476:
121:
406:, Foreign Service reservists, Foreign Service staff, "alien personnel" (subsequently renamed Foreign Service nationals and later locally employed staff), and consular agents. Officers were expected to spend the bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service. Reserve officers often spent the bulk of their careers in Washington but were available for overseas service. Foreign Service staff personnel included clerical and support positions. The intent of this system was to remove the distinction between Foreign Service and civil service staff, which had been a source of friction. The Foreign Service Act of 1946 also repealed as redundant the 1927 and 1930 laws granting USDA and Commerce representatives abroad diplomatic status, since at that point agricultural and commercial attachés were appointed by the Department of State.
902:
provisions of the
Foreign Service Act. This may include a maximum of 27 years of commissioned service if a member is not promoted into the Senior Foreign Service, and a maximum of 15 years of service in any single grade prior to promotion into the Senior Foreign Service. Furthermore, Selection Boards may recommend members not only for promotions, but for selection out of the service due to failure to perform at the standard set by those members' peers in the same grade. The TIC rules do not apply to office management specialists, medical specialists, and several other categories but most members of the Foreign Service are subject to an "
390:(not officers of the Foreign Service). In addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1, 1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No. II. The agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to the Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980.
40:
837:
previous assignments will affect one's possible onward assignments. All assignments are based on the needs of the service, and historically it has occasionally been necessary for the department to make directed assignments to a particular post in order to fulfill the government's diplomatic requirements. This is not the norm, however, as many
Foreign Service employees have volunteered to serve even at extreme hardship posts, including, most recently, Iraq and Afghanistan. FSOs must also agree to publicly support the policies of the United States government.
2507:
921:
539:(FSNs) are personnel who provide clerical, administrative, technical, fiscal, and other support at posts abroad. They may be native citizens of the host country or third-country citizens (the latter referred to in the past as third-country nationals or TCNs). They are "members of the Service" as defined in the Foreign Service Act unlike other locally employed staff, (also known as LE staff) who in some cases are U.S. citizens living abroad.
793:
reasons, to enable children to complete high school, etc.; the eight year limit is difficult to pierce and is reserved for those who are deemed "critical to the service" and for those persons at the deputy assistant secretary level). By law, however, Foreign
Service personnel must go abroad after ten years of domestic service. The difficulties and the benefits associated with working abroad are many, especially in relation to family life.
935:
414:. It also introduced the "up-or-out" system under which failure to gain promotion to higher rank within a specified time in class would lead to mandatory retirement, essentially borrowing the concept from the U.S. Navy. The 1946 Act also created the rank of Career Minister, accorded to the most senior officers of the service, and established mandatory retirement ages.
870:(FSO), serving overseas at a U.S. embassy, who drifts into a mode of routinely and automatically defending the actions of the host country government. In such an example, the officer has come to view the officials and government workers of the host country government as the persons he is serving. Former USUN ambassador and White House national security advisor
1458:, which specifically refers to the foreign affairs agencies as "each Foreign Affairs Agency (U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Foreign Agriculture Service of the Department of Agriculture (FAS), and U.S. and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce (US&FCS)) and the U.S. Defense representative."
520:(SFS) members are the senior leaders and experts for the management of the Foreign Service and the performance of its functions. They are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. SFS may come from the FSO or specialist ranks and are the equivalent to flag or general officers in the military.
