledge. p. 153. 1642:Irish Football Association 1633: 1570: 1527: 1486:was the main mover of the 1467:In May 1949 the Taoiseach 1344:Northern Council for Unity 1216: 1190:Senate of Northern Ireland 999:had one month (dubbed the 927: 875:In reply, de Valera wrote 832: 813:the long time (1921–1943) 722:Catholic-owned businesses 647:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland 564: 375: 314:First Irish Home Rule Bill 273:Results in Ireland of the 251: 204:proposed small changes to 4810:Dissolutions of countries 4578:.London: Macmillan, 1984. 4349:25 September 2021 at the 3839:Clarke, Kathleen (2008), 2672:. Routledge. p. 67. 2535:. In Vaughn, W.E. (ed.). 2489:. Routledge. p. 33. 2392:Gallagher, Frank (1957). 2121:, Routledge, 1998, p. 326 1942:. Springer. p. 142. 1840:Lynch (2019), pp. 171–176 1596:Northern Ireland Act 1998 1346:(formed in 1937) and the 1257:Make up of the commission 1219:Irish Boundary Commission 1204:Customs posts established 1161:Northern Ireland opts out 850:first devolved government 279:Irish Parliamentary Party 164:Irish War of Independence 154:. They formed a separate 4691:The Partition of Ireland 4469:; Cm 9417, February 2017 4373:12 February 2021 at the 4280:The Secret Army: The IRA 4194:McKenna, Joseph (2016), 3427:Lynch (2019), pp.197–199 3179:23 February 2012 at the 2618:. Springer, 1987. p. 239 2439:: CS1 maint: location ( 2286:Holmes, Richard (2004). 2261:Holmes, Richard (2004). 2167:: CS1 maint: location ( 1936:Adam, Rudolf G. (2019). 1565:'border poll' referendum 1407:in 1998, as part of the 806:Fermanagh County Council 711:74.7%. On 29 March 1920 596:British rule was ended. 254:Irish Home Rule movement 248:Irish Home Rule movement 233:power-sharing government 101:Irish Home Rule movement 4724:7 December 2004 at the 4278:Bell, J. Bower (2004). 3891:. History Ireland. 1996 3874:O'Beachain, D, (2019), 3604:McDermott, Jim (2001), 3591:; original held at the 3384:Morgan, Austen (2000). 3018:Phoenix, Eamon (1994), 2935:Lynch (2019), pp. 92–93 2926:Lynch (2019), pp. 90–92 2909:31 January 2021 at the 2748:Moore, Cormac, (2019), 2692:Gibney, John (editor). 2668:Coleman, Marie (2013). 2645:Lynch (2019), pp. 51–52 2541:Oxford University Press 2483:Coleman, Marie (2013). 2056:Maume, Patrick (1999). 2018:. Retrieved 2 May 2021. 1748:Jackson, Alvin (2010). 1692:Northern Ireland portal 1373:Constitution of Ireland 349:Irish Unionist Alliance 343:Gladstone introduced a 322:Lord Randolph Churchill 306:Charles Stewart Parnell 4737:10 August 2004 at the 4661:Margaret O'Callaghan, 4592:. London: Pluto, 1991. 4453:Law Society of Ireland 4422:18 August 2018 at the 4216:Crowley, John (2017), 4158:www.legislation.gov.uk 3561:Crowley, John (2017), 2819:24 August 2006 at the 2706:Newman, Peter (1991). 2531:Lyons, F.S.L. (1996). 2473:Jackson, Alvin: p. 164 2418:Motion for Adjournment 2394:The Indivisible Island 2369:Bromage, Mary (1964), 2200:O'Brien, Jack (1989). 1850:Gibbons, Ivan (2015). 1719:Repartition of Ireland 1539: 1342:(formed in 1928), the 1236: 1228: 1186: 1170: 1158: 1137: 1124: 1085: 1048: 1030: 939: 917: 902: 882: 873: 825: 727: 562: 490: 416: 392:December 1910 election 387: 270: 49: 37: 4508:. Wiley, 2020. p. 598 3852:Bromage, pgs 105-106. 3174:No. 133UCDA P150/1902 3155:PRESIDENT'S STATEMENT 3130:Ward, Alan J (1994). 2627:Coleman (2013), p. 39 2371:Churchill and Ireland 1706:United Kingdom portal 1587:Good Friday Agreement 1537: 1377:adopted by plebiscite 1234: 1226: 1168: 1115:Marquess of Salisbury 937: 905:Ulster Unionist Party 823: 801:Tyrone County Council 721: 605:Irish Republican Army 565:Further information: 556: 385: 294:1885 general election 269: 229:Good Friday Agreement 214:civil rights campaign 172:six northern counties 168:Irish Republican Army 35: 4795:Home rule in Ireland 4790:Partition (politics) 4714:(The ETEXT Archives) 4668:Lillian Laila Vasi, 4075:Ferriter, D (2004), 3587:21 July 2011 at the 3418:Morgan (2000), p. 68 3400:on 26 September 2015 3160:13 June 2013 at the 2786:Jackson, pp. 227–229 2773:Fanning, R, (2013), 2382:Jackson, pp. 161–163 1911:History & Policy 1405:Nineteenth Amendment 1395:); a United Kingdom 503:in August 1914, and 408:Third Home Rule Bill 42:Partition of Ireland 4708:Sean O Mearthaile, 4456:. 4 September 2020. 3972:. 3 December 1925. 3841:Revolutionary Woman 3617:McDermott, pg. 197. 3358:7 June 2011 at the 2750:Birth of the Border 2636:Lynch (2019), p. 48 2453:Hennessey, Thomas: 2033:A History of Ulster 2005:Two home rule Bills 1828:Lynch (2019), p. 99 1654:Republic of Ireland 1630:Partition and sport 1505:In 1965, Taoiseach 1330:Cumann na nGaedheal 1213:Boundary Commission 1005:Boundary Commission 880:self-determination. 794:(24 May 1921), the 509:Suspensory Act 1914 461:Exclusion of Ulster 396:Parliament Act 1911 202:Boundary Commission 115:). This led to the 97:Republic of Ireland 95:, now known as the 18:Troubles in Ireland 4602:Thomas Hennessey, 4581:Clare O'Halloran, 4574:Thomas G. Fraser, 4445:2 May 2021 at the 4330:English, Richard. 