736:(BN)”. From a review of multiple different papers within the timeframe of 2008–2017, it was observed within them which of the two techniques were better. The conclusion that was drawn was that “the early classification of these diseases can be achieved by developing machine learning models such as Artificial Neural Network and Bayesian Network.” In another conclusion, Alic, et al. (2017) was able to draw was that between the two; ANN and BN is that ANN was better and could more accurately classify diabetes/CVD with a mean accuracy in “both cases (87.29 for diabetes and 89.38 for CVD).
349:, where it will increase its health expertise and assist medical professionals in treating patients. The medical facility will utilize Watson's ability to store and process large quantities of information to help speed up and increase the accuracy of the treatment process. "Cleveland Clinic's collaboration with IBM is exciting because it offers us the opportunity to teach Watson to 'think' in ways that have the potential to make it a powerful tool in medicine", said C. Martin Harris, MD, chief information officer of
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565:. These algorithms can recognize patterns in behavior and create its own logic. In order to reduce the margin of error, AI algorithms need to be tested repeatedly. AI algorithms behave differently from humans in two ways: (1) algorithms are literal: if you set a goal, the algorithm can't adjust itself and only understand what it has been told explicitly, (2) and algorithms are
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748:, has shown the rise of possible AI applications. The ability to monitor patients using AI may allow for the communication of information to physicians if possible disease activity may have occurred. A wearable device may allow for constant monitoring of a patient and also allow for the ability to notice changes that may be less distinguishable by humans.
271:. To aid physicians in the treatment of their patients, once a physician has posed a query to the system describing symptoms and other related factors, Watson first parses the input to identify the most important pieces of information; then mines patient data to find facts relevant to the patient's medical and
613:, and startups such as Welltok and Ayasdi, have also developed AI algorithms for healthcare. Additionally, hospitals are looking to AI solutions to support operational initiatives that increase cost saving, improve patient satisfaction, and satisfy their staffing and workforce needs. Companies are developing
791:
assembled a corpus of literature on drug-drug interactions to form a standardized test for such algorithms. Competitors were tested on their ability to accurately determine, from the text, which drugs were shown to interact and what the characteristics of their interactions were. Researchers continue
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Electronic health records are crucial to the digitalization and information spread of the healthcare industry. However logging all of this data comes with its own problems like cognitive overload and burnout for users. EHR developers are now automating much of the process and even starting to use
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Several startups in the healthcare space have been effectively using seven business model archetypes to take solutions based on IBM Watson to the marketplace. These archetypes depends on the value generated for the target user (e.g. patient focus vs. healthcare provider and payer focus) and value
402:
In 2019, Eliza
Strickland calls "the Watson Health story a cautionary tale of hubris and hype" and provides a "representative sample of projects" with their status. A 2021 post from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) titled "What Happened To Watson Health?" described the portfolio
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On
January 7, 2017, IBM and Fukoku Mutual Life Insurance entered into a contract for IBM to deliver analysis to compensation payouts via its IBM Watson Explorer AI, this resulted in the loss of 34 jobs and the company said it would speed up compensation payout analysis via analysing claims and
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Corporation acquired Truven Health
Analytics on February 18, 2016, and merged it with IBM's Watson Health unit. Truven Health Analytics provided comprehensive healthcare data and analytics services, Their solutions included information, analytic tools, benchmarks, research, and services to the
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On July 29, 2016, IBM and
Manipal Hospitals (a leading hospital chain in India) announced the launch of IBM Watson for Oncology, for cancer patients. This product provides information and insights to physicians and cancer patients to help them identify personalized, evidence-based cancer care
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pose a threat to those taking multiple medications simultaneously, and the danger increases with the number of medications being taken. To address the difficulty of tracking all known or suspected drug-drug interactions, machine learning algorithms have been created to extract information on
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has implemented presentations on AI in imaging during its annual meeting. The emergence of AI technology in radiology is perceived as a threat by some specialists, as the technology can achieve improvements in certain statistical metrics in isolated cases, as opposed to specialists.
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data, notes from healthcare providers, research materials, clinical studies, journal articles and patient information. Despite being developed and marketed as a "diagnosis and treatment advisor", Watson has never been actually involved in the medical
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It is said that IBM Watson will carry the knowledge-base of 1000 cancer specialists, which will bring a revolution in the field of healthcare. IBM is regarded as a disruptive innovation. However, the stream of oncology is still in its nascent stage.
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Patcas R, Timofte R, Volokitin A, Agustsson E, Eliades T, Eichenberger M, Bornstein MM (August 2019). "Facial attractiveness of cleft patients: a direct comparison between artificial-intelligence-based scoring and conventional rater groups".
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An article by Jiang, et al. (2017) demonstrated that there are multiple different types of AI techniques that have been used for a variety of different diseases. Some of these techniques discussed by Jiang, et al. include:
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of EHR data has achieved 70–72% accuracy in predicting individualized treatment response at baseline. Meaning that using an AI tool that scans EHR data would pretty accurately predict the cause of disease in a person.
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management challenges of Watson Health given the number of acquisitions involved in the division creation in 2015, and its near-total emphasis on the "Blue
Washing" process over acquisition customer-base needs.
