Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

206: 905: 802:, a key part of the TRC mandate included "creating as complete a historical record as possible of the residential school system and legacy." It was also tasked with preserving collected records documenting the residential school system and those created over the course of the commission's work for future management at a national research centre. While undertaking this task the TRC spent six years travelling to different parts of Canada to hear the testimony of more than 6,500 witnesses including residential school survivors and others impacted by the school system. 1554:

the facts endorsed by the federal government. Everything about the way the commission gathered its testimony was structured to encourage atrocity tales: witnesses testified in public, with audiences that sometimes booed positive statements; boxes of tissues were placed on seats and attendees told their used tissues would be collected and burned in a “sacred fire”; financial compensation was greater for those who could credibly claim to have suffered abuse, so alleging bad treatment could be the difference between getting $ 25,000 or $ 125,000.

773: 665: 1390:. The ambiguity of the TRC's phrasing allowed for the interpretation that physical and biological genocide also occurred. The TRC was not authorized to conclude that physical and biological genocide occurred, as such a finding would imply a legal responsibility of the Canadian government that would be difficult to prove. As a result, the debate about whether the Canadian government also committed physical and biological genocide against Indigenous populations remains open. 1440:

grappling with harms of the past. This wrongly implies that colonialism is not ongoing and is not a continuing part of current government policy. Because of this historicizing, the TRC concentrated its efforts largely on 'psychological' healing through the gathering and airing of stories; however, it lacked significant institutional change, particularly change to the kinds of government institutions involved in residential schools and other forms of colonial domination.

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Sharing Panels, etc. The Commissioners Panels often brought large audiences, drawing hundreds of audience members and reporters with testimonies regularly being recorded and posted online. During the public testimonies, survivors detailed their experiences surrounding the residential schools. These regularly consisted of memories of being stripped of their language and culture as well as experiences of abuse, sexual assault and malnutrition.

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Rodney A. Clifton, former residential school employee in the 1960s, co-penned an editorial questioning the truthfulness of the Report. In it, they held that, while the residential school program had been harmful to many students, the commission had shown "indifference to robust evidence gathering, comparative or contextual data, and cause-effect relationships," which resulted in the commission's report telling "a skewed and partial story".

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order to move past; it makes it less effective as a platform for reconciliation. The approach by the commission to engage with Indigenous Peoples when and how it is most convenient for non-Indigenous Canadians can be seen as "yet another form of settler colonialism." Because Indigenous "recognition and reconciliation, from a Canadian perspective, focused only on the wrongs of the past, and the situation as it exists today is ignored."

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reconciliation between aboriginal and non-aboriginal Canadians. In addition: "The two commissioners are unprepared to accept that the structure of the commission requires that the commission's course is to be charted and its objectives are to be shaped ultimately through the authority and leadership of its chair." Although Dumont-Smith and Morley denied the charge and initially stayed on, both resigned in January 2009.

49: 1153:, a website to track the status of each call to action. As of March 2018, 10 were marked as completed, 15 were in-progress with projects underway, 25 had projects proposed, and 44 were unmet. As of July 29, 2019, the site has been updated to mark 10 calls to action completed, 21 in-progress with projects underway, 37 in-progress with projects proposed, and 26 "not yet started." 1035:

great many children were subjected to sexual and physical abuse while attending a residential school. It is often claimed that the effects of the trauma have been passed on to the children of those students. The calls to action in this connection connect the poor healthcare provided at residential school to the current gap in health outcomes for Indigenous people in Canada.

1003:, was one such school, taking in children whom child welfare agencies believed to be at risk. There is an ongoing legacy of state intervention in Indigenous children lives via the child welfare system. By 2011, 3.6 percent of all First Nations children under the age of 14 were in foster care, compared to 0.3 percent for non-lndigenous children. In 2012, the 1467:; no power to offer known perpetrators of abuse the possibility of amnesty in exchange for honest testimony about any abuses that may have been committed. Further, the commission could not explicitly "name names" or accuse individuals; perpetrators held accountable via the commission. Therefore, the Canadian commission heard primarily from former students. 4825: 1538:: "There was nothing good about children going missing and no report being filed. There was nothing good about burying children in unmarked graves far from their ancestral homes." In response, the Conservative Party leadership removed Beyak from the Senate committee underscoring that her comments did not align with the views of the party. 1553:

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was a major tactical error on Harper’s part. It invited testimony from survivors and then let that testimony stand unquestioned...this resulted in a document that was essentially oral history but which was treated upon publication as an unquestionable record of

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The mandate of the TRC included hosting seven national reconciliation events, collecting all relevant archival documents relating to the residential schools from church and government bodies, collecting statements from survivors, and overseeing a commemoration fund to support community reconciliation

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on Indigenous students and their families. It provided residential school survivors an opportunity to share their experiences during public and private meetings held across the country. The TRC emphasizes that it has a priority of displaying the impacts of the residential schools to the Canadians who

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The report noted that an estimated 150,000 children attended residential schools during its 120-year history and an estimated 3200 of those children died in the residential schools. From the 70,000 former IRS students still alive, there were 31,970 sexual or serious sexual assault cases resolved by

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In 2016 and 2017, historian Ian Mosby evaluated how many of the calls to action had been completed at the one year and two year anniversary marks. In 2016, he concluded that only five calls were complete and three calls were partially complete, leaving 86 calls unmet. In 2017, his evaluation showed

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to establish a strategy for Indigenous and non-Indigenous artists to undertake collaborative projects: the Canadian Council for the Arts gave $ 17.8 million in funds to Indigenous artists in 2017–18, and is on track to triple its 2015-16 investment of $ 6.3 million to $ 18.9 million in 2020–21, as

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When the Canadian legal system was tasked with investigating abuse claims, few prosecutions resulted from police investigations. In many cases, the federal government and the RCMP compromised the investigations. Given the statutes of limitations, many acts of abuse have gone unpunished because the

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Healthcare for IRS students varied considerably between schools and between different decades. After the 1940s, health facilities and health care workers became more prevalent. Some schools had a nurse on staff and an infirmary, with doctors who paid visits. Testimony before the TRC reveals that a

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The mandate of IRSSA required the TRC to gather testimonies from the residential school's survivors. The testimonies were claimed to be necessary in order for the mandate to create a historical record of the legacy and impacts of the residential schools. The historical record was also important in

