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organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).
759:. The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women. Originally focused largely on fashion, the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society. In 2008, "First Ladies at the Smithsonian" opened at the
280:; however, no written record of this eulogy exists, nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title. Sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D.C., social circles. The first person to have the title applied to her while she was actually holding the office was
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to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles
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Several women (at least thirteen) who were not presidents' wives have served as first lady, as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady herself. In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative
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Since the 1900s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the years individual
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Hall of Fame in 1965. Mamie
Eisenhower was named one of the twelve best-dressed women in the country by the New York Dress Institute every year that she was First Lady. The "Mamie Look" involved a full-skirted dress, charm bracelets, pearls, little hats, and bobbed, banged hair. Michelle Obama also
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as part of its reopening year celebration. That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum's expanded exhibition on first ladies' history that opened on
November 19, 2011. "The First Ladies" explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped
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The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the first lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press
524:
The position of the first lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in
American society. The role of the first lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House. She
164:, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States. The First Lady of the United States is the hostess of the White House.
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became president. She wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion."
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took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one
Republican senator labeled her "the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man". According to the
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was most frequently suggested for Bill
Clinton, although as a former president himself, he might have been called "Mr. President". In addition, state governors' male spouses are typically called the First Gentleman of their respective state (for example,
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Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the first lady to hire a staff to support these activities.
747:, to establish state residency. She resumed her duties as first lady after winning her senatorial campaign, and retained her duties as both first lady and a U.S. senator for the seventeen-day overlap before Bill Clinton's term came to an end.
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Each of the 45 presidents of the United States have been males, and all have either had their wives, or a female hostess, assume the role of first lady. Thus, a male equivalent of the title of first lady has never been needed; in 2016, as
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Historically, when a president has been unmarried or a widower, he has usually asked a relative to act as White House hostess. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, known as the
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popularized the first ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the
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Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, adopting specific causes. It also became common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support her agenda. Recent causes of the First Lady are:
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served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president. Here, "presidents" refers to the 45 people who have held the office and not the 46 presidencies that have been
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in the 1930s. Roosevelt traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show.
312:. The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled
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used the phrase to describe her in an 1860 article about her duties as White House hostess. Another of the earliest known written examples comes from a
November 3, 1863, diary entry of
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the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation. The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects, ranging from those of
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Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. & Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. (2011). "Bare Biceps and
American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady".
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Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters. Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president.
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was often referred to as "Lady
Washington". One of the earliest uses of the term "First Lady" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the
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483:("gentleman" replacing "lady" in the title) making it likely that any future male spouse of a president will be given the title of first gentleman. If Harris'
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Martha
Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as the
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200:, the first U.S. president (1789–1797), is the first First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as "Lady Washington".
796:, for instance, became a global fashion icon: her style was copied by commercial manufacturers and imitated by many young women, and she was named to the
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Since 1964, the incumbent and all living former first ladies are honorary members of the board of trustees of the
National Cultural Center, the
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Gould, Lewis L. "First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s". Environmental Review 10.2 (1986): 77–92.
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to have gone on to become first ladies during their spouses' terms as president. While the title was not in general use until much later,
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743:. When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady and moved to
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First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role
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first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors, from fashion to public opinion on policy, as well as advocacy for
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became the first woman to hold a nationally elected office when she took office as vice president, making her husband
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became the first woman to win a major party's presidential nomination, questions were raised as to what her husband
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776:, personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian's unique collection of first ladies' materials.
547:. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every first lady until
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and provided elite women with opportunities to play backstage political roles. Both Martha Washington and
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253:, the author, "Mrs. Sigourney", discusses how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband
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is said to be the first wife of a president to be referred to as "First Lady" (at her funeral in 1849).
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Established in 1912, the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the
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has served as the first lady of the United States since 2021, being the wife of the 46th president,
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468:, served as governor). Ultimately, Hillary Clinton lost the election, rendering this a moot point.
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1967:
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1948:"The Rise of the Rhetorical First Lady: Politics, Gender Ideology, and Women's Voice, 1789-2002"
62:
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Watson, Robert P. (2003). "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship".
