34:. During the collapse, a mass of rock of about 10–15 cubic kilometres (2.4–3.6 cu mi) detached from a previous mountain or ridge and descended with a speed of about 450 kilometres per hour (120 m/s); later, glaciers eroded almost the entire landslide mass. Previously weakened rocks may have contributed to the collapse, which was probably started by an
132:
Based on reconstructions of the pre-landslide topography, there may have been a 7,500–8,500 metres (24,600–27,900 ft) high trilateral mountain in the area, or a set of ridges. The landslide detached in a southwest-west-southwest direction, with the sliding mass breaking apart into blocks. Owing
66:. The small settlement of Kyangjin Kharka lies at the foot of the landslide deposit. With a volume of 10–15 cubic kilometres (2.4–3.6 cu mi), it is one of the largest known mass movements on Earth and perhaps the largest known landslide in crystalline bedrock.
168:
erosion and was largely removed in the process. About 3 cubic kilometres (0.72 cu mi) of debris is still present; it is found around Tsergo Ri mountain, which is formed by landslide debris and its location is in the central sector of the former landslide.
133:
to its fast speed of 450 kilometres per hour (120 m/s), rocks at the base of the slide melted. The landslide impacted other mountains and ridges, sometimes destroying them or triggering secondary collapses, and may have mixed with glacier ice.
694:
Dhakal, Susmita; Cui, Peng; Rijal, Chandra Prasad; Su, Li-jun; Zou, Qiang; Mavrouli, Olga; Wu, Chun-hao (August 2020). "Landslide characteristics and its impact on tourism for two roadside towns along the
Kathmandu Kyirong Highway".
144:
and originally may have reached a thickness of 600–800 metres (2,000–2,600 ft). Deformed structures inside the collapse debris indicate that small-scale movements occurred within the landslide. The slide obstructed several
177:. The glaciers that had had their valleys cut by the landslide readvanced during the youngest phase of the Würm glaciation and partially restored the valleys. Landslides take place to this day in the area, including during the
94:
rocks (both of which can be formed by collapses) and which acted as a sliding plane for the Tsergo Ri collapse. Rocks formed by deformation, intrusions of granite, and layers of
1136:
Der Tsergo Ri
Bergsturz im Nepal Himalaja - Erforschung der größten Kristallinmassenbewegung der Erde als Grundlage für rezente Gefahrenzonenkartierungen
890:"Two times lowering of lake water at around 48 and 38 ka, caused by possible earthquakes, recorded in the Paleo-Kathmandu lake, central Nepal Himalaya"
1134:
120:
took place at the same time and may have been caused by the same earthquake. The collapse occurred during a time of increased
108:
The Tsergo Ri region is one of the fastest uplifting parts of the
Himalaya. The Tsergo Ri landslide was probably triggered by
1149:"Die Verwitterung einer Erzstruktur als Ursache für den Einsturz des ehemals 15. Achttausenders im Hohen Himalaya Nepals"
1201:
185:
peak and killed over 350 people in the
Langtang valley. Slow mass movements into valleys and weather/monsoon-controlled
724:
Dortch, Jason M.; Owen, Lewis A.; Haneberg, William C.; Caffee, Marc W.; Dietsch, Craig; Kamp, Ulrich (1 June 2009).
209:
identified their actual origin in a giant landslide. The structure of the landslide body has been mapped using
136:
It was eventually halted by topography such as the flanks of
Pangshungtramo mountain before it could become a
1165:"Das ERKUDOK © Institut im Stadtmuseum Gmunden – Eine geowissenschaftliche Forschungsstätte im Salzkammergut"
1039:"Timing of the Tsergo Ri landslide, Langtang Himal, determined by fission-track dating of pseudotachylyte"
1148:
808:"The Tsergo Ri landslide: an uncommon area of high morphological activity in the Langthang valley, Nepal"
1080:"Tsergo Ri (Langthang Himal, Nepal)–Rekonstruktion der "Paläogeographie" eines gigantischen Bergsturzes"
178:
888:
Sakai, Harutaka; Fujii, Rie; Sugimoto, Misa; Setoguchi, Ryoko; Paudel, Mukunda Raj (27 February 2016).
189:
also occur, and there is evidence that the debris from the Tsergo Ri landslide is especially unstable.
