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251:(AcciĂłn Popular) political party, a centre-right party known for its pro-American position. Economic instability persisted under the BelaĂșnde administration, experiencing large foreign debt, budget deficits, high inflation rates, costly natural disasters, and weak markets for Peru's exports, causing the government to impose austerity measures for economic development. The internal conflict began as a result of the democratic elections of 1980, with both the TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and the Shining Path implementing a terrorist campaign against the government. The government attempted to suppress the rebel groups through police and armed force operations, resulting in deaths and disappearances beginning to escalate. Human rights groups denounced the widespread abuse of innocent citizens during the struggle against the rebel groups.
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the victims and events in which they were involved, in order to understand the complexity of the violence that the country experienced. The TRC collected approximately 17 000 testimonies about the violence experienced in Peru between 1980 and 2000. The collection of testimonies demonstrated how violence was experiences differently between groups of people throughout the country. Overall, 54% of testimonies were given by women; within the
Ayacucho region, women gave 64% of the testimonies. Public hearings were used as a platform to publish testimonies. Those who provided private testimonies where invited to share them again at a public hearing. The TRC held 27 public hearings, featuring testimonies from 422 people on 318 separate allegations of human rights abuses.
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national population lives in rural regions, they represented 79% of the victims of violence. 75% of those who died as a result of the conflict spoke
Quechua or another Indigenous language as their first language, when only 16% of the national population's first language is an Indigenous language. Violence was most concentrated in rural, Indigenous, and impoverished regions of the country, in which 45% of reported deaths and disappearances were from the Ayacucho region. Overall, 85% of victims were from the departments of Ayacucho, JunĂn, HuĂĄnuco, Huancavelica, ApurĂmac and San MartĂn. Although the internal conflict was not caused by ethnic tensions, the TRC argues that the results represent veiled racism that exists in Peruvian society.
269:, a centre-left political party. The GarcĂa Administration inherited the economic and political instability of its predecessor. The government implemented an austerity program as an effort against the Shining Path, but resulted in an economic crisis. Peru's economy suffered a hyperinflation of 7500% during GarcĂa's presidency, worsening national poverty rates. Conflict between the government and rebel groups escalated to a 'dirty war', in which atrocities were committed by both the rebels and military forces. The armed groups deliberately targeted civilians and government forces responded with execution of suspects, forced disappearances, and unlawful detention. The most notable human rights abuse performed by GarcĂa's government was the
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whole. The TĂșpac Amaru
Revolutionary Movement was responsible for 1.5% of the deaths and 1.8% of the total number of human rights violations. Rebel groups were largely responsible for the recruitment of minors who were apprehended and forced to participate in acts of war. The Peruvian state was responsible for 37% of the deaths and disappearances, including agents of the military, police, other security forces, and political parties. Various human rights violations were carried out by State officials to obtain information, confessions, or incriminate others, as well as to punish individuals and communities. State agents systematically inflicted torture and other forms of cruel,
723:, Peru's predominant indigenous language. The photography exhibition was established based on the assertion that truth is expressed in many forms and to recount and visual representations are invaluable to reconcile with the past. The project was led by Mayu Mohanna and Nancy Chappell, selecting images from over 90 archives, including photos from personal albums, the press and news agencies, the Armed Forces and Police, human rights organizations, community photography projects, and the Church. Yuyanapaq became available through an online photographic archive, photography book, photo exhibition, and multiple travelling exhibitions.
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401:. The TRC held hearings with testimonies that the commissioners heard directly, as well as being open to the public and broadcast on radio and television. The objectives of public hearings were to incorporate the personal truth of the victims into the commission and convert the information into an instructional instrument, while recognizing the dignity of victims. Public hearings validated the victims by providing them a public forum to share their experiences. Thematic hearings were held to examine critical aspects, such as anti-subversive legislation, displaced persons, universities, women, and teachers.
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605:, each focusing on specific provinces of Peru. The commission had approximately five hundred people in their staff working within the regional offices. Regional offices managed decentralized offices, known as Zone Offices, organized by a zone coordinator, as well as fixed and mobile teams. The fixed and mobile teams collected testimonies, filled out records, made reports, investigated cases, and promoted dissemination and education initiatives. Short-term teams and research groups have also been established to perform tasks for a fixed period.
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Visits and inspections of affected areas were permitted with the assistance of experts. When necessary, the commission could request security measures for those who required them. The commission was authorized to develop public hearings and reserved procedures, establish communication channels, and promote participation of the population of those affected by political violence. The commission did not have any jurisdictional functions, however it provided assistance in the prosecutions that developed as a result of the final report.
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rights as citizens, as well as providing compensation for the social and material damage caused to their community. Beneficiaries of the Plan are any individual who suffered abuses of international human rights law, including those who were subject to forced disappearance, kidnapping, extrajudicial execution, murder, displacement, arbitrary detention, forced recruitment, torture and rape, as well as those who were injured or killed as a result of attacks. The TRC also recommended several different types of reparations:
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that was suggesting that the commission was sympathetic to terrorism. Despite the report's conclusions that the majority of human rights violations were carried out by rebel groups, the TRC still received criticisms for its "anti-military" bias. Many members of
Peruvian society argue that Shining Path members were terrorists, and are therefore undeserving to be labelled a victim, as well as arguing that state forces were doing their constitutional duty during the years of violence.
