United States intervention in Chile

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of the coup plotting, and emphasis its indirect hand to at least end the tenured of Allende. One such document dated September 7, 1973, shared an in-depth knowledge the CIA had on the road map to the immediate day of the coup. In the document, a CIA officer informed the White House that a coup was imminent and was going to take effect on September 8, 1973. The CIA officer whose name was kept hidden in the document, in updating the White House on the situation and current development in Chile, reported some level of a consensus among “three services” including the military, and opposing parties to the Allende government, to force him out of power through Self-Resignation as pressure asserted on him from the “rightist National Party”. In the event that Allende resisted such an attempt, which he eventually did, the Militantly then “finalized” its “decision” to force him out of office through a coup. In another breadth, the CIA showcased its close connection with the coup plotters, through its knowledge about a change in the military plan in which “some armed forces units wanted to” carried out “as early as the 8th ” “but were dissuaded by higher-ranking officers” who said “could not possibly be put together until 10 September”, as “the need for a coordinated effort” was lacking from both ranks.

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the fact that, if this were the era of Eisenhower, then they would be seen as heroes. There was a PDB that had a section on Chile dated 11 September 1973 that is still completely censored, as was an entire page on Chile provided to Nixon on 8 September 1973. Additionally, a cable from CIA operative Jack Devine dated 10 September 1973, confirmed to top U.S. officials that the coup would take place the following day. In collaboration with the coup, a Defense Intelligence Agency summary, also dated on 8 September and classified "Top Secret Umbra", provided detailed information on an agreement among the Chilean Army, Navy, and Air Force to move against Allende on 10 September. As the CIA denies its involvement in the coup, another cable sent from the agency on 8 September classified "Secret" had information on the Chilean Navy time and date to overthrow the government of President Allende. The cable also identified key Chilean officials who were supporting the coup. The cables from around this time with another one stating that the coup was postponed in order to improve tactical coordination and would attempt the coup on 11 September.

308:– that revealed a detailed account of correspondences between each of these officials, telegrams from the Chilean embassy, memorandums, and "Special Reports" concerning the state of affairs in Chile. For instance, a National Intelligence Estimate from January 28, 1969, stated the problems and conclusions that senior officials in Washington identified over the proliferating crisis in Chile. The document indicates that the 1970 election stood above all other issues as of critical importance, with Chile's political and economic stability depending heavily on that particular election's outcome; the document notes the possibility of out of control economic stagnation and inflation in Chile as concerns. The conclusions of the document suggest that factionalism needed to be addressed, and expounded on United States interests in copper extraction companies operating in Chile. The election represented the potential for important economic relations to collapse or continue. The document further focuses on potential ramifications if the election outcome were to not align with US interests. 360:

involvement of embassy; $ 10,000,000 available, more if necessary; full-time job—best men we have; game plan; make the economy scream; 48 hours for plan of action." These notes came from a meeting Helms had with President Nixon, indicating the administration's willingness to stage a coup in Chile and the extent to which Nixon was willing to go to do so. On 5 November 1970, Henry Kissinger advised President Nixon against peaceful coexistence with the Allende administration and instead advocated one of two positions. "Track I" was a State Department initiative designed to thwart Allende by subverting Chilean elected officials within the bounds of the Chilean constitution, excluding CIA involvement. Track I expanded to encompass some policies whose ultimate goal was to create the conditions that would encourage a coup. "Track II" was a CIA operation overseen by Henry Kissinger and

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Allende did not win the absolute majority. Their tactics were political warfare, economic pressure, propaganda, and diplomatic hardball as they aimed to buy enough Chilean senatorial votes to block Allende's inauguration. Should that plan not succeed, U.S. Ambassador Edward Korry would attempt to persuade President Frei to create a constitutional coup. Their last resort was to have the U.S. "condemn Chile and the Chileans to utmost deprivation and poverty, forcing Allende to adopt the harsh features of a police state," Korry told Kissinger. To aid in this mission, the CIA station chief in Brazil, David Atlee Phillips, was brought in along with twenty-three foreign reporters who worked to stir up international opinion against Allende, the centerpiece of this part of the operation being the strong anti-Allende story on the front cover of

