473:
384:
230:
645:, the chief commissioner of lands and works, abandoned the reserve policy, and set Indian policy as their having no rights to the land. By 1866, BC colonial rule required indigenous peoples to request permission from the governor to use lands. Newspapers supported the preempting of indigenous lands, seeing settlers ploughing indigenous burial grounds. Indigenous peoples who requested redress from a justice of the peace were refused.
86:
22:
593:
832:(historic Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔElhdaqox-tʼin - "People of the Sturgeon River; i.e. Fraser River"; Tsilhqotʼin community: ʔEsdilagh - "where the land meets the water." or "Peninsula"; Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔEsdilagh-tʼin (ʔEsdinlagh Gwetʼin) - "People of the Peninsula"; registered population April, 2020: 256)
690:
Catholic
Missionaries were sent to convert First Nations children to Christianity. By 1891, the first group of students were sent to receive a so-called "formal" education. The program continued for the next six decades until a point when Indigenous children were allowed into the public school
620:
rivers and their tributaries. Various business operators and merchants followed the miners and business was booming. Farmers and ranchers developed land to provision the mining towns that developed around the merchants. This led to competition for resources between the
Chilcotin and Europeans,
681:
In contrast to the 160 to 640 acres per family set aside in other treaties at the time in the prairies, the federal government opted for 80 acres per indigenous family to be set aside in reserve, while the provincial government was keen on 10 acres per family.
1017:
Linda Ruth Smith (2008), Súwh-tŝʼéghèdúdính: the Tsìnlhqútʼín Nímính
Spiritual Path. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, In the Department of Linguistics, University of
699:. This led some to attempt to hide their children by sneaking out to hunting grounds or fields. Children fled the schools, and within the first 30 years, three investigations on the physical abuse and malnutrition were conducted.
580:
states that "there is no direct evidence that these smallpox epidemics reached the central interior of
British Columbia or the Secwepemc, Carrier, or Tsilhqotʼin". However, in the epidemic of 1836–38, the disease spread to
361:
For more information about the 2014 landmark court case that established
Indigenous land title for the Tsilhqotʼin Nation and demanded that colonial provinces engage in meaningful and prior consultation before engaging in
524:
Contact with
Europeans and First Nations intermediaries led to the introduction of Eurasian diseases, which were endemic among the Europeans. As they had long been exposed, some had developed
1232:
695:
program, the mission school closed circa 1981. Throughout that period, Indian agents were empowered to remove children from homes to attend St. Joseph's
Mission School in
413:
461:, the Pacific coast in the west, and the Rocky Mountains in the east. They were part of an extensive trade network centred around the control and distribution of
485:
The
Tsilhqotʼin first encountered European trading goods in the 1780s and 1790s when British and American ships arrived along the northwest coast seeking
998:
692:
1225:
548:
367:
1274:
772:
670:
1218:
969:, a scattering of lakes, rivers, creeks and ponds, volcanic and glaciated landforms, and a magnificent backdrop of snow-covered peaks.
32:
1256:
902:
657:
placed more dependence on agricultural produce such as grains, hay, and vegetables. Activities migrated to cutting hay, constructing
435:
283:
57:
1295:
1043:
988:
871:
841:
728:
938:
720:
696:
1034:
853:
777:
1114:
1036:
Indigenous
Language Revitalization in British Columbia: Yuneŝit’in strategies for Nenqayni ch’ih or the Tŝilhqot’in language
453:
The Tŝilhqotʼin Nation before contact with
Europeans were a strong warrior nation with political influences from the
993:
942:
304:
1285:
836:
761:
732:
716:
561:, 1919 – this epidemic affected European Canadians as well as First Nations, and millions of people died internationally
516:, at the eastern limit of Tsilhqotʼin territory. This became the tribal people's major source for European goods.
396:
946:
934:
764:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Yunesitʼin - "Stone/Stoney", original place-name: Gex Natsʼinilhtʼih; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
724:
497:(Dene) territory just north of the Tsilhqotʼin. They began trading directly and through Carrier intermediaries.
555:
bands, a total of 850 people; 2/3 of the Secwepemc population died; half of the 14 Fraser River bands became extinct)
406:
400:
392:
1115:
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada - Indigenous peoples and communities - First Nation Profiles - Council Detail
1365:
1180:
793:
756:
1280:
788:
417:
634:
1313:
1360:
860:, the largest, with 522 people. Numerically, at least, the Tsilhqotʼin still dominate the Chilcotin plateau.
1334:
1264:
978:
828:
707:
Voting rights in Canadian federal elections were denied until 1960, and in provincial elections until 1949.