975:(The Eye that Cries) was built in 2005 to commemorate the victims of violence. The fountain is surrounded by rocks with inscriptions of the victims of violence. In November 2006, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered that the names of the forty-one victims of the 1992 massacre in Castro Castro prison be added to the monument. Many of these victims were members of the Shining Path, causing outrage by some members of society. The monument was vandalized in 2007. The
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to investigation. The commission held a public forum to establish the importance of the role of women in the internal conflict, as well as provided training workshops for TRC teams and volunteers. It investigated how the violence affected men and women differently, the participation of women in the
Shining Path and the TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and it considered a broad spectrum of sexual abuse and violence. The TRC's final report included a chapter on
296:(self-coup), declaring a state of emergency, dissolving Congress, and calling for a new constitution, in which Fujimori ran unopposed. Fujimori increased the government's influence over military operations, using it as primary means against the rebel groups. The government implemented an anti-insurgency campaign, including arming villagers and conducting secretive military trials of suspected members of rebel groups. Fujimori was responsible for the
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clandestine graves and the forensic examination of the remains. The exhumations provided information on circumstances of death, identity of missing people, and used as evidence in prosecutions. The TRC oversaw three major exhumation projects, however official exhumations continued after the end of the TRC's mandate. 2,556 bodies have been found, of which 1,525 have been identified, and 1,366 have been claimed by their families.
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commission to determine responsibility for the violence. The commission focused on, but was not limited to, massacres, disappearances, torture, internal displacement, terrorist attacks, and violence against women. The analysis of crimes and human rights violations provided a framework for recommendations of institutional reform policies necessary to consolidate a democratic and peaceful society.
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assume responsibility before the courts, and no one should be given amnesty. 43 cases including killings, extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, torture and ill-treatment, and sexual violence and massacres in communities and prisons were forwarded to the
Ombudsman's Office and the Public Prosecutor's Office, identifying both State agents and opposition groups as perpetrators.
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success when analyzed by its mandate and final report. Within the 2 years of work, the TRC established the truth about two decades of violence, provided comprehensive recommendations for reforms, prosecutions, and reparations that could begin the process of reconciliation, as well as completing the final report that was disseminated to the public.
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and group culpability for crimes and abuses. Despite the main purpose of exposing the truth, it was important to restore personal dignity, as victims became stigmatized by the public or local communities who assumed they were associated with rebel groups. The TRC organized its work into specialized units to conduct research in specific areas.
220:. The revolutionary group was found to be responsible for a significant number of deaths and displacements during the internal conflict, as well as engaged in guerrilla warfare against the military and the Shining Path. The group intended to overthrow the military government and establish a Marxist regime to eliminate Japanese and U.S.
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legal situation of citizens who were wrongly accused of terrorism should be regularized, as well as expunging records of innocent prisoners who have been acquitted. The TRC recommended a general program that issues new documentation to those without identity documents as a result of the internal conflict.
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The photography project was a means of reconciliation intended to understand various aspects and effects of the internal conflict through a visual narrative to impact the future and ensure that the situation is not repeated. The TRC commissioned a transmedia photography project, Yuyanapaq, to build a
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The commission gathered information through in-depth case studies to understand the nature of the human rights violations. The cases demonstrate the complexity of violence and reveal patterns, such as rape, violence by regions, behaviours of the conflict actors, and political strategies. Case studies
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Testimonies was considered to be an intrinsic aspect of the TRC's research because it allowed the voices of the victims of violence. The commission traveled throughout the entire country to gather testimonies from people from 129 provinces and 509 districts. Testimonies collected necessary data about
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supported the
Peruvian Government because of its commitment to truth and reconciliation. The UN argued that international funding must supplement the Government's effort, including a cancellation of debt to reallocate finances in support of social programs. The Government signed an agreement with the
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and recommendations. The degree of the mandate comprised an open list of acts of crime, allowing the commission to include all crimes deemed relevant. The primary purpose of the commission was to establish the truth about crimes and events, providing a historical explanation by determining individual
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executed 15 people allegedly involved with the
Shining Path, including one child, and left five injured. Corruption within the government further developed under Fujimori, as he used the secret police to infiltrate opposing political parties, bribed legislators and electoral officials, censored the
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On 27 August 2001, the
Peruvian Congress lifted Alberto Fujimori's immunity and declared that he was responsible for crimes against humanity. President Toledo requested the Japanese authorities to extradite Fujimori to Peru, but was rejected. On 7 November 2005, Fujimori was arrested in Chile at the
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The TRC recommended that the education system promote and respect for ethnic and cultural differences by integrating children from the poorest areas that were most affected by the violence. Basic literacy should be taught to teenage and adult women in rural areas with high literacy rates, as well as
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The TRC understood reconciliation as a foundational pact between the State and society to build a better country, therefore reconciliation must use the justice system to provide reparations and punish the perpetrators. The TRC recommended that all those accused of crimes and human rights abuses must
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The TRC assessed responsibility for the crimes and human rights violations and determined key the perpetrators. The
Shining Path was the principle perpetrator, being responsible for 54% of the deaths. The Shining Path targeted unarmed civilians as part of their strategy to devastate communities as a
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The commission argued that forced disappearances is not only a violation of the individual's human right, but is also cruelty towards the family that lives in permanent uncertainty, and thus the missing persons committee was created to assist friends and families of the victims of disappearances. An
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The Mental Health Team was to design and develop a psychosocial proposal that addressed the possible emotional impact of the TRC's process. The team sought to understand the effects of crimes and human rights violations on individuals and their social relations. The team addresses subjective aspects
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The mandate authorized specific framework for the TRC to work within. All relevant state information and documentation was made accessible to the commission. The commission was authorized to conduct interviews to collect relevant information, including interviews of authorities and public officials.
