484:
395:
241:
656:, the chief commissioner of lands and works, abandoned the reserve policy, and set Indian policy as their having no rights to the land. By 1866, BC colonial rule required indigenous peoples to request permission from the governor to use lands. Newspapers supported the preempting of indigenous lands, seeing settlers ploughing indigenous burial grounds. Indigenous peoples who requested redress from a justice of the peace were refused.
97:
33:
604:
843:(historic Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔElhdaqox-tʼin - "People of the Sturgeon River; i.e. Fraser River"; Tsilhqotʼin community: ʔEsdilagh - "where the land meets the water." or "Peninsula"; Tsilhqotʼin band name: ʔEsdilagh-tʼin (ʔEsdinlagh Gwetʼin) - "People of the Peninsula"; registered population April, 2020: 256)
701:
Catholic
Missionaries were sent to convert First Nations children to Christianity. By 1891, the first group of students were sent to receive a so-called "formal" education. The program continued for the next six decades until a point when Indigenous children were allowed into the public school
631:
rivers and their tributaries. Various business operators and merchants followed the miners and business was booming. Farmers and ranchers developed land to provision the mining towns that developed around the merchants. This led to competition for resources between the
Chilcotin and Europeans,
692:
In contrast to the 160 to 640 acres per family set aside in other treaties at the time in the prairies, the federal government opted for 80 acres per indigenous family to be set aside in reserve, while the provincial government was keen on 10 acres per family.
1028:
Linda Ruth Smith (2008), Súwh-tŝʼéghèdúdính: the Tsìnlhqútʼín Nímính
Spiritual Path. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts, In the Department of Linguistics, University of
710:. This led some to attempt to hide their children by sneaking out to hunting grounds or fields. Children fled the schools, and within the first 30 years, three investigations on the physical abuse and malnutrition were conducted.
591:
states that "there is no direct evidence that these smallpox epidemics reached the central interior of
British Columbia or the Secwepemc, Carrier, or Tsilhqotʼin". However, in the epidemic of 1836–38, the disease spread to
372:
For more information about the 2014 landmark court case that established
Indigenous land title for the Tsilhqotʼin Nation and demanded that colonial provinces engage in meaningful and prior consultation before engaging in
535:
Contact with
Europeans and First Nations intermediaries led to the introduction of Eurasian diseases, which were endemic among the Europeans. As they had long been exposed, some had developed
1243:
706:
program, the mission school closed circa 1981. Throughout that period, Indian agents were empowered to remove children from homes to attend St. Joseph's
Mission School in
472:, the Pacific coast in the west, and the Rocky Mountains in the east. They were part of an extensive trade network centred around the control and distribution of
424:
496:
The
Tsilhqotʼin first encountered European trading goods in the 1780s and 1790s when British and American ships arrived along the northwest coast seeking
1009:
703:
1236:
559:
378:
1285:
783:
681:
1229:
980:, a scattering of lakes, rivers, creeks and ponds, volcanic and glaciated landforms, and a magnificent backdrop of snow-covered peaks.
1267:
913:
668:
placed more dependence on agricultural produce such as grains, hay, and vegetables. Activities migrated to cutting hay, constructing
446:
294:
68:
1306:
1054:
999:
882:
852:
739:
43:
949:
731:
707:
1045:
864:
788:
1125:
1047:
Indigenous
Language Revitalization in British Columbia: Yuneŝit’in strategies for Nenqayni ch’ih or the Tŝilhqot’in language
464:
The Tŝilhqotʼin Nation before contact with
Europeans were a strong warrior nation with political influences from the
1004:
953:
315:
1296:
847:
772:
743:
727:
572:, 1919 – this epidemic affected European Canadians as well as First Nations, and millions of people died internationally
527:, at the eastern limit of Tsilhqotʼin territory. This became the tribal people's major source for European goods.
957:
945:
775:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Yunesitʼin - "Stone/Stoney", original place-name: Gex Natsʼinilhtʼih; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
735:
508:(Dene) territory just north of the Tsilhqotʼin. They began trading directly and through Carrier intermediaries.