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to gain traction or forms of 'moral protest' to develop. Because it was the government that initiated the process of reconciliation and set the terms of it, some critics argued that the colonial power is dictating the terms of their colonial subjects' healing, and " a time limit on 'healing'", in

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In December 2015, the TRC released its final report. The report was based on primary and secondary source research undertaken by the commission and testimonies collected from residential school survivors during TRC events. The final report summarized the work of the TRC and included the following

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The Reconciliation section of the calls to action were focused on creating better relations between the federal and provincial governments of Canada and Indigenous nations, with an emphasis on creating a reconciled relationship. The proposed actions are identified in the following sub-categories:

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In June 2015, the TRC released an executive summary of its findings along with 94 "calls to action" regarding reconciliation between Canadians and Indigenous Peoples. The commission officially concluded in December 2015 with the publication of a multi-volume final report that concluded the school

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designed to keep the light on a painful aspect of the Canadian experience", and that the volumes on residential schools "barely pretends to be an academic document." He went on to claim that "The study makes no attempt to put things in perspective, to show how practices evolved or to compare the

1475:

The same week the Final Report was released, two retired professors from the University of Manitoba published a scathing criticism of it, titled "Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools". Hymie Rubenstein, a retired professor of anthropology and

1479:

According to Rubenstein and Clifton, the Truth and Reconciliation Report did not compare its findings with rates and causes of mortality among Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal children attending public schools. Rubenstein and Clifton noted that the report also failed to consider Indian residential

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Many writers have observed the way the TRC historicizes the events of colonialism and fails to emphasize that uneven Indigenous-non-Indigenous relationships are perpetual and ongoing. Historicizing is further evident in the TRC's 'Principles of Reconciliation' where reconciliation is framed as

860:

Between 2008 and 2014 the TRC gathered what is estimated to be around 7000 testimonies from the survivors, most from those who had attended the schools after the 1940s. The testimonies were gathered in both public and private settings, such as community hearings, sharing circles, Commissioners

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was named to chair the commission. He resigned on October 20, 2008, citing insubordination by the two other commissioners, Claudette Dumont-Smith and Jane Brewin Morley. Laforme said they wanted to focus primarily on uncovering and documenting truth while he wanted to also have an emphasis on

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children did not have the means or possess the knowledge to seek justice for their abuses. The calls to action around justice seek to extend the statutes of limitations and to reaffirm the independence of the RCMP. They also speak to the need to develop culturally appropriate justice systems.

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Due to limited funds, a shortage of trained teachers, and an emphasis on manual labour, many students in the IRS system did not progress beyond a rudimentary education. When residential schools were phased out, Indigenous youth enrolled in provincial schools dropped out in large numbers. The

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Residential schools often served as foster homes rather than educational settings. According to a 1953 survey, 4,313 children of 10,112 residential school children were described as either orphans or originated from broken homes. The sole residential school in Canada's Atlantic Provinces, in

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to enable it to support reconciliation: The federal government allotted an additional 75 million dollars towards the CBC in its 2016 budget. The CBC presented an "Accountability Plan" to make public how those funds were being invested. Though the commission called specifically for increased

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Church. These churches began to apologize beginning with the United Church of Canada in 1986, with the others following in the years thereafter. In 2009, the Vatican issued an official expression of sorrow, and Justin Trudeau requested that an official apology be made in 2017. The Truth and

787:(IRSSA). As part of the negotiated IRSSA, a $ 60 million budget over five years was established for the work of the TRC to take place. A one-year extension was granted in January 2014 to allow for the completion of the TRC's mandate, extending the conclusion of the commission to June 2015. 4180: 1310:

included a segment about Indigenous athletes throughout Canadian history in an online exhibit launched in 2017. This was followed by the inclusion of various Indigenous athletes into the British Columbia Hall of Fame, the Saskatchewan Sports Hall of Fame, and the Toronto Hockey Hall of

974:. The Missing Children Project is an organization that is dedicated to identifying the children who died during their time at the residential schools. The documentation is done through intensive research as well as analyzing the different conditions the students were facing. 1243:

Reconciliation Commission called on all churches involved in the facilitation of the Indian Residential Schools to educate their congregations about the church's involvement in the schools and the impacts of colonialism on Indigenous Peoples. This is done primarily through

982:

In June 2015, the TRC released a summary report of its findings and "94 Calls to Action" to "redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation." The calls to action were divided into two categories: "Legacy" and "Reconciliation."

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education focused calls to action are to address the current school completion rates and the income gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous students. In addition, the calls to actions request the elimination of the ongoing discrepancy in funding of Indigenous education.

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in Winnipeg, as an archive to hold the research, documents, and testimony collected by the TRC during its operation. The NCTR opened to the public in November 2015 and holds more than five million documents relating to the legacy of residential schools in Canada.

1318:: the Canadian government promised in 2017 to contribute $ 18.9 million to funding "culturally relevant" sports programs in Indigenous communities over 5 years, with 5.5 million promised every 4 years after 2022, as a collaboration between the 2666: 4309: 1487:

from the claim of having committed genocide, Patrice Dutil, a professor of politics and public administration at Ryerson University (now Toronto Metropolitan University), claimed that the commission was "yet another very expensive

1436:, and Anna Snyder agree with Coulthard's critique of the focus on residential schools as the singular issue to reconcile noting that the schools were only "one aspect of a larger project to absorb or assimilate Aboriginal people". 4839: 1220: 1337:, which is a national organization advocating for resources for Indigenous, Metis, and Inuit athletic programs. The federal government also allocated 47.5 million dollars to sport development in over 300 communities nationwide. 828:

The commission's mandate was originally scheduled to end in 2014, with a final event in Ottawa. However, it was extended to 2015 as numerous records related to residential schools were provided to the commission in 2014 by

1299:(APTN) to support reconciliation: The commission called on APTN to produce and broadcast content by and for Indigenous peoples supporting reconciliation. This initiative was upheld by APTN, with the launch of their series 1186:

Language and Culture (#15) — Appoint an Aboriginal Languages Commissioner: Ronald Ignace was appointed commissioner on June 14, 2021, along with three other directors, to form the Office of the Commission for Indigenous

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Canadian experience with that of other countries. It is, rather, a blunt catalogue of findings typical of Royal Commissions, providing a long list of mini-studies of various phenomena with scarcely an academic veneer."