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The TRC's mandate did not include a specific obligation to a gender perspective or a special analysis of gender-based crimes, but it became concerned with incorporating a gender perspective in its work. A gender perspective widens the scope of victimization and introduces new crimes that are subject
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The unit's objective was to determine the effects of political violence in various areas of Peru and on the lives of people living in those areas, group identified victims of political violence and ensure that victims were dignified in the process. From the conclusions, the group developed proposals
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Many of the controversies are related to the Shining Path. Many argue that the TRC's final report is biased against the Peruvian military and biased toward the Shining Path and other rebel groups. Commissioner Sofia Macher referred to the Shining Path as a "political party", and many Peruvians felt
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The results of investigations demonstrated that the extent of conflict depended on State presence or institutional mechanisms of regions. The TRC recommended that the rights of indigenous peoples should be recognized and protected in national legislation to reaffirm diversity and plurality in Peru.
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The commission used a systematization of the gathered information to analyze human rights violations in the period 1980 and 2000. An analysis of crimes committed by rebel groups or state agents, systematic or widespread practice of violations of human rights, and political strategies allows for the
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The purpose of the area of study was to analyze political, social and cultural conditions that contributed to the situation of violence in Peru, including societal and state institutions as contributing factors. Violence influenced social, economic and political conditions of society, therefore the
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A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate" and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path." The TRC later
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In 2008, The National Council for Reparation began registering victims in order to provide individual reparations according to the TRC recommendations. By 2013, the council had registered 160,429 individual victims and 7,678 communities, including 32 organizations of displaced people. In 2012, the
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The TRC recommended for the continuation of exhumations and investigations into the disappeared. The development of the National Anthropological-Forensic Research Plan is intended to authenticate burial sites and reveal more accurate number of deaths from the internal conflict. The TRC argued that
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Individual compensation should be offered to the relatives of those who died or disappeared, people left with physical or mental disabilities, people who were unjustly imprisoned, and the victims of sexual violence and children born as a result of rape. Collective compensation should be offered to
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The commission was composed of twelve Peruvian commissioners, ten men and two women. Initially it consisted of seven commissioners, however President Alejandro Toledo increased the number of commissioners, as well adding an observer position. Commissioners were appointed by the President with the
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To clarify historical events, research was conducted to reconstruct the explanations of crimes and human rights violations. The tasks of the unit was to investigate specific cases of local experiences. Testimonies of crimes and human rights violations were registered to provide in-depth studies of
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approved the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission, which ratified by President-elect Alejandro Toledo in 2001. The commission was created to investigate a wide variety of human rights abuses, including assassinations, torture, disappearances, displacement, employment of terrorist
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with a declaration of intent to reform the Peruvian Government through an occupation radio broadcasts systems. The activities of the revolutionary group consisted of bombings, kidnappings, bank robberies, extortion, ambushes, and assassinations, as well as being responsible for several anti-United
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The High Level Multi-Sectoral Commission was established to supervise collective reparations to communities affected by the violence. This Commission followed up on the recommendations of the TRC and oversaw State action and policy on matters relating to peace, reparations and reconciliation. Its
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The commission recommended reparations related to the restoration of full citizen status and elimination of social stigma. The legal status of the "disappeared" should be changed to "absent due to disappearance" to allow relatives to settle succession, property and ownership of goods matters. The
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The documentation centre provided information services to all teams and areas of the TRC. The Centre facilitated access to information on the commission's work by organizing and storing all documents into an official archive, including case, video, audio, photography and other files. The internal
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The Executive Secretariat is an organ that assisted the commission, being in charge of administrative management and the execution of approved programs. The Secretariat consisted of an executive secretary and officials from a variety of professional backgrounds. The executive secretary was Javier
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The TRC recommended that military jurisdiction be limited to service-related offences to strengthen the independence of the justice system. The commission stated that International human rights law and international humanitarian law should be incorporated into domestic legislations. The TRC also
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The TRC's two years of investigations and research led to several conclusions that were presented in the final report, released on 28 August 2003. Based on evidence discovered during the investigations of deaths and disappearances, the TRC was able to provide an accurate estimation of the number
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The TRC recommended the creation of an Integral Reparations Plan to provide reparations to victims & victims' families. The Integral Reparations Plan was a comprehensive plan to help victims of the internal armed conflict to regain their personal dignity and ensure they are given back their
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The TRC also discovered that rural areas were disproportionately affected by violence, especially those of indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples have historically been the country's most marginalized population, and they became the groups most affected by violence. Although only 29% of the
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violations committed in Peru between May 1980 and November 2000, as well as recommend mechanisms to promote and strengthen human rights. The TRC reported on the estimated 70 000 deaths, assassinations, torture, disappearances, displacement, employment of terrorist methods and other human rights
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argues that Peru's TRC is one of the strongest commissions for its thorough investigations within a wide scope of human rights abuses. The TRC is recognized for the successful execution of a wide and complex mandate, and is studied by different countries engaged in truth-seeking. The TRC was a
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The TRC generated controversies throughout the mandate and with its final report. Some argue that the TRC's mandate was too focused and did not adequately address certain communities' experiences. Approximately 200 000 impoverished Indigenous women were sterilized without proper consent by the
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By 2004, 3 of the 43 cases submitted to the Public Prosecutor's Office by the TRC have been brought to trial: the alleged arrest and extrajudicial execution of residents of the district of Totos in Ayacucho in April 1983; extrajudicial executions of the Quispillaccta peasant community, in the
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The TRC recommended that places associated with human rights violations be shut down or renovated, including certain detention centres such as Challapalca Prison and El Callao Naval Base. Events should also be held to recognize the importance and seriousness of the human rights violation that
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The TRC's main objective was to investigate human rights violations, and was achieved through various research strategies that led to the commission's conclusions and recommendations. The commission's work was oriented towards investigating the truth, understanding the causes of violence, and
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populations live in extreme poverty. The group established a presence throughout the country, but mainly operated out of the rural highlands with limited government presence. Their campaign consisted of bombings, assassinations, public executions and other guerrilla attacks against the state.