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at that specific site, in those patients involved, with a better average F1 metric (a statistical metric based on accuracy and recall), than the radiologists involved in that trial. The radiology conference in
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The primary aim of health-related AI applications is to analyze relationships between prevention or treatment techniques and patient outcomes. AI programs have been developed and applied to practices such as
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Rajpurkar P, Irvin J, Zhu K, Yang B, Mehta H, Duan T, Ding D, Bagul A, Langlotz C, Shpanskaya K, Lungren MP (2017-11-14). "CheXNet: Radiologist-Level
Pneumonia Detection on Chest X-Rays with Deep Learning".
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allow doctors to submit reports of possible negative reactions to medications. Deep learning algorithms have been developed to parse these reports and detect patterns that imply drug-drug interactions.
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Bahl M, Barzilay R, Yedidia AB, Locascio NJ, Yu L, Lehman CD (March 2018). "High-Risk Breast
Lesions: A Machine Learning Model to Predict Pathologic Upgrade and Reduce Unnecessary Surgical Excision".
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What distinguishes AI technology from traditional technologies in health care is the ability to gain information, process it and give a well-defined output to the end-user. AI does this through
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F. Christopoulou, T. T. Tran, S. K. Sahu, M. Miwa, and S. Ananiadou, “Adverse drug events and medication relation extraction in electronic health records with ensemble deep learning methods.,”
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705:(CVD), which are both in the top ten for causes of death worldwide, and have been the basis behind a lot of the research/testing to help get an accurate diagnosis. Due to such a high
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322:) announced a partnership to utilize Watson's data crunching capability to help suggest treatment options to physicians. Then, in February 2013, IBM and WellPoint gave Watson its first
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options. Manipal
Hospitals is the second hospital in the world to adopt this technology and first in the world to offer it to patients online as an expert second opinion through their
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Other algorithms identify drug-drug interactions from patterns in user-generated content, especially electronic health records and/or adverse event reports. Organizations such as the
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There are many diseases out there but there are also many ways that AI has been used to efficiently and accurately diagnose them. Some of the diseases that are the most notorious are
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for a reported $ 1 billion. On June 30, 2022, Francisco
Partners announced the completion of acquiring Watson Health and launched a healthcare data company named Merative.
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began a pilot program to further the center's "mission to eradicate cancer". However, after spending $ 62 million, the project did not meet its goals and it has been stopped.
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UCAMI HHUU Virgen del Rocio. Sevilla. Spain. Available for members of SEMI at: ponencias de la II ReuniĂłn de
Paciente PluripatolĂłgico y Edad Avanzada Archived 2013-04-14 at
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for US$ 1.25 billion. On June 6, 2012, the sale was finalized and the new company, Truven Health Analytics, became an independent organization solely focused on healthcare.
303:
for a research project to develop a commercial product during the next 18 to 24 months, designed to exploit Watson's clinical decision support capabilities. Physicians at
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To demonstrate some specifics for disease diagnosis/classification, there are two different techniques used in the classification of these diseases which include using "
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M. Herrero-Zazo, I. Segura-Bedmar, P. MartĂnez, and T. Declerck, “The DDI corpus: An annotated corpus with pharmacological substances and drug–drug interactions,”
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433:. As the amount of data increases, AI decision support systems become more efficient. Numerous companies are exploring the possibilities of the incorporation of
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1010:"Francisco Partners - News - Francisco Partners Completes Acquisition of IBM's Healthcare Data and Analytics Assets; Launches Healthcare Data Company Merative"
525:(NHS) to detect certain health risks through data collected via a mobile app. A second project with the NHS involves analysis of medical images collected from
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2722:
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I. Segura-Bedmar, P. MartĂnez, and M. Herrero-Zazo, “SemEval-2013 Task 9: Extraction of drug-drug interactions from biomedical texts (DDIExtraction 2013),”
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in the analysis of complicated medical data. Specifically, AI is the ability for computer algorithms to approximate conclusions without direct human input.
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began a joint project entitled Health Empowerment by Analytics, Learning and Semantics (HEALS), to be explored using AI technology to enhance healthcare.
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240:, including hospitals, government agencies, employers, health plans, clinicians, pharmaceutical, biotech and medical device companies. The company name
725:, and many more. Each of these techniques are described as having a “training goal” so “classifications agree with the outcomes as much as possible…”.
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Watson's natural language, hypothesis generation, and evidence-based learning capabilities are being investigated to see how Watson may contribute to
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B. Bokharaeian and A. Diaz, “Extraction of Drug-Drug Interaction from Literature through Detecting Linguistic-based Negation and Clause Dependency,”
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The subsequent motive of large based health companies merging with other health companies, allows for greater health data accessibility. Greater
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would work to identify the best way that a technology like Watson could interact with medical practitioners to provide the maximum assistance.
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650:
487:
264:
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Garbuio, Massimo; Lin, Nidthida (2019). "Artificial Intelligence as a Growth Engine for Health Care Startups: Emerging Business Models".
920:"IBM Watson Health Announces Plans to Acquire Truven Health Analytics for $ 2.6B, Extending Its Leadership in Value-Based Care Solutions"
2933:
1537:
832:
2543:, “Identification of adverse drug-drug interactions through causal association rule discovery from spontaneous adverse event reports,”
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689:. On average, the human dermatologists accurately detected 86.6% of skin cancers from the images, compared to 95% for the CNN machine.
