Tzaraath - Knowledge (XXG)

2426: 1019:, both male lambs. One who could not afford this sacrifice would instead offer birds rather than lambs for the sin-offering and burnt-offering. Blood from the slaughtered guilt-offering was placed on his right ear, right thumb and right big toe; then some of the oil for the sacrifice was poured into the priest's left palm, and applied with the priest's right forefinger onto the 2043: 2434: 56: 3167: 1278:

completely burnt; if a lesion reappears on the garment but not on the patch, the garment must be burned but the patch can be saved. To recapitulate, if the lesion remained as it was after the first week of confinement, it is washed and reconfined. If it remained as it was after the second week of confinement, it is burned.

2398:

in the skin, with, for example, spreading of the infection being tested for by isolating the fabric in question for first 7 days. The principal symptoms are described as being green or red spots, which spread within a week, or that do not change appearance at all after a fortnight, having been washed

1716:

At least two afflicted stones are necessary for removal of any stones and at least two new stones must be used to fill the void. If the afflicted wall is shared by two houses owned by two neighbors, both neighbors must help to remove the afflicted stones, scrape and place the new stones, but only the

1487:

must be able to see the entirety of the lesion. Thus, if the skin eruption or bald spot wraps around either the body or body parts, or occurs at the tip of terminal body parts—any place that would preclude the observation of the entire lesion at one time (i.e. wrapping around the torso, scalp or arm,

1006:

then waited for seven days to begin the final steps of his purification ceremony; in this period he must avoid his own home, but may mix with other people. On the seventh day, he again washed his garments from impurity and again shaves off all of his hair, and was then deemed pure. On the eighth day,

822:

For bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard, another confinement period of seven days is imposed. However, prior to this second confinement period, the individual is shaved around the lesion, but not in the lesion itself; according to the rabbis, a rim of two hairs surrounding the bald spot is

1541:

do not render impurity on parts of the body that are naturally concealed by other parts of the body according to specific regulations. For skin eruptions on the legs, men are inspected standing as though they are hoeing and women standing as though they are rolling dough. For eruptions on the arms,

1936:

of houses as having a practical benefit. According to one, as well as being a punishment for miserliness, it also demonstrated that the house owner was lying, if they had said they did not own certain objects neighbours had asked to borrow, since the biblical regulations require the house owner to

849:

have been met, either during the initial inspection or at either of the two follow-ups (when applicable) or even after a previous pronouncement of purity, the individual is declared impure. The individual is declared impure even if the lesion did not worsen or spread but remained the same—the skin

645:

covers a person's entire body, it is considered pure, and no isolation or purification ritual is needed. However, according to a minority interpretation, it is not the entire body, but the entire lesion (including any "islands" of previously healthy skin within the lesion) which must be covered by

1377:

infections in houses were to be treated similarly harshly according to the biblical regulations, and didn't have any exceptions; stones showing the symptoms had to be removed, and the house had to be scraped, with the removed stones and scraped-off clay being cast into a rubbish heap outside the

601:

consists of an abnormal skin texture as well as color. However, rabbinic interpretation almost universally concluded that these three terms refer to different shades of color (white like wool or like snow, etc.) rather than different textures. The rabbis even argued the phrase "its appearance is

1277:

tears the area with the eruption from the garment and burns the torn out portion completely. The torn out area is patched to allow for a reinspection of the area for return of the lesion. If, the eruption returns to the patch, there is no confinement period instituted and the entire garment is

2310:

in fact corresponds to no naturally occurring disease: "By establishing rigid criteria, almost everyone who was examined was destined to fail to meet the criteria for diagnosis. Therefore this passage was designed to integrate persons with disfiguring skin diseases back into society, not to

2350:. The symptoms that the text considers to be indicative of disease include those of the spread of superficial swellings or spots (where there had previously been a boil), and those of reddish-white sores in areas of baldness; the former condition is identified by the Bible as 2445:

as infecting the walls of houses; the symptoms it describes are depressions in the wall, which are green or red, and spread over a period of seven days. The description is regarded by scholars as again being strikingly similar to the wording of the description of

1378:

city, and if the infection returned once replacement stones were laid and daubed with clay, then the whole house had to be dismantled, with the rubble again going to the tip outside the city. Additionally, people who had been in a house while it was infected with

1978:; to speak derogatorily about others to one's friends is likened to birds, who chatter endlessly. Similarly, the one who speaks ill of others is haughty, holding himself or herself high above others, like the tall cedar. To be healed, the 2338:. Among other situations the text considers harmless are the appearance of dull white spots, white patches of skin without sores, and baldness without sores; the latter two of these are thought by scholars to most probably refer to 2021:

nowadays, since there are currently no priests with proven priestly lineage who can declare this status, or else because current priests do not have the necessary tradition or knowledge to determine the status, or because the

1697:, although an even mixture of sheep's wool and another type of wool (camel's wool, for example) can be afflicted. In a similar vein, a mixture of plant fibers containing linen is insusceptible unless it is at least half linen. 885:. They must tear their garments, keep their hair unkept or uncut (פרוע), and cover their upper lip; these practices are expressions of mourning. In a different interpretation, the mouth must be covered, to prevent contagion. 1347:

sees that the eruption has spread beyond what it had been, the afflicted stones are removed, the area around the afflicted stones is scraped and both the removed stones and clay plaster are cast into a place of impurity.

1324:

will then command that they empty the house of all of its contents prior to his inspection; this is to prevent further financial loss, because should the house be confined, everything within it became impure as well.

2399:

after the first week, or that return a week after having been torn out, if they also had faded with washing prior to being torn out. These descriptions are regarded by scholars as most probably indicative of certain

1746:

Only houses that possess four walls and four corners are susceptible. Similarly, only those houses that rest on the ground are susceptible, to the exclusion of those that are suspended above ground or are built on a

1037:, with the living bird representing the departure of ritual impurity. Hyssop might simply be a good implement to use for sprinkling, with cedar-wood perhaps having alleged medicinal properties. Alternatively, 2085:, which, owing to the undeveloped state of medical science at that period, were not distinguished. A wide range of diseases, infections, and skin conditions known to modern medicine have been suggested as 1246:

for inspection. A garment cannot be declared impure upon initial examination; rather, it is confined for seven days, and if on the seventh day, the eruption has spread, the garment is declared impure with

747:, the lesion must be a white patch tinged with red (נגע לבן אדמדם). This can occur in one of two places: within what are referred to as a man's posterior baldness (קרחת) and anterior baldness (גבחת). 1768:

Two storey houses are treated as two distinct houses and the beams that serve as the floor of the upper storey and the roof of the lower storey are allowed to remain with whichever house remains.

1921:(for 1. rebelling against Elisha's decision to not take payment for a miracle God had worked 2. working deceitfully to take the payment 3. lying to Elisha, saying he hadn't done the thing); and 831:

have still not been met, the individual is declared pure. He or she, must, however, wash both his or her body and garments; due to the confinement, he or she is considered impure in some sense.

1093:

would believe that God had sent him. God provides him with two signs to prove his mission: turning his rod into a snake and then back into a rod, and turning his hand into being stricken with

4499: 1452:

occurring where boils had previously healed, but not where unhealed boils exist, the Mishnah maintains that the appearance of the other symptoms in an unhealed boil or burn do not indicate

1578:

Even on the days when inspections are performed, they are only allowed for two hours each day: during the fourth and eighth hour of the day (corresponding roughly to 9–10 AM and 2–3 PM).