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Chile, was essential to the situation in Chile, regardless of the type of involvement — military or congressional. The 40 Committee asked that the CIA collect information and create more intelligence reports to see what could be further done in Chile. The committee decided it was unlikely they were going to be able to influence the 24 Oct, congressional election to go against Allende. Helms was also concerned about Allende supporters in the Chilean military, as it seemed they would support Allende in the event of a coup. As a result of all this information, the Committee decided they wanted a full analysis of two things: (1.) a cost versus benefit analysis of organizing a military (Chilean) coup; (2.) a cost versus benefit analysis of organizing future oppositions to Allende to topple his influence. This presented two options for

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had released a "long classified CIA analysis... cited 'convincing evidence that President Pinochet personally ordered his intelligence chief to carry out the murder.'" Letelier had served as Chile's ambassador to the United States under Chile's democratically elected Allende government. After Pinochet's 1973 coup, Letelier became a political prisoner and sought political asylum in the United States, where he eventually came to spearhead the economic policy mission of a D.C.-based think tank, the Institute for Policy Studies, as well as organize international condemnation of Pinochet's regime. The Institute for Policy Studies has long incorporated the advancement of human rights into the core of its mission.

514:. A subsequent September 2000 report from the CIA, using declassified documents related to the military coup, found that the CIA "probably appeared to condone" the 1973 coup, but that there was "no evidence" that the US actually participated in it. This view has been challenged by some authors, who have stated that the covert support of the United States was crucial to the preparation for the coup, the coup itself, and the consolidation of the regime afterwards. It seemed to the CIA that, even if this coup did not come together, Allende would still have a very difficult political future. This point of view has been supported by non-scholarly commentary. 1324:

intelligence that proved that he gave the order, they received shocking evidence from the Chilean Major, Armando Fernandez, who they convinced to come to the capital to provide them information, that Pinochet was directly involved in covering up the incident. Another declassified copy of a CIA special intelligence assessment on Pinochet's role in the Letelier and Moffitt assassinations were presented to the Chilean President Bachelet in 2016. That document asserts the CIA believed that Pinochet, "personally ordered his intelligence chief to carry out the murder." Even with the evidence that they had, the Secretary of State

1371:'s visit to Chile in 2011, the center-left coalition of Chilean political parties asked Obama to apologize for past U.S. support of Pinochet. An interview with the Associated Press, Mr Piñera said his government was "categorically committed to contribute to the search for truth so that justice is done in all of these human rights cases". Obama did not respond to requests for an apology but said during a press conference that U.S. relations with Latin America had at times been "extremely rocky," and that people needed to learn from and understand history, but not be trapped by it. 3494: 1202:(paid asset from 1975 to 1977 according to the CIA in 2000). Some have alleged that the CIA's one-time payment to Contreras is proof that the U.S. approved of Operation Condor and military repression within Chile. The CIA's official documents state that at one time, some members of the intelligence community recommended making Contreras into a paid contact because of his closeness to Pinochet; the plan was rejected based on Contreras' poor human rights track record, but a single payment was made due to a miscommunication. 1270: 233:

a policy that caused the Chilean market to be overwhelmed by American product. These governmental policies angered the working class of Chile, who demanded higher wages, and the repercussions of this massive discontent were felt in the 1961 congressional elections. The president suffered terrible blows, sending the message that laissez-faire policies were not desired. As the "grand total of $ 130 million from the U.S. banking Industry, the U.S. Treasury Department, the

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could result in heavy casualties.” The CIA informed the White House about the National Police of Chile's knowledge about an imminent coup, who were in “contact with plotters and have agreed not to resist the military if a coup is attempted.” This level of knowledge the CIA shared with the White House not only demonstrated an effective way the agency deployed in picking intelligence, but also its closed network or otherwise indirect involvement in the coup.

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million allocated toward Chilean intervention in 1972 alone. Covert American activity was present in almost every major election in Chile in the decade between 1963 and 1973, but its tangible effect on electoral outcomes is not altogether clear. Chile, more than any of its South American neighbors, had a long-standing democratic tradition dating back to the early 1930s, and it has been difficult to gauge how successful CIA tactics were in swaying voters.

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jeopardized its international standing since the 1973 coup." The document also details how these human rights violations could have caused a worsening of Chile's status on the international stage. It seems that the United States was unable to plan around these violations, as is referred to with the document's mention of high-ranking officials taking parts in the abuses also.

170:, the United States replaced Britain as the leading superpower controlling most of Chile's resources, as most economic activity in the country lay in US hands. Such a change prevented Chile from profiting as a result of the war and gaining its financial independence. The dependence on the United States formally began in the early years of the 1920s as two major US companies 368:

that no new bilateral economic aid commitments be undertaken with the government of Chile. The U.S. supported Allende's opponents in Chile during his presidency, intending to encourage either Allende's resignation, his overthrow, or his defeat in the election of 1976. The Nixon administration also covertly funded independent and non-state media and labor unions.