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has been capitalized in keeping with the style guide of the Government of Canada. The capitalization also aligns with the style used within the final report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada and the

1511:

of Aboriginal Peoples, voiced disapproval of the final TRC report, claiming that it had omitted an "abundance of good" that she thought was present in the schools. Her comments were widely criticized, including by

3812: 887:

refers to the act of restoring a once harmonious relationship. The commission came under criticism for using the term in their name, however, as it implies that there was once a harmonious relationship between

1421:, has argued that the TRC's focus on the residential school system positioned reconciliation as a matter of "overcoming a 'sad chapter' in history," which failed to recognize the ongoing nature and impact of 5154: 4966: 4445: 4302: 4218: 1643: 1057: 1028:. The calls to action request increased funding for educating children in Indigenous languages and also request that post-secondary institutions provide degrees and diplomas in Indigenous languages. 4025: 4223: 991:

The Legacy section of the calls to action focused on redressing the harms resulting from the Indian residential schools (IRS), the proposed actions are identified in the following sub-categories:

5139: 4295: 4809: 4518: 1194:

utilizing data from the 2014 General Social Survey. The report found that higher levels of Indigenous Canadians were found to have been victims of crime in 2014 than non-Indigenous Canadians.

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educating the public on "the truth of what happened" in Canada. The records of the testimonies and documents of the residential schools are open to the public in a National Research Centre.

1410:

A number of critiques about the TRC have been put forward by both Indigenous and non-Indigenous writers, ranging from its scope and motivating framework to its methodology and conclusions.

4140: 970:. Over the course of the residential schools, thousands of children died as a result of diseases, suicide, malnutrition, etc. In 1917, the death rates stopped from being documented by the 4248: 2593:

In order to redress the legacy of residential schools and advance the process of Canadian reconciliation, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission makes the following calls to action.

5114: 693: 5029: 1116:

The degree of implementation has been assessed differently by observers. Two of the most prominent asessements are conducted by the Yellowhead Institute at Ryerson University (now

1197:

Justice (#41) — Appoint a public inquiry into the causes of, and remedies for, the disproportionate victimization of Aboriginal women and girls: In the immediate aftermath of the

4190: 3890: 3730: 590: 257: 2028: 1329:

Reconciliation (#90) — Ensure that national sports policies, programs and initiatives are inclusive of Aboriginal Peoples: After the release of the commission's report in 2015,

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it is impossible for public funds to be put towards specific programming. However, the amount of programming by and for Indigenous Peoples has increased on the CBC since 2016.

5129: 4513: 4255: 4050: 3703: 3629: 1226:

Reconciliation (#59) — Church parties to residential school settlement to educate congregations on why apologies necessary: 67 percent of residential schools were run by the

314: 3325: 825:

in administration of the residential schools. Later, in 2017, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau also vocalized an apology to those who were victims of the residential schools.

4971: 4195: 4060: 3804: 2100: 1452: 1386:

The TRC concluded that the removal of children from the influence of their own culture with the intent of assimilating them into the dominant Canadian culture amounted to

880: 640: 5088: 4200: 4135: 4018: 817:

of Edmonton, Alberta, held an interdisciplinary studies conference on the subject of the Truth and Reconciliation Committee. On June 11 of the same year, Prime Minister

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with a mandate of documenting the history and impacts of the residential school system. About 70 percent of the schools were administered, with government funds, by the

615: 519: 1695: 837:. The commission needed additional time to review these documents. The commission held its closing event in Ottawa from May 31 to June 3, 2015, including a ceremony at 4185: 2506: 2604:

TRC, NRA, INAC – Resolution Sector – IRS Historical Files Collection – Ottawa, file 6-21-1, volume 2 (Ctrl #27-6), H. M. Jones to Deputy Minister, December 13, 1956.

1906: 4792: 4508: 1456: 1319: 1216: 784: 727: 489: 165: 3778: 4243: 3180: 2351: 484: 5119: 4644: 4384: 4145: 4120: 1432:

was able to apologize for the system in 2008 and, a year later, claim that there is no history of colonialism in Canada. Professors Brian Rice, a member of the

2478: 2164: 1137:

that only 7 of the 94 calls had been completed. At the end of 2020, his evaluation (together with Eva Jewell) is that only 8 calls had been fully implemented.

3838: 4389: 4205: 4042: 4011: 1589: 1394: 1183:

for the protection and promotion of Indigenous languages across Indigenous, Metis, and Inuit cultures. The Indigenous Languages Act came law on 21 June 2019.

747: 97: 4661: 4235: 1513: 403: 252: 2641: 5134: 4170: 3504: 3441: 686: 3935: 5149: 4875: 4802: 4379: 4115: 1574: 1251: 966:

The TRC contributed to not only educating the public about the reality of the residential schools, but also led to creating organizations such as the

734: 658: 383: 274: 5109: 2692: 1581:. It was created to address the Calls to Action, among them the development of "culturally appropriate curricula" for Aboriginal Canadian students. 1573:, an encyclopedia with content including information about indigenous lands, languages, communities, treaties, and cultures, and topics such as the 3967: 2456: 2054: 1190:

Justice (#39) — Collect and publish data on the criminal victimization of Aboriginal people: Statistics Canada published a report in 2016 entitled

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schools were typically located in rural areas far from hospitals, making treatment more difficult to acquire. They describe it as "bad research".

767: 393: 269: 1584:

The Nordic countries of Norway, Sweden, and Finland have established truth and reconciliation commissions to address the colonialization of the

1443:

Another criticism of the commission is that reconciliation is introduced "on terms still largely dictated by the state," rather than allowing a

5124: 4619: 4604: 4230: 2073: 1323: 754:

in November 2015, is an archival repository home to the research, documents, and testimony collected during the course of the TRC's operation.

499: 408: 373: 337: 4560: 4160: 2963: 2244: 2219: 1296: 1202: 679: 620: 514: 431: 398: 363: 2001: 4737: 4155: 4080: 3126: 1004: 378: 1762: 4550: 4405: 4130: 2263:

McNeill, Laurie (July 3, 2015). "Witnessing without Testimony: The Pedagogical Kairos of Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission".