881:
The State
Department's training for newly appointed ambassadors warns of the danger of clientitis, and the department rotates FSOs every two to three years to avoid it. During the Nixon administration, the State Department's Global Outlook Program (GLOP) attempted to combat clientitis by transferring
836:
Members of the
Foreign Service must agree to worldwide availability, that is, they must be willing to be deployed anywhere in the world based on the needs of the service. In practice, they generally have significant input as to where they will work, although issues such as rank, language ability, and
772:
Technically, there are many registers (one for each
Foreign Service specialty and then one for each generalist cone). The rank-order competitiveness of the register is only relevant within each candidate's career field. Successful candidates from the register will receive offers of employment to join
723:
The various parts of the oral assessment/FSOA are scored on a seven-point scale; these individual scores are then aggregated. At the end of the day, a candidate will be informed if their score met the 5.25 cutoff score necessary to continue their candidacy. This score becomes relevant again after the
434:
The
Foreign Service Act of 1980 is the most recent major legislative reform to the Foreign Service. It abolished the Foreign Service reserve category of officers, and reformed the personnel system for non-diplomatic locally employed staff of overseas missions (Foreign Service Nationals). It created a
832:
For members of the
Foreign Service, maintaining a personal life outside of work can be exceptionally difficult. In addition to espionage, there is also the danger of personnel using their position illegally for financial gain. The most frequent kind of illegal abuse of an official position concerns
816:
Some of the downsides of
Foreign Service work include exposure to tropical diseases and the assignment to countries with inadequate health care systems, and potential exposure to violence, civil unrest and warfare. Attacks on US embassies and consulates around the world—Beirut, Islamabad, Belgrade,
808:
While many children of
Foreign Service members become very well developed, are able to form friendships easily, are skilled at moving frequently, and enjoy international travel, other children have extreme difficulty adapting to the Foreign Service lifestyle. For both employees and their families,
322:
Throughout the nineteenth century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private
764:
Once an applicant passes the security and medical clearances, as well as the Final Review Panel, they are placed on the register of eligible hires, ranked according to the score that they received in the oral assessment/FSOA. There are factors that can increase a candidate's score, such as foreign
792:
Members of the Foreign Service are expected to serve much of their career abroad, working at embassies and consulates around the world. By internal regulation, the maximum stretch of domestic assignments should last no more than six years (extensions are possible at the six-year limit for medical
466:
This board is charged with advising "the Secretary of State on matters relating to the Service, including furtherance of the objectives of maximum compatibility among agencies authorized by law to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system and compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel
345:
was the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service. Specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923 (the U.S. did not establish the unified Foreign Service until 1924, at which time diplomatic and consular Officers became
901:
and both generalist and specialist positions are competitively promoted through comparison of performance in annual sessions of selection boards. Each foreign affairs agency establishes time-in-class (TIC) and time-in-service (TIS) rules for certain categories of personnel in accordance with the
840:
The State Department maintains a Family Liaison Office to assist diplomats, including members of the Foreign Service and their families, in dealing with the unique issues of life as a U.S. diplomat, including the extended family separations that are usually required when an employee is sent to a
740:
Failure to obtain any of these clearances can result in a candidate's eligibility being terminated. It can be difficult for a candidate to receive a top-secret clearance if they have extensive foreign travel, dual citizenship, non-United States citizen family members, foreign spouses, drug use,
358:
merged the diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the
695:
The applicant's entire package (including their personal narratives) is then reviewed by the Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP). In July 2022, the State Department eliminated the minimum passing score for the FSOT; the QEP now uses a holistic approach to candidate evaluation, scoring "each
719:
This stage of the assessment process also varies for generalists and specialists. For specialists, there is a structured oral interview, written assessment, and usually an online, objective exam. For generalists, the FSOA consists of a case-management exercise, group exercise, and structured
652:
The evaluation process for all Department of State Foreign Service officers and specialists can be broadly summarized as: Initial application, Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP), oral assessment/Foreign Service Officer Assessment, clearances and final suitability review, and the register.
796:
Dependent family members generally accompany Foreign Service employees overseas. This has become more difficult in regions marked by conflict and upheaval (currently many posts in the Middle East) where assignments are unaccompanied. The children of Foreign Service members, sometimes called
532:
provide special skills and services required for effective performance by the service (including, but not limited to facilities managers, IT specialists, nurse practitioners, office managers, and special agents in the Diplomatic Security Service). They are appointed by the secretary of
888:
writes that the problem "became particularly prevalent" among American diplomats in the Middle East because the investment of time needed to learn Arabic and the large number of diplomatic postings where it was spoken meant diplomats could spend their entire career in a single region.
769:. Once a candidate is put on the register, they can remain for 18 months. If they are not hired from the register within 18 months, their candidacy is terminated. Separate registers are maintained for each of the five generalist career cones as well as the 23 specialist career tracks.
696:
candidate based on educational and work background, responses to personal narrative questions, and the FSOT score." The most qualified candidates are invited to participate in the Foreign Service Officer Assessment (FSOA). Formerly known as the oral exam and administered in person in
582:(USAID). USAID, Commerce, and Agriculture senior career FSOs can be appointed to ambassadorships, although the ranks of career ambassadors are in the vast majority of cases drawn from the Department of State, with a far smaller sub-set drawn from the ranks of USAID mission directors.