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Alić B, Gurbeta L, Badnjević A (June 2017). "Machine learning techniques for classification of diabetes and cardiovascular diseases".
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natural language processing (NLP) tools to improve this process. One study conducted by the Centerstone research institute found that
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3420:
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3334:
2146:
Jha S, Topol EJ (December 2016). "Adapting to Artificial Intelligence: Radiologists and Pathologists as Information Specialists".
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2472:"EHRs connect research and practice: Where predictive modeling, artificial intelligence, and clinical decision support intersect"
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divested and spun-off their Watson Health division into Merative. As of 2023, it remains a standalone company headquartered in
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being associated with these diseases, there have been efforts to integrate various methods in helping get accurate diagnosis.
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898:
2191:"Applying artificial intelligence to assess the impact of orthognathic treatment on facial attractiveness and estimated age"
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863:"Merative Officially Welcomes Its India Global Capability and Innovation Centres Across Bangalore Hyderabad and Chennai"
682:
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2010:
Lorenzetti, L. (April 5, 2016). Here's How IBM Watson Health is Transforming the Health Care Industry. Retrieved from
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improve business operations through increasing utilization, decreasing patient boarding, reducing length of stay and
2023:
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3180:
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667:
2634:, “Incorporating User Generated Content for Drug Drug Interaction Extraction Based on Full Attention Mechanism.,”
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Chockley K, Emanuel E (December 2016). "The End of Radiology? Three Threats to the Future Practice of Radiology".
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may aid clinicians in detecting a minute change in an image that a clinician might accidentally miss. A study at
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1932:
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Horvitz EJ, Breese JS, Henrion M (July 1988). "Decision theory in expert systems and artificial intelligence".
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D. Zhou, L. Miao, and Y. He, “Position-aware deep multi-task learning for drug–drug interaction extraction,”
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541:) recently invested in startup Lumiata, which uses AI to identify at-risk patients and develop care options.
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medical record and increase productivity by 30%. The company also said it would save ÂĄ140m in running costs.
149:, is an American medical technology company that provides products and services that help clients facilitate
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process, only in assisting with identifying treatment options for patients who have already been diagnosed.
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1245:"MD Anderson Taps IBM Watson to Power "Moon Shots" Mission Aimed at Ending Cancer, Starting with Leukemia"
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787:. Efforts were consolidated in 2013 in the DDIExtraction Challenge, in which a team of researchers at
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could be detected more accurately by an artificial intelligence system (which used a deep learning
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in October 2012. The company has sent Watson to the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of
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279:; and finally provides a list of individualized, confidence-scored recommendations. The sources of
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On January 21, 2022, IBM announced that it would sell Watson Health to the private equity firm of
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Some other large companies that have contributed to AI algorithms for use in healthcare include:
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In January 2022, IBM announced the sale of part of the Watson Health assets, including Truven to
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until 2008, when, following Thomson's merger with Reuters, it became the healthcare unit of
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1362:"Manipal Hospitals to adopt IBM's 'Watson for Oncology' supercomputer for cancer treatment"
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2011:
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A large part of industry focus of implementation of AI in the healthcare sector is in the
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605:, have developed AI algorithms for their departments. Large technology companies such as
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to use this corpus to standardize the measure of the effectiveness of their algorithms.
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1089:"IBM Watson Helps Fight Cancer with Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment Suggestions"
988:
718:
706:
503:
311:, where the system's technology may be able to contribute. And also, physicians at the
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182:
17:
2442:"Artificial Intelligence | Types of AI | 7 Practical Usage of Artificial Intelligence"
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1220:"Watson Heads to Medical School: Cleveland Clinic, IBM Send Supercomputer to College"
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Recent advances have suggested the use of AI to describe and evaluate the outcome of
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490:'s Knight Cancer Institute, analyzes medical research to predict the most effective
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Patcas R, Bernini DA, Volokitin A, Agustsson E, Rothe R, Timofte R (January 2019).
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1281:"MD Anderson Benches IBM Watson In Setback For Artificial Intelligence In Medicine"
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The following medical fields are of interest in artificial intelligence research:
3809:
1793:"Microsoft will 'solve' cancer within 10 years by 'reprogramming' diseased cells"
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1753:"IBM and Rensselaer Team to Research Chronic Diseases with Cognitive Computing"
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OptimizaciĂłn del tratamiento de enfermos pluripatolĂłgicos en atenciĂłn primaria
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capturing mechanisms (e.g. providing information or connecting stakeholders).
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patients to develop computer vision algorithms to detect cancerous tissues.
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1993:
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Jiang F, Jiang Y, Zhi H, Dong Y, Li H, Ma S, et al. (December 2017).
1729:"From Cancer to Consumer Tech: A Look Inside IBM's Watson Health Strategy"
1036:"Francisco Partners Collects Nearly $ 17 Billion to Back Technology Deals"
569:; algorithms can predict extremely precise, but not the cause or the why.