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in order to address the numerous massacres committed by both state agents and rebel groups. The remains of the victims were permitted to be claimed by their relatives to allow for dignified burials. The TRC signed an agreement with the Attorney General's Office to assist in the exhumation of
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In 2005, a Comprehensive Reparations Plan was approved and issued by executive decree 2006, comprising six programs: Restitution of Civil Rights, Education, Health Care, Collective Reparations, Symbolic Reparations, Promotion and Access to Housing, and Economic Reparations or Compensation.
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by several political revolutionary groups. The internal armed conflict resulted in the deaths of approximately 70 000 people and the internal displacement of 600 000 people, as well as extensive damage to both public and private infrastructures. Both state and non-state actors carried out
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provided information of the circumstances of specific situation, and simultaneously allows the commission to recompose the order of events. The commission conducted interviews with actors and witnesses of violence to gain regional stories and clarify historical events.
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deaths that were the result of the internal conflict. It was originally estimated that only 24,000 people died or disappeared, however the TRC concluded that approximately 69,280 died or disappeared as a result of the internal conflict in Peru between 1980 and 2000.
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The unit designed and constructed social communication programs, citizen participation and education. The group proposed several platforms, including mass and broadcast campaigns, seminars and forums, cultural and artistic activities, and volunteer programs.
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The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) is of the major Peruvian rebel groups involved in the internal conflict of Peru and was found to be largely responsible for the human rights violations during the 1980s and 1990s. The revolutionary group was organized as a
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Between 1980 and 2000, Peru experienced an era of political violence characterized by extensive human rights violations. Several regimes of military dictatorship resulted in political and economic instability that increased social tensions within Peru. The
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High Level Multi-Sectoral Commission proposed the Comprehensive Reparations Plan, a 5-year financial compensation program. By December 2012, 17,652 victims were beneficiaries of compensation, a total investment of 96 million soles ($ 36.7 million US).
168:. The Shining Path employed guerrilla tactics and violent acts of terrorism in an attempt to overthrow the government. The Shining Path ignited the internal conflict in 1980 when it began its revolutionary campaign with its first act of violence in
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Fujimori was on trial for human rights abuses from December 2007 until April 2009. The charges against him in regards to major incidences of crimes and violations: The 1991 Barrios Altos massacre, the killings of nine students and a professor at
787:. Recommendations for the development of a national security policy and establishment of civilian authority over military intelligence services were issued, as well as to determine respective jurisdictions between the Armed Forces and the Police.
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methods and other violations executed by the state and rebel groups between May 1980 and November 2000. The mandate was to analyze the causes of violence that had occurred, determine the scale of victimization, assess responsibility, and propose
137:, tortures, unfair detentions, serious crimes and other human rights violations. Although rebel groups remain lightly active, the government ended its engagement in the conflict after President Alberto Fujimori was forced to resign in 2000.
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political party, a new right-wing party. Fujimori carried out neo-liberal policies and implemented an austerity policy, known as Fujishock, to eliminate inflation but increase poverty. The failure of the policy led to a military supported
648:(UNDP) for the commission to receive funding. The agreement transfers government resources to the UNDP, gives them authority over the allocation of funds, and commits the UNDP to provide management and auditing services
884:, in March 1991; and the murder of 34 inhabitants of Lucmahuaycco in November 1984. 81 cases were completed at the National Criminal Division between 2005 and 2011, which resulted in 58 convictions and 195 acquittals.
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ultimately proposing government reparations and reforms. The research conducted by the commission covered nearly all national territories affected by the internal conflict, with an emphasis on remote communities.
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by storming the polling station and burning the ballot boxes on the eve of the first national elections in approximately 10 years. The majority of the acts of violence by the Shining Path were carried out in the
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found Fujimori guilty, and he was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison. He was also ordered to pay reparations to survivors and victimsâ relatives. An appeal was filed, however the verdict was sustained.
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Mechanisms should be implemented to prevent abuses by establishing policies and standards for law enforcement that facilitate collaboration between the National Police, municipal authorities, and citizens.
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requested the National Criminal Court to deny the pardon. On 19 February 2018, the National Criminal Court ruled that the former president must stand trial for his responsibility crimes against humanity.
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Grant programs should be created to exempt those who were forced to give up education from paying tuition fees. Adult education program programs should be implemented in areas most affected by violence.
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States attacks. The TĂșpac Amaru is considered to be a lesser violent rebel group because its guerrilla operations were "designed to support the mass struggle" against the authoritarian governments.
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approval of the Council of Ministers. To qualify for the position of commissioner, one had to be a Peruvian national with prestige and legitimacy, defending democratic and constitutional values.
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Public hearings were a mechanism to gather information of atrocities and relay it to the public. Peru was the first Latin American TRC to hold public hearings, a method popularized by the
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Social stigma exists within Peruvian society that associates former rebel group members with terrorism, and that they are not truly victims of the internal conflict. A monument called
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unit was devoted to the impact of national violence. The analysis presented to the TRC focused on national level research and a historical interpretation of political violence.
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analysis, the team presented alternative proposals and recommendations that offer strategies to address problems and create conditions that promote comprehensive development.
111:. The report concluded that there is both institutional and individual accountability, as well as identifying racial and cultural factors that became a catalyst for conflict.
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740:, mainly in military detention centres, police stations, and counter-terrorism units. 83% of sexual violence against women and girls were attributed to state officials.
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Alberto Fujimori served as President of Peru from 1990 to 2000 and was known for his corruption and crimes against humanity under international law. He was head of the
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The budget for the commission was approximately $ 13 million US for the 2 years of operation, and nearly half of the funding came from international donors. The
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Contribute to the administration of justice, and to clarify the crimes and violations to human rights committed by both terrorist organizations and the State.