455:. It enacted danger pay for those diplomats who serve in dangerous and hostile surroundings along with other administrative changes. The 1980 Act also reauthorized the Board of the Foreign Service, which "shall include one or more representatives of the Department of State, the
656:
All evaluation steps for generalist and specialist candidates are anchored using certain personality characteristics. For generalists there are 13, for specialists there are 12. Familiarity with these characteristics dramatically improves a candidate's probability of success.
526:(known informally as "generalists") are appointed by the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. These are mostly diplomat "generalists" who, along with some subject area experts, have primary responsibility for carrying out the functions of the Foreign Service.
409:
The 1946 Act replaced the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, a body concerned solely with administering the system of promotions, with the Board of the Foreign Service, which was responsible more broadly for the personnel system as a whole, and created the position of
741:
financial problems or a poor record of financial practices, frequent gambling, and allegiance or de facto allegiance to a foreign state. Additionally, it can be difficult for anyone who has had a significant health problem to receive a Class 1 medical clearance.
463:, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Management and Budget, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and such other agencies as the President may designate."
686:
Specialists fill out applications tailored to their particular knowledge areas. Given how varied the specialties are, applications vary. Candidates are asked to rate their own levels of experience, citing examples and references who can verify these claims.
422:
The new personnel management approach was not wholly successful, which led to an effort in the late 1970s to overhaul the 1946 act. During drafting of this act, Congress chose to move the commercial attachés back to Commerce while preserving their status as
824:
Foreign Service personnel stationed in nations with inadequate public infrastructure also face greater risk of injury or death due to fire, traffic accidents, and natural disasters. For instance, an FSO was one of the first identified victims of the
732:
Candidates must then obtain a Class 1 (worldwide available) medical clearance, top secret security clearance, and suitability clearance. Depending upon the candidate's specific career track, they may also require eligibility for a top secret
475:
737:(TS/SCI) clearance. Once a candidate's clearance information has been obtained, a final suitability review decides if this candidate is appropriate for employment in the Foreign Service. If so, the candidate's name is moved to the register.
569:
make up the largest portion of the Foreign Service, the Foreign Service Act of 1980 authorizes other U.S. government agencies to use the personnel system for positions that require service abroad. These include the Department of Commerce
2649:
2862:
863:(also called clientism or localitis) is the tendency of the resident in-country staff of an organization to regard the officials and people of the host country as "clients." This condition can be found in business or government.
2591:
3071:
2616:
2908:
677:
Before taking the FSOT, applicants must submit six personal narratives. The FSOT itself is a written exam consisting of four sections: job knowledge, English expression, situational judgement, and a written essay.
784:(FSI) in Arlington, Virginia. Specialist orientation at FSI is three weeks long. Depending upon the specialty, employees will then undergo several months of training before departing for their first assignment.
2732:
2690:
120:
748:
until 2008 when it decided to consider candidates on a case-by-case basis. The State Department said it was responding to changes in HIV treatment, but the policy change came after a decision by the
334:
In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed.
2887:
359:
Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, the former to advise the secretary of state on managing the Foreign Service, and the latter to manage the examination process.
2533:
2381:
3133:
2942:
2488:
2467:
2440:
2803:
2739:
2667:
2715:
3128:
2981:
2922:
2660:
2949:
984:
579:
460:
227:
1540:
3138:
2111:
590:
The total number of Foreign Service members, excluding Foreign Service nationals, from all Foreign Service agencies (State, USAID, etc.) is about 15,600. This includes:
749:
191:
431:
of the Department of Agriculture in addition to the existing FSOs of the Department of State, U.S. Information Agency, and U.S. Agency for International Development.
3118:
2873:
2374:
1700:
711:(FSS) candidates are evaluated by subject matter experts for proven skills and recommended to the Board of Examiners for an oral assessment based on those skills.
2515:
2451:
2894:
973:
3018:
2880:
2554:
175:
services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the
2558:
3113:
2915:
2701:
2367:
545:
provide consular and related services as authorized by the secretary of state at specified locations abroad where no Foreign Service posts are situated.