4000:
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2042:"Providers Embrace Predictive Analytics for Clinical, Financial Benefits"
804:
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308:
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272:
1768:"Microsoft Develops AI to Help Cancer Doctors Find the Right Treatments"
1332:"MANIPAL HOSPITALS ANNOUNCES NATIONAL LAUNCH OF IBM WATSON FOR ONCOLOGY"
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1412:"Japanese company replaces office workers with artificial intelligence"
1304:
1263:"IBM's Watson Now Tackles Clinical Trials At MD Anderson Cancer Center"
384:
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2426:
2401:
1561:"IBM sells Watson Health assets to investment firm Francisco Partners"
4098:
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In February 2011, it was announced that IBM would be partnering with
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2285:"Computer learns to detect skin cancer more accurately than doctors"
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3990:
3904:
2761:
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1565:
1505:"How IBM Watson Overpromised and Underdelivered on AI Health Care"
368:
177:, and other advanced information technology. Merative is owned by
2307:"Artificial intelligence in healthcare: past, present and future"
2066:"Predictive analytics in healthcare helps improve OR utilization"
1386:"Hospitals in Asia use Watson supercomputer for cancer treatment"
982:
Davis, Michelle F.; Deveau, Scott; Davalos, Jackie (2022-01-23).
2985:
2928:
465:
280:
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984:"IBM Sells Some Watson Health Assets for More Than $ 1 Billion"
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http://truvenhealth.com/blog/announcing-truven-health-analytics
275:
history; then examines available data sources to form and test
2696:
2619:
Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics
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2017 6th Mediterranean Conference on Embedded Computing (MECO)
1300:"Doctors Seek Help on Cancer Treatment from IBM Supercomputer"
817:
670:
therapy in regard to facial attractiveness or age appearance.
606:
232:
190:
1201:"IBM's Watson Gets Its First Piece Of Business In Healthcare"
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on analysis of scientific papers to find new connections for
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Bennett, Casey C.; Doub, Thomas W.; Selove, Rebecca (2012).
494:
drug treatment options for patients. Other projects include
379:
system in an effort to recommend treatment for lung cancer.
2653:
1918:
Guide to medical informatics, the Internet and telemedicine
2402:"Trends in telemedicine utilizing artificial intelligence"
945:"IBM to acquire Truven Health Analytics for $ 2.6 billion"
307:
would help to identify critical issues in the practice of
225:. On April 23, 2012, Thomson Reuters agreed to sell it to
1673:"What Doctor? Why AI and robotics will define New Health"
371:
Center for Cancer Medicine and Westmed Medical Group in
2195:
International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2012:
http://fortune.com/ibm-watson-health-business-strategy/
1053:
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387:. Manipal discontinued this contract in December 2018.
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1933:"Artificial Intelligence Is Almost Ready for Business"
244:
is a portmanteau of the words "trusted" and "proven".
131:
1613:"Why You're the Reason For Those Health Care Mergers"
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899:"Veritas completes purchase of Thomson health unit"
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2523:Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Data Mining
1868:"Intel Capital Cancels $ 1 Billion Portfolio Sale"
1177:
969:Announcing Truven Health Analytics. June 6, 2012.
783:interacting drugs and their possible effects from
4145:Medical technology companies of the United States
774:led to the development of algorithms to identify
2919:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1126:"IBM Watson Progress and 2013 Roadmap (Slide 7)"
1034:Kreutzer, Laura; Cooper, Laura (July 12, 2022).
502:progression and the development of programmable
1994:"NHS using Google technology to treat patients"
1638:International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
1445:"How IBM's Watson Will Change The Way We Work"
1059:"Putting Watson to Work: Watson in Healthcare"
636:The ability to interpret imaging results with
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2681:
2300:
2298:
673:In 2018, a paper published in the journal of
287:can include treatment guidelines, electronic
8:
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2113:Journal of the American College of Radiology
2024:"CB Insights Artificial Intelligence report"
30:
1512:: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
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1176:Mathews, Anna Wilde (September 12, 2011).
318:In September 2011, IBM and WellPoint (now
36:
29:
2638:, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 360–367, Jul. 2019.
2608:, vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 914–920, Oct. 2013.
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1818:"NHS teams with Google to treat patients"
1816:Bloch-Budzier, Sarah (22 November 2016).
1589:"What merger mania means for health care"
486:'s Hanover project, in partnership with
422:may allow for more implementation of AI
363:On February 8, 2013, IBM announced that
4140:Software companies of the United States
1987:
1985:
1179:"Wellpoint's New Hire: What is Watson?"
922:. IBM. 18 February 2016. Archived from
854:
644:created an algorithm that could detect
593:and care. Medical institutions such as
4155:Companies based in Ann Arbor, Michigan
1559:Condon, Stephanie (January 21, 2022).
1152:"IBM's Watson heads to medical school"
599:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
488:Oregon Health & Science University
446:Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
414:Industry considerations and challenges
336:Memorial Sloan–Kettering Cancer Center
3054:Center for The Business of Government
2571:
2569:
2555:
2553:
2535:
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2515:
838:Artificial intelligence in healthcare
651:Radiological Society of North America
265:artificial intelligence in healthcare
217:Thomson Healthcare was a division of
7:
3742:
1992:Bloch-Budzier S (22 November 2016).
1843:"Google gets access to cancer scans"
1791:Knapton, Sarah (20 September 2016).