566:
bands, a total of 850 people; 2/3 of the Secwepemc population died; half of the 14 Fraser River bands became extinct)
1126:
Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada - Indigenous peoples and communities - First Nation Profiles - Council Detail
1376:
1191:
804:
767:
1291:
799:
407:
645:
417:
411:
403:
1324:
1371:
871:, the largest, with 522 people. Numerically, at least, the Tsilhqotʼin still dominate the Chilcotin plateau.
1345:
1275:
989:
839:
718:
Voting rights in Canadian federal elections were denied until 1960, and in provincial elections until 1949.
649:
583:, which spread up from Mexico in the 1770s. They may have been spared the smallpox epidemic of 1800 and the
576:
The geographically isolated position of the Tsilhqotʼin may have protected them from the first of the
512:
308:
221:
1319:
895:
863:
Aside from the indigenous communities, there are only two small unincorporated towns in the whole region:
536:
483:
428:
240:
680:, making agriculture ever more fragile. Indigenous peoples were huddled in on small acreages, such as in
1350:
1329:
906:
815:
322:, Canada. They are the most southern of the Athabaskan-speaking Indigenous peoples in British Columbia.
807:
on the main Redstone Reserve; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tsi Del Del - "Red Stone"; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
792:
1314:
1180:
890:
1221:
900:
751:
465:
244:
Tsilhqotʼin chiefs pose with new highway signage displaying Tsilhqotʼin community names
760:
1280:
964:
at Sheep Creek - thereby entering Tsilhqotʼin traditional territory. The highway passes over the
501:
140:
940:
Despite its small population and isolation, the region has produced an impressive collection of
886:(two Carrier/Dakelh bands, one Tsilhqotʼin band, and one mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band)
178:
965:
593:
365:
232:
673:
469:
319:
259:
136:
123:
1255:
1162:
1153:
520:
856:
828:
600:
of the bands has continued to recount the effects of the many deaths in these epidemics.
1259:
973:
875:
628:
597:
553:
1365:
1171:
994:
776:
653:
633:
624:
612:
539:, but the First Nations peoples were devastated by epidemics of these new diseases.
1144:
961:
648:
supported a system of reserves and indoctrination to "civilized" practices such as
524:
374:
326:
193:
152:
1216:
977:
944:
mixing naturalism with Indigenous and settler cultures. The area is accessed by
868:
820:
808:
791:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼetinqox - "the river flats"; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
756:
677:
569:
542:
Infectious disease outbreaks with high fatalities for Tsilhqotʼin populations:
941:
669:
665:
608:
311:
96:
1100:
969:
831:
Dakelh subgroup with intermarried Nagwentlʼun-Tsilhqotʼin-subgroup and some
563:
516:
497:
477:
341:"people". Tsilhqot'in people also use another word to refer to themselves:
17:
917:(all Tsilhqotʼin bands without the mixed Carrier/Dakelh-Tsilhqotʼin band)
1076:
859:– "People of Xeni Village"; registered population April, 2020: 454)
580:
577:
473:
734:, and in a string of five communities accessible from Williams Lake on
603:
584:
360:
305:
Tsilhqutʼin, Tŝinlhqotʼin, Chilkhodin, Tsilkótin, Tsilkotin
156:
1193:
High Slack: Waddington's Gold Road and the Bute Inlet Massacre of 1864
832:
824:
505:
182:
174:
1211:
562:(reduced BC aboriginal population by 62% – completely destroyed six
795:- "People of Tlʼetinqox"; registered population April, 2020: 1,631)
759:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Tlʼesqox (Toosey); Tsilhqotʼin band name:
763:= "People at/on Tlʼesqox"; registered population April, 2020: 377)
684:, 20 acres for 150 indigenous people. Starvation became a threat.