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rebuild institutions in indigenous communities and other regions in which social and physical infrastructure were lost as a result of the internal conflict.
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published a provisional list of the missing people as a joint effort with TRC, Public Prosecutor's Office, and the National Coordinator for Human Rights.
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Despite the criticisms and controversies of the TRC, the commission is often regarded as one of the most successful truth and reconciliation commission.
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On 10 October 2012, Fujimori submitted a petition for presidential pardon on humanitarian grounds, due to tongue cancer. On 24 December 2017, President
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goal was to implement reparations programs to re-build social links between State and Community, however only 65% of projects were carried out by 2007.
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recommended reforms to the prison system to guarantee rights for detainees, as wells as introducing rehabilitation and social reintegration programs.
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Analyze the political, social and cultural conditions and behaviours that contributed to the violent conflicts in both State and societal context.
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between 1980s and 1990s. The TRC was a response to the violent internal conflict between 1980 and 2000 during the administration of Presidents
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The commission opened five regional offices to cover all the national territory and carry out its work. The Regional offices were located in
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has found the state of Peru liable for 16 violations of human rights committed during the internal armed conflict, including for massacres,
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and interrelated dimensions of individual and group dynamics to identify difficulties and resources for the commission. With results of the
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and businessman Samuel Dyer. Other charges against Fujimori included abuse of authority, illegal wiretapping, bribery, and corruption. The
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Ciurlizza Contreras, the former Secretary General of the Andean Jurists Commission and former head of cabinet of the Ministry Of Justice.
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of 1985, where more than forty-five civilians were tortured and killed in an attempt to discover the names of members of Shining Path.
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media, embezzled and redirected government funds, as well as carrying out human rights abuses, such as illegal arrests and torture.
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1080:"Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect captureârecapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
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Free health care programs should be implemented to provide mental and physical treatment, including specialists for women.
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The TRC recommended institutional reforms as a preventative measure to ensure that an internal conflict will not reoccur.
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estimated 15,000 people disappeared within the timeframe of the TRC's mandate. Following the final report of the TRC, the
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progress can be made in investigations, legal proceedings, and the reparation process by returning remains of victims.
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service of the Centre terminated at the end of the commission's mandate, and all the documents were transferred to the
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Alan GarcĂa PĂ©rez served as President of Peru from 1985 to 1990 and again from 2006 to 2011. GarcĂa was part of the
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The TRC recommended that the government should create new regulations to limit the powers of armed forces during a
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Father GastĂłn Garatea Yori: Sacred Hearts priest and president of the Consensus Building Table for Poverty Fighting
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Milton, Cynthia (2007). "At the edge of the peruvian truth commission: Alternative paths to recounting the past".
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Determine the situation and identification of the victim, as well corresponding responsibilities when possible.
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Hatun Willakuy : Abbreviated version of the Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Peru
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Fujimori government, and the final report was insufficient in acknowledging the impact on their communities.
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request of the Peruvian government, and later transported to Peru to be put on trial on 22 September 2007.
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3063:
2566:
1994:
497:
297:
1689:
2979:
939:
931:
923:
248:
209:
3233:
2878:
2231:
1360:
967:
El Ojo que Llora. The monument to commemorate the victims killed during the internal conflict of Peru.
3590:
1502:
1027:
314:
134:
83:
2621:
2601:
2556:
2656:
2312:
2991:
2803:
2526:
784:
720:
517:
514:
270:
1969:
2287:
2147:
2022:
1530:
3046:
2742:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2541:
2378:
1883:
1458:
1448:
1183:
1142:
1101:
942:
granted Fujimori medical pardon, after he had served 12 years of his sentence. The victims of
896:
552:
Alberto Morote SĂĄnchez: Engineer and former President of Universidad San CristĂłbal de Huamanga
532:
521:
244:
129:
1878:
1865:
3348:
3001:
2737:
2616:
2263:
Correa, CristiĂĄn (June 2013). "Reparations in Peru From Recommendations to Implementation".
2088:
1873:
1173:
1132:
1091:
983:
972:
881:
528:
457:
301:
282:
91:
75:
59:
2402:
2957:
2838:
2818:
927:
347:
Recommend necessary reforms for preventive measures to ensure no experiences are repeated.
178:
145:
2356:
1745:
1583:
3585:
2779:
2732:
2596:
2586:
2521:
1930:
640:
536:
260:
87:
224:
from Peru. Their campaign officially began on 1 June 1984 by broadcasting their first
3605:
3412:
3407:
3086:
2996:
2986:
2936:
2863:
1121:"A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball"
225:
2849:
208:
The TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario TĂșpac Amaru) is a
3277:
3184:
3058:
2916:
2859:
2822:
2727:
2631:
2486:
1614:
615:
545:
JosĂ© AntĂșndez de Mayolo: La Salle priest and former apostolic administrator of the
474:
154:
104:
95:
2393:
3145:
1385:
221:
3200:
1932:
Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions
446:
The President of the TRC, Dr. SalomĂłn Lerner Febres: philosopher and rector of
200:
2143:
2092:
684:
590:
2343:
1187:
1178:
1161:
1146:
1137:
1120:
1105:
1096:
1079:
719:
collective memory of the internal conflict. Yuyanapaq means 'to remember' in
3250:
2896:
2764:
1462:
943:
628:
542:
488:
293:
288:
2942:
2902:
3119:
2759:
598:
594:
561:
546:
173:
2922:
2377:. Lima: Transfer Commission of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission.
1413:
247:
from 1963 to 1968 and again from 1980 to 1985. BelaĂșnde was part of the
3013:
2906:
2496:
1664:
602:
169:
510:
Dr. Rolando Ames CobiĂĄn: Sociologist, political researcher and analyst
380:
for mechanisms that ensure reparation, prevention and reconciliation.