1247:(Press release). IBM. Archived from
2577:Artificial Intelligence In Medicine
2545:Artificial Intelligence In Medicine
2525:, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 203–212, 2016.
1538:Association for Computing Machinery
1150:Wakeman, Nick (February 17, 2011).
1124:Saxena, Manoj (February 13, 2013).
833:Glossary of artificial intelligence
4150:Private equity portfolio companies
3890:George Institute for Global Health
1841:Baraniuk, Chris (31 August 2016).
1727:Lorenzetti, Laura (5 April 2016).
1298:Leske, Nikola (February 9, 2013).
1218:Miliard, Mike (October 30, 2012).
797:FDA Adverse Event Reporting System
468:development. In May 2017, IBM and
25:
2723:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
2621:, vol. 2, pp. 341–350, Jun. 2013.
2606:Journal of Biomedical Informatics
1533:"What Happened To Watson Health?"
1199:Upbin, Bruce (February 8, 2013).
521:platform is being used by the UK
431:clinical decision support systems
341:IBM announced a partnership with
261:clinical decision support systems
3752:
3751:
3741:
3732:
3731:
3421:Sabre airline reservation system
3267:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
2233:European Journal of Orthodontics
2040:HealthITAnalytics (2018-08-08).
1671:Arnold D, Wilson T (June 2017).
1503:Strickland, Eliza (2019-04-02).
470:Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
375:have started to test the Watson
2934:Information Management Software
1892:"Algorithms Need Managers, Too"
549:complex algorithms and software
347:Case Western Reserve University
3841:Contract research organization
3687:International chess tournament
3467:Globally integrated enterprise
3457:Commercial Processing Workload
1941:Massachusetts General Hospital
1410:McCurry, Justin (2017-01-05).
444:Oncology is in development at
1:
4125:2022 mergers and acquisitions
3426:Scanning tunneling microscope
2311:Stroke and Vascular Neurology
537:Intel's venture capital arm (
437:in the health care industry.
2476:Health Policy and Technology
2448:. 2019-07-12. Archived from
1866:Primack, Dan (26 May 2016).
1766:Bass D (20 September 2016).
1704:"The Robot Will See You Now"
1650:10.1016/0888-613x(88)90120-x
1470:California Management Review
1338:. 2016-07-29. Archived from
683:convolutional neural network
547:in healthcare is the use of
3294:Canada Head Office Building
3284:Cambridge Scientific Center
3176:Science Research Associates
2944:Mainframe operating systems
1702:Cohn J (20 February 2013).
772:Natural Language Processing
452:. IBM is also working with
197:with innovation centers in
4171:
3974:Clinical and Healthcare IT
3865:Charles River Laboratories
3860:Cancer Trials Support Unit
3355:Virtual Universe Community
3076:International subsidiaries
2996:Service Automation Manager
2547:, vol. 76, pp. 7–15, 2017.
2498:10.1016/j.hlpt.2012.03.001
2406:AIP Conference Proceedings
2208:10.1016/j.ijom.2018.07.010
2125:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.07.010
1920:. Chapman & Hall, Ltd.
730:Artificial Neural Networks
4036:Tata Consultancy Services
3950:WIL Research Laboratories
3727:
2636:IEEE Trans Nanobioscience
2579:, vol. 87, pp. 1–8, 2018.
2400:Pacis D (February 2018).
2369:10.1109/meco.2017.7977152
1968:10.1148/radiol.2017170549
1931:Power B (19 March 2015).
1531:Meil, Doug (2021-04-21).
1014:www.franciscopartners.com
867:www.businesswireindia.com
801:World Health Organization
752:Electronic health records
358:MD Anderson Cancer Center
187:San Francisco, California
35:
4104:Thermo Fisher Scientific
3915:Labcorp Drug Development
3381:Automated teller machine
3335:The Great Mind Challenge
2718:Mergers and acquisitions
1482:10.1177/0008125618811931
3340:Linux Technology Center
2323:10.1136/svn-2017-000101
2160:10.1001/jama.2016.17438
1937:Harvard Business Review
1896:Harvard Business Review
1366:Business Standard India
1185:The Wall Street Journal
1040:The Wall Street Journal
885:April 25, 2012, at the
828:Artificial intelligence
778:in medical literature.
715:Support vector machines
603:National Health Service
545:Artificial intelligence
523:National Health Service
167:artificial intelligence
27:U.S. healthcare company
18:Truven Health Analytics
3665:Dynamic infrastructure
3630:Big Blue sports teams
3436:Universal Product Code
2363:. IEEE. pp. 1–4.
2119:(12 Pt A): 1415–1420.
901:. Reuters. 6 June 2012
880:Official Press Release
780:Drug-drug interactions
776:drug-drug interactions
703:Cardiovascular Disease
664:maxillo-facial surgery
456:on AI applications in
328:utilization management
324:commercial application
313:University of Maryland
263:, and the increase in
185:firm headquartered in
4099:Syngene International
3797:Vacuum tube computers
3681:IBM and the Holocaust
3646:Common Public License
3531:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
3314:Academy of Technology
2769:Power microprocessors
2588:GarcĂa Morillo, J.S.