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The Health of the First Ladies: Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama
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652:, Hillary Clinton became the first first lady to seek political office, when she ran for
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became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity; and
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the first male spouse of a nationally elected officeholder. Emhoff assumed the title of
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was referred to as first lady in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President
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1361:"Poised To Be America's 1st Second Gentleman, Doug Emhoff Shakes Up Gender Stereotypes"
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739:. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the
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1457:"The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women's Domain in the Public Sphere"
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Affairs of State The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II
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would be titled if she were to win the presidency. During the campaign, the title of
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300:. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist
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1747:"The Race Won, the Senator-Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House"
716:
at the "National Garden Gala, A Tribute to America's First Ladies", May 11, 1994.
296:, in which he referred to gossip about "the First Lady in the Land", referring to
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1300:"US election: What will Bill Clinton's title be if Hillary wins the presidency?"
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in October 1991. Mrs. Bush, who championed literacy as first lady, is reading
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223:, who was referred to as "Lady Washington" during her husband's presidency,
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1963:
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2054:"America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit"
2023:
First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents Wives and Their Power 1789–1961
1971:
1947:
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First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives
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took over much of the first lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as
308:
as "the First Lady of the Land" while reporting on the inauguration of
801:
received significant attention for her fashion choices: style writer
792:
Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style.
720:, absent due to illness, died 8 days after this photograph was taken.
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is successful, Emhoff himself will presumably be granted that title.
626:
supported women's rights groups, and encouraged childhood literacy.
1997:
Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies
1521:
Troy, Gil (2001). "Jacqueline Kennedy's White House renovations".
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were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court.
494:
325:
260:
215:
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First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies
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from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned to become President Obama's
2276:
Rating The First Ladies: The Women Who Influenced the Presidency
2102:
The Role of First Ladies: A Comparison Between the US and Europe
1809:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
1670:
1577:
2797:
2427:
2406:
2336:
First Ladies: An Intimate Group Portrait of White House Wives
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She was one of us: Eleanor Roosevelt and the American worker
634:
used her position to help children, including prevention of
343:
783:
Official portrait of Jacqueline Kennedy at the White House
464:
was the first gentleman of South Carolina while his wife,
346:
638:
and support for those whose lives are affected by drugs.
598:
encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad;
555:
led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.
363:) was first used in 1983 by Donnie Radcliffe, writing in
352:
2214:
First Ladies and American Women: In Politics and at Home
1331:"What happens when a man takes over role of first lady?"
27:
Hostess of the White House, usually the president's wife
594:
pioneered environmental protection and beautification.
2392:
Alphabetical List of First Ladies of the United States
2195:
Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Creating the Modern First Lady
1946:
Parry-Giles, Shawn J.; Blair, Diane M. (Winter 2002).
245:
as "Lady", "Mrs. President" and "Mrs. Presidentress";
355:
337:
37:"FLOTUS" redirects here. For the Lambchop album, see
1593:"Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady"
622:
sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.;
349:
340:
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2836:
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2140:. "The Role of First Lady" in Graff, Henry F., ed.
1455:Shields, David S. & Teute, Fredrika J. (2015).
334:
139:
120:
110:
98:
90:
80:
51:
2311:
2251:
2020:
1434:. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.
2304:Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves
1864:Ultimate Style: The Best of the Best Dressed List
1777:"A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath"
1124:"Does the First Lady Position Put Ladies First?"
993:Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States
1866:. New York, NY: Assouline. pp. 64–69, 90.
1403:Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (September 26, 2008).
643:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
328:database, the abbreviation FLOTUS (pronounced
2809:
2439:
1128:Australian Institute of International Affairs
859:: Environmental protection and Beautification
726:Office of the First Lady of the United States
30:For a complete list of the first ladies, see
8:
3544:United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
2007:. New York New York University Press, 2018.
1367:. National Public Radio. November 25, 2020.
1197:In Full Bloom: Tales of Women in Their Prime
507:, with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
988:List of current United States first spouses
2833:
2816:
2802:
2794:
2446:
2432:
2424:
1887:Sibley, Katherine A. S. (March 14, 2016).
61:
2278:(2nd ed.). New York: Citadel Press.
2066:Curriculum unit based on primary sources.
1835:. The International Hall of Fame: Women.
827:attending a "Be Best" rally with children
32:List of first ladies of the United States
1717:"Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker"
2104:(eBook ed.). Munich: GRIN Verlag.
1685:"Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move"
1623:"The Kennedy Center: Board of Trustees"
1591:Superville, Darlene (October 9, 2017).