664:
In the 1870s, the loss of hunting territories, and crashes of the
602:
482:
239:
930:
Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations)
784:
Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government Office (Anaham Reserve First Nations)
169:
1225:
500:
pelts. By 1808, a fur-trading company from Montreal called the
388:
26:
262:
1206:
42:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
855:; Tsilhqotʼin community: Xeni Gwet; Tsilhqotʼin band name:
277:
688:
Canadian government set to reallocate land back to natives
283:
265:
318:
ethnolinguistic group that live in what is now known as
50:
1081:
Government of British Columbia – Ministry of Education
738:(from east to west), and south from Highway 20 is the
295:
286:
274:
851:(offices at the wilderness community and reserve in
280:
268:
1338:
1305:
1266:
271:
228:
216:
204:
192:
162:
146:
130:
116:
106:
924:Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation)
800:Tŝideldel First Nation (Alexis Creek First Nation)
936:Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
752:Toosey First Nation (Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
921:ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation)
840:ʔEsdilagh First Nation (Alexandria First Nation)
552:Smallpox, 1855 (from infected blankets from the
416:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
325:Their name, Tŝilhqotʼin, makes reference to the
623:By the 1860s, miners panned along the Fraser,
53:to make improvements to the overall structure.
1237:
726:Today, some 5,000 Tsilhqotʼin people live in
697:Catholic missionaries and residential schools
81:Indigenous people in British Columbia, Canada
8:
927:Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation)
768:Yunesitʼin First Nation (Stone First Nation)
702:system. Ninety years after the start of the
87:
1077:"First Nations Peoples of British Columbia"
835:; registered population April, 2020: 1,065)
632:leading to a stream of events known as the
1244:
1230:
1222:
95:
86:
960:westbound from Williams Lake crosses the
811:; registered population April, 2020: 703)
779:; registered population April, 2020: 491)
447:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:
1037:
1035:
874:Tsilhqotʼin First Nations belong to two
1021:
1010:Tsilhqotʼin Nation v. British Columbia
827:-Tŝilhqotʼin community, mostly of the
329:, which means "red ochre river," from
189:
379:Tsilhqotʼin Nation v British Columbia
101:Tsilhqotʼin man on horse (1901)
7:
793:Tlʼetinqox-tʼin (Tlʼetinqox Gwetʼin)
117:Regions with significant populations
596:and killed an entire Carrier band.
25:
1107:. Tsilhqot'in National Government
652:up until his retirement in 1864.
619:Gold rush and European settlement
1307:Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
1055:University of the Basque Country
1000:Carrier Chilcotin Tribal Council
883:Carrier-Chilcotin Tribal Council
393:
258:
31:
1268:Tsilhqotʼin National Government
1207:Tŝilhqot'in National Government
1141:Nemiah: The Unconquered Country
914:Tsilhqotʼin National Government
777:Yunesitʼin (Yuneŝitʼin Gwetʼin)
761:Tlʼesqoxtʼin (Tlʼesqox Gwetʼin)
708:Williams Lake, British Columbia
1288:(Anaham Reserve First Nations)
1044:Pallarés, Paula Laita (2021).
968:, characterized by undulating
948:, which runs from the City of
809:Tŝideldel (Tŝi Deldel Gwetʼin)
1:
903:(Tlʼesqox of the Tsilhqotʼin)
787:(offices east of the town of
504:had established posts in the
487:Tsilhqotʼin baby cradle
476:, the material of choice for
676:. Settlers however assumed
611:) a chief hanged after the
511:In 1821, what was then the
359:"person/people", and their
1393:
1286:Tlʼetinqox-tʼin Government
1005:Tsilhqotʼin Tribal Council
377:on Tsilhqot'in lands, see
1297:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
933:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
848:Xeni Gwetʼin First Nation
722:First Nations communities
587:of the 1840s. Furniss in
167:
151:
135:
121:
111:
94:
771:(offices at the town of
755:(offices are located at
672:ditches, and practicing
402:This section includes a
256:("People of the river",
1346:Alkali Lake Indian Band
1168:Caruso of Lonesome Lake
1101:"Lands & Resources"
972:, expansive forests of
650:subsistence agriculture
480:and other stone tools.
431:more precise citations.