800:

If the criteria are not met by the lesion during the initial examination, the individual is confined to his home for seven days, pending a follow-up examination. If the criteria for

1120:

but must remain in confinement for seven days. The Torah, however, does not indicate that she went through any purification process similar to what is normally required. Miriam's

1634:

was not allowed into Temple grounds prior to his purification process, while the blood of the offering was not allowed out of the Temple grounds. To reconcile this dilemma, the

1266:

may instruct that the garment with the eruption be washed and confined once more for seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation after the second seven days of confinement, the

1586:

lesion, he becomes impure, even if he had no confirming signs. He may become pure only after another lesion forms. The exception is when a lesion appears on the tip of the

857:, not on any possible medical danger. The commands repeatedly discuss the sufferer's "pure" or "impure" status, only rarely mentioning "healing", and no Biblical story of 1898:

in the third stage of Rabbah's scheme, the clothes must be burnt, and the infection enters the person's skin; if repentance occurs here then purification could occur.

1332:

comes to perform the inspection, he looks for lesions on the wall that appear either intense green (ירקרקת) or intense red (אדמדמת) and that appear sunken below the

4519: 1775:(not, for example, barns or cattle stalls) and only houses that exist within the region of land originally divided among the 12 tribes, because the verse refers to 739:

if they meet the criteria mentioned by the Torah. Such an eruption on a bald scalp must appear in a distinct fashion, but is regulated by rules similar to that of

3438: 3063:

Hulse, E. V. (1976). The Nature of Biblical “leprosy” and the use of Alternative Medical terms in Modern translations of the Bible. Medical History, 20(02), 203.

2303:, chapter 1) also does not mention this characteristic. However Katzenelson concluded his analysis by listing many unanswered difficulties with Minh's opinion. 1467:, those on the extremities of the body (such as the fingers, toes, ears, nose, breasts, etc.), and those that occur in hairy parts of the body, do not indicate 4389: 482:

affects the skin in a manner resembling a wasp's sting. Other theories suggest a connection to the roots שרע ("to spread") or זרע ("seed", i.e. a growth).

215: 187: 2999:; this is especially necessary according to Maimonides, who asserts that these lesions manifest as pure hair loss without any concomitant skin eruption. 1888:

the first stage in the Rabbah's view was the infection of homes, and if repentance came here it only required removal of the affected stones for a cure.

666:

and do not carry impurity. During the healing phases of these wounds, however, if certain signs that mimic those of the aforementioned patches appear,

1124:

is described as "like snow", perhaps less due to the white color than due to the production of skin flakes, which is common in various skin diseases.

981:. "Living" water was placed in an earthenware vessel, over which one of the birds was slaughtered and into which the blood was allowed to run. The 1753:

only affects houses that are built entirely out of stones, wood and clay plaster. If any of the four walls are built or internally overlaid with

924:, if the white hairs were plucked before the inspection then the person was not declared impure. Similarly, in the Biblical description of house- 2033:

is not regarded as a direct Divine punishment with a ritual remedy, but rather as a normal physical disease whose treatment is purely medical.

1638:

stuck these body parts through the gateway one at a time to receive the blood. The same was done with the oil from the flour offerings of the

2219:

the additional presence of bodily sores, and swellings or spots where there previously had been a boil, is one of the classical symptoms of

827:

After the second confinement period of seven days, those with skin patches or bald patches are re-evaluated once more. If the criteria for

1351:

The void is filled with new stones and clay plaster and the house is confined for another seven days. If upon a second re-evaluation, the

1895:

would not go away, and the infection came upon one's clothes; if repentance came here it required only washing of the clothes for a cure.

182: 3425: 4514: 1707:

if it is artificially dyed. If, however, the item is naturally colored (such as wool from a black sheep), it can be rendered impure.

1237:) eruption. This has been interpreted as either a intense color ("the greenest of greens") or a mild one ("less than fully green"). 436: 928:, individuals are encouraged to remove their belongings from the house before the house and its contents are pronounced impure. 638:

rather than an individual condition; in which case, the rabbinic interpretation may also be the original meaning of the verses.

1929: 1430: 1393:, and two birds. However, the second half of the person's purification ritual, involving Temple sacrifices, was not performed. 1382:

was considered ritually impure until the evening came, and anyone who had eaten or slept there had to also wash their clothes.

1298:

that faded after washing but came back after being torn out, in which case it could be considered ritually pure as soon as the

208: 2162: 1901:

in the fourth stage, which only occurs when the person has completely refused to repent, the person is forced to dwell alone.

777:, examines the lesion according to the previously mentioned criteria, and determine whether it meets the specifications of 1820:

and forgiveness. The verse itself arguably suggests this, as it directs those who find themselves afflicted to seek out a

574:

spreading (ואם פשה תפשה המספחת בעור) – if the patch became enlarged since the time of the initial examination by the Kohen

1542:

men raise their arms as though they are picking olives and women raise their arms as though they are weaving or spinning.

2722:

John F. A. Sawyer, "A Note on the Etymology of ṣāra'at", Vetus Testamentum, Vol. 26, Fasc. 2 (Apr., 1976), pp. 241–245

2225:

the additional presence of sores on the head or chin is thought by scholars to most probably indicate the presence of

305: 1270:

sees that the eruption did not dim and did not spread, the garment is declared impure and must be completely burnt.

804:

are again not met and the lesion has not spread, there is a difference in protocol depending on the type of lesion.

4108: 201: 896:, regard this as the first model of sanitary legislation. Nevertheless, some (though not all) Talmudic laws treat 2006:

nowadays, but this is practically irrelevant, because in the absence of a Temple it is impossible to perform the

1658: 1314:

mentioned by the Torah affects buildings. If an individual notices an affliction on his house, he is to inform a

2450:

infections in the skin, but still somewhat obscure; it would seem to fit some form of fungal growth, especially

1998:

are not practiced by contemporary Jews. Several approaches have been suggested to explain why this is the case:

2150: 1016: 1824:(priest) and not a doctor, even though generally the Torah encourages seeking medical treatment from doctors. 1389:

received a purification ritual virtually identical to that of a healed person, involving cedar-wood, scarlet,

2192:

the whitening of the skin over the whole body with sores, is considered by scholars to be most indicative of

1026:

right ear lobe, right thumb, and right big toe. The rest of the oil from the priest's palm was poured on the

712:

thin yellow hair (ובו שער צהב דק) – if at least two-and-a-half hairs from within the bald patch turn yellow (

3185: 2611:, vol. 61, University of California Press, National Association of Biology Teachers, pp. 490–495, 2214: 2106: 1717:

owner of the house whose interior was afflicted performs the replastering. It is from this ruling that the

4097: 2273:, as it is non-contagious, cause the hair located within the discolored area to turn white (also known as 2204:

the spreading of swellings or spots in a burn injury, according to scholars, is most probably a result of

2166: 2098: 2086: 2053:, (1846–1917) devoted a portion of his work on talmudic medicine to the analysis of the parallels between 1605:

The sprinkling was done onto the back of his hand, or else (according to another opinion) on his forehead.

1367:

does not return, the house is pronounced pure, and the same purification process mentioned in relation to

1158: 850:

eruption must become dimmer in appearance for it to be declared pure at the second follow-up examination.

86: 2213:

the additional presence of swellings or spots in a burn injury are thought by scholars most likely to be

2282: 2050: 1817: 1797: 1441:

argues that plucking out the white hair was all that was required for the disease not to be considered

571:

healthy flesh (ומחית בשר חי) – if skin of a normal appearance appears within the confines of the patch

2698: 2378:

is described by Leviticus as being able to infect historically common clothing fabrics, specifically

1873:

is a "divine retribution for the offender's failure to feel the needs and share the hurt of others."

1646:

lost any of these body parts after he was ready for purification, he could never obtain purification.