2796:
2573:
3032:
2540:
809:
the opportunity to see the world, experience foreign cultures firsthand for a prolonged period, and the camaraderie amongst the Foreign Service and
275:
Beginning on November 23, 1975, under a departmental administrative action, the director general has concurrently held the title of director of the
557:
who act as recruiters for the United States Foreign Service. They operate in designated regions and hold honorary positions in local universities.
2810:
2750:
2602:
2547:
2462:
2429:
411:
234:
219:
94:
3025:
2341:
362:
In 1927, Congress passed legislation affording diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce (until then known as "
2989:
2956:
2197:
1641:
1515:
578:, though the secretary of agriculture has also authorized the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to use the system as well), and the
2674:
2580:
2135:
1022:
223:
649:
The process of being employed in the Foreign Service is different for each of the five categories as defined in the Foreign Service Act.
2963:
1192:
1137:
968:
818:
766:
734:
153:
3011:
2495:
2003:
488:
276:
3054:
2901:
2390:
2220:
1949:
1919:
1772:
1684:
994:
875:
296:
203:
149:
1072:
801:, grow up in a unique world, one that separates them, willingly or unwillingly, from their counterparts living continuously in the
331:(1813). As acting consul in Paris, Warden had found himself being treated by American merchants as no more than a hireling agent.
2418:
989:
571:
456:
367:
261:
176:
145:
2243:
Roy, William G. "The process of bureaucratization in the US State Department and the vesting of economic interests, 1886-1905."
1326:"Curtis, Lucile Atcherson, 1894-1986. Papers of Lucile Atcherson Curtis, 1863-1986 (inclusive), 1917-1927 (bulk): A Finding Aid"
398:
In 1946 Congress at the request of the Department of State passed a new Foreign Service Act creating six classes of employees:
300:
2108:
2566:
2143:
1878:
1839:
1805:
724:
final suitability review. Successfully passing the oral assessment/FSOA earns a candidate a conditional offer of employment.
238:
202:, and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the
776:
Generalist candidates who receive official offers of employment must attend a six-week training/orientation course known as
2270:
Wood, Molly M. "Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the" Social Game" in the US Foreign Service, 1905-1941."
2970:
2782:
2768:
2633:
2252:
The Making of the Diplomatic Mind: The Training Outlook and Style of the United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908–1931
1866:
1793:
3123:
2993:
2152:
Haglund, E. T. "Striped pants versus fat cats: Ambassadorial performance of career diplomats and political appointees."
1939:
1905:
1588:
963:
637:
623:
575:
375:
280:
39:
1829:
1138:"Directors General of the Foreign Service - Principal Officers - People - Department History - Office of the Historian"
958:
602:
529:
1350:
323:
business or by collecting fees. This was an arrangement challenged in the first professional survey of the service,
2834:
2775:
2609:
2040:
708:
616:
448:
292:
2305:
Associates of the American Foreign Service Worldwide: online resources and community for U.S. diplomatic families.
2822:
2789:
2526:
833:
consular officers. There have been a handful of cases of FSOs on consular assignments selling visas for a price.
781:
303:. Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided
187:
2761:
2708:
2256:
Stewart, Irvin. "American Government and Politics: Congress, the Foreign Service, and the Department of State,
1050:
595:
536:
452:
107:
2236:
Roberts, Priscilla. "'All the Right People: The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment."
1993:
1615:
707:
Specialists also undergo a QEP, but their essays are collected as part of the initial application on USAJobs.
665:
Step 1 for a generalist is the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). For a specialist, it is an application on
2354:
2826:
2506:
2404:
1935:
1196:
867:
554:
523:
428:
424:
403:
383:
342:
308:
246:
207:
168:
45:
1288:
979:
550:
517:
436:
250:
2103:
Arias, Eric, and Alastair Smith. "Tenure, promotion and performance: The career path of US ambassadors."
1043:
2977:
2349:
2300:
American Foreign Service Association, a professional association representing Foreign Service employees.
1490:
826:
2327:
926:
798:
542:
269:
242:
3078:
Office of the U.S. Special Coordinator for the Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment
2841:
909:
This system stimulates members to perform well, and to accept difficult and hazardous assignments.
566:
511:
324:
312:
371:
1377:
1166:
363:
195:
141:
27:
Primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government
2216:
2210:
2193:
2139:
1999:
1989:
1945:
1915:
1874:
1835:
1801:
1680:
756:
that suggested the ban on HIV-positive applicants would not survive a lawsuit challenging it.
