100:
500:
42:
635:
466:. Although the Austro-Hungarian Navy was not happy with the design, which was largely obsolete, it was the only design for which plans were available and which could be begun immediately in domestic shipyards. The Austro-Hungarian Navy unenthusiastically placed orders for four boats on 27 March 1915.
474:
Before construction could begin, the Navy found itself in the midst of political situation because the
Hungarian government demanded that a substantial portion of the submarine contracts be allocated to Hungarian firms. After intricate negotiations, the order was split into two orders of two
495:
yard at Fiume. The subcontracts were also divided between
Hungarian and Austrian firms, with about two-thirds going to Hungarian companies and one-third to Austrian companies. This allocation of contracts, while politically expedient, exacerbated technical problems that resulted in numerous
395:-class design was largely obsolete by the beginning of the war. Political considerations caused the order to be split between Austrian and Hungarian firms, which contributed to construction problems and delays, keeping any of the boats from being operational until the middle of 1917.
531:
for surface running, and a single 160 shp (120 kW) electric motor for submerged travel. The boats were capable of 12 knots (22 km/h) while surfaced and 9 knots (17 km/h) while submerged. Although there is no specific notation of a range for the
450:
consisted of six largely experimental submarines, two of which were not operational. When it became apparent that the war would not be a short one, Austria-Hungary moved to bolster their U-boat fleet by seizing the plans for the Danish
519:-class boats were ocean-going submarines that displaced 173 tonnes (191 short tons) surfaced and 210 tonnes (231 short tons) submerged. The boats were 127 feet 2 inches (38.76 m) long with a
579:
class suffered from unreliable engines which compounded the already poor handling characteristics of the boats. None of the class had any successes and two of their number were sunk during the war.
540:
class, upon which it was based, had a range of 1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h), surfaced, and 23 nautical miles (43 km) at 8 knots (15 km/h) submerged. The
551:-class boats were armed with two 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes located in the front and carried a complement of two torpedoes. They were also equipped with a 66 mm/26 (2.6 in)
387:
With a small fleet of six U-boats at the beginning of World War I, two of which were not operational, the Austro-Hungarian Navy acted to bolster its fleet. They reluctantly ordered four
1621:
1503:
1614:
1630:
1744:
1717:
41:
2081:
2074:
1607:
1572:
128:
2039:
2032:
2025:
1463:
1436:
1405:
1378:
1343:
1810:
1496:
1724:
2017:
1588:
452:
374:
1200:
854:
yard and was launched on 27 January 1917, the last of the class to be launched. The still-incomplete boat sank in the harbor at
1683:
1656:
817:
again conducted patrols off
Albania. A broken piston in her diesel engine cut short her war career. At Pola at the war's end,
2233:
1947:
1710:
1489:
757:
643:
708:
665:
on 29 September 1915 at the Pola Navy Yard. She was launched on 18 September 1916. During diving trials in March 1917,
1967:
1649:
2228:
2046:
1864:
1668:
789:
was built at the Pola Navy Yard and was launched on 15 August 1916, and was the first of the class to be launched.
745:
2143:
2060:
1995:
1926:
1765:
1690:
1676:
1563:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
906:
841:
780:
629:
115:
46:
2157:
2150:
2136:
1988:
1013:
1007:
1940:
974:
2007:
2002:
1891:
1035:
Sources report the date of the attack as being variously on the night of 4/5 July, on 6 July, or on 9 July.