1564: 814: 723: 110: 5065: 4599: 4525: 4400: 4125: 1569: 1728: 4634: 4589: 4055: 3550: 3484: 2314: 1146: 1121: 845: 834: 436: 247: 3315:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling for the Future: Summary of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 1205:

and girls. The inquiry commenced in 2016, and concluded on June 3, 2019, and included numerous recommendations for addressing the "

635: 733:

The commission was officially established on June 1, 2008, with the purpose of documenting the history and lasting impacts of the

4863: 4685: 4110: 3285: 625: 348: 2899: 2450: 4880: 4210: 1315: 1307: 1117: 358: 309: 3916: 3353:(October 2, 2015). "Canada's history wars: indigenous genocide and public memory in the United States, Australia and Canada". 5000: 4450: 3864: 1198: 875:

The Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was named in a similar fashion to the commissions by the same name in

2577: 904: 4614: 4584: 4334: 3988: 1239: 1161: 763: 562: 557: 509: 319: 264: 1455:, the Canadian commission was not a federal or state-led initiative. It was developed as part of a legal settlement, the 1020:

Children in residential schools were not allowed to speak their native languages or practice their culture. According to

4319: 4175: 4150: 2789: 1819: 1501: 1425:. For Coulthard, reconciliation being tied solely to the residential school system and actions of the past explains why 971: 932:, a senior executive with the Workers' Safety and Compensation Commission of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, and 552: 504: 195: 3579:. What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 2015 2520: 2033: 1508: 1274: 830: 4105: 3630:"Rubenstein & Clifton: Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools" 892:

and Indigenous Peoples that is being restored, while that relationship may never have existed in Canada. The use of

4624: 4287: 3314: 1932: 951: 842: 446: 3048: 1849: 4774: 4695: 4065: 2720: 2667:"Curious about how many of the TRC's calls to actions have been completed? Check Ian Mosby's Twitter | CBC Radio" 1824: 1546: 1460: 1267: 1231: 1227: 1176: 1168: 1160:

Language and Culture (#13) — Acknowledge that Aboriginal rights include Aboriginal language rights: In 2017, the

1000: 937: 929: 799: 494: 4986: 4920: 4769: 4690: 4656: 4343: 2552: 1426: 472: 205: 3891:"'There was nothing good': Anglican church disputes Senator's claim that residential schools contained 'good'" 2924: 2841: 3680: 2870: 5144: 4993: 4945: 4668: 4543: 4538: 4503: 4165: 4075: 1949: 1619: 1607: 1535: 1334: 1288: 1235: 1172: 917: 304: 216: 17: 3573: 2979: 2186:"Media practices and painful pasts: the public testimonial in Canada's truth and reconciliation commission" 896:

thereby perpetuates such myth by continuing to deny "the existence of pre-contact Aboriginal sovereignty."

772: 5058: 4629: 4609: 4594: 4422: 1578: 1542: 1398: 751: 4950: 4732: 4530: 4460: 3758: 3350: 2900:"Inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women issues final report with sweeping calls for change" 806:

events. The TRC's mandate emphasized preserving and exposing the true history of residential schools.

4707: 4276: 1613: 1520: 822: 791: 120: 3756:

Dutil, Patrice (Autumn–Winter 2020). "Not Guilty: Sir John A. Macdonald & the Genocide Fetish".

2842:"Indigenous languages: Newly named commissioner from B.C.'s Interior says he'll fight for resources" 2417: 1383:

Independent Assessment Process, and 5,995 claims were still in progress as of the report's release.

4915: 4742: 3865:"There was nothing good: An open letter to Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak – Anglican Church of Canada" 1065:

Settlement agreement parties and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1025: 813:

tour to promote activities of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. On January 21–22, 2008, the

537: 477: 1975: 1125: 1007:

voiced concern on Canada's removal of Indigenous children from their families as a 'first resort'.

4925: 3945: 3940: 3536:"Reconciliation in the Context of a Settler Society: Healing the Legacy of Colonialism in Canada" 3535: 3378: 3134: 2932: 2500: 2483: 2332: 2288: 1700: 1156:

As of June 22, 2021, the CBC has marked the following 13 calls to action as "complete":

933: 2095: 2055:

Mark Kennedy, "At least 4,000 aboriginal children died in residential schools, commission finds"

1754: 230: 958:

Honorary Witness of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission on Residential Schools in Canada.

5083: 5051: 4930: 4885: 4764: 4678: 4427: 4349: 3611: 3546: 3480: 3419: 3370: 2959: 2814: 2320: 2310: 2280: 2240: 2215: 2185: 2146: 1601: 1484: 1387: 743: 368: 3599: 1793: 4907: 4673: 4577: 4572: 4437: 4034: 3409: 3362: 3100: 2997: 2763: 2745: 2272: 2136: 1505: 1282: 1259: 1206: 943: 913: 870: 3704:"Truth and Reconciliation report tells a 'skewed and partial story' of residential schools" 1877: 1616: – Establishment of racial discrimination as a policy within a society or organisation 5007: 4747: 4700: 4465: 4415: 2693:"Calls To Action Accountability: A 2020 Status Update On Reconciliation Executive Summary" 2344: 1724: 1516: 925: 795: 715: 567: 542: 279: 148: 1463:, various Church bodies, and the Government of Canada. As such, the TRC had no powers of 1164: 2307:

The survivors speak : a report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada

1907:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission Granted One-Year Extension to its Operating Period" 4393: 4271: 3936:"Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada launches after two years of input from communities" 3232:"Investing in the health and well-being of Indigenous youth through the power of sport" 2125:"Witnessing the Unspoken Truth: On Residential School Survivors' Testimonies in Canada" 2059: 1750: 1585: 1429: 1414: 1213: 947: 818: 630: 595: 464: 3279: 3277: 3155: 2925:"Senate approves bill to implement UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" 1530:. The Anglican Church also raised concerns, stating in a release co-signed by bishops 5103: 5037: 5021: 4900: 4759: 4752: 4410: 4098: 4093: 2622:

United Nations, Convention on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations, 12–13

2292: 1433: 1244: 876: 669: 572: 388: 353: 3731:"Debunking the half-truths and exaggerations in the Truth and Reconciliation report" 3382: 3073: 4979: 4455: 3993: 3655: 1418: 1330: 955: 441: 324: 3442:"'A new beginning' National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation opens in Winnipeg" 3414: 3397: 3366: 2276: 2165:"Huge number of records to land on Truth and Reconciliation Commission's doorstep" 3543:"Speaking my truth" : reflections on reconciliation & residential school 1650:

is capitalized when discussing peoples, cultures, or communities in the same way

5044: 4498: 3779:"Lynn Beyak calls removal from Senate committee 'a threat to freedom of speech'" 2845: 1527: 1523: 1422: 1223:

was passed on June 16, 2021, in its third attempt at being passed in parliament.