216:, who served as President of the Senate (1966–1969) before running a final time to become the 28th President of Chile, which lasted until his death in 1973. Throughout these two decades, left-wing parties in Chile failed to gain power, in part due to the fact that the United States was, verifiably, impeding the left wing parties through various means. In 499: 441:'s military hospital three days later. The attempted kidnapping and Schneider's subsequent death shocked the public and increased support for the Chilean Constitution, the exact opposite of the expected outcome of the planned coup. The Chilean people rallied around their government which, in turn, overwhelmingly ratified Allende on 3 November 1970. 526:

an internal Chilean matter. The Station Officer also told him his request would be forwarded to Washington. CIA learned of the exact date of the coup shortly before it took place. During the attack on the Presidential Palace and its immediate aftermath, the Station's activities were limited to providing intelligence and situation reports.

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came earlier in 1970 in the failed attempt to block his election and accession to the Presidency. Nonetheless, the U.S. Administration's long-standing hostility to Allende and its past encouragement of a military coup against him were well known among Chilean coup plotters who eventually took activities of their own to oust him."

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The CIA only reported the known facts of the situation, such as the state of the Chilean government and the unconfirmed reports of Allende committing suicide. In the last paragraph of the section on Chile, the CIA reported that "The only strong reaction from among Latin American governments has come from

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detail the relationship between Allende and the KGB starting in 1953. Allende's KGB file documents "systematic contact" starting in 1961. KGB support for Allende's 1970 campaign included $ 400,000 in initial financing, with additional funding including a "personal subsidy" of $ 50,000 to Allende, as

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similarly argue the case that US covert actions actively destabilized Allende's government and set the stage for the 1973 coup. Joaquin Fermandois criticized Kornbluh's "black and white" and "North American centered conception of world affairs", stating that a variety of internal and external factors

583:

Following the coup on 12 September, "The President's Daily Brief," written as a top secret briefing paper by the CIA for Nixon, reported on the events of the coup as that day's first principal development. In this briefing, there is no indication that the U.S. played any significant role in the coup.

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and Nixon reveal that they did not have a hand in the final coup. They do take credit for creating the conditions that led to the coup. Kissinger says that "they created the conditions as great as possible." Nixon and Kissinger also discussed how they would play this event with the media and lamented

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On 25 November 1970, Henry Kissinger issued a memorandum that detailed the Covert Action Program that the U.S. would undertake in Chile. In the memorandum, Kissinger stated that there were five principles of the program. The U.S. would continue to maintain contacts in the Chilean military, take steps

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and Henry Kissinger discussed the lack of morale that the US embassy had in Chile according to the American Ambassador to Chile, Edward Korry. Kissinger stated in response that he would call another 40 Committee Meeting for the following Monday. Kissinger further noted: "We will not let Chile go down

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brought more of the same as Chile could not even exploit the "excess of copper they produced as almost all the copper was marketed through subsidiaries of United States copper firms established in Chile for whom the allied government fixed a ceiling price upon copper products during the course of the

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Regarding Pinochet's rise to power, the CIA concluded in a report issued in 2000 that: "The CIA actively supported the military junta after the overthrow of Allende but did not assist Pinochet to assume the Presidency." However, the 2000 report also stated that: "The major CIA effort against Allende

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In a document declassified under the Obama administration's Chilean declassification project, documents were released stating that the CIA suspected Pinochet himself of personally giving the order for the assassination of Ronni Moffitt and Orlando Letelier. Although they were unable to gather enough

1319:

On 30 June 2014, a Chilean court ruled that the United States played a key role in the murders of Charles Horman and Frank Teruggi. According to Judge Jorge Zepeda, U.S. Navy Capt. Ray E. Davis, who commanded the U.S. Military Mission in Chile, gave information to the Chilean government about Horman

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from the USG. There is some circumstantial evidence to suggest: U.S. intelligence may have played an unfortunate part in Horman's death. At best, it was limited to providing or confirming information that helped motivate his murder by the GOC. At worst, U.S. intelligence was aware the GOC saw Horman

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In the description of the CIA's activities in Chile, it is acknowledged that one of their high-level contacts was more predisposed to committing abuse: "although the CIA had information indicating that a high-level contact was a hard-liner and therefore more likely to commit abuses, contact with him