638:
572:, which spread up from Mexico in the 1770s. They may have been spared the smallpox epidemic of 1800 and the
565:
The geographically isolated position of the Tsilhqotʼin may have protected them from the first of the
501:
297:
210:
1308:
884:
852:
Aside from the indigenous communities, there are only two small unincorporated towns in the whole region:
525:
472:
229:
669:, making agriculture ever more fragile. Indigenous peoples were huddled in on small acreages, such as in
1339:
1318:
895:
804:
311:, Canada. They are the most southern of the Athabaskan-speaking Indigenous peoples in British Columbia.
796:
on the main Redstone Reserve; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tsi Del Del - "Red Stone"; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
781:
1303:
1169:
879:
1210:
889:
740:
454:
233:
Tsilhqotʼin chiefs pose with new highway signage displaying Tsilhqotʼin community names
749:
1269:
953:
at Sheep Creek - thereby entering Tsilhqotʼin traditional territory. The highway passes over the
490:
129:
929:
Despite its small population and isolation, the region has produced an impressive collection of
875:(two Carrier/Dakelh bands, one Tsilhqotʼin band, and one mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band)
167:
954:
582:
354:
221:
662:
458:
308:
248:
125:
112:
1244:
1151:
1142:
509:
845:
817:
589:
of the bands has continued to recount the effects of the many deaths in these epidemics.
1248:
962:
864:
617:
586:
542:
1354:
1160:
983:
765:
642:
622:
613:
601:
528:, but the First Nations peoples were devastated by epidemics of these new diseases.
1133:
950:
637:
supported a system of reserves and indoctrination to "civilized" practices such as
513:
363:
315:
182:
141:
1205:
966:
933:
mixing naturalism with Indigenous and settler cultures. The area is accessed by
857:
809:
797:
780:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼetinqox - "the river flats"; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
745:
666:
558:
531:
Infectious disease outbreaks with high fatalities for Tsilhqotʼin populations:
930:
658:
654:
597:
300:
85:
1089:
958:
820:
Dakelh subgroup with intermarried Nagwentlʼun-Tsilhqotʼin-subgroup and some
552:
505:
486:
466:
330:"people". Tsilhqot'in people also use another word to refer to themselves:
906:(all Tsilhqotʼin bands without the mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band)
1065:
848:– "People of Xeni Village"; registered population April, 2020: 454)
569:
566:
462:
723:, and in a string of five communities accessible from Williams Lake on
592:
573:
349:
294:
Tsilhqutʼin, Tŝinlhqotʼin, Chilkhodin, Tsilkótin, Tsilkotin
145:
1182:
High Slack: Waddington's Gold Road and the Bute Inlet Massacre of 1864
821:
813:
494:
171:
163:
1200:
551:(reduced BC aboriginal population by 62% – completely destroyed six
784:- "People of Tlʼetinqox"; registered population April, 2020: 1,631)
748:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼesqox (Toosey); Tsilhqotʼin band name:
752:= "People at/on Tlʼesqox"; registered population April, 2020: 377)
673:, 20 acres for 150 indigenous people. Starvation became a threat.
653:
In the 1870s, the loss of hunting territories, and crashes of the
591:
471:
228:
31:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
919:
Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations)
773:
Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations)
158:
1214:
489:
pelts. By 1808, a fur-trading company from Montreal called the
377:
15:
251:
1195:
844:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Xeni Gwet; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
266:
677:
Canadian government set to reallocate land back to natives
272:
254:
307:
ethnolinguistic group that live in what is now known as
39:
1070:
Government of British Columbia – Ministry of Education
727:(from east to west), and south from Highway 20 is the
284:
275:
263:
840:(offices at the wilderness community and reserve in
269:
257:
1327:
1294:
1255:
260:
217:
205:
193:
181:
151:
135:
119:
105:
95:
913:Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation)
789:Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation)
925:Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
741:Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
910:ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation)
829:ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation)
541:Smallpox, 1855 (from infected blankets from the
405:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
314:Their name, Tŝilhqotʼin, makes reference to the
612:By the 1860s, miners panned along the Fraser,
42:to make improvements to the overall structure.
1226:
715:Today, some 5,000 Tsilhqotʼin people live in
686:Catholic missionaries and residential schools
70:Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada
8:
916:Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation)
757:Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation)
691:system. Ninety years after the start of the
76:
1066:"First Nations Peoples of British Columbia"
824:; registered population April, 2020: 1,065)
621:leading to a stream of events known as the
1233:
1219:
1211:
84:
75:
949:westbound from Williams Lake crosses the
800:; registered population April, 2020: 703)
768:; registered population April, 2020: 491)
436:Learn how and when to remove this message
58:Learn how and when to remove this message
1028:
1026:
1024:
863:Tsilhqotʼin First Nations belong to two
1010:
999:Tsilhqotʼin Nation v. British Columbia
816:-Tŝilhqotʼin community, mostly of the
318:, which means "red ochre river," from
178:
368:Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia
90:Tsilhqotʼin man on horse (1901)
7:
782:Tlʼetinqox-tʼin (Tlʼetinqox Gwetʼin)
106:Regions with significant populations
585:and killed an entire Carrier band.