3158:
2491:
1770:
466:: Doctor at Law, executive director of the Andean Jurists Commission.
453:
161:
3317:
414:
and gender analysis, as well as proposing several recommendations.
3171:
3106:
2912:
1445:
Sharp dressed men : Peru's TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
199:
344:
Make moral and material proposals for victims or their relatives.
94:(1990â2000). The commission's mandate was to provide a record of
3227:
3132:
1970:"Press Conference on Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
805:
an improvement to infrastructure and staffing in rural schools.
586:
47:
3321:
2406:
2153:(Report). American Association for the Advancement of Science.
1477:"Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (peru) | Encyclopedia.com"
39:
78:
to investigate the human rights abuses committed during the
2392:
PerĂș. ComisiĂłn de la Verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn (CVR) (2003).
2355:
PerĂș. ComisiĂłn de la Verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn (CVR) (2003).
2342:
PerĂș. ComisiĂłn de la Verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn (CVR) (2003).
128:
was ignited by the 1980 Presidential election that led to
212:
revolutionary group formed in 1982 from the influence of
1160:
Manrique-Vallier, Daniel; Ball, Patrick (January 2019).
1746:"Alberto Fujimori | Biography, Presidency, & Facts"
539:
denomination of the Evangelic National Concilium, CONEP
2686:
Economic policy of the Alberto Fujimori administration
1870:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
2146:; Sulmont, David; Manrique, Daniel (28 August 2003).
164:
political group in 1970 after the dissolution of the
2963:
United Democratic Andean Revolutionary Front of Peru
2947:
Plurinational Association of Tawantinsuyo Reservists
2361:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Official Website
2348:
Truth and Reconciliation Commission Official Website
1386:"Shining Path | Peruvian revolutionary organization"
3578:
3355:
35:
2368:Peru. Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2004).
1929:
481:, and member of the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
2313:"Ten Years After Peru's Truth Commission | ICTJ"
560:Monsignor Luis Bambarén Gastelumendi: Bishop of
3052:Sole National Central of Peasant Rounds of Peru
2681:Judiciary reform in Peru under Alberto Fujimori
977:Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclusion
371:communities affected by the internal conflict.
1716:"Peru's Alan GarcĂa: Low-Balling Human Rights"
670:Analysis of crimes and human rights violations
267:American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA)
204:Flag of the TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
3333:
2418:
2317:International Center for Transitional Justice
2265:International Center for Transitional Justice
1915:International Center for Transitional Justice
1866:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Peru"
1531:"Fernando BelaĂșnde Terry | president of Peru"
500:: Engineer, Political researcher and analyst.
8:
1559:"Fernando Belaunde Terry | Encyclopedia.com"
375:Consequences, reparations and reconciliation
149:Flag of the Shining Path Revolutionary Group
16:
1503:"Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)"
926:in 1992, and the kidnappings of journalist
3340:
3326:
3318:
2425:
2411:
2403:
2398:(in Spanish). Vol. 9 vols. Lima: CVR.
1954:"Gender, Justice, and Truth Commissions".
27:
15:
3303:Farabundo MartĂ National Liberation Front
2582:1992 Peruvian embassy attack in Stockholm
1877:
1177:
1136:
1095:
115:came out to respond to these statements.
2552:1987 North Korean embassy attack in Lima
2443:
2344:"ComisiĂłn de la verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn"
2288:"Alberto Fujimori - TRIAL International"
1414:"Profile of Shining Path | Peru Reports"
962:
699:International Committee of the Red Cross
479:Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos
448:Pontificia Universidad CatĂłlica del PerĂș
144:
70:) (13 July 2001 â 28 August 2003) was a
2952:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
2547:Assassination of Juan Carlos Vega Llona
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2180:
1690:"Letter to President-elect Alan GarcĂa"
1665:"Profile of Alan Garcia | Peru Reports"
1053:"Peru: Truth Commission Under Pressure"
996:
2823:Communist Party of Peru â Shining Path
2785:Women in the internal conflict in Peru
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2055:"Yuyanapaq â Art & Reconciliation"
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2017:
2015:
1949:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1879:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.495
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
491:and former Executive Secretary of the
357:National process of political violence
64:ComisiĂłn de la Verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn
22:ComisiĂłn de la Verdad y ReconciliaciĂłn
3196:
2813:
2662:
2473:
2232:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1908:"Drafting a Truth Commission Mandate"
1901:
1899:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1615:"Alan Garcia | Biography & Facts"
1609:
1607:
1605:
1553:
1551:
1525:
1523:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
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1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1022:
1020:
331:The TRC described 5 main objectives:
7:
3617:Truth and reconciliation commissions
3263:Sandinista National Liberation Front
2770:San CristĂłbal of Huamanga University
2706:Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori
2577:1992 Bolivian embassy attack in Lima
1408:
1406:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
893:Inter-American Court of Human Rights
683:The commission requested to observe
313:In December 2000, interim President
2833:Militarized Communist Party of Peru
2701:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
913:Alberto Fujimori's arrest and trial
72:truth and reconciliation commission
52:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
17:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3205:TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
2537:1986 Soviet embassy attack in Lima
646:United Nations Development Program
243:Fernando BelaĂșnde Terry served as
196:TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
190:TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
109:TĂșpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
103:violations executed by the State,
14:
1078:Rendon, Silvio (1 January 2019).
493:Human Rights National Coordinator
3627:Truth and reconciliation reports
3570:Yugoslavia (Federal Republic of)
3400:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3296:
3284:
3270:
3256:
3243:
3232:
3220:
3199:
3177:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3112:
3099:
3079:
3040:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2889:
2877:
2858:
2848:
2837:
2827:
2817:
1032:United States Institute of Peace
2668:Government policies and actions
2607:Japanese embassy hostage crisis
2502:Chuschi ballot burning incident
2122:"What lessons have been learnt"
1906:GonzĂĄlez, Eduardo (June 2013).