838: 809:

In March 2008, Indigenous leaders and church officials embarked on a multi-city

547: 3256: 3127:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation" 2029:"Library and Archives Canada's Truth and Reconciliation Commission Web Archive" 1696:"14.12 Elimination of Racial and Ethnic Stereotyping, Identification of Groups" 1526:, though some Conservative senators claimed her opinions were an expression of 4935: 4355: 3545:(Scholastic Edition/First Printing. ed.). Aboriginal Healing Foundation. 2956:

Indigenous Writes: A Guide to First Nations, Métis, and Inuit Issues in Canada

1956:. Government of Canada Office of the Auditor General of Canada. April 30, 2013 1531: 1497: 1444: 936:, former Conservative Member of Parliament and Alberta regional chief for the 330: 48: 3615: 3423: 3374: 2324: 2284: 2150: 1933:"Your questions answered about Canada's residential school system | CBC News" 4890: 3805:"Conservatives disavow Tory senator's positive views of residential schools" 426: 343: 3477:

Red skin, white masks : rejecting the colonial politics of recognition

1306:

Reconciliation (#87) — Tell the stories of Aboriginal athletes in history:

783:

The TRC was established in June 2008 as one of the mandated aspects of the

2141: 2124: 5014: 3839:"Senator dumped from aboriginal issues committee for controversial views" 3130: 2928: 2790:"A core part of our identity': Indigenous language law targeted for 2018" 2767: 2525: 1464: 134: 130: 2642:"TRC calls to action update after 500-plus days since Trudeau's promise" 4727: 2387: 2365: 2096:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools" 2074:"Indian, church leaders launch multi-city tour to highlight commission" 1755:"Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools" 1674:

issued by Stephen Harper on behalf of the Government of Canada in 2008.

889: 1950:"Chapter 6—Creating a Historical Record of Indian Residential Schools" 4833: 2821:. Legislative Services Branch (Government of Canada). October 1, 2020 1672:

Statement of apology to former students of Indian Residential Schools

1021: 4003: 1303:

in 2016 centring on missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls.

940:, were appointed to replace commissioners Dumont-Smith and Morley. 726:

active in Canada from 2008 to 2015, organized by the parties of the

3863:

Hiltz, Frank; MacDonald, Mark; Thompson, Michael (March 20, 2017).

3023: 1878:"Schedule N of the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement" 4840:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act

1024:, 36 percent of Canada's Indigenous languages are listed as being 903: 771: 223: 3049:"Canada - Communiqué of the Holy See Press Office, 29 April 2009" 2479:"Native leaders divided over future of residential schools panel" 4361: 908:

Commissioner Littlechild speaking at a TRC event in Inuvik, 2011

4291: 4007: 3324:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. May 31, 2015. 2815:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Indigenous Languages Act" 2721:"Beyond 94: Where is Canada at with reconciliation? | CBC News" 3574:"What We Have Learned: Principles of Truth and Reconciliation" 2578:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action

2557:

The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition

2104:. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Government of Canada. June 11, 2008 1644:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples

1588:

which are modelled on the Canadian commission. Norway created

2583:(Report). Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, 2012 1058:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People

3968:"Finland Probes Injustices Against Nordic Indigenous People" 2477:

Joe Friesen, Jacquie McNish, Bill Curry (October 22, 2008).

928:

was appointed to replace Laforme as chairperson of the TRC.

4810:

National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women

1281:

Reconciliation (#84) — Restore and increase funding to the

1203:

national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women

2613:

Canada, Statistics Canada, Aboriginal People in Canada, 19

1459:, between various residential school survivor groups, the 3541:. In DeGagné, Mike; Dewar, Jonathan; Lowry, Glen (eds.). 3205: 2869:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (June 28, 2016).

2452:

Judge at head of residential school investigation resigns

1074:

Professional development and training for public servants

5155:

Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls movement

2631:

Moseley and Nicolas, Atlas of the World's Languages, 117

2063:, Canada.com, January 3, 2014, accessed October 18, 2015 1670:

is the term used in the final report of the TRC and the

1610: – Term used for some indigenous peoples in Canada 1333:

announced that it would be reinstating funding to the

779:, published by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission 3396:

Woolford, Andrew; Benvenuto, Jeff (October 2, 2015).

3286:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission: By the numbers" 2418:"Imaginary Spaces of Conciliation and Reconciliation" 3917:"Stirring Up Hatred Against Indian Boarding Schools" 3702:

Rubenstein, Hymie; Rodney, Clifton (June 22, 2015).

3604:

Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society

2871:"Victimization of Aboriginal people in Canada, 2014" 1982:. Indigenous and Northern Affairs. December 14, 2015 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1658:

is used to refer to non-Indigenous topics or people.

179: 5140:

Assimilation of indigenous peoples of North America

5030:

Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a Métis Child

4959: 4899: 4862: 4853: 4818: 4783: 4720: 4643: 4559: 4487: 4478: 4436: 4370: 4333: 4326: 4264: 4041: 3998: 3729:Rubenstein, Hymie; Rodney, Clifton (June 4, 2015). 1794:"The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 1704:. Public Works and Government Services Canada. 2017 1453:

Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa

1254:

as a statutory holiday: Bill C-5 was passed on June

1005:

United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child

174: 158: 141: 126: 116: 106: 90: 75: 60: 55: 2258: 2256: 2101:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada 1592:in 2018, and Sweden and Finland followed in 2021. 1192:Victimization of Aboriginal people in Canada, 2014 5089:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians 2239:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. 1314:Reconciliation (#88) — Continued support for the 1062:Royal proclamation and covenant of reconciliation 3832: 3830: 1068:Equity for Aboriginal people in the legal system 798:. As explained in the 2013 Spring Report of the 720:Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada 40:Commission de vérité et réconciliation du Canada 3598:Tuck, Eve; Yang, K. Wayne (September 8, 2012). 3498: 3496: 3101:"Beyond 94: Truth and Reconciliation in Canada" 2002:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 1976:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada" 1551: 1320:Ministry of Sport and Persons with Disabilities 1217:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 1212:Reconciliation (#43) — Adopt and implement the 785:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 738:have been kept in the dark from these matters. 728:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 166:Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement 2746:"Beyond 94 Truth and Reconciliation in Canada" 1457:Indian Residential School Settlement Agreement 1351:"Honouring the Truth, Reconciling the Future," 1230:, with the remaining 33 percent including the 5115:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 4303: 4019: 3309: 3307: 2691:Mosby, Ian; Jewell, Eva (December 17, 2020). 2521:"The commissioners for native reconciliation" 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 708:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 687: 33:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada 8: 3999:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3322:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 2505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2214:(1 ed.). Highwater Press. p. 171. 2027:Canada, Library and Archives (May 3, 2017). 1944: 1942: 1395:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 1092:National centre for truth and reconciliation 748:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 98:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation 38: 32: 18:Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Canada) 4967:Portrayals of the residential school system 3994:Indian Residential School Resolution Canada 1850:"FAQs: Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 1514:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs 1324:Ministry of Indigenous and Northern Affairs 1278:detailed in their 2016-2021 Strategic Plan. 1124:(CBC). The government also conducted their 5130:Human rights organizations based in Canada 4859: 4780: 4484: 4330: 4310: 4296: 4288: 4026: 4012: 4004: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 694: 680: 191: 47: 3681:"My Indian Residential School Experience" 3413: 2140: 2123:Sedehi, Kamelia Talebian (July 1, 2019). 1872: 1870: 1575:Canadian Indian residential school system 1252:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation 1201:, the new Trudeau government announced a 735:Canadian Indian residential school system 4657:Violence against Wetʼsuwetʼen protesters 1844: 1842: 1372:"Missing Children and Unmarked Burials," 1360:"The History, Part 1 - Origins to 1939," 27:Investigated harm to indigenous students 2350:CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2129:Theory and Practice in Language Studies 1687: 1631: 1089:Missing children and burial information 768:Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples 194: 3837:Campion-Smith, Bruce (April 5, 2017). 3074:"Justin Trudeau asks Pope for apology" 2498: 2340: 2330: 1209:" faced by Indigenous women in Canada. 1179:, that they would be co-developing an 833:following a January 2013 order of the 338:Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada 31: 3966:Pohjanpolo, Kati (October 28, 2021). 3435: 3433: 3230:Heritage, Canadian (April 19, 2017). 3095: 3093: 3091: 2893: 2891: 2864: 2862: 2715: 2713: 2459:from the original on November 3, 2012 2366:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 1820:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission" 1731:from the original on October 25, 2016 1363:"The History, Part 2 - 1939 to 2000," 1297:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network 1167:announced, in collaboration with the 364:Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women 7: 5120:Truth and reconciliation commissions 4738:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp 4318:Violence and discrimination against 2006:Our Stories: First Peoples in Canada 1366:"The Inuit and Northern Experience," 4798:Truth and Reconciliation Commission 4406:First Nations nutrition experiments 3505:"Glen Coulthard & the three Rs" 3503:Querengesser, Tim (December 2013). 1565:Royal Canadian Geographical Society 1250:Reconciliation (#80) — Establish a 1077:Church apologies and reconciliation 1071:National council for reconciliation 724:truth and reconciliation commission 111:Truth and reconciliation commission 5066:The Unnatural and Accidental Women 3934:Roy, Gabrielle (August 29, 2018). 3889:Hopper, Tristan (March 20, 2017). 3803:Galloway, Gloria (March 9, 2017). 3777:Ballingall, Alex (April 6, 2017). 3600:"Decolonization is not a metaphor" 3534:Rice, Brian; Snyder, Anna (2012). 2898:Tasker, John Paul (June 3, 2019). 2533:from the original on June 26, 2013 1885:www.residentialschoolsettlement.ca 1759:Indian and Northern Affairs Canada 1570:Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada 1286:Indigenous programming, under the 25: 5135:First Nations education in Canada 4827:An Act to amend the Criminal Code 3815:from the original on May 11, 2017 3656:"Hymie Rubenstein - Academia.edu" 3479:. University of Minnesota Press. 3440:Dehaas, Josh (November 3, 2015). 3331:from the original on July 6, 2016 3284:Schwartz, Daniel (June 2, 2015). 3028:The Presbyterian Church in Canada 2788:Pucci, Michelle (June 19, 2017). 2235:Justice Murray, Sinclair (2015). 1765:from the original on May 16, 2017 1147:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 1122:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 835:Ontario Superior Court of Justice 790:The commission was founded as an 5150:Truth and reconciliation reports 4686:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet 4256:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of) 4086:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3915:Andrews, Helen (July 13, 2022). 2958:. Highwater Press. p. 171. 821:apologized for the role of past 663: 652: 204: 5110:First Nations history in Canada 4881:British Columbia Treaty Process 2840:Narine, Shari (June 16, 2021). 1316:North American Indigenous Games 1247:, a faith-based advocacy group. 1132:Yellowhead Institute assessment 1118:Toronto Metropolitan University 310:British Columbia Treaty Process 3398:"Canada and colonial genocide" 3024:"Healing & Reconciliation" 1725:"Briefing Note on Terminology" 1419:Yellowknives Dene First Nation 1397:(NCTR) was established at the 1: 5125:Residential schools in Canada 3475:Coulthard, Glen Sean (2014). 3415:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096580 3367:10.1080/14623528.2015.1096583 3125:Bryden, Joan (June 5, 2021). 3002:The Anglican Church of Canada 2486:(Last updated March 13, 2009) 2277:10.1080/08989575.2015.1088768 1818:Ry Moran (December 7, 2017). 1723:McKay, Celeste (April 2015). 