1372:
2436:
2425:
2261:
1798:
Behind the disappearances: Argentina's dirty war against human rights and the United Nations
1718:
1300:
999:
898:
885:
697:
505:
215:
1441:
2331:
2115:
1566:
940:
773:
a Foreign Service class. Generalists and specialists attend separate orientation classes.
440:
399:
379:
157:
90:
3072:
Office of the United States Security Coordinator for Israel and the Palestinian Authority
2161:
Professional Diplomacy in the United States, 1779–1939: A Study in Administrative History
1966:
1455:
1240:
2414:
2229:
Paterson, Thomas G. "American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890s to 1906."
1325:
871:
934:
3107:
2129:
1674:
1218:
1076:
953:
802:
701:
387:
265:
2359:
1399:
Evans, Alona E. (April 1948). "The Reorganization of the American Foreign Service".
813:
communities in general are considered some of the benefits of Foreign Service life.
17:
2447:
444:
211:
1162:
492:
2733:
Office of Policy, Planning, and Resources for Public Affairs and Public Diplomacy
2284:
1423:
1263:
186:
Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral
1541:"Foreign Service makes candidate assessment fully remote to broaden hiring pool"
1018:
948:
874:
has used this term repeatedly to describe the mindset within the culture of the
777:
480:
307:
and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while the Consular Service provided
279:. As the head of the bureau, the director general held a rank equivalent to an
2182:
The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924
1735:
1468:
1304:
916:
860:
855:
810:
355:
304:
164:
2122:
The Foreign Service of the United States: origins, development, and functions
1911:
903:
199:
172:
821:, Baghdad, Kabul, and Benghazi, among others—underscore the dangers faced.
2336:
2289:
2168:
American Ambassadors: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Diplomats
514:
are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
508:
are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
1764:
316:
180:
2124:(Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1961)
1265:
On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments
329:
On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments
2617:
Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs
666:
2058:
605:(consular fellows are counted by State Human Resources as specialists)
268:, held the position for less than six months before being replaced by
3044:
Office of the Secretary's Special Representative for Syria Engagement
496:
2265:
483:
swears in the 195th Foreign Service Generalist Class in October 2018
272:, who held the position until June 1949. Both men were career FSOs.
1907:
Quiet diplomacy: from Cairo to Tokyo in the twilight of imperialism
1289:"David Bailie Warden and the Development of American Consular Law"
630:
609:
474:
260:
Between 1946 and 1980, the director general was designated by the
1111:
156:
and aiding U.S. citizens abroad. Its current director general is
3049:
Office of the Special Envoy for Critical and Emerging Technology
2131:
Inside a U.S. embassy: how the foreign service works for America
2916:
Office of the Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism
2363:
745:
2888:
Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs
2640:
Office of the Science and Technology Advisor to the Secretary
2294:
1720:
State Department Consular Officer Pleads Guilty to Visa Fraud
3055:
Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Hostage Affairs
2319:
283:. Three of the last four directors general have been women.
245:. The director general is traditionally a current or former
152:. It consists of over 13,000 professionals carrying out the
2324:
2290:
Foreign Service Pay Schedule (Foreign Service Pay Schedule)
2190:
Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the U.S. Foreign Service
1163:"22 U.S. Code § 3928 - Director General of Foreign Service"
467:
system and the other personnel systems of the Government."
2212:
American Statecraft: The Story of the U.S. Foreign Service
299:
and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the
1831:
Turf War: The Clinton Administration And Northern Ireland
2314:
2304:
2192:. Washington: Georgetown University Press. p. 266.
1351:"The Text Message » An Archives Filled with Firsts"
1268:. Paris: Smith, Rue of Montmorency. pp. 8–10, 20–21
501:, defines the following members of the Foreign Service:
2817:
Bureau of the Comptroller and Global Financial Services
2309:
2299:
1800:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 1990. p. 156.
2489:
Office of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization
2441:
Deputy Secretary of State for Management and Resources
2047:. The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training.
882:
FSOs to regions outside their area of specialization.
2740:
United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy
2668:
Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation
372:
similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture
253:
created the position of director general through the
3061:
Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for Climate
2496:
Office of the U.S. Coordinator for the Arctic Region
1723:. United States Department of Justice. May 31, 2009.