1191:(CIA) in 2000, titled "CIA Activities in Chile", revealed that the CIA actively supported the military junta after the overthrow of Allende and that it made many of Pinochet's officers into paid contacts of the CIA or U.S. military, even though some were known to be involved in human rights abuses. 563:

Ultimately, the CIA may not have a direct hand in the military coup, as some declassified documents do not establish a direct hand of the CIA role in the military coup, the information gleaned from some of these documents is enough to establish a close connection between the CIA and various fashions

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The intelligence network continued to report throughout 1972 and 1973 on coup plotting activities. During 1972 the Station continued to monitor the group which might mount a successful coup, and it spent a significantly greater amount of time and effort penetrating this group than it had on previous

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to divide Allende's supporters, cooperate with the media to run anti-Allende propaganda campaigns, support non-communist political parties in Chile, and publish materials stating that Allende did not adhere to the democratic process and also wanted to form connections with Cuba and the Soviet Union.

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parties – defeated Allende by nearly 33,500 votes to claim the presidency. His laissez-faire policies, endorsed by the United States, were regarded as the solution to the country's inflation problems. Under recommendations from the United States, Alessandri steadily reduced tariffs starting in 1959,

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A CIA intelligence report 25 October 1973, concerning General Arellano Stark, noted that Arellano had ordered the deaths of 21 political prisoners. Also, the disappearances of 14 other prisoners were also believed to be on the order of Arellano. General Arellano was considered Pinochet's right-hand

525:

On 10 September 1973 – the day before the coup that ended the Allende government – a Chilean military officer reported to a CIA officer that a coup was being planned and asked for US government assistance. He was told that the US Government would not provide any assistance because this was strictly

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After Schneider's death, the CIA recovered the submachine guns and money it had provided. Both Valenzuela and Viaux were arrested and convicted of conspiracy after Schneider's assassination. One of the coup plotters who escaped arrest requested assistance from the CIA and was paid $ 35,000, so "The

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as president. Alessandri would resign shortly after, rendering Frei eligible to run against Allende in new elections. As part of the Track I strategy to block Allende from assuming office after the election, the CIA needed to influence a Congressional run-off vote required by the Constitution since

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At a 8 September 1970 meeting of the 40 Committee, the chairman of the committee asked for an analysis of where the US/CIA stood in terms of taking action to prevent Allende from becoming President of Chile. William Broe, a high-ranking CIA officer, said Eduardo Frei Montalva, the 29th President of

284:

in 1975 to describe international abuses committed by the CIA, NSA, and FBI, covert United States involvement in Chile in the decade between 1963 and 1973 was "extensive and continuous". The CIA spent $ 8 million in the three years between 1970 and the military coup of September 1973, with over $ 3

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by an American-backed ally to the cradle of American dominion. Three of Letelier's sons and a granddaughter whom Letelier had never been afforded the opportunity to meet attended the unveiling. The unveiling of Letelier's commemorative statue came less than two years after the Obama administration

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In February 2018, in an effort to create a "lasting counterpoint", a statue honoring the slain Chilean diplomat and think tank policy analyst Orlando Letelier was erected on Massachusetts Avenue in Washington, D.C., near the location where Letelier was killed in a 1976 car bombing on the orders of

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The CIA in their report, was confident that Allende was definitely going to be ousted from office, and that a “coup appears to have the support of all the service commanders”, which neither Allende nor his supporters could resist. And that Allende was aware that any attempt “to oppose the military

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of arranging an assassination because Schneider would have opposed a military coup. CIA documents indicate that while the agency had sought to kidnap him, his death was never intended. Kissinger said he had declared the coup "hopeless" and had "turned it off". However, the CIA claimed that no such

359:

On 15 September 1970, before Allende took office, Richard Nixon gave the order to overthrow him. According to a declassified document from the NSA, the handwritten notes from Richard Helms (CIA director at the time) state: "1 in 10 chance perhaps, but save Chile!; worth spending; not concerned; no

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has argued that the role of the CIA was crucial to the consolidation of power that followed the coup; the CIA helped fabricate a conspiracy against the Allende government, which Pinochet was then portrayed as preventing. He states that the coup itself was possible only through a three-year covert

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There is no hard evidence of direct U.S. assistance to the coup, despite frequent allegations of such aid. Rather the United States – by its previous actions during Track II, its existing general posture of opposition to Allende, and the nature of its contacts with the Chilean military – probably