1567:announced the release of the 1056:Canadian governments and the 764:Settler colonialism in Canada 4320:Indigenous peoples in Canada 3402:Journal of Genocide Research 3355:Journal of Genocide Research 1308:Canada's Sports Hall of Fame 1080:Education for reconciliation 972:Department of Indian Affairs 315:Crown and Indigenous peoples 4941:Old-growth logging protests 3160:Canada Council for the Arts 2984:The United Church of Canada 2390:. Oxford English Dictionary 2368:. Oxford English Dictionary 2265:A/B: Auto/Biography Studies 2034:Library and Archives Canada 1646:. In the Canadian context, 1275:Canada Council for the Arts 1104:Business and reconciliation 831:Library and Archives Canada 553:Indigenous English Dialects 79:December 18, 2015 5171: 4708:Judge David William Ramsay 2008:. Centennial College. 2018 1727:. University of Manitoba. 868: 777:They Came for the Children 761: 5079: 4829:for trafficking of minors 4696:Saskatoon freezing deaths 4380:Residential school system 4240:United States of America 4215:Timor-Leste (East Timor) 3989:Calls to Action, document 3921:The American Conservative 3869:Anglican Church of Canada 3156:"Commitments: Indigenous" 2455:, CBC, October 18, 2008, 1911:Government of Canada News 1825:The Canadian Encyclopedia 1547:The American Conservative 1541:Conservative Commentator 1461:Assembly of First Nations 1169:Assembly of First Nations 1101:Sports and reconciliation 1001:Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia 938:Assembly of First Nations 815:King's University College 800:Auditor General of Canada 659:Indigenous North Americas 46: 37: 4770:Walking With Our Sisters 4691:Killing of Chantel Moore 4585:Winnipeg serial killings 4344:Gradual Civilization Act 3660:independent.academia.edu 1604: – Type of genocide 1549:criticized the process: 1181:Indigenous Languages Act 1098:Media and reconciliation 968:Missing Children Project 962:Missing Children Project 811:Remembering the Children 792:arms-length organization 437:Indigenous personalities 4946:Trans Mountain pipeline 4669:Gustafsen Lake standoff 3509:Northern Public Affairs 3105:newsinteractives.cbc.ca 2998:"A step along the path" 2954:Vowel, Chelsea (2016). 2416:Garneau, David (2012). 2210:Vowel, Chelsea (2016). 1980:www.rcaanc-cirnac.gc.ca 1620:Racism in North America 1608:First Nations in Canada 1471:Questioning of findings 1369:"The Métis Experience," 1354:"What We Have Learned," 1335:Aboriginal Sport Circle 1295:Reconciliation (#85) — 1273:Reconciliation (#83) — 1173:Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami 918:Ontario Court of Appeal 4921:Caledonia land dispute 4775:Women's Memorial March 4535:Healthcare inequality 4423:High Arctic relocation 2167:. CBC. April 23, 2014. 1579:cultural appropriation 1556: 1483:In an essay defending 1399:University of Manitoba 1357:"The Survivors Speak," 1177:Métis National Council 909: 780: 752:University of Manitoba 750:, which opened at the 719: 64:June 2, 2008 39: 4620:Jean Virginia Sampare 4605:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon 3759:The Dorchester Review 2142:10.17507/tpls.0907.01 1199:2015 federal election 1162:Minister for Heritage 1026:critically endangered 1018:Language and Culture: 907: 869:Further information: 775: 5001:Missing and Murdered 4561:Missing and Murdered 4401:Forced sterilization 4277:Transitional justice 2875:www150.statcan.gc.ca 2819:Justice Laws Website 2697:Yellowhead Institute 2076:. CBC. March 2, 2008 1614:Institutional racism 1563:In August 2018, the 1521:New Democratic Party 1086:Museums and archives 881:South Africa in 1996 563:Aboriginal syllabics 538:Indigenous languages 151:, chief commissioner 121:Government of Canada 4916:Burnt Church Crisis 4743:Moose Hide campaign 4615:Helen Betty Osborne 4514:Criminal sentencing 4488:Structural violence 4335:Settler colonialism 3351:MacDonald, David B. 3185:cbc.radio-canada.ca 2237:The Survivors Speak 1502:Conservative member 1490:prise de conscience 1445:grassroots movement 1107:Newcomers to Canada 952:Rosebud Reservation 883:. In this context, 742:system amounted to 591:Traditional beliefs 432:Indigenous cultures 275:Residential schools 265:Settler colonialism 34: 4926:Clayoquot protests 4519:Mass incarceration 4492:and discrimination 3946:The Canadian Press 3941:The Globe and Mail 3809:The Globe and Mail 3135:The Canadian Press 2933:The Canadian Press 2553:"Sandy White Hawk" 2484:The Globe and Mail 2190:link.galegroup.com 1913:. January 30, 2014 1798:link.galegroup.com 1701:Translation Bureau 1519:and leader of the 1509:Standing Committee 1417:, a member of the 934:Wilton Littlechild 924:On June 10, 2009, 910: 781: 196:Indigenous peoples 91:Superseding agency 5097: 5096: 5084:Indigenous rights 5075: 5074: 4931:Keystone Pipeline 4886:Yukon Land Claims 4849: 4848: 4765:Sisters in Spirit 4716: 4715: 4600:Pamela Holopainen 4474: 4473: 4428:RCMP dog killings 4350:Numbered Treaties 4285: 4284: 4035:Truth commissions 2965:978-1-55379-680-0 2752:. March 19, 2018. 2529:. June 10, 2009. 2246:978-0-660-01985-7 2221:978-1-55379-680-0 2212:Indigenous Writes 1954:www.oag-bvg.gc.ca 1753:(June 11, 2008). 1602:Cultural genocide 1485:John A. Macdonald 1388:cultural genocide 1378:"Reconciliation." 1375:"The Legacy," and 1268:statutory holiday 1258:3, 2021, to make 950:adoptee from the 744:cultural genocide 704: 703: 670:Canada portal 616:Index of articles 369:Numbered Treaties 190: 189: 16:(Redirected from 5162: 5032: 4994:Highway of Tears 4951:Unistʼotʼen Camp 4908:Water protection 4906: 4867: 4860: 4781: 4674:Ipperwash Crisis 4648: 4645:Police brutality 4635:Lisa Marie Young 4625:Loretta Saunders 4590:Immaculate Basil 4573:Highway of Tears 4565:Indigenous Women 4564: 4491: 4485: 4466:Indian hospitals 4362:Role of the RCMP 4331: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4289: 4265:Related concepts 4028: 4021: 4014: 4005: 3976: 3975: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3834: 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3800: 3794: 3793: 3791: 3789: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3652: 3646: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3626: 3620: 3619: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3540: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3500: 3491: 3490: 3472: 3457: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3417: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3319: 3311: 3302: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3202: 3196: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3181:"Year in Review" 3177: 3171: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3097: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3039: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3004:. August 6, 2013 2994: 2988: 2987: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2895: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2866: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2837: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2742: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2717: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2663: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2614: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2422: 2413: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2388:"Reconciliation" 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2348: 2342: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2260: 2251: 2250: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2207: 2201: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2182: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2144: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2070: 2064: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2024: 2018: 