1202:"Civil War in Peru (1980-2000)"
1119:Rendon, Silvio (1 April 2019).
2927:International Communist League
1995:"ICTJ - Peru's Painful Mirror"
738:inhuman or degrading treatment
531:: Architect and leader of the
513:Luis Arias Grazziani: Retired
100:international humanitarian law
1:
3021:National Intelligence Service
2507:Deng Xiaoping's dogs incident
2148:How many Peruvians have died?
1928:Hayner, Priscilla B. (2011).
1864:Heilman, Jaymie (June 2018).
1443:McCormick, Gordon H. (1993).
979:has also been controversial.
566:Peruvian Episcopal Conference
218:Revolutionary Socialist Party
2696:Forced sterilization in Peru
2487:Founding of the Shining Path
464:Enrique Bernales Ballesteros
384:Communications and education
133:assassinations, kidnapping,
3622:Organisations based in Peru
2691:National Population Program
2612:Operation ChavĂn de HuĂĄntar
1028:"Truth Commission: Peru 01"
753:Reconciliation with justice
300:, where six members of the
214:Revolutionary Left Movement
181:region of Peru, where many
40:https://www.cverdad.org.pe/
3643:
3026:Special Intelligence Group
2854:Red Mantaro Base Committee
2723:Illegal drug trade in Peru
2512:Assault of Ayacucho prison
1936:. New York, NY: Routledge.
1644:www.notablebiographies.com
910:
692:Missing persons initiative
471:Carlos IvĂĄn Degregori Caso
280:
258:
236:
193:
152:
3554:United States of America
3529:Timor-Leste (East Timor)
2974:
2968:Peruvian drug traffickers
2799:Shining Path and remnants
2798:
2652:San Miguel del Ene attack
2592:Frecuencia Latina bombing
2562:Three Martyrs of Chimbote
2532:Peruvian prison massacres
2517:1983 Lucanamarca massacre
2477:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
2467:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2434:Internal conflict in Peru
2093:10.1215/01636545-2006-025
791:Administration of justice
661:Collection of testimonies
456:and former member of the
126:internal conflict in Peru
80:internal conflict in Peru
74:established by President
26:
21:
2676:Peruvian Agrarian Reform
2482:Revolutionary Government
1179:10.1177/2053168019835628
1138:10.1177/2053168019840972
1097:10.1177/2053168018820375
835:Reparations in education
2572:1992 Peruvian self-coup
1771:"Barrios Altos | CEJIL"
1750:Encyclopedia Britannica
1619:Encyclopedia Britannica
1535:Encyclopedia Britannica
1390:Encyclopedia Britannica
1361:"ComisiĂłn de la verdad"
1166:Research & Politics
1131:(2): 2053168019840972.
1125:Research & Politics
1090:(1): 2053168018820375.
1084:Research & Politics
907:Prosecution of Fujimori
487:SofĂa Macher Batanero:
452:Dr. Beatriz Alva Hart:
239:Fernando BelaĂșnde Terry
166:Communist Party of Peru
3291:19th of April Movement
3064:Rodrigo Franco Command
2937:Ethnocacerist movement
2567:Barrios Altos massacre
2081:Radical History Review
1507:www.globalsecurity.org
1206:modernlatinamericanart
1172:(1): 205316801983562.
968:
844:Reparations in society
366:Clarification of facts
298:Barrios Altos massacre
205:
150:
63:
2980:Peruvian Armed Forces
2357:"General Conclusions"
2239:Amnesty International
2059:artreconciliation.org
966:
940:Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
932:Supreme Court of Peru
924:La Cantuta University
853:Financial reparations
827:Reparations in health
762:Institutional reforms
705:In-depth case studies
572:Executive Secretariat
564:and president of the
441:Initial commissioners
302:Peruvian armed forces
216:of the 1960s and the
203:
148:
3612:Human rights in Peru
3591:Transitional justice
2647:Founding of the MPCP
1563:www.encyclopedia.com
1481:www.encyclopedia.com
818:Symbolic reparations
714:Photographic project
622:Documentation centre
135:forced disappearance
2622:2001 Peru shootdown
2602:La Cantuta massacre
2557:1989 Callao bombing
2292:TRIAL International
505:Added commissioners
498:Carlos Tapia GarcĂa
18:
2804:Government of Peru
2715:Illegal drug trade
2527:Accomarca massacre
2129:Peru Support Group
1694:Human Rights Watch
1365:www.cverdad.org.pe
1057:Human Rights Watch
969:
897:summary executions
785:state of emergency
609:Mental Health Team
518:Lieutenant General
271:Accomarca massacre
206:
151:
3599:
3598:
3349:Truth commissions
3315:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3047:Rondas campesinas
2743:Operation Snowcap
2657:Operation Patriot
2642:Llochegua Clashes
2637:Hatun Asha ambush
2627:2002 Lima bombing
2542:Aucayacu massacre
533:Assemblies of God
522:national security
520:and an expert in
399:South African TRC
315:ValentĂn Paniagua
245:President of Peru
233:Fernando BelaĂșnde
130:guerrilla warfare
90:(1985â1990), and
84:Fernando BelaĂșnde
45:
44:
3634:
3579:Related concepts
3342:
3335:
3328:
3319:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3288:
3287:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3203:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3002:Peruvian Marines
2945:
2935:
2925:
2915:
2905:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2881:
2862:
2852:
2843:Huallaga Faction
2841:
2831:
2821:
2755:
2738:Coca eradication
2718:
2671:
2617:Locumba uprising
2444:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2399:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2351:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2319:. 19 August 2013
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2284:
2269:
2268:
2260:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2228:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2131:. February 2009.