2561:J Am Med Inform Assoc
1156:Washington Technology
789:Carlos III University
666:or the assessment of
587:personalized medicine
462:Johnson & Johnson
301:Nuance Communications
283:that Watson uses for
269:medical professionals
165:, through the use of
68:; 2 years ago
4135:Health care software
3411:Magnetic stripe card
3360:World Community Grid
3236:Toronto Software Lab
2892:Carbon Design System
2847:Cell microprocessors
1312:on February 16, 2016
1251:on October 18, 2013.
926:on February 19, 2016
617:solutions that help
615:predictive analytics
99:Gerry McCarthy (CEO)
3955:WNS Global Services
3935:PRA Health Sciences
3875:Craven Laboratories
3675:GUIDE International
3537:Samuel J. Palmisano
3396:Electronic keypunch
3220:One Atlantic Center
3190:Weather Underground
3186:The Weather Company
2418:2018AIPC.1933d0009P
2254:20.500.11850/377316
1342:on November 8, 2016
843:Real world evidence
759:predictive modeling
619:healthcare managers
460:treatment and with
305:Columbia University
238:healthcare industry
219:Thomson Corporation
163:healthcare services
159:real world evidence
118:Number of employees
85:Ann Arbor, Michigan
32:
4051:UnitedHealth Group
4031:Oracle Corporation
4021:Medidata Solutions
3960:Wolfe Laboratories
3777:Personal computers
3767:Midrange computers
3757:Navigational boxes
3650:IBM Public License
3625:A Boy and His Atom
3583:Michelle J. Howard
3525:John Fellows Akers
3507:T. Vincent Learson
3214:1250 René-Lévesque
2954:Planning Analytics
2245:10.1093/ejo/cjz007
1360:ANI (2016-10-28).
1224:Healthcare IT News
951:. 18 February 2016
785:medical literature
675:Annals of Oncology
591:patient monitoring
579:treatment protocol
408:Francisco Partners
249:Francisco Partners
179:Francisco Partners
111:Francisco Partners
66:June 30, 2022
4112:
4111:
3848:Clinical Research
3807:
3806:
3772:Operating systems
3634:American football
3603:Joseph R. Swedish
3598:Martha E. Pollack
3501:Thomas Watson Jr.
3462:Customer engineer
3386:Cynefin framework
3272:Hakozaki Facility
3231:Rome Software Lab
3199:
3198:
3028:
3027:
2981:Rational Software
2880:
2879:
2862:Personal Computer
2857:Midrange computer
2661:IBM Watson Health
2427:10.1063/1.5023979
2378:978-1-5090-6742-8
2154:(22): 2353–2354.
2046:HealthITAnalytics
1916:Coiera E (1997).
1105:on April 26, 2013
766:Drug Interactions
734:Bayesian Networks
693:Disease Diagnosis
625:staffing levels.
551:to emulate human
356:In 2013, IBM and
155:clinical research
147:IBM Watson Health
140:
139:
58:IBM Watson Health
16:(Redirected from
4162:
3885:ePharmaSolutions
3834:
3827:
3820:
3811:
3755:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3495:Thomas J. Watson
3416:Relational model
3365:Think conference
3246:330 North Wabash
3166:Microelectronics
3039:
2964:Quantum Platform
2909:Cognos Analytics
2747:
2740:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2667:
2657:
2656:
2654:Official website
2639:
2628:
2622:
2615:
2609:
2602:
2596:
2586:
2580:
2573:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2519:
2510:
2509:
2491:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:on July 17, 2019
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2356:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2302:
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2292:
2281:
2275:
2274:
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2227:
2221:
2220:
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2179:
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2101:
2099:
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2079:
2077:
2076:
2062:
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2055:
2053:
2052:
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2020:
2014:
2008:
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1979:
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1944:
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1373:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1308:. Archived from
1295:
1289:
1288:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
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1104:
1098:. Archived from
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1069:on July 22, 2012
1065:. Archived from
1055:
1044:
1043:
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1006:
1000:
999:
997:
996:
979:
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960:
958:
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932:
931:
916:
910:
909:
907:
906:
895:
889:
877:
871:
870:
859:
799:(FAERS) and the
770:Improvements in
744:The increase of
583:drug development
560:machine learning
450:Cleveland Clinic
351:Cleveland Clinic
343:Cleveland Clinic
151:medical research
136:
133:
76:
74:
69:
40:
33:
21:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4164:
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4161:
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4159:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4072:
3969:
3843:
3838:
3808:
3803:
3723:
3709:SHARE computing
3670:GlobalFoundries
3612:
3560:
3554:
3481:
3440:
3431:Financial swaps
3406:Hard disk drive
3369:
3303:
3277:Yamato Facility
3195:
3102:
3034:
3024:
2991:Tivoli Software
2876:
2830:
2729:
2699:
2694:
2652:
2651:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2567:
2558:
2551:
2538:
2529:
2520:
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2469:
2468:
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2379:
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2183:
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2087:
2083:
2074:
2072:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2029:. 28 June 2016.