1281:

If, however, upon the second re-evaluation, the lesion disappears, the garment must be immersed in a

2346:, respectively, and the Bible remarks that the former – the dull white spots – are merely a form of 2178: 2158: 2110: 1336:

of the wall's surface (שפל מן הקיר, literally "lower than the wall"). If this is what he sees, the

1333: 1008: 920:

s inspection could be delayed until after the celebrations; in cases where white hair is a sign of

394: 364: 254: 2278: 1884:

as increasing levels of punishment, which could be curtailed at any stage if repentance was made:

1869:(slanderer). One modern source asserts that as a "physical manifestation of a spiritual malaise," 1207:: either unworked leather (עור) or finished leather (כל מלאכת עור, literally "all worked leather") 958:) undergo a number of ritual events, some occurring immediately, and some occurring a week later. 389:

and similar skin conditions; at the time Hansen's disease was known in Greek by a different term (

4427: 2620: 2547: 2331: 2250: 1784: 1783:, because it was not given as an inheritance to any one tribe, but rather held jointly by all of 937: 893: 285: 269:

generally involves patches that are white and contain unusually colored hair. Clothing and house

177: 134: 2362:, while the latter is unidentified in the biblical text, but considered by scholars to indicate 1563:

on his flesh, garments or house. Similarly, there are no inspections carried out on the days of

987:

then dipped the remaining bird and other items into the bloodied water, and sprinkled it on the

881:(מצורע). Such individuals must live alone outside the confines of their community, and call out 4162: 834:

If the lesion was declared ritually pure and later it spread, it must be shown once again to a

719:

spreading (והנה פשה הנתק בעור) – if the balding spreads, according to Maimonides. According to

4490: 4419: 4208: 4088: 3541: 3118: 2589: 2114: 1034: 720: 289: 262: 65: 44: 2711: 4409: 4401: 4142: 3145:

16:3 - one must distance oneself from a leper, and distance further when the wind is blowing

3142: 2612: 2581: 2118: 1982:

must erase arrogance, making themselves lowly like a worm. This is a play on words—the word

1499:

who is blind in one eye or who cannot see well may not perform the inspections. An eligible

853:

The biblical emphasis appears to be on the ritual impurity that results from a diagnosis of

723:, who quotes the Tosefta, this spreading would refer to spreading of a skin change as well ( 398: 309: 4480: 4138: 3624: 3530: 3180: 3102: 2996: 1909:

is stated to have received the condition due to some violation of biblical laws, including

3024: 2266: 2138: 2122: 1779:(בית ארץ אחזתכם, "a house of the land of your inheritance"); this also excludes houses in 889: 448: 234: 4187: 1649:

The remaining portion of the olive oil from the purification offering, called in Hebrew

614:(both terms which may refer to color and not texture) are later discussed individually ( 4071: 4060: 3176: 2585: 2425: 2134: 1957:

required the house owner to remove the bricks, and so find the treasures hidden there.

1925:

for burning incense in the Temple (a ritual whose performance was limited to priests).

1877: 1594:, which is permitted, because a positive commandment overrides a negative commandment. 1220: 1012: 913: 905: 440: 101: 2334:, the biblical text mentions a number of other conditions that could be confused with 1437:

In the group of symptoms where the hair of the inflicted region has turned white, the

1033:

Some scholars speculate that the initial ritual may have originally been connected to

4508: 3171: 2897: 2812: 2400: 2154: 2082: 2046: 1961: 970: 444: 111: 597:("a bright spot"). The meaning of these terms is obscure, but they may suggest that 4431: 2664: 2663:

3.20 (plural), Prorrh.2.43 (pl.), Epid.5.9 (sg.), Morb.1.3 (sg.), Arist.Pr.887a34,

2607:

Eichman, Phillip (1999), "The History, Biology, & Medical Aspects of Leprosy",

2327: 2246: 2023: 2010:

purification ritual, and because since the exile there is no commandment to remove

1591: 1255:, the garment, whether wool, linen or leather, is completely burnt in fire; if the 1086: 974: 701:

is characterized by hair loss without any change to the skin of the bald spot. The

606:) refers to color ("deeper" presumed by the rabbis to mean "of lighter color"). As 564:

white hair (והיא הפכה שיער לבן) – if at least two hairs within the confines of the

1700:

The leather referred to by the Torah does not include the hides of marine animals.

397:

increased as the latter disease spread more widely, and was firmly established by

55: 1172:

after offering incense in the Temple, a task forbidden to all except the priests.

2657: 2405: 2174: 1974: 1833: 1215:

may appear uniformly throughout the fabric, or else be limited to the garment's

402: 3486: 1475:

Rabbinic literature describes additional laws regarding priest's inspection of

1460:, unless the other symptoms occur in parts of the body not previously diseased. 680:

spreading (ואם פשה תפשה בעור and אם פשה תפשה בעור) – similar to that in patches

427:(to peel), hence 'leprosy' (literally, morbid scaliness). Variants of the word 4466: 4455: 4444: 4376: 4365: 4354: 4343: 4329: 4318: 4307: 4296: 4285: 4274: 4263: 4249: 3768: 3757: 3746: 3735: 3706: 3678: 3667: 3663: 3648: 3585: 3574: 3563: 3552: 3519: 3508: 3497: 3482: 3471: 3449: 3386: 3375: 3364: 3353: 3342: 3331: 3226: 3106: 3091: 3072: 2985: 2974: 2930: 2893: 2882: 2878: 2867: 2863: 2839: 2828: 2787: 2760: 2572:

Grzybowski, Andrzej; Nita, Małgorzata (January 2016). "Leprosy in the Bible".

2526: 2522: 2511: 2500: 2414: 2205: 1950: 1805: 1765:, and a house cannot be rendered impure unless all four walls are susceptible. 1456:, and that if the boil or burn subsequently heals, it still does not indicate 1414: 1150: 1098: 1090: 1046: 1042: 954:

had been cured, the biblical text requires that the formerly infected person (

950:, who leaves the community to examine him. When the priest had certified that 909: 724: 713: 694: 677:

white hair (ושערה הפך לבן and נהפך שער לבן בבהרת) – similar to that in patches

615: 540: 533: 529: 368: 129: 96: 4238: 3460: 3320: 3309: 3295: 3281: 3270: 3259: 3248: 3237: 3076: 3046: 3035: 3013: 2963: 2952: 2941: 2798: 2748: 2489: 1861:

behavior. Elsewhere, the connection with gossip is supported by the wordplay

1488:

or occurring at the tip of a finger or toe) – there can be no declaration of

1078: 1054: 619: 603: 582: 522: 4126: 4119: 3689: 2650: 2355: 2193: 2094: 2042: 1946: 1937:

take all their possessions outside prior to confinement. On the other hand,

1780: 1724:(אוי לרשע אוי לשכנו, "Woe to the wicked! Woe to his neighbor!") originates. 1703:

The fabric of wool or linen or leather article cannot be rendered impure by

455: 386: 4423: 4212: 2593: 1116:

asks Moses to cure her. Moses prays for his sister and she is cured of the

743:

on the skin; however, it can only occur on men. For a scalp eruption to be

4405: 1294:

were required by the text to be burnt entirely, unless it was the form of

1161:, and were the first to discover that the besieging Aramean army had fled. 2359: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2274: 2262: 2226: 2199: 2130: 2126: 2054: 1587: 1564: 257:, the disease known as "leprosy" in modern times), is a term used in the 3170: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 2551: 2433: 1964:

wood, and worm - were specifically included to deliver a message to the

1503:

may inspect anyone, including his relatives, except himself. Even a non-

1053:

which also appear in the ceremony of purification from corpse-impurity (

904:

were not considered ritually impure; in special circumstances (during a

292:, and several Biblical stories describe individuals who have contracted 265:

disfigurative conditions of the human skin, clothing, and houses. Skin

17: 4093: 2624: 2539: 2451: 2387: 2220: 2170: 2146: 1736: 1718: 1679: 1657:

at the completion of his service. This portion is listed as one of the

1568: 1549: 1438: 1410: 1204: 1030:'s head. Finally, the sin-offering and burnt-offering were sacrificed. 996: 702: 659: 106: 2476:

D. L. Kaplan, "Biblical leprosy: an anachronism whose time has come",

2198:

the spreading of sores is regarded by scholars as most symptomatic of

808:

For skin patches, another confinement period of seven days is imposed.