2017: 2015: 2013: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1882: 1874: 1865: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1815: 1809: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1790: 1775: 1774: 1772: 1770: 1747: 1741: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1692: 1675: 1665: 1659: 1636: 1289:Broadcasting Act 1283:CBC/Radio-Canada 1265: 1260:Orange Shirt Day 1257: 1207:endemic violence 944:Sandy White Hawk 914:Harry S. Laforme 871:Truth commission 843:Governor General 696: 689: 682: 668: 667: 666: 657: 656: 655: 374:Royal Commission 280:Indian hospitals 253:Pre-colonization 208: 192: 186: 183: 181: 142:Agency executive 86: 84: 71: 69: 51: 42: 35: 21: 5170: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5071: 5028: 5008:The Pass System 4955: 4904: 4901:Land protection 4895: 4876:Specific claims 4865: 4855: 4845: 4814: 4785: 4779: 4748:REDress Project 4712: 4701:Neil Stonechild 4646: 4639: 4578:list of victims 4562: 4555: 4526:Food insecurity 4489: 4480: 4470: 4432: 4416:Kimelman Report 4366: 4322: 4316: 4286: 4281: 4260: 4191:Solomon Islands 4037: 4032: 3985: 3980: 3979: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3950: 3948: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3873: 3871: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3847: 3845: 3836: 3835: 3828: 3818: 3816: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3636:. June 22, 2015 3628: 3627: 3623: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3582: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3538: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3502: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3474: 3473: 3460: 3450: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3431: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3317: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3282: 3275: 3265: 3263: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3229: 3228: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3204: 3203: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3164: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3099: 3098: 3089: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3047: 3046: 3042: 3032: 3030: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2980:"The Apologies" 2978: 2977: 2973: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2935:. June 16, 2021 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2868: 2867: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2824: 2822: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2798: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2772: 2770: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2744: 2743: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2719: 2718: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2646:windspeaker.com 2640: 2639: 2635: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2586: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2536: 2534: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2497: 2490: 2488: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2449: 2448: 2444: 2434: 2432: 2425:West Coast Line 2420: 2415: 2414: 2403: 2393: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2369: 2364: 2363: 2359: 2349: 2339: 2329: 2317: 2305: 2304: 2300: 2262: 2261: 2254: 2247: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2222: 2209: 2208: 2204: 2194: 2192: 2184: 2183: 2172: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2094: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2011: 2009: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1957: 1948: 1947: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1802: 1800: 1792: 1791: 1778: 1768: 1766: 1751:Harper, Stephen 1749: 1748: 1744: 1734: 1732: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1666: 1662: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1598: 1561: 1517:Carolyn Bennett 1496:In March 2017, 1473: 1408: 1344: 1263: 1255: 1228:Catholic Church 1143: 1134: 1114: 1049: 989: 980: 978:Calls to action 964: 926:Murray Sinclair 902: 873: 867: 865:Commission name 854: 796:Catholic Church 770: 760: 700: 664: 662: 661: 653: 651: 646: 645: 611: 603: 602: 586: 578: 577: 543:Inuit languages 533: 525: 524: 465:Indian reserves 460: 452: 451: 422: 414: 413: 384:Specific claims 379:Self-government 340: 300: 292: 291: 243: 197: 178: 170: 154: 149:Murray Sinclair 102: 82: 80: 67: 65: 56:Agency overview 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5168: 5166: 5158: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5145:2015 in Canada 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5102: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5077: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5069: 5062: 5055: 5048: 5041: 5034: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4975: 4974: 4963: 4961: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4912: 4910: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4870: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4836: 4834:Project E-Pana 4831: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4756: 4755: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4704: 4703: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4681: 4671: 4666: 4665: 4664: 4653: 4651: 4649:and misconduct 4641: 4640: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4569: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4551:Long-term DWAs 4548: 4547: 4546: 4544:Joyce Echaquan 4541: 4539:Brian Sinclair 4533: 4528: 4523: 4522: 4521: 4511: 4509:Climate change 4506: 4501: 4495: 4493: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4394:Chanie Wenjack 4387: 4376: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4323: 4317: 4315: 4314: 4307: 4300: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4279: 4274: 4272:Right to truth 4268: 4266: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4249:Maine Wabanaki 4246: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4039: 4038: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3983:External links 3981: 3978: 3977: 3958: 3926: 3907: 3881: 3855: 3826: 3795: 3769: 3748: 3721: 3694: 3683:. June 1, 2016 3672: 3647: 3621: 3590: 3565: 3551: 3526: 3492: 3485: 3458: 3429: 3408:(4): 373–390. 3388: 3361:(4): 411–431. 3342: 3303: 3273: 3257:"TRC Findings" 3248: 3222: 3206:"Taken | APTN" 3197: 3172: 3147: 3117: 3087: 3076:. May 29, 2017 3065: 3053:www.vatican.va 3040: 3015: 2989: 2971: 2964: 2946: 2916: 2887: 2858: 2832: 2806: 2780: 2755: 2737: 2709: 2683: 2658: 2633: 2624: 2615: 2606: 2597: 2569: 2544: 2512: 2469: 2442: 2401: 2379: 2357: 2315: 2309:. . May 2015. 2298: 2271:(2): 309–332. 2252: 2245: 2227: 2220: 2202: 2170: 2156: 2115: 2087: 2065: 2060:Ottawa Citizen 2047: 2019: 1993: 1967: 1938: 1924: 1898: 1866: 1838: 1810: 1776: 1742: 1715: 1686: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1660: 1630: 1629: 1627: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1617: 1611: 1605: 1597: 1594: 1590:its commission 1577:, racism, and 1560: 1557: 1536:Mark MacDonald 1472: 1469: 1430:Stephen Harper 1427:Prime Minister 1415:Glen Coulthard 1407: 1404: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1352: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1327: 1312: 1304: 1293: 1279: 1271: 1248: 1224: 1214:United Nations 1210: 1195: 1188: 1184: 1142: 1141:CBC assessment 1139: 1133: 1130: 1126:own assessment 1113: 1112:Implementation 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083:Youth programs 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1048: 1047:Reconciliation 1045: 1044: 1043: 1036: 1029: 1015: 1008: 996:Child welfare: 988: 985: 979: 976: 963: 960: 948:Sicangu Lakota 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