2026:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1930:
1929:
1925:
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1890:
1889:
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1876:
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1003:
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942:
938:
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913:
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902:
897:
896:
892:
887:Wayback Machine
878:
874:
861:
860:
856:
851:
814:
768:
754:
742:
719:neural networks
695:
677:mentioned that
660:
634:
595:The Mayo Clinic
535:
512:
481:
458:chronic disease
416:
257:
227:Veritas Capital
223:Thomson Reuters
215:
175:cloud computing
130:
119:
102:
93:
72:
70:
67:
28:
23:
22:
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12:
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3739:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3694:
3692:Lucifer cipher
3689:
3684:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3608:Peter R. Voser
3605:
3600:
3595:
3593:Andrew Liveris
3590:
3588:Arvind Krishna
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3552:
3549:Arvind Krishna
3546:
3540:
3534:
3528:
3522:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3498:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
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3479:
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3459:
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3442:
3441:
3439:
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3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
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3352:
3350:Smarter Planet
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3242:IBM Buildings
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3227:Software Labs
3225:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3216:, Montreal, QC
3207:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3181:Service Bureau
3178:
3173:
3171:Product Center
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3136:Ambra Computer
3133:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3066:
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3051:
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3036:
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3025:
3023:
3022:
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3016:
3015:
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3000:
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2998:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Lotus Software
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
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2869:
2864:
2859:
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2836:
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2816:
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2806:
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2792:
2791:
2786:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2753:
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2744:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2646:External links
2644:
2641:
2640:
2623:
2610:
2597:
2581:
2565:
2549:
2527:
2511:
2482:(2): 105–114.
2462:
2433:
2392:
2377:
2346:
2317:(4): 230–243.
2294:
2291:. 29 May 2018.
2276:
2239:(4): 428–433.
2222:
2181:
2138:
2103:
2081:
2070:SearchHealthIT
2057:
2032:
2015:
2003:
1981:
1962:(3): 810–818.
1946:
1923:
1908:
1883:
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539:Intel Capital
532:
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496:medical image
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143:Merative L.P.
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47:
43:
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34:
31:Merative L.P.
19:
4025:
3696:
3679:
3660:Deep Thought
3623:
3551:(since 2020)
3519:John R. Opel
3477:Think slogan
3318:Deep Thunder
3160:
3124:Kaleida Labs
3119:AIM alliance
2804:Q System Two
2799:Q System One
2635:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2605:
2600:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2563:, Aug. 2019.
2560:
2544:
2540:
2522:
2479:
2475:
2465:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2445:
2436:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2360:
2314:
2310:
2289:The Guardian
2288:
2279:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2201:(1): 77–83.
2198:
2194:
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2151:
2147:
2141:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2069:
2060:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2018:
2006:
1997:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1898:. 2016-01-01
1895:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1871:
1861:
1850:. Retrieved
1846:
1836:
1825:. Retrieved
1821:
1811:
1800:. Retrieved
1796:
1786:
1775:. Retrieved
1771:
1761:
1747:
1736:. Retrieved
1732:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1708:The Atlantic
1707:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1679:
1666:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:
1607:
1596:. Retrieved
1592:
1582:
1570:. Retrieved
1564:
1554:
1543:. Retrieved
1536:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1508:
1498:
1476:(2): 59–83.
1473:
1469:
1463:
1452:. Retrieved
1448:
1438:
1427:. Retrieved
1416:The Guardian
1415:
1405:
1394:. Retrieved
1392:. 2016-08-19
1389:
1380:
1369:. Retrieved
1365:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1326:
1316:November 11,
1314:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1303:
1293:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1257:
1249:the original
1239:
1229:November 11,
1227:. Retrieved
1223:
1213:
1204:
1194:
1183:
1171:
1161:February 19,
1159:. Retrieved
1155:
1145:
1135:November 12,
1133:. Retrieved
1129:
1119:
1109:November 12,
1107:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1095:
1083:
1073:November 11,
1071:. Retrieved
1067:the original
1062:
1039:
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1016:. 2022-06-30
1013:
1004:
993:. Retrieved
987:
977:
965:
953:. Retrieved
948:
939:
928:. Retrieved
924:the original
914:
903:. Retrieved
893:
875:
866:
857:
794:
769:
755:
746:Telemedicine
743:
727:
711:
696:
672:
668:cleft palate
661:
635:
627:
571:
557:
543:
536:
513:
498:analysis of
482:
474:
439:
428:
417:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
381:
362:
355:
340:
317:
298:
258:
255:Advancements
246:
241:
231:
216:
146:
142:
141:
81:Headquarters
45:Company type
4016:LTIMindtree
3965:Wuxi Apptec
3792:Typewriters
3698:Mathematica
3639:Rugby union
3578:Alex Gorsky
3545:(2012–2020)
3539:(2002–2011)
3533:(1993–2002)
3527:(1985–1993)
3521:(1981–1985)
3515:(1973–1981)
3509:(1971–1973)
3503:(1956–1971)
3497:(1914–1956)
3445:Terminology
3401:Floppy disk
3345:SkillsBuild
3308:Initiatives
3289:IBM Hursley
3263:Facilities
2914:Connections
2784:FlashSystem
1572:January 21,
679:skin cancer
577:processes,
567:black boxes
420:health data
365:oncologists
332:lung cancer
267:for use by
189:. In 2022,
145:, formerly
122:1,000–5,000
55:Predecessor
4119:Categories
3940:Retrogenix
3787:System/370
3782:System/360
3573:David Farr
3472:e-business
3374:Inventions
3323:Develothon
3204:Facilities
3064:Promontory
3059:Consulting
2456:2019-07-27
2446:Talky Blog
2097:1711.05225
2075:2019-01-16
2051:2019-01-16
1902:2018-10-08
1877:2018-10-26
1852:2018-10-16
1827:2018-10-16
1802:2018-10-16
1777:2018-10-26
1738:2018-10-26
1713:2018-10-26
1622:2018-04-10
1598:2018-04-11
1545:2019-04-21
1540::BLOG@CACM
1517:2019-04-04
1454:2017-08-08
1429:2017-01-29
1396:2017-01-17
1371:2017-01-17
1346:2017-01-17
1020:2022-07-28
995:2022-01-23
930:2016-02-19
905:2012-07-08
849:References
823:IBM Watson
740:Telehealth
732:(ANN) and
685:) than by
623:optimizing
563:algorithms
454:CVS Health
424:algorithms
277:hypotheses
273:hereditary
92:Key people
73:2022-06-30
4041:Cognizant
3986:Clarivate
3981:Accenture
3930:PPD, Inc.