1510:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1175:from the original on September 15, 2019
1044:
1020:
160:) is the title held by the wife of the
1371:from the original on November 30, 2021
1169:"First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison"
853:: White House restoration and the Arts
606:aided those with mental disabilities;
48:
2171:Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment
1927:from the original on January 18, 2017
1787:from the original on January 14, 2021
1757:from the original on January 14, 2021
1727:from the original on January 14, 2021
1697:from the original on January 14, 2021
1661:from the original on January 14, 2021
1603:from the original on January 14, 2021
1568:from the original on January 14, 2021
1542:Lady Bird Johnson and the environment
1487:from the original on October 10, 2018
1089:. World Almanac Library. p. 10.
481:Second Gentleman of the United States
7:
1813:from the original on August 19, 2012
1629:from the original on August 14, 2011
656:. During the campaign, her daughter
457:First Gentleman of the United States
2412:The First Ladies at the Smithsonian
2306:(U of Chicago Press, 2017), 420 pp.
2142:The presidents: A Reference History
1649:"Executive Office of the President"
1214:from the original on March 28, 2023
1103:from the original on March 28, 2023
1083:Figueroa, Acton (January 1, 2003).
973:First Ladies National Historic Site
967:First Ladies: Influence & Image
761:National Museum of American History
512:Ferguson-Florissant School District
188:. Jill Biden is also one of twelve
2407:The National First Ladies' Library
2377:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2003.tb00038.x
2246:On media images of Michelle Obama.
2188:Helen Taft: Our Musical First Lady
2070:Berkin, Carol, ed. (Spring 2013).
2027:. New York: Quill/William Morrow.
1171:. National First Ladies' Library.
692:First ladies (from left to right)
562:First ladies (from left to right)
25:
3701:First ladies of the United States
2455:First ladies of the United States
2330:By a leading political historian.
1341:from the original on May 15, 2021
1310:from the original on May 15, 2021
1064:from the original on May 15, 2019
1054:"First Lady: United States title"
1000:, pioneer scholar on First Ladies
935:", increasing education for girls
741:Executive Office of the President
2950:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2216:(UP of Kansas, 2017); 269 pages;
2019:Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1992).
1134:from the original on May 9, 2021
1122:Mitchell, Zoe (March 10, 2021).
330:
2751:First Lady of the United States
1238:"On Language; Potus And Flotus"
798:International Best Dressed List
154:First Lady of the United States
2365:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2338:. New York: Facett Columbine.
2119:Brower, Kate Andersen (2016).
648:Near the end of her husband's
503:, joined by Missouri governor
290:Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
162:president of the United States
1:
1544:. University Press of Kansas.
1461:Journal of the Early Republic
1407:. America.gov. Archived from
1274:. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
983:First Spouse $ 1 Coin Program
928:", reducing childhood obesity
672:nominee for president in the
272:According to popular belief,
224:
2148:Deppisch, Ludwig M. (2015).
1917:"First Lady Fashion Fatigue"
1833:"World's Best Dressed Women"
1597:U.S. News & World Report
1405:"The Role of the First Lady"
1200:. August House. p. 30.
1157:. August 7, 1838. p. 1.
733:White House Social Secretary
662:junior senator from New York
230:; the painting hangs at the
2824:Spouses of national leaders
2204:September 27, 2022, at the
2180:September 27, 2022, at the
2163:September 20, 2022, at the
2096:Popular essays by scholars.
2052:Bailey, Tim (Spring 2013).
1952:Rhetoric and Public Affairs
1889:A Companion to First Ladies
751:Exhibitions and collections
580:Clinton Presidential Center
75:since January 20, 2021
3717:
1994:
1506:O'Farrell, Brigid (2010).
945:", cyberbullying awareness
794:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
723:
718:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
602:supported women's rights;
485:2024 presidential campaign
378:of the president, such as
314:The First Lady in the Land
36:
29:
2746:
2476:Martha Jefferson Randolph
2461:
2356:January 14, 2021, at the
2334:Truman, Margaret (1996).
2302:Schwartz, Marie Jenkins.
2296:January 14, 2021, at the
2274:Roberts, John B. (2004).
2222:Women's Studies Quarterly
2045:January 14, 2021, at the
1891:. John Wiley & Sons.