1320:Red Bluff First Nation
1292:Tŝideldel First Nation
1276:ʔEsdilagh First Nation
1159:Smith and Other Events
896:Red Bluff First Nation
660:Environmental problems
615:
488:
245:
1351:High Bar First Nation
1330:Ulkatcho First Nation
1325:Tlʼesqox First Nation
1212:Tŝilhqot'in Language
907:Ulkatcho First Nation
816:Ulkatcho First Nation
606:
589:The Burden of History
486:
375:extractive industries
309:North American tribal
243:
163:Related ethnic groups
1315:Kluskus First Nation
990:Tsilhqotʼin language
952:to the port town of
891:Kluskus First Nation
546:Whooping cough, 1845
513:Hudson's Bay Company
199:"Ochre River"/"Land"
1188:by Mel Rothenburger
901:Toosey First Nation
607:Lhatŝʼaŝʔin (
560:Smallpox, 1862–1863
468:region in southern
316:Athabaskan-speaking
91:
51:editing the article
1281:Stone First Nation
1217:Tsilhqot'in Nation
1196:by Judith Williams
1105:Tsilhqot'in Nation
714:Disenfranchisement
704:residential school
616:
502:North West Company
489:
404:list of references
246:
1377:Chilcotin Country
1359:
1358:
1186:The Chilcotin War
966:Chilcotin Plateau
537:acquired immunity
457:
456:
449:
250:Tsilhqotʼin
238:
237:
222:Tŝilhqotʼin Chʼih
200:
188:
187:
141:Tsilhqotʼin
88:Tsilhqotʼin
79:
78:
71:
44:layout guidelines
16:(Redirected from
1384:
1256:band governments
1246:
1239:
1232:
1223:
1150:Chilcotin Cowboy
1128:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1026:
803:(offices are at
773:Hanceville, B.C.
674:animal husbandry
470:British Columbia
452:
445:
441:
438:
432:
427:this section by
418:inline citations
397:
396:
389:
320:British Columbia
299:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
267:
264:
220:Nenqayni Ch'ih (
198:
190:
124:British Columbia
107:Total population
99:
92:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
35:
34:
27:
21:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1334:
1301:
1262:
1260:tribal councils
1250:
1203:
1181:Sage Birchwater
1163:Paul St. Pierre
1154:Paul St. Pierre
1137:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1058:
1050:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1018:
986:
876:tribal councils
724:
716:
699:
690:
662:
642:
621:
533:
521:Fort Alexandria
494:
462:
453:
442:
436:
433:
422:
408:related reading
398:
394:
387:
366:Tŝilhqotʼin Nen
303:; also spelled
297:
261:
257:
233:Tŝilhqotʼin Nen
197:
172:
102:
89:
85:
82:
75:
64:
58:
55:
49:Please help by
48:
36:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1311:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1283:
1278:
1272:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1249:
1248:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1201:External links
1199:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1118:
1092:
1068:
1053:(PhD thesis).
1031:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
985:
982:
974:lodgepole pine
938:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
910:
909:
904:
898:
893:
861:
860:
844:
836:
812:
796:
780:
764:
723:
720:
715:
712:
698:
695:
689:
686:
661:
658:
641:
638:
620:
617:
574:
573:
567:
557:
554:Thompson River
550:
547:
532:
529:
515:established a
493:
492:European trade
490:
461:
458:
455:
454:
412:external links
401:
399:
392:
386:
383:
236:
235:
230:
226:
225:
218:
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
186:
185:
165:
164:
160:
159:
149:
148:
144:
143:
133:
132:
128:
127:
119:
118:
114:
113:
109:
108:
104:
103:
100:
83:
80:
77:
76:
39:
37:
30:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1389:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1228:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1172:Ralph Edwards
1169:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1069:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1022:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
995:Chilcotin War
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
950:Williams Lake
947:
943:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
919:
918:
916:
915:
908:
905:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
887:
885:
884:
879:
877:
872:
870:
866:
858:
854:
853:Nemaia Valley
850:
849:
845:
842:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
801:
797:
794:
790:
786:
785:
781:
778:
774:
770:
769:
765:
762:
758:
754:
753:
749:
748:
747:
745:
741:
740:Nemiah Valley
737:
733:
732:Williams Lake
729:
721:
719:
713:
711:
709:
705:
696:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
659:
657:
655:
654:Joseph Trutch
651:
647:
646:James Douglas
639:
637:
635:
634:Chilcotin War
630:
626:
618:
614:
613:Chilcotin War
610:
605:
601:
599:
595:
590:
586:
582:
579:
571:
568:
565:
561:
558:
555:
551:
549:Measles, 1850
548:
545:
544:
543:
540:
538:
530:
528:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
503:
499:
491:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
459:
451:
448:
440:
430:
426:
420:
419:
413:
409:
405:
400:
391:
390:
384:
382:
380:
376:
370:
368:
367:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
302:
301:
291:
255:
251:
242:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
184:
180:
176:
171:
166:
161:
158:
154:
150:
145:
142:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
115:
110:
105:
98:
93:
73:
70:
62:
52:
46:
45:
40:This article
38:
29:
28:
19:
1339:Unaffiliated
1252:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1167:
1158:
1149:
1145:Terry Glavin
1140:
1135:Bibliography
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1104:
1095:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1046:
1024:
962:Fraser River
939:
912:
911:
881:
880:
873:
865:Alexis Creek
862:
857:Xeni Gwetʼin
846:
838:
829:Ulkatchotʼen
819:(offices at
814:
798:
789:Alexis Creek
782:
766:
750:
744:Xeni-Gwetʼin
725:
717:
700:
691:
678:water rights
663:
643:
622:
598:Oral history
588:
575:
541:
534:
525:Fraser River
510:
495:
463:
443:
434:
423:Please help
415:
371:
364:
356:
355:"surface" +
352:
348:
343:
342:
338:
334:
330:
327:Chilko River
324:
304:
253:
249:
247:
209:
179:Wetʼsuwetʼen
170:Dene peoples
153:Christianity
112:4,100 (2008)
84:Ethnic group
65:
56:
41:
1372:Tsilhqot'in
1253:Tsilhqotʼin
978:Douglas fir
954:Bella Coola
869:Anahim Lake
821:Anahim Lake
757:Riske Creek
730:, north of
682:Canoe Creek
666:salmon runs
570:Spanish flu
466:Similkameen
460:Pre-contact
429:introducing
210:Tŝilhqotʼin
173:Especially
18:Tsilhqot’in
1366:Categories
1111:29 October
1086:2013-05-14
1016:References
970:grasslands
958:Highway 20
946:Highway 20
942:literature
742:, and the
736:Highway 20
728:Alexandria
670:irrigation
609:Klatsassin
594:Ootsa Lake
478:arrowheads
363:is called
337:"river" +
312:government
208:Nenqayni (
644:Governor
581:epidemics
564:Secwepemc
517:fur trade
498:sea otter
351:"land" +
333:"rock" +
254:Chilcotin
131:Languages
90:Chilcotin
59:June 2019
1029:Victoria
984:See also
833:Nuxalkmc
823:; mixed
805:Redstone
640:Reserves
629:Horsefly
578:smallpox
519:post at
474:obsidian
437:May 2013
347:, from:
344:Nenqayni
307:) are a
217:Language
194:Tŝilhqóx
147:Religion
122:Canada (
1057:UPV/EHU
625:Quesnel
585:measles
531:Disease
523:on the
506:Carrier
425:improve
385:History
361:country
331:tŝi(lh)
314:of the
229:Country
157:Animism
137:English
1177:Chiwid
1061:29 Oct
825:Dakelh
627:, and
205:People
183:Babine
181:, and
175:Dakelh
168:Other
1051:(PDF)
556:area)
410:, or
339:-t'in
296:chil-
196:/ Nen
1258:and
1113:2023
1063:2023
976:and
867:and
353:-qay
300:-tin
248:The
1179:by
1170:by
1161:by
1152:by
1143:by
357:-ni
349:nen
335:-qu
298:KOH
252:or
1368::
1103:.
1079:.
1034:^
956:.
878::
746:.
636:.
414:,
406:,
381:.
369:.
278:oʊ
263:tʃ
177:,
155:,
139:,
1245:e
1238:t
1231:v
1115:.
1089:.
1065:.
450:)
444:(
439:)
435:(
421:.
290:/
287:n
284:ɪ
281:t
275:k
272:ˈ
269:l
266:ɪ
260:/
224:)
212:)
126:)
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
47:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