781:. If during the initial examination the lesion meets the criteria for 4414: 4122: 2410: 2300: 2296: 2062: 1922: 1918: 1842: 1838: 1754: 1572: 1464: 1433:

took an extremely literal view. This is shown in the following laws:

1283: 1165: 1139: 1135: 1127: 1105: 1045:), and the use of "living" water dyed with blood (representing life: 962: 705:, however, maintains that the skin of the bald spot becomes altered. 281: 157: 91: 70: 36: 2637:

Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon article

2616: 4484: 2311:

excommunicate them as was the practice in neighbouring societies."

1796:

The Talmud, and most historic Jewish literature (for example Rabbi

1273:

If the second re-evaluation reveals a dimming of the eruption, the

1097:

and then back again. Moses performed these signs for the elders in

3652: 3597: 2424: 2383: 2363: 2269:

suggested that vitiligo is the most likely candidate for biblical

2238: 2210:

in regard to subcutaneous disease where the hair has turned white

2102: 1938: 1914: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1758: 1619:

is shaved, this shaving excludes places similar to those in which

1316: 1242: 1198: 1113: 1082: 983: 790: 766: 761: 258: 172: 1507:

may perform the inspection if they are proficient in the laws of

2546:, vol. 12, Institute of General Semantics, pp. 37–47, 2379: 2323: 2142: 1910: 1846: 1582:

If someone cuts off some skin or a part of his body to remove a

1216: 1192: 1142:

defrauded Naaman, Gehazi and his descendants were punished with

978: 861:

appears to involve the danger of death to the afflicted person.

475: 152: 4259: 4257: 4226: 2454:, which produces yellowish-green and reddish patches on walls. 2184:

Of the particular situations that Leviticus describes as being

1891:

in the second stage, the entire house must be torn down as the

2671: 2026:

which must be worn while declaring the status are unavailable.

1809: 991:

seven times. The live bird was freed into the open field. The

167: 4500:

Impureté, contagion et alliance à travers la lèpre, Tsara'at

4390:"Mold: "tsara'at," Leviticus, and the history of a confusion" 2644: 2638: 422: 413: 380: 358: 3999: 3997: 3957: 3955: 1401:

Rabbinic tradition includes an extensive elaboration of the

1343:

On the seventh day, upon re-evaluating the eruption, if the

662:, blunt force trauma or thermal insult to the skin, are not 393:). The connection with the bacterial infection now known as 3607: 3605: 1945:

of houses was a reward for the homeowner, arguing that the

1259:

was confined to the woof or warp, only that need be burnt.

353:"to be struck with leprosy, to be leprous"), and the Greek 2281:), and can grow in size within a week to two-week period. 1355:

has returned after new stones have been plastered in, the

2480:

1993 Mar;28(3):507-10. doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70071-z.

1986:(תולעת) means both "red" and "worm" – as well as hyssop. 418:(a scale (of a fish)), which in turn stems from the verb 3009: 3007: 3005: 1262:

Upon re-evaluation after the seven-day confinement, the

29:

Conditions of the skin, clothing and houses in the Torah

1608:

The slaughtered bird was buried in the presence of the

1597:

Additional laws relate to the sacrifice offered at the

673:

Confirmation is by the occurrence of one of two signs:

3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 1771:

Houses are the only buildings that are susceptible to

1425:

Rather than interpreting the biblical descriptions of

658:

Boils and burns, as occur naturally as a result of an

1917:(whose blood was shed deceitfully in time of peace), 4225:

HaTalmud V’Chochmat HaRefuah (Berlin 1928 p. 336-8)

2354:, and scholars regard its symptoms as pointing to a 2081:

of the skin actually refer to a number of different

2394:in such fabrics is strikingly analogous to that of 1960:The items used in the purification ritual - birds, 1953:, who had hidden their valuables in the walls; the 3702: 3700: 3698: 1626:The dabbing of sacrificial blood on the recovered 435:with Hansen's disease were used from the earliest 2233:a white spot in the head or beard hair, called a 1405:laws recorded in the Bible. The rabbinic laws of 273:consists of a reddish or greenish discoloration. 1363:and the entire house must be dismantled. If the 1340:exits the house and confines it for seven days. 819:, "scar") and there are no further examinations. 755:To determine whether a skin condition is indeed 2649:cites "A. leprosy, which makes the skin scaly, 2257:is non-contagious, he therefore concluded that 1761:or earthen soil, that wall is insusceptible to 1559:until the eighth day after his wedding for any 1302:had gone, and it had subsequently been washed. 539:bald patches or lesions of the scalp or beard ( 4339: 4337: 773:, trained in examining lesions and diagnosing 3915: 3913: 3899: 3897: 3844: 3842: 1519:examiner may inform an accompanying inexpert 765:(a priest, possessing direct male lineage to 543:), in which case the lesion is called a נתק ( 462:(צרע) may mean "smiting"; the Arabic cognate 209: 8: 4172: 4170: 3087: 3085: 735:, patches that occur on a bald scalp may be 466:(صرع) has a similar meaning. Alternatively, 348: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 1827:The Talmud lists seven possible causes for 1229:appears in clothing as a greenish (ירקרק – 869:The individual who is declared impure with 556:White patches of the skin are confirmed as 188:Prohibition of Kohen defilement by the dead 3420: 3418: 3416: 3414: 2808: 2806: 2783: 2781: 2077:Scholars suspect that the descriptions of 2017:One cannot formally acquire the status of 1727:There are numerous limitations put on the 1157:were staying outside the besieged city of 1007:he brought three animal sacrifices to the 626:(apparently referring to texture) is not, 581:skin patches can come in three varieties ( 385:), which in classical sources referred to 249:into English and frequently translated as 216: 202: 31: 4413: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3305: 3303: 3291: 3289: 2692: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2680: 1112:for her involvement in slandering Moses. 1011:: a sin-offering of a female lamb, and a 823:left, to make any spreading recognizable. 560:by the occurrence of one of three signs: 4388:Heller RM, Heller TW, Sasson JM (2003). 4199:Shai A, Vardy D, Zvulunov A (2002). "". 3059: 3057: 3055: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2432: 2403:, and especially matching infections by 2041: 1057:), represent the symbolic return of the 1049:) and scarlet dye, along with cedar and 995:washed their garments from impurity and 946:s lesion vanishes, he is evaluated by a 900:as noncontagious: non-Jewish victims of 759:, the afflicted individual must visit a 630:may be considered a possible feature of 4084: 4082: 4080: 2462: 2065:consensus was that they are synonymous. 43: 4520:Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law 3109:where lip-covering indicates mourning. 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 1689:Only sheep's wool is susceptible to a 1630:caused some complication, because the 1515:may declare purity or impurity. A non- 693:is patches of hair loss. According to 2732: 2730: 2728: 1670:There are a number of limitations to 1240:Such clothing must be brought to the 1188:is relevant to only three materials: 7: 2285:added that while vitiligo lacks the 1555:A groom is exempt from visiting the 1130:, an Aramean general, suffered from 689:The initial symptom of this type of 602:deeper than the skin of his flesh" ( 470:may be derived from the Hebrew word 2374:In addition to infecting the skin, 1949:homes had previously been those of 1184:can also afflict garments. Garment 650:in order to have this pure status. 349: 2840:חידת הצרעת הטהורה | ד"ר נריה קליין 2586:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.10.003 2544:Etc: A Review of General Semantics 2315:Similar conditions not considered 1138:. However, after Elisha's servant 363:), refer to conditions other than 25: 3179:; et al., eds. (1901–1906). 2441:The biblical text also describes 1463:Sores smaller than the size of a 1448:Since the biblical text mentions 1429:in the manner of modern doctors, 1371:of human flesh is employed here. 1290:Fabrics and clothing affected by 1251:. Subsequent to a declaration of 589:("a rising" or "discoloration"), 437:English translations of the Bible 3189:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 3165: 2306:One recent author suggests that 1535:declares "purity" or "impurity". 1287:(ritual bath) and is then pure. 1211:In a wool or linen garment, the 1069:The Hebrew Bible also speaks of 731:While baldness is not a form of 708:There are two confirming signs: 54: 3596:Leviticus 13:56, commentary of 3426:Peake's commentary on the Bible 2702:, "Leprosy, Leper", p.2763-2768 1968:. The sin most associated with 1837:("evil tongue", i.e. malicious 1757:, natural outcropping of rock, 1431:classical rabbinical literature 1385:A house that was "healed" from 961:Initially, the person took two 280:are given in depth in chapters 2390:. The biblical description of 2163:lichen sclerosus et atrophicus 2038:Modern medical interpretations 1849:, illicit sexual intercourse, 845:If, however, the criteria for 1: 838:, who will then pronounce it 513:There are three varieties of 2609:The American Biology Teacher 1930:classical rabbinical writers 1880:sees the different types of 1623:are not subject to impurity. 1523:of his determination that a 751:Inspection and pronouncement 517:that relate to human flesh: 4177:Wycliffe Bible Encyclopedia 2291:characteristic of biblical 2249:discovered that leprosy is 1812:, and argue that cure from 1674:as it applies to clothing: 1310:The third and last type of 873:is referred to as either a 815:declares it merely a צרבת ( 405:. The classical Greek term 4536: 2645: 2639: 1041:is seen as akin to death ( 935: 789:pronounces the individual 478:), based on the idea that 423: 414: 381: 359: 4129:13, commentary. page 272. 3542:Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:49 3199:Mishnah Nega'im 3:1, 11:1 3119:Ibn Ezra, Leviticus 13:45 2253:; assuming that biblical 1816:only comes about through 1659:twenty-four kohanic gifts 1065:Stories involving tzaraat 997:shaved off all their hair 966: 502: 494: 399:Islamic works on medicine 246: 238: 4515:Jewish ritual purity law 4227:title at hebrewbooks.org 2906:Hilchot Tuma'at Tzaraath 2151:lichen simplex chronicus 2061:, he concluded that the 2014:sufferers from the camp. 1905:Each Biblical victim of 1722:Oy l'rasha, oy l'scheino 1678:Clothing belonging to a 811:For boils or burns, the 45:Ritual purity in Judaism 4188:Dr. Harold Spinka, M.D. 3186:The Jewish Encyclopedia 3049:and commentary of Rashi 2953:Leviticus 13:4,21,26,31 2942:Leviticus 13:3,20,25,30 2429:Mildew infecting a flat 2107:dermatophyte infections 1651:log shemen shel metzora 497:‎) "affliction", 391:elephantiasis graecorum 4139:Rashi, Leviticus 14:34 3625:Rashi, Leviticus 13:57 3531:Rashi, Leviticus 13:49 3103:Rashi, Leviticus 13:45 3036:Leviticus 13:7–8,35–36 2997:Rashi, Leviticus 13:33 2574:Clinics in Dermatology 2538:Lendrum, F.C. (1954), 2438: 2430: 2322:In addition to simple 2167:folliculitis decalvans 2099:seborrhoeic dermatitis 2087:differential diagnosis 2066: 1777:beis eretz achuzaschem 1731:that afflicts houses: 1590:and is cut off during 1233:) or reddish (אדמדם – 1177:Affliction of clothing 1089:, he doubted that the 641:Paradoxically, if the 509:Affliction of the body 4406:10.1353/pbm.2003.0085 4163:Contemporary Tzaraat? 