692:
600:
527:
of 9 feet (2.7 m). For propulsion, they featured a single shaft, a single 450 bhp (340 kW)
2177:
2116:
2109:
1783:
1370:
945:
443:
398:
The class boats were just over 127 feet (39 m) long and were armed with two front torpedo tubes, a
341:
105:
31:
1884:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2053:
1844:
1702:
406:. The engines for the boats were unreliable, which compounded handling problems with the design. The
1599:
858:
in June 1917, but was raised, repaired, and relaunched in
October. From her November commissioning,
1817:
1366:
987:, it blew debris into the air, sinking the submarine with all hands. Like all of her sister boats,
793:
was damaged in a diving trial in
January 1917, requiring seven months for repairs. The U-boat was
1905:
1751:
963:
924:
794:
680:
588:
1919:
1898:
1981:
1837:
1802:
1469:
1459:
1442:
1432:
1411:
1401:
1384:
1374:
1349:
1339:
980:
957:
670:
584:
370:
1974:
1790:
701:
was hit by one torpedo at a range of 650 yards (590 m) and sank with all hands west of
459:
1775:
1758:
1736:
1023:
749:
520:
419:
345:
1332:
Die
Schiffe der k.(u.)k. Kriegsmarine im Bild = Austro-Hungarian warships in photographs
2169:
1933:
887:
822:
741:
248:
1233:
2222:
2128:
1856:
1829:
1301:
1207:
1019:
806:
753:
528:
423:
241:
17:
1959:
1912:
524:
499:
956:
s only commanding officer, guided the boat in an attack on the
Italian transport
1638:
916:
691:
river in early July 1918 when she was spotted by the surfaced
Italian submarine
688:
662:
606:
599:
of the class, sank in July 1918 when she was torpedoed by the
Italian submarine
567:
on 27 January 1917. The boats entered service between August and
November 1917.
556:
447:
403:
359:
311:
53:
1206:(in Hungarian). Imperial and Royal Navy Association. p. 20. Archived from
430:, which was raised and salvaged in 1962, is on display in a military museum in
1641:
879:
329:
1275:(reprinted and translated into English by Sieche). Retrieved 2 February 2009.
723:
710:
1876:
1473:
1446:
1415:
1388:
1353:
979:; after first trying to ram the U-boat, the destroyer deployed an explosive
971:
658:
596:
583:
was the first sunk when she went down on 21 February 1918 from an explosive
563:, when it slid down the ways on 15 August 1916; the final boat launched was
391:
boats in 1915 because construction could start immediately, even though the
333:
186:
874:. After three months of repairs for her failed electric motor in mid 1918,
1428:
867:
863:
810:
552:
399:
305:
1481:
1272:
301:
2 × 45 cm (17.7 in) torpedo tubes (both in front); 2 torpedoes
278:
1,400 nautical miles (2,600 km) at 10 knots (19 km/h) surfaced
936:
883:
871:
802:
702:
684:
1335:
943:
departed on her final patrol on 20 February 1918. The following day,
932:
928:
761:
647:
431:
418:—to enemy action during the war. The remaining two were delivered as
410:
class did not claim any wartime successes, yet lost two of the boats—
337:
744:
in 1962. Remains of her crewmen were interred on the grounds of the
669:
was accidentally rammed by the Austro-Hungarian Navy light cruiser
1425:
U-boats Destroyed: The Effect of Anti-submarine Warfare, 1914–1918
855:
633:
498:
463:
381:
281:
23 nautical miles (43 km) at 8 knots (15 km/h) submerged
84:
927:
on 1 September and initially patrolled off the Italian towns of
886:. In port at Cattaro at war's end, she was ceded to France as a
73:
1603:
1485:
634:
609:. The remaining two boats were surrendered at war's end, with
983:. When the paravane came into contact with the submerged
675:, which required seven months of repairs for the U-boat.
2168:
2127:
2016:
1958:
1875:
1855:
1828:
1801:
1774:
1735:
1701:
1667:
1637:
1631:Austro-Hungarian Navy ship classes of World War I
1363:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921
923:yard and was launched on 5 January 1917. She was
809:patrol was cut short by a leaky seal on her main
813:. After an additional eight months of repairs,
1458:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
1400:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
575:During their active service, the boats of the
1615:
1497:
1396:Gibson, R. H.; Prendergast, Maurice (2003) .
544:-class boats were designed for a crew of 18.
8:
1258:
1256:
1254:
683:on 20 October, and operated out of Pola and
559:. The first of the class to be launched was
507:, the lead ship of the class upon which the
369:because it was based upon the design of the
362:. The class is sometimes referred to as the
353:
1295:
1293:
829:did not have any successes during the war.
768:did not sink any ships during her service.