1266:January 14, 2021, at the
614:drug awareness campaign;
384:Martha Jefferson Randolph
232:National Portrait Gallery
172:and headquartered in the
58:
2417:August 19, 2012, at the
2397:Office of the First Lady
2100:Böck, Magdalena (2009).
2072:"America's First Ladies"
1862:Zilkha, Bettina (2004).
1540:Gould, Lewis L. (1988).
1194:Creeden, Sharon (1999).
1155:St. Johnsbury Caledonian
847:and humanitarian efforts
684:Office of the First Lady
251:St. Johnsbury Caledonian
170:Office of the First Lady
2351:excerpt and text search
2291:excerpt and text search
2040:excerpt and text search
1430:Burns, Lisa M. (2008).
1058:Encyclopædia Britannica
757:Smithsonian Institution
373:Non-spouses in the role
2778:National Historic Site
2212:Hummer, Jill Abraham.
1839:. 1965. Archived from
828:
815:Causes and initiatives
784:
721:
583:
578:at the opening of the
521:
517:Brown Bear, Brown Bear
294:William Howard Russell
269:
235:
2955:Republic of the Congo
2234:10.1353/wsq.2011.0030
1964:10.1353/rap.2003.0011
1753:. November 10, 2000.
1723:. November 24, 1999.
1657:. December 23, 2014.
1473:10.1353/jer.2015.0033
1285:"Grover Cleveland—24"
1250:on September 9, 2018.
1153:"Martha Washington".
822:
782:
737:Chief Floral Designer
724:Further information:
691:
668:. Later, she was the
561:
498:
394:and his wife's niece
264:
238:The use of the title
219:
2402:First Lady's Gallery
2270:Heavily illustrated.
2250:Pastan, Amy (2008).
2123:. New York: Harper.
2003:Abrams, Jeanne E. .
1599:. Associated Press.
1306:. October 29, 2016.
1236:(October 12, 1997).
1052:Caroli, Betty Boyd.
955:", military families
918:: Childhood literacy
912:in the United States
902:: Childhood literacy
654:United States Senate
442:Potential male title
404:Mary Elizabeth Bliss
212:Origins of the title
3587:Heads of government
3300:Trinidad and Tobago
1783:. January 4, 2001.
1690:The Washington Post
1523:White House Studies
1329:THOMPSON, KRISSAH.
745:Chappaqua, New York
618:promoted literacy;
428:Mary Arthur McElroy
412:Mary Harrison McKee
392:Sarah Yorke Jackson
366:The Washington Post
310:Rutherford B. Hayes
124:April 30, 1789
2985:Dominican Republic
2830:Republican leaders
2676:Jacqueline Kennedy
2506:Angelica Van Buren
2310:Troy, Gil (1997).
2190:(UP Kansas, 2010).
2173:(UP Kansas, 1988)
2138:Caroli, Betty Boyd
1807:"The First Ladies"
1781:The New York Times
1751:The New York Times
1721:The New York Times
1335:delawareonline.com
1243:The New York Times
1086:Washington, Part 3
874:: Women's rights,
851:Jacqueline Kennedy
829:
785:
722:
666:secretary of state
584:
553:Jacqueline Kennedy
522:
270:
236:
206:female empowerment
3688:
3687:
3555:governors-general
3447:
3446:
2791:
2790:
2681:Lady Bird Johnson
2661:Eleanor Roosevelt
2611:Frances Cleveland
2601:Caroline Harrison
2596:Frances Cleveland
2581:Lucretia Garfield
2561:Mary Todd Lincoln
2466:Martha Washington
2345:978-0-449-22323-9
2285:978-0-8065-2608-9
2265:978-0-7894-7398-1
2130:978-0-06-243965-9
2111:978-3-640-42153-4
2086:on March 18, 2013
2034:978-0-688-11272-1
2013:978-1-4798-8653-1
1671:National Archives
1578:National Archives
1441:978-0-87580-391-3
1096:978-0-8368-5162-5
931:Michelle Obama: "
896:", drug awareness
857:Lady Bird Johnson
837:Eleanor Roosevelt
788:Fashion influence
774:White House china
766:Martha Washington
698:Lady Bird Johnson
592:Lady Bird Johnson
549:Eleanor Roosevelt
509:Greater St. Louis
424:Chester A. Arthur
408:Benjamin Harrison
298:Mary Todd Lincoln
247:Martha Washington
221:Martha Washington
198:George Washington
194:Martha Washington
151:
150:
115:Martha Washington
54:the United States
16:(Redirected from
3708:
2848:
2834:
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2671:Mamie Eisenhower
2646:Florence Harding
2546:Abigail Fillmore
2486:Elizabeth Monroe
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2193:Gould, Lewis L.