3487:2 Chronicles 26:16–21 3439:Adam mitabel al atzmo 3131:A history of medicine 3025:Rashi, Leviticus 13:6 2436: 2428: 2283:Yehuda L. Katzenelson 2051:Yehuda L. Katzenelson 2045: 1798:Samson Raphael Hirsch 1682:are insusceptible to 1653:, is retained by the 1495:In a similar vein, a 1306:Affliction of housing 1134:until being cured by 936:Further information: 485:The manifestation of 367:. The editors of the 247:variously transcribed 39:series of articles on 4059:12:4, commentary of 3129:Arturo Castiglioni, 2699:Encyclopedia Biblica 2646:λέπρ-ρη , ἡ, (λεπίς) 2540:"The Name 'Leprosy'" 2245:Russian pathologist 1739:is insusceptible to 1073:in several stories: 409:stems from the noun 371:translated the term 261:to describe various 183:Tumath eretz Ha'Amim 81:Purification methods 4394:Perspect. Biol. Med 4109:Vayikra Rabbah 16:2 2975:Leviticus 13:23, 28 2739:, Vayikra p.217-237 2370:In clothing fabrics 2179:lichen planopilaris 2159:lupus erythematosus 2111:nummular dermatitis 2002:One could contract 1615:When the recovered 1397:In Rabbinic Judaism 1223:(או בשתי או בערב). 932:Purification ritual 147:Sources of Impurity 4467:Leviticus 14:38–39 4377:Leviticus 13:56–57 4366:Leviticus 13:53–54 4344:Leviticus 13:50–51 4330:Leviticus 13:47–48 4319:Leviticus 13:42–44 4308:Leviticus 13:21–22 4286:Leviticus 13:12–13 4275:Leviticus 13:38–39 4207:(5): 479–82, 496. 3769:Leviticus 14:48–53 3758:Leviticus 14:46–47 3747:Leviticus 14:42–43 3736:Leviticus 14:40–41 3498:Leviticus 13:47–48 3437:Yonatan Grossman, 3365:Leviticus 14:15–17 3343:Leviticus 14:21–32 3217:Mishnah Negaim 8:4 3092:Leviticus 13:45–46 2712:Lanes Lexicon: صرع 2696:Cheyne and Black, 2512:Leviticus 14:34–53 2501:Leviticus 13:47–59 2478:J Am Acad Dermatol 2439: 2431: 2067: 2029:In times of exile 1913:for the murder of 1168:was stricken with 1108:was stricken with 1104:In Numbers 12:10, 938:Metzora (parashah) 894:Arturo Castiglioni 890:medical historians 697:, scalp and beard 541:Leviticus 13:29–44 534:Leviticus 13:24–28 530:Leviticus 13:18–23 253:(though it is not 178:Corpse uncleanness 4491:A Rough Guide to 4485:Reb Chaim HaQoton 4089:Babylonian Talmud 3726:Leviticus 14:40-1 3260:Leviticus 14:9–32 3014:Leviticus 13:6,34 2490:Leviticus 13:2–46 2115:atopic dermatitis 1085:stood before the 1035:sympathetic magic 721:Abraham ben David 523:Leviticus 13:1–17 339:The Hebraic root 308:of the name into 226: 225: 66:Tumah and taharah 16:(Redirected from 4527: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4453: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4435: 4417: 4385: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4363: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4341: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4305: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4261: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239:Leviticus 13:4–6 4236: 4230: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4196: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4174: 4165: 4161:Efraim Vaynman, 4159: 4146: 4143:Leviticus Rabbah 4136: 4130: 4117: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4086: 4075: 4069: 4063: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4034: 4027: 4021: 4014: 4008: 4001: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3972: 3966: 3959: 3950: 3943: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3901: 3892: 3885: 3879: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3837: 3830: 3824: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3798: 3797:Nega'im 6:8, 8:1 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3755: 3749: 3744: 3738: 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3661: 3655: 3651:, commentary of 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3622: 3616: 3609: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3572: 3566: 3561: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3528: 3522: 3517: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3469: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3422: 3389: 3384: 3378: 3373: 3367: 3362: 3356: 3351: 3345: 3340: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3307: 3298: 3293: 3284: 3282:Leviticus 14:4–6 3279: 3273: 3268: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3249:Leviticus 14:4–8 3246: 3240: 3238:Leviticus 14:1–3 3235: 3229: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3209: 3206: 3200: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3146: 3143:Leviticus Rabbah 3140: 3134: 3127: 3121: 3116: 3110: 3100: 3094: 3089: 3080: 3070: 3064: 3061: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3033: 3027: 3022: 3016: 3011: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2983: 2977: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2955: 2950: 2944: 2939: 2933: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2909: 2891: 2885: 2876: 2870: 2861: 2855: 2848: 2842: 2837: 2831: 2826: 2820: 2810: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2785: 2776: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2709: 2703: 2694: 2675: 2648: 2647: 2642: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2627: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2569: 2556: 2554: 2535: 2529: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2503: 2498: 2492: 2487: 2481: 2474: 2290: 2119:pityriasis rosea 2047:Ukrainian-Jewish 1990:Current practice 1666:Laws of clothing 1153:, four men with 1025: 968: 593:("a scab"), and 504: 496: 426: 425: 417: 416: 395:Hansen's disease 384: 383: 365:Hansen's disease 362: 361: 352: 351: 255:Hansen's disease 240: 218: 211: 204: 58: 53: 32: 21: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4524: 4505: 4504: 4495:by Joshua Cohen 4477: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4456:Leviticus 14:37 4454: 4450: 4445:Leviticus 14:34 4443: 4439: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4360: 4355:Leviticus 13:49 4353: 4349: 4342: 4335: 4328: 4324: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4302: 4297:Leviticus 13:39 4295: 4291: 4284: 4280: 4273: 4269: 4264:Leviticus 13:28 4262: 4255: 4250:Leviticus 13:23 4248: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4198: 4197: 4193: 4186: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4118: 4114: 4107: 4103: 4087: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4054: 4050: 4041: 4037: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4011: 4002: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3973: 3969: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3911: 3902: 3895: 3886: 3882: 3873: 3869: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3840: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3814: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3741: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3717:Leviticus 14:38 3716: 3712: 3707:Leviticus 14:36 3705: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3679:Leviticus 13:58 3677: 3673: 3664:Leviticus 13:52 3662: 3658: 3649:Leviticus 13:58 3647: 3643: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3586:Leviticus 13:55 3584: 3580: 3575:Leviticus 13:54 3573: 3569: 3564:Leviticus 13:52 3562: 3558: 3553:Leviticus 13:51 3551: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3529: 3525: 3520:Leviticus 13:49 3518: 3514: 3509:Leviticus 13:48 3507: 3503: 3496: 3492: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3392: 3387:Leviticus 14:10 3385: 3381: 3376:Leviticus 14:18 3374: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3354:Leviticus 14:14 3352: 3348: 3341: 3337: 3332:Leviticus 14:10 3330: 3326: 3319: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3287: 3280: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3243: 3236: 3232: 3227:Leviticus 14:36 3225: 3221: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3177:Singer, Isidore 3175: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3083: 3073:Leviticus 13:44 3071: 3067: 3062: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2986:Leviticus 13:33 2984: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2947: 2940: 2936: 2931:Leviticus 13:42 2929: 2925: 2916: 2912: 2892: 2888: 2879:Leviticus 13:22 2877: 2873: 2864:Leviticus 13:20 2862: 2858: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2834: 2829:Leviticus 13:12 2827: 2823: 2811: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2788:Leviticus 13:10 2786: 2779: 2770: 2766: 2761:Leviticus 13:30 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2706: 2695: 2678: 2674:Leviticus 13.2. 