27:Austro-Hungarian Navy submarines during WWI
1622:
1608:
1600:
1504:
1490:
1482:
1330:Baumgartner, Lothar; Erwin Sieche (1999).
1283:
1281:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
756:and a midship section were donated to the
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
970:then came under attack from the Italian
503:A cross section of the Danish submarine
1047:
1000:
350:Kaiserliche und Königliche Kriegsmarine
36:
1271:Baumgartner and Sieche, as excerpted
797:on 15 August 1917. In early October,
201:210 tonnes (231 short tons) submerged
7:
1719:Kronprinzessin Erzherzogin Stephanie
919:on 8 December 1915 at the Hungarian
446:'s U-boat fleet at the beginning of
211:127 ft 2 in (38.76 m)
198:173 tonnes (191 short tons) surfaced
1746:Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia
1398:The German Submarine War, 1914–1918
1234:"Austro-Hungarian Navy: Submarines"
1232:Smith, Gordon (15 September 2008).
458:, three of which had been built at
613:being ceded to Italy in 1920, and
25:
483:built at the Pola Navy Yard, and
1589:List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats
878:resumed service, patrolling the
821:was ceded to Italy in 1920 as a
687:. She was in the estuary of the
617:to France; both were broken up.
555:and an 8 mm (0.31 in)
266:9 knots (17 km/h) submerged
263:12 knots (22 km/h) surfaced
98:
40:
1287:Gibson and Prendergast, p. 279.
380:, three of which were built in
1456:A Naval History of World War I
1361:Gardiner, Robert, ed. (1985).
894:sank no ships during the war.
523:of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a
340:built for and operated by the
1:
1766:Monfalcone type large cruiser
1338:: Verlagsbuchhandlung Stöhr.
935:. After being transferred to
866:estuary and, later, northern
764:, where they are on display.
310:1 × 8 mm (0.31 in)
1026:. See: Gardiner, pp. 340–41.
1022:to replace their inadequate
758:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
644:Heeresgeschichtliches Museum
251:, 160 shp (120 kW)
244:, 450 bhp (340 kW)
1669:Pre-dreadnought battleships
949:Klemens Ritter von Bézard,
850:was built at the Hungarian
2250:
1712:Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf
1423:Grant, Robert M. (2002) .
991:had no wartime successes.
904:
862:conducted patrols off the
839:
801:conducted patrols off the
778:
746:Theresian Military Academy
627:
496:modifications and delays.
29:
2188:
1584:
1558:
1522:
1454:Halpern, Paul G. (1994).
1306:U-Boat War in World War I
1018:were in drydock awaiting
907:SM U-23 (Austria-Hungary)
842:SM U-22 (Austria-Hungary)
805:coast, but a mid-October
781:SM U-21 (Austria-Hungary)
630:SM U-20 (Austria-Hungary)
177:
61:
39:
1302:"WWI U-boats: U KUK U23"
30:Not to be confused with
491:built at the Hungarian
470:Design and construction
219:13 ft (4.0 m)
178:General characteristics
52:loads a torpedo during
650:
512:
475:submarines each, with
354:
349:
304:1 × 66 mm/26 (2.6 in)
227:9 ft (2.7 m)
2234:U-20-class submarines
1812:Kaiser Franz Joseph I
1703:Coastal defense ships
1371:Naval Institute Press
1300:Helgason, Guðmundur.
1091:Gardiner, pp. 343–44.
946:Linienschiffsleutnant
638:The conning tower of
637:
502:
444:Austro-Hungarian Navy
342:Austro-Hungarian Navy
106:Austro-Hungarian Navy
32:German submarine U-20
2195:Single ship of class
18:U-20 class submarine
1367:Annapolis, Maryland
720: /
607:Tagliamento estuary
422:and broken up. The
355:K.u.K. Kriegsmarine
1803:Protected cruisers
1238:World War 1 at Sea
1213:on 11 October 2021
1201:"Tengeralattjárók"
964:Straits of Otranto
939:in late December,
661:of the class, was
651:
642:on display at the
589:Straits of Otranto
513:
2229:Submarine classes
2214:
2213:
1597:
1596:
1516:-class submarines
1465:978-0-87021-266-6
1438:978-1-904381-00-6
1407:978-1-59114-314-7
1380:978-0-87021-907-8
1345:978-3-901208-25-6
1163:Gardiner, p. 344.