1038:
991:
848:
766:
725:
1050:
999:
952:
901:
860:
819:
778:
737:
218:
117:
202:
113:
31:
1079:
978:
927:
712:
1164:
158:
1179:
1121:
1066:
1025:
970:
919:
876:
835:
794:
753:
1111:
1099:
1058:
1015:
1007:
960:
909:
905:
868:
827:
786:
745:
704:
137:
726:"Nature and timing of large landslides in the Himalaya and Transhimalaya of northern India"
182:
174:
87:
939:
Stumm, Dorothea; Joshi, Sharad Prasad; Gurung, Tika Ram; Silwal, Gunjan (6 August 2021).
1054:
1003:
956:
864:
823:
782:
741:
197:
Molten rocks formed during the collapse were initially referred to by native people as "
872:
807:
1195:
982:
940:
849:"Geoecology and mass movement in the Manaslu-Ganesh and Langtang-Jugal Himals, Nepal"
831:
716:
91:
931:
790:
749:
201:
bones", while early researchers interpreted the rocks as a product of the
Himalayan
1062:
1037:
Takagi, Hideo; Arita, Kazunori; Danhara, Tohru; Iwano, Hideki (1 February 2007).
157:
The collapse took place about 51,000±13,000 years ago, between two phases of the
1011:
214:
102:
140:. The landslide debris consists of individual compact blocks on top of a basal
965:
914:
889:
708:
173:
and
Dragpoche are in the area of the detachment, east of the seven-thousander
95:
35:
1183:
1125:
1116:
1070:
1029:
974:
923:
880:
839:
798:
757:
170:
79:
63:
47:
27:
941:"Mass balances of Yala and Rikha Samba glaciers, Nepal, from 2000 to 2017"
588:
586:
416:
414:
59:
55:
1020:
186:
165:
146:
141:
121:
109:
83:
767:"Legacies of catastrophic rock slope failures in mountain landscapes"
105:
faults, may have been weak structures that facilitated the collapse.
75:
765:
Hewitt, Kenneth; Clague, John J.; Orwin, John F. (1 February 2008).
474:
472:
470:
62:
and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) north of the
Nepalese capital
573:
571:
457:
455:
453:
210:
51:
24:
847:
Marston, R. A.; Miller, M. M.; Devkota, L. P. (1 December 1998).
257:
255:
253:
240:
238:
236:
234:
1100:"A Short Note on the Tsergo Ri Landslide, Langtang Himal, Nepal"
198:
98:
30:, which took place around 51,000±13,000 years ago, during the
217:
flows, and the most recent date estimates were obtained with
381:
393:
124:
strength, which may have played a role in the collapse.
1078:
Weidinger, Johannes T.; Schramm, Josef-Michael (1995).
604:
562:
592:
420:
297:
164:
After the collapse, landslide debris was subject to
992:"Thermochronological investigation of fault zones"
538:
478:
444:
345:
640:
628:
577:
550:
514:
502:
461:
357:
321:
309:
261:
244:
101:, which are unstable under mechanical load and
1142:. Geoforum Umhausen (in German). Vol. 2.
8:
221:on pseudotachylites formed by the collapse.
664:
285:
1098:Weidinger, J. T.; Schramm, J. M. (1995b).
1115:
1019:
964:
913:
652:
616:
526:
490:
432:
405:
369:
333:
273:
1172:Jahrbuch der Geologischen Bundesanstalt
230:
806:Ibetsberger, Horst J. (30 July 1996).
676:
128:Pre-landslide topography and landslide
7:
1163:Weidinger, JOHANNES T. (May 2004).
1104:Journal of Nepal Geological Society
112:activity, perhaps on the Himalayan
23:was a prehistoric landslide in the
298:Marston, Miller & Devkota 1998
14:
74:The collapse affected Himalayan
1043:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
990:Tagami, Takahiro (4 May 2012).
791:10.1016/j.earscirev.2007.10.002
750:10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.05.002
539:Hewitt, Clague & Orwin 2008
181:when a landslide detached from
1087:Geol. Paläont. Mitt. Innsbruck
16:Prehistoric landslide in Nepal
1:
873:10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00055-5
479:Weidinger & Schramm 1995b
445:Weidinger & Schramm 1995b
346:Weidinger & Schramm 1995b
58:valley, perpendicular to the
1063:10.1016/j.jseaes.2005.12.002
832:10.1016/0040-1951(96)00077-7
629:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
578:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
551:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
515:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
503:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
462:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
358:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
322:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
310:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
262:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
245:Weidinger & Schramm 1995
116:; a water level drop in the
1012:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.01.032
697:Journal of Mountain Science
1218:
730:Quaternary Science Reviews
86:; they also include older
78:rocks, which also contain
966:10.5194/essd-13-3791-2021
945:Earth System Science Data
915:10.1186/s40623-016-0413-5
709:10.1007/s11629-019-5871-3
205:fault. In 1984 Heuberger
42:Geomorphology and geology
1147:Weidinger, J.T. (2003).