897:
The Foreign Service personnel system is part of the
2932:
2923:
Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
2861:
2749:
2689:
2661:
Bureau of Arms Control, Verification and Compliance
2648:
2590:
2514:
2461:
1112:"What is the American Foreign Service Association?"
574:), the Department of Agriculture (specifically the
113:
103:
83:
75:
57:
52:
3066:Office of the Special Representative for Venezuela
2295:Foreign Service (U.S. Department of State Careers)
985:United States Agency for International Development
580:United States Agency for International Development
461:United States Agency for International Development
228:United States Agency for International Development
2041:"Interview with Ambassador Charles E. Marthinsen"
1745:. American Foreign Service Association. p. 1
1589:"State Dept. Drops Ban on HIV-Positive Diplomats"
866:A hypothetical example of clientitis would be an
744:The Foreign Service rejected all candidates with
2175:US Consular Representation in Britain since 1790
2025:Eizenstat, Stuart E. "Debating U.S. Diplomacy."
1653:US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
750:US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
254:
3134:Foreign relations agencies of the United States
2874:Bureau of Conflict and Stabilization Operations
2310:Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
906:" system similar to that of military officers.
2957:Bureau of Global Health Security and Diplomacy
2452:Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs
1679:. American Foreign Service Association. 2005.
2895:Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration
2375:
2285:Foreign Service Act (The Foreign Service Act)
2188:Kopp, Harry W.; Charles A. Gillespie (2008).
1442:"Foreign Service Personnel Management Manual"
1401:International Affairs, vol. 24/2, pp. 206-217
974:Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies
704:, the FSOA is now conducted entirely online.
8:
2881:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2555:Bureau of International Organization Affairs
2345:article on the Bureau of Diplomatic Security
1221:. U.S. Department of State. January 20, 2009
311:to assist United States sailors and promote
140:is the primary personnel system used by the
32:
2848:Office of Management Strategy and Solutions
2559:United States Mission to the United Nations
2045:Foreign Affairs Oral History Project (2004)
1736:"Iraq "Prime Candidate" Exercise Cancelled"
1293:Journal of the History of International Law
1219:"Assistant Secretaries and Equivalent Rank"
1187:
1185:
1183:
3129:United States Department of State agencies
2702:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
2382:
2368:
2360:
1995:Vera and the ambassador: Escape and Return
1871:Arabists: The Romance of an American Elite
1193:"Directors General of the Foreign Service"
1019:"In the Beginning: The Rogers Act of 1924"
119:
38:
2909:Office of International Religious Freedom
2797:Bureau of Information Resource Management
2574:Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs
2355:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations
2315:U.S. Agency for International Development
2039:Kennedy, Charles Stuart (July 18, 2003).
1860:
1858:
1413:Foreign Service Act of 1980, Section 210.
1000:Foreign Service Military Rank Equivalency
3139:1924 establishments in the United States
2541:Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs
2120:Barnes, William, and John Heath Morgan.
1899:
1897:
1616:"US drops ban on HIV-positive diplomats"
125:Map of U.S. Foreign Service posts (2003)
2811:Bureau of Overseas Buildings Operations
2603:Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs
2548:Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs
2483:Bureau of Cyberspace and Digital Policy
2350:Lambda Legal Briefing on Taylor v. Rice
2215:. St. Martin's Press. pp. 339–56.
1834:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 87.
1353:. Blogs.archives.gov. September 9, 2013
1010:
728:Clearances and final suitability review
412:director general of the Foreign Service
3119:Foreign relations of the United States
2863:Under Secretary for Civilian Security,
2842:Director of Diplomatic Reception Rooms
1471:. American Foreign Service Association
1243:. U.S. Department of State. March 2014
969:Foreign Relations of the United States
700:and other major cities throughout the
31:
2681:International Security Advisory Board
2258:The American Political Science Review
2105:Review of International Organizations
1075:. US State Department. Archived from
241:, with the advice and consent of the
7:
2675:Bureau of Political-Military Affairs
2581:Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs
2320:United States Department of Commerce
2136:American Foreign Service Association
1469:"The Foreign Service by the Numbers"
1132:
1130:
1128:
1023:American Foreign Service Association
608:1,700 (with plans to hire 150 more)
439:with a rank structure equivalent to
233:The Foreign Service is managed by a
2964:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
2594:Growth, Energy, and the Environment
2029:, No. 138 (Sep. - Oct. 2003), p. 84
1965:Klein, Phillip (November 6, 2007).