1119:Gardiner, p. 341.
1105:Gardiner, p. 354.
922:
853:
724:45.483°N 13.033°E
494:
456:-class submarines
378:-class submarines
371:Royal Danish Navy
319:
318:
125:Succeeded by
82:
16:(Redirected from
2241:
1776:Torpedo cruisers
1737:Armored cruisers
1624:
1617:
1610:
1601:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1483:
1477:
1450:
1419:
1392:
1357:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1285:
1276:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1197:
1180:
1179:Halpern, p. 383.
1177:
1164:
1161:
1136:
1135:Halpern, p. 382.
1133:
1120:
1117:
1106:
1103:
1092:
1089:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:gasoline engines
1005:
955:
920:
851:
735:
734:
732:
731:
730:
725:
721:
718:
717:
716:
713:
511:class was based.
492:
357:
104:
102:
101:
80:
72:Pola Navy Yard,
44:
37:
21:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2184:
2164:
2123:
2012:
1954:
1871:
1851:
1824:
1797:
1770:
1731:
1697:
1663:
1633:
1628:
1598:
1593:
1580:
1554:
1518:
1510:
1480:
1466:
1453:
1439:
1422:
1408:
1395:
1381:
1360:
1346:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1183:
1178:
1167:
1162:
1139:
1134:
1123:
1118:
1109:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1006:
1002:
997:
953:
909:
903:
890:and broken up.
844:
838:
825:and broken up.
783:
777:
750:Wiener Neustadt
740:was raised and
736:. The wreck of
728:
726:
722:
719:
714:
711:
709:
707:
706:
632:
626:
573:
472:
440:
420:war reparations
99:
97:
57:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2133:
2131:
2129:River monitors
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1949:Ersatz Triglav
1945:
1938:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:Light cruisers
1853:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1832:
1830:Scout cruisers
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1753:Kaiser Karl VI
1749:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1685:Erzherzog Karl
1681:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1658:Ersatz Monarch
1654:
1646:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1569:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1494:
1486:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1451:
1437:
1420:
1406:
1393:
1379:
1358:
1344:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1289:
1277:
1264:
1262:Grant, p. 163.
1250:
1224:
1181:
1165:
1137:
1121:
1107:
1093:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1020:diesel engines
999:
998:
996:
993:
905:Main article:
902:
896:
888:war reparation
840:Main article:
837:
831:
823:war reparation
779:Main article:
776:
770:
729:45.483; 13.033
705:near position
628:Main article:
625:
619:
572:
569:
471:
468:
439:
436:
317:
316:
315:
314:
308:
302:
297:
293:
292:
289:
285:
284:
283:
282:
279:
274:
270:
269:
268:
267:
264:
259:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:electric motor
245:
238:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
217:
213:
212:
209:
205:
204:
203:
202:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
175:
174:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
126:
122:
121:
113:
109:
108:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
77:
68:
64:
63:
62:Class overview
59:
58:
45:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2246:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1960:Torpedo boats
1957:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1867:
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1323:Bibliography
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1267:
1241:. Retrieved
1237:
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1215:. Retrieved
1208:the original
1031:
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193:Displacement
129:
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48:
2170:Auxiliaries
1760:Sankt Georg
1642:battleships
1639:Dreadnought
1243:10 November
880:Montenegrin
727: /
689:Tagliamento
557:machine gun
536:class, the
460:Whitehead's
448:World War I
404:machine gun
360:World War I
312:machine gun
112:Preceded by
54:World War I
2223:Categories
1935:Warasdiner
1877:Destroyers
1651:Tegetthoff
1311:2 February
1217:2 February
1043:References
438:Background
334:submarines
288:Complement
232:Propulsion
79:Hungarian
2201:Cancelled
972:destroyer
917:laid down
663:laid down
659:lead boat
597:lead boat
538:Havmanden
505:Havmanden
454:Havmanden
393:Havmanden
376:Havmanden
365:Havmanden
358:) during
237:1 × shaft
187:submarine
170:Preserved
154:Completed
149:1916–1918
141:1915–1917
94:Operators
2207:Captured
1969:Schichau
1914:Satellit
1692:Radetzky
1678:Habsburg
1564:SM
1474:28411665
1447:50215640
1429:Penzance
1416:52924732
1389:12119866
1354:43596931
981:paravane
868:Adriatic
864:Po River
803:Albanian
742:salvaged
585:paravane
553:deck gun
402:, and a
400:deck gun
373:'s 1911
332:of four
306:deck gun
296:Armament
116:SM
67:Builders
47:SM
2018:U-boats
1907:Trabant
1785:Panther
1726:Monarch
962:in the
937:Cattaro
884:Cattaro
872:Trieste
715:13°02′E
712:45°29′N
703:Trieste
685:Trieste
605:in the
587:in the
338:U-boats
1997:Kaiman
1983:Natter
1928:Huszár
1921:Magnet
1900:Planet
1886:Meteor
1846:Novara
1472:
1462:
1445:
1435:
1414:
1404:
1387:
1377:
1352:
1342:
976:Airone
933:Ancona
929:Rimini
762:Vienna
752:. The
657:, the
648:Vienna
595:, the
432:Vienna
346:German
328:was a
208:Length
103:
83:yard,
2145:Temes
2138:Körös
2118:U-107
2111:U-101
1990:Cobra
1976:Viper
1942:Tátra
1893:Blitz
1819:Zenta
1792:Tiger
1576:class
1211:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
995:Notes
959:Memfi
954:'
856:Fiume
811:hatch
525:draft
464:Fiume
426:from
382:Fiume
367:class
330:class
326:class
273:Range
258:Speed
224:Draft
138:Built
132:class
85:Fiume
2179:Pola
2159:Sava
2152:Enns
2104:U-52
2097:U-50
2090:U-48
2083:U-43
2076:U-27
2069:U-20
2062:U-14
2055:U-10
2008:250t
2003:110t
1574:U-27
1566:U-14
1549:U-23
1542:U-22
1535:U-21
1528:U-20
1514:U-20
1470:OCLC
1460:ISBN
1443:OCLC
1433:ISBN
1412:OCLC
1402:ISBN
1385:OCLC
1375:ISBN
1350:OCLC
1340:ISBN
1336:Wien
1313:2009
1273:here
1245:2008
1219:2009
1012:and
989:U-23
985:U-23
968:U-23
951:U-23
941:U-23
931:and
921:UBAG
915:was
913:U-23
900:U-23
892:U-22
876:U-22
860:U-22
852:UBAG
848:U-22
835:U-22
827:U-21
819:U-21
815:U-21
799:U-21
791:U-21
787:U-21
774:U-21
766:U-20
738:U-20
699:U-20
679:was
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667:U-20
655:U-20
640:U-20
623:U-20
615:U-22
611:U-21
593:U-20
581:U-23
577:U-20
565:U-22
561:U-21
549:U-20
547:The
542:U-20
534:U-20
521:beam
517:U-20
515:The
509:U-20
493:UBAG
489:U-23
487:and
485:U-22
481:U-21
479:and
477:U-20
442:The
428:U-20
416:U-23
414:and
412:U-20
408:U-20
389:U-20
324:U-20
321:The
247:1 ×
240:1 ×
216:Beam
183:Type
162:Lost
130:U-27
118:U-14
81:UBAG
74:Pola
49:U-21
2048:U-7
2041:U-5
2034:U-3
2027:U-1
1015:U-2
1009:U-1
911:SM
898:SM
846:SM
833:SM
785:SM
772:SM
760:in
748:at
694:F12
653:SM
646:in
621:SM
602:F12
462:in
352:or
336:or
87:(2)
76:(2)
2225::
1468:.
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1292:^
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1110:^
1096:^
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966:.
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591:.
434:.
384:.
348::
291:18
2204:C
2198:X
2192:S
1623:e
1616:t
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344:(
173:0
165:2
157:4
56:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