2636: 2632: 2617:10.2307/4450750 2606: 2605: 2601: 2571: 2570: 2559: 2537: 2536: 2532: 2523:Leviticus 13:49 2521: 2517: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2475: 2464: 2460: 2423: 2372: 2320: 2286: 2267:Reuven Kalisher 2139:alopecia areata 2123:crusted scabies 2075: 2040: 1992: 1876:In particular, 1794: 1792:Interpretations 1735:The house of a 1714: 1668: 1423: 1399: 1308: 1179: 1067: 1023: 940: 934: 883:impure, impure 867: 791:ritually impure 753: 725:Leviticus 13:36 714:Leviticus 13:30 687: 656: 654:Boils and burns 554: 511: 456:linguistic root 302: 263:ritually impure 222: 193: 192: 148: 140: 139: 125: 117: 116: 87:Netilat yadayim 82: 51: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4533: 4531: 4523: 4522: 4517: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4476: 4475:External links 4473: 4471: 4470: 4459: 4448: 4437: 4380: 4369: 4358: 4347: 4333: 4322: 4311: 4300: 4289: 4278: 4267: 4253: 4242: 4231: 4218: 4191: 4180: 4166: 4147: 4131: 4112: 4101: 4076: 4064: 4061:Pinchas Kehati 4048: 4035: 4022: 4009: 3993: 3980: 3967: 3951: 3938: 3925: 3909: 3893: 3880: 3867: 3854: 3838: 3825: 3812: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3761: 3750: 3739: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3694: 3682: 3671: 3656: 3641: 3628: 3617: 3601: 3589: 3578: 3567: 3556: 3545: 3534: 3523: 3512: 3501: 3490: 3475: 3464: 3453: 3442: 3430: 3390: 3379: 3368: 3357: 3346: 3335: 3324: 3321:Leviticus 14:9 3313: 3310:Leviticus 14:8 3299: 3296:Leviticus 14:7 3285: 3274: 3271:Leviticus 14:4 3263: 3252: 3241: 3230: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3147: 3135: 3122: 3111: 3095: 3081: 3079:, respectively 3065: 3051: 3047:Leviticus 13:6 3039: 3028: 3017: 3001: 2989: 2978: 2967: 2964:Leviticus 13:5 2956: 2945: 2934: 2923: 2910: 2886: 2871: 2856: 2843: 2832: 2821: 2802: 2799:Leviticus 13:7 2791: 2777: 2764: 2753: 2749:Leviticus 13:2 2741: 2724: 2715: 2704: 2676: 2670:19.2, Sud.14, 2630: 2599: 2557: 2530: 2515: 2504: 2493: 2482: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2422: 2419: 2413:that produces 2371: 2368: 2319: 2313: 2243: 2242: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2215:tropical sores 2208: 2202: 2196: 2135:sycosis barbae 2074: 2068: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2034: 2027: 2015: 1991: 1988: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1889: 1878:Midrash Rabbah 1793: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1769: 1766: 1748: 1744: 1713: 1712:Laws of houses 1710: 1709: 1708: 1701: 1698: 1687: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1647: 1624: 1613: 1606: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1553: 1548:do not render 1543: 1536: 1493: 1473: 1472: 1461: 1446: 1422: 1419: 1398: 1395: 1307: 1304: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1201:(Hebrew פשתים) 1196: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1162: 1147: 1125: 1102: 1066: 1063: 1017:burnt-offering 1013:guilt-offering 933: 930: 866: 863: 825: 824: 820: 809: 752: 749: 729: 728: 717: 686: 685:Scalp or beard 683: 682: 681: 678: 655: 652: 604:Leviticus 13:3 583:Leviticus 13:2 576: 575: 572: 569: 553: 550: 549: 548: 537: 526: 510: 507: 306:transcriptions 301: 298: 224: 223: 221: 220: 213: 206: 198: 195: 194: 191: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 149: 146: 145: 142: 141: 138: 137: 132: 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 109: 104: 102:Hefsek taharah 99: 94: 89: 83: 80: 79: 76: 75: 74: 73: 68: 60: 59: 48: 47: 41: 40: 28: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4532: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4463: 4460: 4457: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4441: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4400:(4): 588–91. 4399: 4395: 4391: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4373: 4370: 4367: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4271: 4268: 4265: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4240: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4222: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4203:(in Hebrew). 4202: 4195: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4013: 4010: 4006: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3922: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3900: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3858: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3803: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3785: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3743: 3740: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3680: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3629: 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3582: 3579: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3499: 3494: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3450:Numbers 12:10 3446: 3443: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3421: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3361: 3358: 3355: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3283: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3223: 3220: 3214: 3211: 3205: 3202: 3196: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3172:public domain 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3107:Ezekiel 24:17 3104: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3069: 3066: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2898:Mishnah Torah 2895: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2813:Jacob Milgrom 2809: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2700: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2634: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2486: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2435: 2427: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2328:inflammations 2325: 2318: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265:. Similarly, 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2182: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:scarlet fever 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2083:skin diseases 2080: 2072: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2057:and biblical 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1890: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1676: 1675: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1527:is or is not 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511:, but only a 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1478: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1043:Numbers 12:12 1040: 1036: 1031: 1029: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 985: 980: 976: 972: 964: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 939: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 886: 884: 880: 876: 872: 865:Impure status 864: 862: 860: 856: 851: 848: 843: 841: 837: 832: 830: 821: 818: 814: 810: 807: 806: 805: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 763: 758: 750: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 726: 722: 718: 715: 711: 710: 709: 706: 704: 700: 696: 692: 684: 679: 676: 675: 674: 671: 669: 665: 661: 653: 651: 649: 644: 639: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 573: 570: 567: 563: 562: 561: 559: 551: 546: 542: 538: 535: 531: 527: 524: 521:on the skin ( 520: 519: 518: 516: 508: 506: 500: 492: 488: 483: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 452: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 421: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 378: 374: 370: 366: 356: 346: 342: 337: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 236: 232: 231: 219: 214: 212: 207: 205: 200: 199: 197: 196: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 150: 144: 143: 136: 133: 131: 128: 127: 121: 120: 113: 112:Tevilat Kelim 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 78: 77: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 62: 61: 57: 50: 49: 46: 42: 38: 34: 33: 27: 19: 4492: 4462: 4451: 4440: 4397: 4393: 4383: 4372: 4361: 4350: 4325: 4314: 4303: 4292: 4281: 4270: 4245: 4234: 4229:, p. 339-341 4221: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4183: 4176: 4134: 4115: 4104: 4092: 4067: 4056: 4051: 4043: 4038: 4030: 4025: 4017: 4012: 4004: 3988: 3983: 3975: 3970: 3962: 3946: 3941: 3933: 3928: 3920: 3904: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3857: 3849: 3833: 3828: 3820: 3815: 3807: 3802: 3793: 3788:Nega'im, 9:2 3784: 3779:Nega'im, 