2186:Gould, Lewis L.
2169:Gould, Lewis L.
2153:
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2115:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2082:. Archived from
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1984:
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670:Democratic Party
530:Republican Court
520:to the children.
390:daughter-in-law
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2711:Hillary Clinton
2696:Rosalynn Carter
2636:Margaret Wilson
2621:Edith Roosevelt
2541:Margaret Taylor
2526:Priscilla Tyler
2457:
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906:Hillary Clinton
881:Rosalynn Carter
876:substance abuse
817:
808:The Daily Beast
805:praised her in
790:
772:, and includes
753:
728:
706:Rosalynn Carter
702:Hillary Clinton
686:
620:Hillary Clinton
604:Rosalynn Carter
574:and first lady
568:Hillary Clinton
564:Rosalynn Carter
493:
449:Hillary Clinton
444:
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306:Lucy Webb Hayes
284:, the niece of
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540:Dolley Madison
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2516:Jane Harrison
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2511:Anna Harrison
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2501:Sarah Jackson
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2471:Abigail Adams
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2063:
2059:
2055:
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2048:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:Givhan, Robin
1908:
1905:
1900:
1898:9781118732182
1894:
1890:
1883:
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1875:
1873:2-84323-513-8
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1579:
1567:
1563:
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1557:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1529:(3): 395–404.
1528:
1524:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1502:
1499:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1406:
1399:
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1068:September 30,
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1045:
1038:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1014:
1010:
1009:Dolly Johnson
1007:
1005:
1004:Sally Hemings
1002:
999:
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994:
991:
989:
986:
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978:
974:
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950:
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939:Melania Trump
937:
934:
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927:
923:
920:
917:
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901:
898:
895:
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886:
885:Mental health
882:
879:
877:
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868:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
842:
838:
835:
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825:Melania Trump
821:
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683:
681:
679:
675:
674:2016 election
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
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639:
637:
636:cyberbullying
633:
632:Melania Trump
629:
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621:
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581:
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569:
565:
560:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
535:
534:Abigail Adams
531:
526:
519:
518:
513:
510:
506:
505:John Ashcroft
502:
497:
490:
488:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Kamala Harris
469:
467:
463:
462:Michael Haley
458:
454:
450:
441:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
372:
370:
368:
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360:
327:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
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299:
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287:
283:
279:
275:
267:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
242:
233:
222:
218:
211:
209:
207:
201:
199:
195:
191:
190:second ladies
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
146:
142:
138:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
72:
64:
57:
50:
47:
43:
41:
33:
19:
3553:Commonwealth
3434:Soviet Union
3324:
3315:Turkmenistan
3260:South Africa
3245:Sierra Leone
2847:non-spouses)
2845:(may include
2838:First ladies
2750:
2706:Barbara Bush
2701:Nancy Reagan
2641:Edith Wilson
2631:Ellen Wilson
2616:Ida McKinley
2586:Mary McElroy
2556:Harriet Lane
2491:Louisa Adams
2368:
2364:
2335:
2313:
2303:
2275:
2254:First Ladies
2253:
2225:
2221:
2213:
2194:
2187:
2170:
2152:. McFarland.