1873:. Simon and Schuster. p. 122.
735:sensitive compartmented information
167:, the Foreign Service combined all
154:foreign policy of the United States
2790:Bureau of Global Talent Management
1614:Lee, Matthew (February 15, 2008).
277:Bureau of Global Talent Management
25:
3114:United States Department of State
3006:Office of Diversity and Inclusion
2902:Office of Global Criminal Justice
2391:United States Department of State
1773:United States Department of State
995:United States Department of State
192:United States diplomatic missions
150:United States Department of State
2650:Under Secretary for Arms Control
2505:
2245:Administrative Science Quarterly
2184:(New Academia Publishing, 2015).
2134:(2nd ed.). Washington, DC:
1944:. Diane Publishing. p. 58.
990:United States Commercial Service
933:
919:
457:United States Information Agency
177:United States secretary of state
146:United States federal government
3088:Foreign Service Grievance Board
3026:Office of the Chief of Protocol
3012:Office of Global Women's Issues
2709:Bureau of Global Public Affairs
1241:"Department Organization Chart"
598:, called "generalist" diplomats
301:Great Seal of the United States
2722:International Expositions Unit
2628:Office of Global Food Security
2567:Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs
2260:(1930) 24#2 pp. 355–366,
2154:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1734:Dorman, Shawn (January 2008).
471:Members of the Foreign Service
264:. The first director general,
239:president of the United States
1:
2971:Bureau of Legislative Affairs
2853:Office of White House Liaison
2783:Bureau of Diplomatic Security
2769:Bureau of Budget and Planning
2727:Office of Global Youth Issues
2634:Office of Global Partnerships
2623:Office of the Chief Economist
2468:Deputy Secretary of State for
893:Foreign Service career system
138:United States Foreign Service
33:United States Foreign Service
2994:Foreign Affairs Policy Board
2693:Diplomacy and Public Affairs
2592:Under Secretary for Economic
2478:Office of Foreign Assistance
2325:Foreign Agricultural Service
1262:Warden, Daid Bailie (1813).
1195:. U.S. Department of State,
964:Foreign Agricultural Service
788:Service terms and conditions
638:U.S. Agency for Global Media
624:Foreign Agricultural Service
576:Foreign Agricultural Service
376:Foreign Agricultural Service
281:assistant secretary of state
194:around the world, including
3033:Office of the Legal Adviser
3019:Office of Inspector General
2865:Democracy, and Human Rights
2238:Journal of American Studies
2163:(U of Chicago Press, 1961).
2159:Ilchman, Warren Frederick.
1287:Butler, William E. (2011).
959:Diplomatic Security Service
603:Foreign Service specialists
530:Foreign Service specialists
418:Foreign Service Act of 1980
394:Foreign Service Act of 1946
378:. Though formally accorded
346:Foreign Service officers).
295:passed an act creating the
291:On September 15, 1789, the
255:Foreign Service Act of 1946
190:. They serve at any of the
3155:
2835:Office of Foreign Missions
2804:Bureau of Medical Services
2776:Bureau of Consular Affairs
2691:Under Secretary for Public
2652:and International Security
2610:Bureau of Energy Resources
2534:Bureau of Counterterrorism
2272:Journal of Women's History
2209:Moskin, J. Robert (2013).
1998:. SUNY Press. p. 58.
1969:Surrender Is Not An Option
1424:"Operational Policy (ADS)"
853:
709:Foreign Service specialist
617:Foreign Commercial Service
572:Foreign Commercial Service
382:, however, commercial and
370:. In 1930 Congress passed
293:1st United States Congress
2935:directly to the Secretary
2933:Bureaus/Offices reporting
2823:Foreign Service Institute
2527:Bureau of African Affairs
2503:
2463:Deputy Secretary of State
2430:Deputy Secretary of State
2397:
2180:Kennedy, Charles Stuart.
1967:"Review of John Bolton's
1865:Robert D. Kaplan (1995).
1828:Timothy J. Lynch (2004).