14:
1096:. Tsilhqot'in National Government
641:up until his retirement in 1864.
608:Gold rush and European settlement
1296:Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
1044:University of the Basque Country
989:Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council
872:Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
382:
247:
20:
1257:Tsilhqotʼin National Government
1196:Tŝilhqot'in National Government
1130:Nemiah: The Unconquered Country
903:Tsilhqotʼin National Government
766:Yunesitʼin (Yuneŝitʼin Gwetʼin)
750:Tlʼesqoxtʼin (Tlʼesqox Gwetʼin)
697:Williams Lake, British Columbia
1277:(Anaham Reserve First Nations)
1033:Pallarés, Paula Laita (2021).
957:, characterized by undulating
937:, which runs from the City of
798:Tŝideldel (Tŝi Deldel Gwetʼin)
1:
892:(Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
776:(offices east of the town of
493:had established posts in the
476:Tsilhqotʼin baby cradle
465:, the material of choice for
665:. Settlers however assumed
600:) a chief hanged after the
500:In 1821, what was then the
348:"person/people", and their
1382:
1275:Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government
994:Tsilhqotʼin Tribal Council
366:on Tsilhqot'in lands, see
1286:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
922:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
837:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
711:First Nations communities
576:of the 1840s. Furniss in
156:
140:
124:
110:
100:
83:
760:(offices at the town of
744:(offices are located at
661:ditches, and practicing
391:This section includes a
245:("People of the river",
1335:Alkali Lake Indian Band
1157:Caruso of Lonesome Lake
1090:"Lands & Resources"
961:, expansive forests of
639:subsistence agriculture
469:and other stone tools.
420:more precise citations.
1309:Red Bluff First Nation
1281:Tŝideldel First Nation
1265:ʔEsdilagh First Nation
1148:Smith and Other Events
885:Red Bluff First Nation
649:Environmental problems
604:
477:
234:
1340:High Bar First Nation
1319:Ulkatcho First Nation
1314:Tlʼesqox First Nation
1201:Tŝilhqot'in Language
896:Ulkatcho First Nation
805:Ulkatcho First Nation
595:
578:The Burden of History
475:
364:extractive industries
298:North American tribal
232:
152:Related ethnic groups
1304:Kluskus First Nation
979:Tsilhqotʼin language
941:to the port town of
880:Kluskus First Nation
535:Whooping cough, 1845
502:Hudson's Bay Company
188:"Ochre River"/"Land"
1177:by Mel Rothenburger
890:Toosey First Nation
596:Lhatŝʼaŝʔin (
549:Smallpox, 1862–1863
457:region in southern
305:Athabaskan-speaking
80:
40:editing the article
1270:Stone First Nation
1206:Tsilhqot'in Nation
1185:by Judith Williams
1094:Tsilhqot'in Nation
703:Disenfranchisement
693:residential school
605:
491:North West Company
478:
393:list of references
235:
1366:Chilcotin Country
1348:
1347:
1175:The Chilcotin War
955:Chilcotin Plateau
526:acquired immunity
446:
445:
438:
239:Tsilhqotʼin
227:
226:
211:Tŝilhqotʼin Chʼih
189:
177:
176:
130:Tsilhqotʼin
77:Tsilhqotʼin
68:
67:
60:
33:layout guidelines
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1245:band governments
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1139:Chilcotin Cowboy
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792:(offices are at
762:Hanceville, B.C.
663:animal husbandry
459:British Columbia
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427:
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416:this section by
407:inline citations
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309:British Columbia
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209:Nenqayni Ch'ih (
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113:British Columbia
96:Total population
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1170:Sage Birchwater
1152:Paul St. Pierre
1143:Paul St. Pierre
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510:Fort Alexandria
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397:related reading
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355:Tŝilhqotʼin Nen
292:; also spelled
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222:Tŝilhqotʼin Nen
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38:Please help by
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643:Joseph Trutch
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635:James Douglas
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623:Chilcotin War
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602:Chilcotin War
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29:This article
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1242:Tsilhqotʼin
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943:Bella Coola
858:Anahim Lake
810:Anahim Lake
746:Riske Creek
719:, north of
671:Canoe Creek
655:salmon runs
559:Spanish flu
455:Similkameen
449:Pre-contact
418:introducing
199:Tŝilhqotʼin
162:Especially
1355:Categories
1100:29 October
1075:2013-05-14
1005:References
959:grasslands
947:Highway 20
935:Highway 20
931:literature
731:, and the
725:Highway 20
717:Alexandria
659:irrigation
598:Klatsassin
583:Ootsa Lake
467:arrowheads
352:is called
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570:epidemics
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487:sea otter
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120:Languages
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48:June 2019
1018:Victoria
973:See also
822:Nuxalkmc
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794:Redstone
629:Reserves
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567:smallpox
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