2149:
2141:
2120:
2101:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:the original
2079:
2075:
2061:
2057:
2022:
2004:
1955:
1951:
1941:
1929:. Retrieved
1920:
1907:
1888:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1847:February 15,
1845:. Retrieved
1841:the original
1836:
1827:
1815:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:February 19,
1789:. Retrieved
1780:
1771:
1761:February 19,
1759:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1731:February 19,
1729:. Retrieved
1720:
1711:
1699:. Retrieved
1688:
1679:
1669:– via
1663:. Retrieved
1652:
1643:
1631:. Retrieved
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1596:
1586:
1576:– via
1570:. Retrieved
1559:
1550:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1507:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1464:
1460:
1450:
1431:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:the original
1373:. Retrieved
1364:
1355:
1343:. Retrieved
1334:
1324:
1312:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1279:
1256:
1248:the original
1241:
1228:
1216:. Retrieved
1196:
1189:
1177:. Retrieved
1163:
1154:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1127:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1085:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1023:
977:Canton, Ohio
965:
900:Barbara Bush
890:Nancy Reagan
867:Volunteerism
845:civil rights
830:
806:
803:Robin Givhan
791:
754:
729:
714:Barbara Bush
694:Nancy Reagan
678:Donald Trump
647:
640:
616:Barbara Bush
610:founded the
608:Nancy Reagan
588:
585:
572:Barbara Bush
538:
527:
523:
515:
501:Barbara Bush
470:
456:
445:
420:Harriet Lane
410:'s daughter
402:'s daughter
376:
364:
321:Edith Wilson
318:
313:
304:referred to
302:Mary C. Ames
289:
282:Harriet Lane
271:
250:
239:
237:
202:
166:
157:
153:
152:
91:Abbreviation
46:
39:
3665:New Zealand
3577:New Zealand
3509:Netherlands
3424:Philippines
3265:South Korea
3210:Philippines
3175:North Korea
3075:Ivory Coast
3005:El Salvador
2666:Bess Truman
2571:Julia Grant
2551:Jane Pierce
2531:Julia Tyler
2076:History Now
2058:History Now
1931:October 30,
1837:Vanity Fair
1633:November 4,
1607:November 8,
926:Let's Move!
894:Just Say No
823:First lady
731:secretary,
612:Just Say No
545:War of 1812
499:First Lady
477:Doug Emhoff
432:Cleveland's
380:Jefferson's
228: 1825
178:White House
105:White House
3494:Luxembourg
3370:companions
3368:Spouses or
3342:Uzbekistan
3290:Tajikistan
3150:Mozambique
3105:Madagascar
3090:Kyrgyzstan
3080:Kazakhstan
3020:The Gambia
2990:East Timor
2960:Costa Rica
2923:Cape Verde
2881:Bangladesh
2876:Azerbaijan
2738:Jill Biden
2723:Laura Bush
2691:Betty Ford
2656:Lou Hoover
2626:Helen Taft
2576:Lucy Hayes
2536:Sarah Polk
1995:See also:
1701:August 27,
1665:August 27,
1107:October 1,
1039:References
949:Jill Biden
916:Laura Bush
910:Healthcare
872:Betty Ford
710:Betty Ford
650:presidency
624:Laura Bush
600:Betty Ford
576:Laura Bush
426:'s sister
416:Buchanan's
241:First Lady
182:Jill Biden
132:1789-04-30
71:Jill Biden
3660:Mauritius
3600:Australia
3562:Australia
3429:Singapore
3404:Hong Kong
3347:Venezuela
3270:Sri Lanka
3165:Nicaragua
3130:Mauritius
3100:Lithuania
3065:Indonesia
3035:Guatemala
2861:Argentina
2842:gentlemen
2686:Pat Nixon
2090:March 22,
1980:144913911
1481:144440598
863:Pat Nixon
596:Pat Nixon
471:In 2021,
388:Jackson's
382:daughter
186:Joe Biden
174:East Wing
121:Formation
100:Residence
68:Incumbent
3695:Category
3675:Thailand
3655:Malaysia
3610:Cambodia
3539:Thailand
3499:Malaysia
3452:Monarchs
3357:Zimbabwe
3295:Tanzania
3275:Suriname
3255:Slovenia
3250:Slovakia
3220:Portugal
3200:Paraguay
3185:Pakistan
3145:Mongolia
3115:Maldives
3055:Honduras
3010:Ethiopia
2980:Djibouti
2938:Colombia
2918:Cameroon
2913:Bulgaria
2896:Botswana
2783:Category
2761:families
2415:Archived
2354:Archived
2294:Archived
2242:85344609
2202:Archived
2178:Archived
2161:Archived
2043:Archived
1972:41940289
1925:Archived
1915:(2012).