1491:"13 Dimensions - Careers"
1305:10.1163/15718050-13020005
782:Foreign Service Institute
715:FSOA and oral assessments
537:Foreign Service nationals
487:The Foreign Service Act,
220:Department of Agriculture
148:, under the aegis of the
130:
118:
37:
2762:Bureau of Administration
2716:Global Engagement Center
2470:Management and Resources
1520:State Department Careers
1051:U.S. Department of State
803:United States of America
765:language proficiency or
596:Foreign Service officers
561:Foreign affairs agencies
555:Foreign Service officers
524:Foreign Service officers
453:Senior Executive Service
425:Foreign Service officers
404:Foreign Service officers
368:Foreign Commerce Service
237:who is appointed by the
179:is authorized to assign
3039:Office of the Ombudsman
2950:Office of the Counselor
2827:Office of the Historian
2405:Harry S Truman Building
2250:Schulzinger, Robert D.
2231:Business History Review
1765:"Family Liaison Office"
1516:"FSO Selection Process"
1197:Office of the Historian
868:Foreign Service officer
565:While employees of the
343:Lucile Atcherson Curtis
338:Lucile Atcherson Curtis
247:Foreign Service officer
208:Harry S Truman Building
206:, headquartered at the
163:Created in 1924 by the
63:; 100 years ago
46:Foreign Service officer
3093:Secretary's Open Forum
3001:Office of Civil Rights
2330:April 8, 2010, at the
2156:(2015) 45(4), 653–678.
2128:Dorman, Shawn (2003).
1975:The American Spectator
1545:federalnewsnetwork.com
1373:"A Woman of the Times"
980:Senior Foreign Service
819:Nairobi, Dar es Salaam
551:diplomats in residence
518:Senior Foreign Service
484:
437:Senior Foreign Service
224:Department of Commerce
2990:Policy Planning Staff
2978:Executive Secretariat
2274:17.2 (2005): 142-165.
2240:26#3 (1992): 409-434.
2177:(Anthem Press, 2018).
2107:13.1 (2018): 77-103.
1941:Diplomat's Dictionary
1904:Meyer, Armin (2003).
1676:Inside a U.S. Embassy
1430:. September 30, 2021.
1079:on September 22, 2014
1073:"What We Do: Mission"
854:Further information:
827:2010 Haiti earthquake
799:Foreign Service brats
478:
429:agricultural attachés
384:agricultural attachés
287:Historical background
2173:Keegan, Nicholas M.
2114:May 4, 2018, at the
2075:Kopp and Gillespie,
1097:Kopp and Gillespie,
1053:. September 30, 2020
927:United States portal
767:veteran's preference
586:Foreign Service size
512:Ambassadors at large
325:David Baillie Warden
270:Christian M. Ravndal
18:U.S. Foreign Service
3124:Diplomatic services
2516:Under Secretary for
2233:40.1 (1966): 77-97.
1936:Freeman, Charles W.
1707:. January 19, 2010.
1595:. February 16, 2008
1299:(2): 377–424, 317.
1199:. December 22, 2014
876:US State Department
661:Initial application
567:Department of State
479:Secretary of State
364:trade commissioners
327:'s pioneering work
313:international trade
297:Department of State
204:Department of State
108:Department of State
44:The flag of a U.S.
34:
2419:Secretary of State
2337:BBC article on DSS
1794:"The Carter Years"
1622:. Associated Press
1378:The New York Times
1167:Cornell Law School
485:
356:Rogers Act of 1924
262:secretary of state
142:diplomatic service
3101:
3100:
3083:Iran Action Group
2982:Operations Center
2518:Political Affairs
2199:978-1-58901-219-6
2170:(Springer, 2014).
1705:Los Angeles Times
1495:careers.state.gov
1142:history.state.gov
506:Chiefs of mission
427:, and to include
400:chiefs of mission
380:diplomatic status
366:"), creating the
134:
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104:Parent department
61:July 1, 1924
16:(Redirected from
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1272:January 15,
1203:December 9,
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872:John Bolton
622:150 to 165
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481:Mike Pompeo
451:and to the
305:ambassadors
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861:Clientitis
856:Clientitis
850:Clientitis
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645:Employment
350:Rogers Act
226:; and the
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165:Rogers Act
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1780:2008
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1661:2017
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1527:2024
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