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Immediately after the Allende government came into office, Nixon's administration sought to place pressure on it to limit its ability to implement policies contrary to U.S. and hemispheric interests, such as the total nationalization of several U.S. corporations operating in Chile. Nixon directed

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A report dated 24 May 1977 also describes the newfound human rights abuses that may have been occurring in Chile: "reports of gross violation of human rights in Chile, which had nearly ceased earlier this year, are again on the rise...the Pinochet government is reverting to the practices that

544:

Intelligence reporting on coup plotting reached two peak periods, one in the last week of June 1973 and the other during the end of August and the first two weeks in September. It is clear the CIA received intelligence reports on the coup planning of the group which carried out the successful

517:

According to the CIA document "CIA Activities in Chile", dated 18 September 2000, the local CIA station suggested during late summer 1973 that the US commit itself to support a military coup. In response, CIA Headquarters reaffirmed to the station that "there was to be no involvement with the

1309:, and Ronni Karpen Moffit. Later on, in late August 1976, the United States Government stated in a State Department Secret Memorandum, that the United States Government did play an indirect role in the death of one of the four American citizens, Charles Horman. The Secret Memorandum states: 648:

noted that "the Chilean revolution always kept to its peaceful road, despite counterrevolutionary plots and violence." Moreover, this strong emphasis on nonviolence was precisely to avoid revolutionary terror which had blemished the reputations of the French, Russian and Cuban revolutions.

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On one breadth, the CIA entrusted in the non-friendly political atmosphere in Chile at the time which opposed Allende's government would eventually force him out of office, “should no coup develop.” The CIA reported that the “rightist National Party” was a step further “demanding Allende’s

356:" and cut off most foreign aid to Chile. The U.S. government believed that Allende would become closer to socialist countries such as Cuba and the Soviet Union. They feared that Allende would push Chile into socialism, resulting in the loss of all the U.S. investments made in Chile. 333: 656:

stating "he committed suicide under mysterious circumstances as troops surrounded his place, ushering in more than 15 years of military dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet". Former CIA agent Jack Devine, who was active in the CIA agency during the time of the coup, told

572:

resignation” on the backdrop of his “incompetence.” This incompetence and non-friendly opposed political atmosphere were a direct economic orchestration by the CIA that made Chile ungovernable, a situation the National Parties aimed to use to their advantage.

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Pinochet. The attack also claimed the life of Ronnie Karpen Moffitt, Letelier's 25-year-old American co-worker. Michael Moffitt, husband of Ronnie Moffitt and also in the vehicle, survived the attack. The Chilean-orchestrated assassination had brought

113:

of arms purchased in California from Remington. The US Navy with a fleet made up of a multi-national ships some from the Royal navy and Kriegsmarine. This Fleet went to the port of Iquique and 'convinced' the port authorities to hand over the weapons

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and Teruggi that resulted in their arrest and execution in the days following the coup. The Chilean Supreme Court sought to have Davis extradited from Florida to stand trial, but he was secretly living in Santiago and died in a nursing home in 2013.

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gave the impression that it would not look with disfavor on a military coup. And U.S. officials in the years before 1973 may not always have succeeded in walking the thin line between monitoring indigenous coup plotting and actually stimulating it.

419:, the chief commander of the army. As a constitutionalist, Schneider would oppose a coup d'état. On 18 October 1970, the CIA station in Santiago addressed the logistics of secret weapons and ammunitions for the use in a plot to kidnap Schneider. 1328:

did not feel that there was enough to indict Pinochet but instead used the information to try to convince Reagan to change their policy with Chile. Pinochet stepped down from power in 1990 and died on 10 December 2006, without facing trial.

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DIA, "Chile: The Military May Attempt a Coup Against the Allende Government on 10 September...," Top Secret UMBRA, Intelligence Summary, September 8, 1973, pp. 1-3, available at https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/22019-document-03.

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2353:

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2060:"I.T.T. OFFICE HERE DAMAGED BY BOMB; Caller Linked Explosion at Latin-American Section to 'Crimes in Chile' I.T.T. Latin-American Office on Madison Ave. Damaged by Bomb Fire in Rome Office Bombing on the Coast Rally the Opponents" 211:

During the 1950s and 1960s, the United States put forward a variety of programs and strategies, ranging from funding political campaigns to funding propaganda, aimed at impeding the presidential aspirations of leftist candidate

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The CIA had also drawn up a second plan, Track II, in which the agency would find and support military officers willing to participate in a coup. They could then call new elections in which Allende could be defeated.