3655:Deep Blue
3561:directors
3020:WebSphere
2959:PureQuery
2867:Selectric
2842:Blue Gene
2757:Mainframe
2489:1204.4927
1956:Radiology
1772:Bloomberg
1687:8 October
1658:0888-613X
1490:158219917
1424:0261-3077
955:24 August
803:’s (WHO)
646:pneumonia
638:radiology
632:Radiology
575:diagnosis
553:cognition
484:Microsoft
479:Microsoft
294:diagnosis
203:Bengaluru
199:Hyderabad
195:Ann Arbor
4026:Merative
4001:Indegene
3900:Icosagen
3895:ICON PLC
3880:Dokumeds
3737:Category
3704:IBM Plex
3559:Board of
3452:Big Blue
3252:Honolulu
3161:Merative
3146:EduQuest
3129:Taligent
3098:Research
3035:entities
3033:Business
2974:OpenQASM
2902:Cloudant
2872:ThinkPad
2795:Quantum
2743:Hardware
2735:Products
2506:25022446
2387:22942669
2341:29507784
2271:73507799
2263:30788496
2217:30087062
2168:27898975
2133:27652572
1998:BBC News
1976:29039725
1847:BBC News
1822:BBC News
1593:CNNMoney
883:Archived
812:See also
805:VigiBase
699:Diabetes
642:Stanford
519:DeepMind
435:big data
373:New York
309:medicine
285:analysis
132:merative
4094:Labcorp
4084:Cencora
4011:Infosys
4006:Informa
3996:HCLTech
3925:Parexel
3920:Medpace
3910:KCR CRO
3747:Commons
3714:ScicomP
3257:Seattle
3210:Towers
3156:Lexmark
3151:Kyndryl
3093:Red Hat
3042:Current
3013:Granite
3008:Watsonx
2924:Fortran
2852:PowerPC
2779:Storage
2750:Current
2713:History
2705:History
2539:R. Cai
2414:Bibcode
2332:5829945
2176:3662362
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1733:Fortune
1617:Fortune
1305:Reuters
949:Reuters
658:Imaging
385:website
367:at the
213:History
207:Chennai
127:Website
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4089:Cytiva
3870:CLARIO
3719:Unions
3330:Fellow
3141:Cognos
3114:AdStar
3107:Former
3071:Kenexa
3049:Apptio
3003:Watson
2969:Qiskit
2835:Former
2824:Condor
2814:Osprey
2789:DS8000
2632:et al.
2630:B. Xu
2541:et al.
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1205:Forbes
701:, and
611:Google
601:, and
589:, and
515:Google
510:Google
492:cancer
442:Watson
440:IBM's
326:, for
320:Anthem
242:Truven
205:, and
161:, and
4068:Wipro
4056:Optum
3991:Cytel
3905:IQVIA
3855:Calyx
3617:Other
3088:Press
3081:India
2897:Cloud
2885:Other
2819:Heron
2809:Eagle
2762:IBM Z
2502:S2CID
2484:arXiv
2383:S2CID
2267:S2CID
2172:S2CID
2092:arXiv
2027:(PDF)
1676:(PDF)
1566:ZDNet
1486:S2CID
1103:(PDF)
1092:(PDF)
533:Intel
504:cells
500:tumor
369:Maine
107:Owner
3762:FOSS
3487:CEOs
3391:DRAM
2986:SPSS
2929:ILOG
2410:1933
2373:ISBN
2337:PMID
2259:PMID
2213:PMID
2164:PMID
2148:JAMA
2129:PMID
1972:PMID
1689:2018
1654:ISSN
1574:2022
1420:ISSN
1390:STAT
1318:2013
1231:2013
1163:2011
1137:2013
1111:2013
1075:2013
957:2016
609:and
466:drug
448:and
281:data
134:.com
2697:IBM
2494:doi
2422:doi
2365:doi
2327:PMC
2319:doi
2249:hdl
2241:doi
2203:doi
2156:doi
2152:316
2121:doi
1964:doi
1960:286
1681:PwC
1646:doi
1478:doi
1130:IBM
1096:IBM
1063:IBM
818:IBM
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