8:4 3775: 3764: 3753: 3742: 3731: 3722: 3713: 3685: 3674: 3659: 3644: 3636: 3631: 3620: 3612: 3592: 3581: 3570: 3559: 3548: 3537: 3526: 3515: 3504: 3493: 3483:2 Kings 15:5 3478: 3467: 3456: 3445: 3433: 3424: 3382: 3371: 3360: 3349: 3338: 3327: 3316: 3277: 3266: 3255: 3244: 3233: 3222: 3213: 3204: 3195: 3184: 3138: 3130: 3125: 3114: 3098: 3068: 3042: 3031: 3020: 2992: 2981: 2970: 2959: 2948: 2937: 2926: 2918: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2889: 2874: 2859: 2851: 2846: 2835: 2824: 2816: 2794: 2772: 2767: 2756: 2744: 2736: 2718: 2707: 2697: 2667: 2665:Theophrastus 2660: 2653: 2633: 2608: 2602: 2577: 2573: 2543: 2533: 2518: 2507: 2496: 2485: 2477: 2447: 2442: 2440: 2404: 2395: 2391: 2375: 2373: 2351: 2335: 2321: 2316: 2307: 2305: 2292: 2287: 2279:leukotrichia 2270: 2258: 2254: 2247:Gregory Minh 2244: 2234: 2185: 2183: 2093:, including 2090: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2058: 2030: 2024:Temple robes 2018: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1994:The laws of 1993: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1959: 1954: 1942: 1941:states that 1933: 1927: 1906: 1904: 1892: 1881: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1832: 1828: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1801: 1795: 1776: 1772: 1762: 1750: 1740: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1715: 1704: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1671: 1669: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1620: 1616: 1609: 1601:s recovery: 1598: 1596: 1592:circumcision 1583: 1581: 1560: 1556: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1474: 1468: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1426: 1424: 1421:Laws of skin 1406: 1402: 1400: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1329: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1289: 1282: 1280: 1274: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1212: 1210: 1195:(Hebrew צמר) 1185: 1181: 1180: 1169: 1154: 1143: 1131: 1121: 1117: 1109: 1094: 1087:burning bush 1079:Exodus 4:1–7 1070: 1068: 1058: 1050: 1038: 1032: 1027: 1020: 1003: 1001: 992: 988: 982: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 941: 925: 921: 917: 901: 897: 887: 882: 878: 877:(צרוע) or a 874: 870: 868: 858: 854: 852: 846: 844: 839: 835: 833: 828: 826: 816: 812: 801: 799: 794: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 760: 756: 754: 744: 740: 736: 732: 730: 707: 698: 690: 688: 672: 667: 663: 657: 647: 642: 640: 635: 631: 627: 623: 611: 607: 598: 594: 590: 586: 578: 577: 565: 557: 555: 552:Skin patches 544: 514: 512: 498: 490: 489:is termed a 486: 484: 479: 471: 467: 463: 459: 453: 439:, including 432: 428: 419: 410: 406: 390: 376: 372: 354: 344: 340: 338: 333: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 303: 293: 277: 276:The laws of 275: 270: 266: 250: 242: 229: 228: 227: 162: 26: 4141:, based on 3208:Nega'im 3:2 3105:; see also 2658:Hippocrates 2406:Penicillium 2261:is in fact 2175:sarcoidosis 2073:of the skin 1975:lashon hara 1834:lashon hara 1800:), regards 1099:Exodus 4:30 908:, or for a 670:may occur. 532:) or burn ( 528:in a boil ( 449:Coverdale's 431:conflating 403:9th century 375:with Greek 4509:Categories 3461:Numbers 12 2894:Maimonides 2737:Daat Mikra 2668:Characters 2580:(1): 3–7. 2458:References 2415:penicillin 2251:contagious 2206:erysipelas 1951:Canaanites 1865:(leper) - 1845:, a vain 1818:repentance 1806:punishment 1409:appear in 1359:is deemed 1219:or to its 1091:Israelites 1055:Numbers 19 1047:Deut 12:23 969:‎), 912:after his 910:bridegroom 892:, such as 695:Maimonides 568:turn white 505:‎). 441:Wycliffe's 369:Septuagint 130:Av HaTumah 97:Red heifer 4415:1803/7482 4127:Leviticus 4120:Artscroll 3690:Leviticus 3472:2 Kings 5 3181:"Leprosy" 2819:, 773-779 2817:Leviticus 2661:Aphorisms 2654:Histories 2651:Herodotus 2421:In houses 2356:diagnosis 2332:swellings 2237:, may be 2194:psoriasis 2095:psoriasis 1947:Israelite 1867:motzi ra 1781:Jerusalem 1642:. If the 1413:tractate 1328:When the 1151:2 Kings 7 1061:to life. 1009:sanctuary 942:Once the 622:), while 501:(plural: 445:Tyndale's 387:psoriasis 290:Leviticus 124:Hierarchy 4481:Tzara'as 4424:14593226 4213:12073533 4201:Harefuah 4055:Mishnah 4042:Mishnah 4029:Mishnah 4016:Mishnah 4003:Mishnah 3987:Mishnah 3974:Mishnah 3961:Mishnah 3945:Mishnah 3932:Mishnah 3919:Mishnah 3903:Mishnah 3887:Mishnah 3874:Mishnah 3861:Mishnah 3848:Mishnah 3832:Mishnah 3819:Mishnah 3806:Mishnah 3635:Mishnah 3611:Mishnah 2917:Mishnah 2850:Mishnah 2771:Mishnah 2643:, Ion. 2594:26773616 2552:24234298 2448:tzaraath 2443:tzaraath 2396:tzaraath 2392:tzaraath 2376:tzaraath 2360:smallpox 2348:freckles 2344:alopecia 2340:vitiligo 2336:tzaraath 2317:tzaraath 2308:tzaraath 2288:safachat 2275:poliosis 2271:tzaraath 2263:vitiligo 2259:tzaraath 2227:ringworm 2200:impetigo 2186:tzaraath 2131:impetigo 2127:syphilis 2091:tzaraath 2079:tzaraath 2071:Tzaraath 2063:chazalic 2059:tzaraath 2055:vitiligo 2031:tzaraath 2019:tzaraath 2012:tzaraath 2008:tzaraath 2004:tzaraath 1996:tzaraath 1970:tzaraath 1955:tzaraath 1943:tzaraath 1934:tzaraath 1907:tzaraath 1893:tzaraath 1882:tzaraath 1871:tzaraath 1829:tzaraath 1814:tzaraath 1802:tzaraath 1773:tzaraath 1763:tzaraath 1751:Tzaraath 1741:tzaraath 1729:tzaraath 1705:tzaraath 1695:tzaraath 1684:tzaraath 1672:tzaraath 1599:metzora' 1588:foreskin 1565:Passover 1550:gentiles 1531:and the 1529:tzaraath 1490:tzaraath 1477:tzaraath 1469:tzaraath 1458:tzaraath 1454:tzaraath 1450:tzaraath 1443:tzaraath 1427:tzaraath 1407:tzaraath 1403:tzaraath 1380:tzaraath 1375:Tzaraath 1369:tzaraath 1361:tzaraath 1312:tzaraath 1300:tzaraath 1296:tzaraath 1292:tzaraath 1257:tzaraath 1253:tzaraath 1249:tzaraath 1231:yerakrak 1227:Tzaraath 1213:tzaraath 1186:tzaraath 1182:Tzaraath 1170:tzaraath 1155:tzaraath 1144:tzaraath 1132:tzaraath 1122:tzaraath 1118:tzaraath 1110:tzaraath 1095:tzaraath 1071:tzaraath 1039:tzaraath 952:tzaraath 944:metzora' 926:tzaraath 906:holy day 902:tzaraath 898:tzaraath 871:tzaraath 859:tzaraath 855:tzaraath 847:tzaraath 840:tzaraath 829:tzaraath 817:tzarevet 802:tzaraath 797:, טמא). 783:tzaraath 779:tzaraath 775:tzaraath 757:tzaraath 745:tzaraath 741:tzaraath 737:tzaraath 733:tzaraath 699:tzaraath 691:tzaraath 668:tzaraath 664:tzaraath 579:Tzaraath 558:tzaraath 487:tzaraath 468:tzaraath 460:tzaraath 433:tzaraath 373:tzaraath 345:tsaraath 312:include 304:Variant 294:tzaraath 278:tzaraath 271:tzaraath 267:tzaraath 241:‎ 230:Tzaraath 163:Tzaraath 35:Part of 18:Tsaraath 4493:Tzaraat 4432:7955156 4094:Arachin 4057:Nega'im 4044:Nega'im 4031:Nega'im 4018:Nega'im 4005:Nega'im 3989:Nega'im 3976:Nega'im 3963:Nega'im 3947:Nega'im 3934:Nega'im 3921:Nega'im 3905:Nega'im 3889:Nega'im 3876:Nega'im 3863:Nega'im 3850:Nega'im 3834:Nega'im 3821:Nega'im 3808:Nega'im 3637:Nega'im 3613:Nega'im 3174:: 3133:(p. 71) 2919:Nega'im 2902:Taharah 2852:Nega'im 2773:Nega'im 2656:1.138, 2625:4450750 2452:dry rot 2437:Dry rot 2388:leather 2293:tzaraat 2255:tzaraat 2221:leprosy 2171:morphea 2147:scabies 1984:tola'as 1980:metzora 1966:metzora 1863:metzora 1859:miserly 1737:gentile 1719:proverb 1680:gentile 1644:metzora 1640:metzora 1636:metzora 1632:metzora 1628:metzora 1621:nega'im 1617:metzora 1610:metzora 1584:tzaraat 1569:Shavuot 1561:nega'im 1552:impure. 1546:Nega'im 1539:Nega'im 1509:nega'im 1439:Mishnah 1415:Nega'im 1411:Mishnah 1387:tzaraat 1235:adamdam 1205:leather 1159:Samaria 1081:, when 1059:metzora 1028:metzora 1021:metzora 1004:metzora 993:metzora 989:metzora 975:scarlet 973:-wood, 967:ציפורים 965:birds ( 956:metzora 922:tzaraat 914:wedding 879:metzora 769:). The 703:Tosefta 660:abscess 648:tzaraat 643:tzaraat 636:baheret 628:sapahat 624:sapahat 612:baheret 599:tzaraat 595:baheret 591:sapahat 515:nega'im 499:nega'im 480:tzaraat 429:leprosy 401:in the 334:tsaraas 330:tzaraas 326:tsaraat 322:tzaraat 318:zaraath 314:saraath 310:English 251:leprosy 243:ṣāraʿaṯ 239:צָרַעַת 107:Hagalah 4483:(from 4430: 4422: 4211: 4123:Tanakh 4072:Exodus 2751:, etc. 2640:λέπρ-α 2623: 2592: 2550: 2411:fungus 2401:moulds 2386:, and 2352:plague 2330:, and 2324:rashes 2301:Negaim 2297:Mishna 2295:, the 2177:, and 1928:Other 1923:Uzziah 1919:Gehazi 1843:murder 1839:gossip 1785:Israel 1755:marble 1573:Sukkot 1465:lentil 1320:. 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