4177:Albert, Cornelia. 3606:Northern Divisions 3595:in file DE 4/5/13. 3331:The New York Times 3324:, 6 December 1922" 2983:Lynch (2019), p.99 2970:Farrell, Michael. 2959:The Burnings, 1920 2946:The Burnings, 1920 2917:, 19 October 2020. 2730:Gallagher, p.59-60 2654:Mitchell, Arthur. 2117:8 May 2021 at the 2010:2 May 2021 at the 1540: 1488:Fogarty Resolution 1375:which in 1937 was 1361:Electoral Act 1923 1237: 1229: 1171: 1017:Austen Chamberlain 953:Austen Chamberlain 940: 930:Anglo-Irish Treaty 924:Anglo-Irish Treaty 826: 728: 665:Council of Ireland 601:Soloheadbeg ambush 563: 388: 357:Joseph Chamberlain 318:industrial decline 286:Home Rule movement 271: 105:British Parliament 89:Anglo-Irish Treaty 38: 4636:Brendan O'Leary, 4629:Brendan O'Leary, 4403:Tonge, Jonathan. 4390:Coogan, Tim Pat. 4366:Ingraham, Jeson. 4357:, 2 January 1998. 4126:Prager, Jeffrey. 4004:. 8 December 1925 3953:McCluskey, pg 133 3830:Moore, pgs 63–64. 3751:, 9 December 1922 3656:. 27 March 1922. 3333:. 7 December 1922 3218:978-0-521-37741-6 2521:Gallagher, p. 132 2310:Collins, M. E., 1949:978-3-030-22225-3 1553:August 1969 riots 1458:Northern Campaign 1409:Belfast Agreement 985:Buckingham Palace 949:Winston Churchill 890:Nationalist Party 521:Irish republicans 511:, which received 446:Howth gun-running 442:Larne gun-running 430:Ulster Volunteers 421:Winston Churchill 330:"Home Rule means 312:to introduce the 310:William Gladstone 262:Irish nationalism 194:communal violence 129:Ulster Volunteers 16:(Redirected from 4817: 4567:Michael Laffan, 4544: 4543: 4541: 4539: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4437: 4431: 4414: 4408: 4405:Northern Ireland 4401: 4395: 4388: 4382: 4364: 4358: 4341: 4335: 4328: 4322: 4315: 4309: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4276: 4270: 4256: 4250: 4249:Bromage, pg 162. 4247: 4241: 4227: 4221: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4192: 4186: 4185:, 2009. pp.50–51 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4150: 4144: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4102: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3992: 3986: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944:Bromage, pg 106. 3942: 3936: 3929: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3828: 3822: 3815: 3809: 3806: 3797: 3794: 3788: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3768:on 15 April 2016 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3730:on 31 March 2016 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3704:on 15 April 2016 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3644: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3602: 3596: 3579: 3573: 3559: 3553: 3546: 3540: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3520: 3514: 3509:Tim Pat Coogan, 3507: 3501: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3399: 3392: 3381: 3375: 3369: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3328: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3229: 3220: 3199: 3193: 3190: 3184: 3171: 3165: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3107:Jackson, Alvin. 3105: 3099: 3092: 3083: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3005: 2990: 2984: 2981: 2975: 2968: 2962: 2955: 2949: 2944:Lawlor, Pearse. 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2871: 2860: 2854: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2828: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2787: 2784: 2778: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2753: 2746: 2740: 2739:Gallagher, p.113 2737: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2721: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2665: 2659: 2652: 2646: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2612: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2528: 2522: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2480: 2474: 2471: 2465: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2438: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2413: 2407: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2374: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2341: 2335: 2330:Jackson, Alvin. 2328: 2322: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2197: 2191: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2166: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2108:James F. 