1133:Weidinger, J.T. (2001).
1117:10.3126/jngs.v11i0.32803
894:Earth, Planets and Space
1156:Mitt. Österr.Miner.Ges.
906:2016EP&S...68...31S
1178:(1). Vienna: 141–153.
771:Earth-Science Reviews
179:2015 Nepal earthquake
312:, pp. 232, 234.
219:fission track dating
153:Timing and aftermath
118:Paleo Kathmandu Lake
1202:Landslides in Nepal
1110:: 281–287–281–287.
1055:2007JAESc..29..466T
1004:2012Tectp.538...67T
957:2021ESSD...13.3791S
865:1998Geomo..26..139M
824:1996Tectp.260...85I
783:2008ESRv...87....1H
742:2009QSRv...28.1037D
324:, pp. 235–239.
203:Main Central Thrust
114:Main Central Thrust
32:Last Glacial Period
21:Tsergo Ri landslide
1158:(in German) (148).
998:. 538–540: 67–85.
641:Dhakal et al. 2020
631:, p. 240,242.
605:Takagi et al. 2007
563:Takagi et al. 2007
394:Dortch et al. 2009
70:Causes and trigger
736:(11): 1037–1054.
593:Stumm et al. 2021
421:Stumm et al. 2021
382:Sakai et al. 2016
1209:
1187:
1169:
1159:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1129:
1119:
1094:
1084:
1074:
1033:
1023:
986:
968:
951:(8): 3791–3818.
935:
917:
884:
843:
802:
761:
720:
703:(8): 1840–1859.
680:
674:
668:
665:Ibetsberger 1996
662:
656:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
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581:
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560:
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379:
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367:
361:
355:
349:
343:
337:
331:
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
295:
289:
286:Ibetsberger 1996
283:
277:
271:
265:
259:
248:
242:
193:Research history
138:debris avalanche
46:The collapse of
1217:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1167:
1162:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1097:
1082:
1077:
1036:
989:
938:
887:
846:
805:
764:
723:
693:
689:
684:
683:
675:
671:
663:
659:
651:
647:
643:, p. 1844.
639:
635:
627:
623:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:, p. 3794.
591:
584:
576:
569:
561:
557:
549:
545:
537:
533:
525:
521:
513:
509:
501:
497:
489:
485:
477:
468:
460:
451:
443:
439:
431:
427:
423:, p. 3793.
419:
412:
404:
400:
396:, p. 1050.
392:
388:
380:
376:
368:
364:
356:
352:
344:
340:
332:
328:
320:
316:
308:
304:
296:
292:
284:
280:
272:
268:
260:
251:
243:
232:
227:
195:
183:Langtang Lirung
175:Langtang Lirung
159:Würm glaciation
155:
130:
88:pseudotachylite
72:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1215:
1213:
1205:
1204:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1160:
1144:
1130:
1095:
1075:
1049:(2): 466–472.
1034:
996:Tectonophysics
987:
936:
885:
859:(1): 139–150.
844:
812:Tectonophysics
803:
762:
721:
690:
688:
685:
682:
681:
669:
657:
653:Weidinger 2001
645:
633:
621:
619:, p. 145.
617:Weidinger 2004
609:
607:, p. 471.
597:
582:
580:, p. 240.
567:
565:, p. 467.
555:
553:, p. 234.
543:
531:
527:Weidinger 2001
519:
517:, p. 242.
507:
505:, p. 241.
495:
491:Weidinger 2001
483:
481:, p. 287.
466:
464:, p. 235.
449:
447:, p. 285.
437:
433:Weidinger 2001
425:
410:
408:, p. 312.
406:Weidinger 2003
398:
386:
374:
370:Weidinger 2001
362:
360:, p. 239.
350:
348:, p. 281.
338:
336:, p. 311.
334:Weidinger 2003
326:
314:
302:
300:, p. 146.
290:
278:
274:Weidinger 2001
266:
264:, p. 232.
249:
247:, p. 231.
229:
228:
226:
223:
213:emissions and
194:
191:
154:
151:
129:
126:
71:
68:
50:took place in
43:
40:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1214:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1174:(in German).