1817:April 4,
1811:Archived
1785:Archived
1755:Archived
1725:Archived
1695:Archived
1659:Archived
1627:Archived
1601:Archived
1566:Archived
1491:July 24,
1485:Archived
1369:Archived
1339:Archived
1308:Archived
1304:BBC News
1264:Archived
1261:"FLOTUS"
1218:June 16,
1212:Archived
1179:March 1,
1173:Archived
1138:April 3,
1132:Archived
1101:Archived
1062:Archived
960:See also
3640:Ireland
3625:Germany
3620:Croatia
3595:Armenia
3474:Denmark
3469:Belgium
3459:Andorra
3439:Vietnam
3414:Ireland
3409:Iceland
3399:Germany
3389:Finland
3384:Estonia
3337:Uruguay
3320:Ukraine
3305:Tunisia
3240:Senegal
3225:Romania
3170:Nigeria
3160:Namibia
3155:Myanmar
3140:Moldova
3095:Lebanon
3025:Georgia
2995:Ecuador
2933:Bolivia
2886:Belarus
2871:Austria
2866:Armenia
2856:Albania
2771:memoirs
2197:(2012)
1375:May 15,
1345:May 15,
1314:May 15,
943:Be Best
658:Chelsea
582:in 2004
566:, Sen.
434:sister
176:of the
140:Website
130: (
42:(album)
3670:Sweden
3645:Israel
3615:Canada
3605:Belize
3572:Canada
3567:Belize
3529:Sweden
3514:Norway
3504:Monaco
3484:Jordan
3464:Bhutan
3394:France
3352:Zambia
3310:Turkey
3285:Taiwan
3235:Rwanda
3230:Russia
3215:Poland
3195:Panama
3135:Mexico
3110:Malawi
3070:Israel
3045:Guyana
3040:Guinea
2970:Cyprus
2901:Brazil
2766:firsts
2716:tenure
2342:
2322:
2282:
2262:
2240:
2199:online
2175:online
2158:online
2127:
2108:
2031:
2011:
1978:
1970:
1895:
1870:
1572:May 4,
1479:
1438:
1415:May 4,
1204:
1093:
735:, and
712:, and
418:niece
400:Taylor
255:George
158:FLOTUS
94:FLOTUS
40:FLOTUS
3650:Japan
3630:India
3534:Tonga
3524:Spain
3479:Japan
3419:Italy
3379:China
3280:Syria
3190:Palau
3125:Malta
3085:Kenya
3060:India
3050:Haiti
3030:Ghana
3015:Gabon
3000:Egypt
2928:Chile
2891:Benin
2238:S2CID
1976:S2CID
1968:JSTOR
1477:S2CID
1031:held.
1015:Notes
466:Nikki
326:Nexis
319:When
82:Style
3635:Iran
3519:Oman
3330:list
3205:Peru
3120:Mali
2965:Cuba
2943:list
2906:list
2340:ISBN
2320:ISBN
2280:ISBN
2260:ISBN
2125:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2092:2013
2029:ISBN
2009:ISBN
1933:2014
1893:ISBN
1868:ISBN
1849:2012
1819:2012
1793:2017
1763:2017
1733:2017
1703:2017
1667:2017
1635:2014
1609:2017
1574:2010
1493:2016
1436:ISBN
1417:2009
1377:2021
1347:2021
1316:2021
1220:2015
1202:ISBN
1181:2007
1140:2022
1109:2016
1091:ISBN
1070:2016
491:Role
453:Bill
430:and
2840:and
2373:doi
2230:doi
1960:doi
1469:doi
1365:NPR
951:: "
941:: "
924:: "
892:: "
768:to
208:.
3697::
2369:33
2367:.
2236:.
2226:39
2224:.
2080:35
2078:.
2074:.
2062:35
2060:.
2056:.
1974:.
1966:.
1954:.
1950:.
1923:.
1919:.
1779:.
1749:.
1719:.
1693:.
1687:.
1651:.
1625:.
1595:.
1564:.
1558:.
1525:.
1483:.
1475:.
1465:35
1463:.
1459:.
1385:^
1363:.
1337:.
1333:.
1302:.
1270:.
1240:.
1210:.
1130:.
1126:.
1099:.
1060:.
1056:.
908::
883::
865::
843:,
839::
708:,
704:,
700:,
696:,
680:.
645:.
570:,
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422:,
414:,
406:,
398:,
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288:;
225:c.
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2328:.
2288:.
2268:.
2244:.
2232::
2133:.
2114:.
2094:.
2064:.
2037:.
2015:.
1982:.
1962::
1956:5
1935:.
1901:.
1876:.
1851:.
1821:.
1795:.
1765:.
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1705:.
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1637:.
1611:.
1580:.
1527:1
1495:.
1471::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