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Fogarty 1454: 1434: 1417: 1369: 1325: 1323:After partition 1313:Stanley Baldwin 1306:Éamon de Valera 1298: 1259: 1251:Richard Feetham 1221: 1215: 1206: 1163: 1146:Arthur Griffith 1090: 1056:Irish Civil War 1051:Michael Collins 1039:William Redmond 1035: 1013: 957:Lord Birkenhead 932: 926: 892:) representing 861:Éamon de Valera 837: 831: 788: 766:Twelfth of July 733: 631: 613: 591:an independent 581:their manifesto 573: 551: 501:First World War 497: 463: 426:Ulster Covenant 406:introduced the 380: 374: 362:Horace Plunkett 290:self-government 264: 252:Main articles: 250: 245: 224: 133:First World War 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4823: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4741: 4728: 4715: 4706: 4700: 4694: 4686: 4685:External links 4683: 4681: 4680: 4673: 4666: 4659: 4650:Robert Lynch, 4648: 4643:Robert Lynch, 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620:Benedict Kiely 4617: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4510: 4497: 4471: 4465:HM Government 4458: 4432: 4409: 4396: 4383: 4359: 4336: 4323: 4310: 4299:on 6 June 2011 4284: 4271: 4251: 4242: 4222: 4209: 4200: 4187: 4170: 4145: 4132: 4119: 4110: 4104:Farrell, Mel. 4097: 4088: 4068: 4041: 4030:on 7 June 2011 4015: 3987: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3924: 3902: 3880: 3867: 3854: 3845: 3832: 3823: 3810: 3798: 3789: 3779: 3753: 3741: 3715: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3636: 3619: 3610: 3597: 3574: 3571:978-1479834280 3554: 3541: 3530:on 7 June 2011 3515: 3502: 3476: 3455: 3429: 3420: 3411: 3376: 3364: 3344: 3322:New York Times 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3250: 3221: 3194: 3185: 3166: 3147: 3140: 3122: 3113: 3100: 3084: 3071: 3062: 3037: 3024: 3011: 2985: 2976: 2963: 2950: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2896: 2883: 2855: 2842: 2829: 2806: 2797: 2788: 2779: 2766: 2754: 2741: 2732: 2723: 2716: 2698: 2685: 2679:978-1317801474 2678: 2660: 2647: 2638: 2629: 2620: 2607: 2588: 2568: 2549: 2523: 2514: 2496:978-1317801474 2495: 2475: 2466: 2446: 2408: 2399: 2384: 2375: 2362: 2336: 2323: 2303: 2296: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2240: 2217: 2210: 2192: 2183: 2174: 2136: 2123: 2098: 2091: 2073: 2066: 2048: 2041: 2020: 1994: 1981: 1955: 1948: 1928: 1897: 1881: 1863:978-1137444080 1862: 1842: 1830: 1821: 1803: 1779: 1761:978-1444324150 1760: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1731: 1729:United Ireland 1726: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1695: 1681: 1678:Ireland portal 1665: 1662: 1658:United Kingdom 1634:Main article: 1631: 1628: 1528:Main article: 1525: 1522: 1453: 1450: 1446:United Ireland 1442:Fall of France 1433: 1430: 1416: 1413: 1368: 1365: 1324: 1321: 1317:W. 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3110: 3104: 3101: 3097: 3094:O'Day, Alan. 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3072: 3066: 3063: 3050: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3015: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2954: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2932: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2905: 2900: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2868: 2867: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2810: 2807: 2801: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2745: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2717:0-8160-2572-X 2713: 2709: 2702: 2699: 2695: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2675: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2633: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2608: 2595: 2591: 2589:9780765628435 2585: 2581: 2580: 2572: 2569: 2556: 2552: 2550:9780198217510 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2515: 2502: 2498: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2479: 2476: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2463:0-415-17420-1 2460: 2456: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2436: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2406:Bromage, p.95 2403: 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H. Asquith 401: 397: 393: 384: 379: 371: 369: 367: 363: 358: 354: 350: 347:in 1892. The 346: 341: 339: 335: 333: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 304:. IPP leader 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 268: 263: 259: 255: 247: 242: 240: 238: 234: 230: 219: 215: 209: 207: 203: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 178: 177:fait accompli 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 152:1918 election 149: 145: 140: 138: 137:Easter Rising 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 107:to introduce 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 79: 75: 74:reunification 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 34: 30: 19: 4710: 4676: 4669: 4662: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4630: 4623: 4613: 4610:John Coakley 4603: 4596: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4561: 4536:. Retrieved 4527: 4523: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4484: 4474: 4466: 4461: 4450: 4435: 4412: 4404: 4399: 4391: 4386: 4362: 4354: 4339: 4331: 4326: 4318: 4313: 4301:. Retrieved 4297:the original 4287: 4279: 4274: 4259: 4254: 4245: 4230: 4225: 4217: 4212: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4178: 4173: 4161:. 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