1173:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1089:(in German).
1088:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
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1022:
1017:
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1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:Geomorphology
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
692:
691:
686:
679:, p. 79.
678:
673:
670:
667:, p. 92.
666:
661:
658:
655:, p. 53.
654:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
630:
625:
622:
618:
613:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
589:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
559:
556:
552:
547:
544:
541:, p. 11.
540:
535:
532:
529:, p. 46.
528:
523:
520:
516:
511:
508:
504:
499:
496:
493:, p. 40.
492:
487:
484:
480:
475:
473:
471:
467:
463:
458:
456:
454:
450:
446:
441:
438:
435:, p. 39.
434:
429:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
399:
395:
390:
387:
383:
378:
375:
372:, p. 38.
371:
366:
363:
359:
354:
351:
347:
342:
339:
335:
330:
327:
323:
318:
315:
311:
306:
303:
299:
294:
291:
288:, p. 86.
287:
282:
279:
276:, p. 36.
275:
270:
267:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
237:
235:
231:
224:
222:
220:
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208:
204:
200:
192:
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188:
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176:
172:
167:
162:
160:
152:
150:
148:
143:
139:
134:
127:
125:
123:
119:
115:
111:
106:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:ultramylonite
89:
85:
81:
77:
69:
67:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
39:
37:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1175:
1171:
1155:
1135:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1086:
1046:
1042:
995:
948:
944:
897:
893:
856:
852:
818:(1): 85–93.
815:
811:
774:
770:
733:
729:
700:
696:
672:
660:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
558:
546:
534:
522:
510:
498:
486:
440:
428:
401:
389:
384:, p. 8.
377:
365:
353:
341:
329:
317:
305:
293:
281:
269:
206:
196:
163:
156:
135:
131:
107:
73:
45:
20:
18:
1021:2433/155980
777:(1): 1–38.
677:Tagami 2012
215:groundwater
103:neotectonic
1093:: 231–243.
225:References
96:pyrrhotite
80:migmatites
36:earthquake
1184:0016-7800
1126:2676-1378
1071:1367-9120
1030:0040-1951
983:238808683
975:1866-3508
924:1880-5981
900:(1): 31.
881:0169-555X
840:0040-1951
799:0012-8252
758:0277-3791
717:220656915
171:Yala Peak
149:valleys.
64:Kathmandu
48:Tsergo Ri
1196:Category
932:34169506
187:mudflows
84:granites
60:Himalaya
56:Langtang
28:Himalaya
25:Nepalese
1051:Bibcode
1000:Bibcode
953:Bibcode
902:Bibcode
861:Bibcode
820:Bibcode
779:Bibcode
738:Bibcode
687:Sources
166:glacial
147:glacial
142:breccia
122:monsoon
110:seismic
1182:
1124:
1069:
1028:
981:
973:
930:
922:
879:
838:
797:
756:
715:
207:et al.
76:gneiss
1168:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1140:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
979:S2CID
928:S2CID
713:S2CID
211:radon
52:Nepal
1180:ISSN
1122:ISSN
1067:ISSN
1026:ISSN
971:ISSN
920:ISSN
877:ISSN
836:ISSN
795:ISSN
754:ISSN
90:and
82:and
19:The
1176:144
1112:doi
1059:doi
1016:hdl
1008:doi
961:doi
910:doi
869:doi
828:doi
816:260
787:doi
746:doi
705:doi
199:yak
99:ore
54:'s
1198::
1170:.
1154:.
1120:.
1108:11
1106:.
1102:.
1091:20
1085:.
1065:.
1057:.
1047:29
1045:.
1041:.
1024:.
1014:.
1006:.
994:.
977:.
969:.
959:.
949:13
947:.
943:.
926:.
918:.
908:.
898:68
896:.
892:.
875:.
867:.
857:26
855:.
851:.
834:.
826:.
814:.
810:.
793:.
785:.
775:87
773:.
769:.
752:.
744:.
734:28
732:.
728:.
711:.
701:17
699:.
585:^
570:^
469:^
452:^
413:^
252:^
233:^
161:.
38:.
1186:.
1128:.
1114::
1073:.
1061::
1053::
1032:.
1018::
1010::
1002::
985:.
963::
955::
934:.
912::
904::
883:.
871::
863::
842:.
830::
822::
801:.
789::
781::
760:.
748::
740::
719:.
707::
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