2126:
2118:
2097:
2096:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1881:
1861:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1767:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1756:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1611:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1555:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1527:
1518:
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1515:
1513:
1498:
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1491:
1489:
1487:
1473:
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1426:
1424:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1357:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1181:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1099:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1059:. 12 August 2003
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1024:
984:Priscilla Hayner
973:El Ojo que Llora
891:Since 2005, The
862:Forensic program
800:Education system
529:Humberto Lay Sun
458:Congress of Peru
283:Alberto Fujimori
277:Alberto Fujimori
210:MarxistâLeninist
92:Alberto Fujimori
76:Alejandro Toledo
31:
19:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3595:
3574:
3505:Solomon Islands
3351:
3346:
3316:
3311:
3297:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3271:
3269:
3257:
3255:
3244:
3242:
3221:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3163:
3152:
3150:
3139:
3137:
3126:
3124:
3113:
3111:
3100:
3098:
3080:
3078:
3070:
3041:
3039:
3009:National Police
2972:
2958:FARC dissidents
2890:
2888:
2873:
2868:
2864:FARC-EP in Peru
2809:
2800:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2756:
2749:
2747:
2719:
2712:
2710:
2672:
2665:
2471:
2437:
2431:
2391:
2385:
2374:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2338:
2333:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2286:
2285:
2272:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2158:
2150:
2142:Ball, Patrick;
2141:
2140:
2136:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2100:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1927:
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2462:Key aspects
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2395:Final Report
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2321:. Retrieved
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2295:. Retrieved
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2087:(98): 3â33.
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2058:
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2027:www.icmp.int
2026:
2002:. Retrieved
1999:www.ictj.org
1998:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1964:
1958:. June 2006.
1955:
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1778:. Retrieved
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1669:PerĂș Reports
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1418:PerĂș Reports
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3515:South Korea
3490:Philippines
3425:El Salvador
3146:North Korea
2323:14 November
2144:Asher, Jana
2023:"ICMP Peru"
809:Reparations
727:Conclusions
685:exhumations
679:Exhumations
631:âs office.
549:Archdiocese
537:evangelical
489:Sociologist
320:reparations
261:Alan GarcĂa
255:Alan GarcĂa
222:imperialism
88:Alan GarcĂa
3606:Categories
3558:Greensboro
3370:Bangladesh
2457:Timeline
2297:31 October
2064:29 October
2032:28 October
2004:28 October
1979:27 October
1974:www.un.org
1780:27 October
1755:27 October
1721:27 October
1700:27 October
1674:27 October
1649:27 October
1624:27 October
1594:27 October
1568:27 October
1540:27 October
1512:27 October
1486:27 October
1454:0833013106
1423:27 October
1395:27 October
1370:26 October
1212:26 October
1063:15 October
1037:15 October
991:References
823:occurred.
327:Objectives
226:communiqué
183:indigenous
119:Background
107:, and the
3538:2005â2008
3533:2001â2005
3520:Sri Lanka
3465:Mauritius
3445:Guatemala
3413:2003â2011
3408:1990â1991
3365:Argentina
3251:Nicaragua
3214:Linked to
3073:Linked to
2992:Air Force
2897:Hezbollah
2871:Linked to
2765:Terruqueo
1775:cejil.org
1188:2053-1680
1147:2053-1680
1106:2053-1680
951:Reactions
944:Pativilca
652:Functions
629:ombudsman
543:Monsignor
527:Minister
515:Air Force
427:Structure
418:Authority
294:autogolpe
289:Cambio 90
3395:Colombia
3120:Colombia
2760:Cold War
1588:BBC News
1463:28726264
1447:. RAND.
599:Huamanga
595:Huancayo
562:Chimbote
547:Ayacucho
179:Ayacucho
174:Ayacucho
3550:Ukraine
3545:Tunisia
3470:Morocco
3460:Liberia
3435:Germany
3420:Ecuador
3375:Bolivia
3357:Country
3014:Sinchis
2907:MOVADEF
2752:Related
2497:Tacnazo
882:Chuschi
721:Quechua
635:Funding
603:Abancay
591:Huanuco
581:Offices
309:Mandate
170:Chuschi
60:Spanish
36:Website
3525:Taiwan
3495:Rwanda
3480:Panama
3404:Chile
3385:Canada
3380:Brazil
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3159:Russia
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871:Impact
601:, and
524:issues
454:Lawyer
162:Maoist
3475:Nepal
3455:Kenya
3450:Haiti
3440:Ghana
3238:Libya
3172:Spain
3107:China
2883:Libya
2775:VRAEM
2375:(PDF)
2235:(PDF)
2151:(PDF)
2125:(PDF)
1911:(PDF)
3485:Peru
3430:Fiji
3390:Chad
3228:Cuba
3133:Cuba
2997:Navy
2987:Army
2808:MRTA
2379:ISBN
2325:2018
2299:2018
2085:2007
2066:2018
2034:2018
2006:2018
1981:2018
1884:ISBN
1782:2018
1757:2018
1723:2018
1702:2018
1676:2018
1651:2018
1626:2018
1596:2018
1570:2018
1542:2018
1514:2018
1488:2018
1459:OCLC
1449:ISBN
1425:2018
1397:2018
1372:2018
1214:2018
1184:ISSN
1143:ISSN
1102:ISSN
1065:2018
1039:2018
587:Lima
469:Dr.
462:Dr.
98:and
48:Peru
3092:DEA
2089:doi
1874:doi
1174:doi
1133:doi
1092:doi
68:CVR
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