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The document was found among 16,000 State, CIA, White House, Defense, and Justice Department records released in November 2000 on the nearly 17-year long Pinochet dictatorship in Chile, and Washington's role in the

1266:. Her husband Michael Moffit was in the car during the bombing, but was the only survivor. "It would seem advisable," he suggests, "to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in U.S. interest." 600:

operation mounted by the United States. He also points out that the US imposed an "invisible blockade" that was designed to disrupt the economy under Allende, and contributed to the destabilization of the regime.

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In the cable, Ambassador White relates a conversation with General Alejandro Fretes Davalos, chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who told him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor

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in a rather serious light and U.S. officials did nothing to discourage the logical outcome of GOC paranoia."- Department of State, Secret Memorandum, "Charles Horman Case," 25 August 1976 (uncensored version)

364:, the CIA's director of covert operations. Track II excluded the State Department and Department of Defense. The goal of Track II was to find and support Chilean military officers who would support a coup. 1312:"Based on what we have, we are persuaded that: The GOC sought Horman and felt threatened enough to order his immediate execution. The GOC might have believed this American could be killed without negative 661:

that overthrowing Allende's government was not the CIA's decision, but rather the decision of the White House, particularly President Nixon. The coup and U.S. involvement remain an important episode, as a

452:, which investigated U.S. involvement in Chile during this period, determined that the weapons used in the kidnapping attempt "were, in all probability, not those supplied by the CIA to the conspirators." 1356:

press release in November 2000 acknowledged that "actions approved by the U.S. government during this period aggravated political polarization and affected Chile's long tradition of democratic elections"

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alleged that Cuba and the Soviet Union supplied several hundred thousand dollars to the socialist and Marxist factions in the government. Additionally, documents transcribed and provided by KGB defector

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groups. This group had originally come to the Station's attention in October 1971. By January 1972 the Station had successfully penetrated it and was in contact through an intermediary with its leader.

1239:. She called the cable "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor." 4202: 148:

cooled off the hotheads. The crisis ended when the Chilean government bowed, and while maintaining that the seamen were to blame for the riot paid an indemnity of $ 75,000 to the victims' families.

469:, a Chilean right-wing newspaper. The CIA used ITT as a conduit to financially aid opponents of Allende's government. On 28 September 1973, ITT's headquarters in New York City were bombed by the 260:

as vital, fearing that Alessandri's failures would lead the people to support Allende. Allende was feared by the Americans because of his warm relations with Cuba and his open criticism of the

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reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. The document, a 1978 cable from

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which provides documents obtained from FOIA requests regarding U.S. involvement in Chile, beginning with attempts to promote a coup in 1970 and continuing through U.S. support for Pinochet

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and the ICA" accepted by Alessandri illustrates, laissez-faire policies may have induced the opposite of the intended effect – making Chile more dependent on the United States, not less.

3232: 437:. On 22 October, Viaux went ahead with a plan to kidnap Schneider, but Schneider drew a handgun to protect himself from his attackers, who then shot him in four vital areas. He died in 3439: 1579:

Stephen G. Rabe, The most dangerous Area in the world: John F. Kennedy Confronts Communist Revolution in Latin America (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1999), 2.

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The CIA provided "$ 50,000 in cash, three submachine guns, and a satchel of tear gas, all approved at headquarters ..." The submachine guns were delivered by diplomatic pouch.

4182: 3927: 3413: 2406: 1130: 252:(CIA), covertly spent three million dollars campaigning against him, before and after the election, mostly through radio and print advertising. The Americans viewed electing 1341:

ordered the release of numerous documents relating to U.S. policy and actions toward Chile. The documents produced by various U.S. agencies were opened to the public by the

415:

operatives with fake passports to approach Chilean military officers and encourage them to carry out a coup. A first step to overthrowing Allende required removing General

411:

In September 1970, Nixon authorized the expenditure of $ 10 million to stop Allende from coming to power or to unseat him. As part of the Track II initiative, the CIA used

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from enraged US officials. A war between the U.S. and Chile was remotely possible. Chile's foreign minister escalated the tension but in Washington Secretary of State

1258:, was concerned that the U.S. connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of the 44 year old former Chilean diplomat 4177: 3377: 1421: 429:. Considered unstable by the U.S., Viaux had been discouraged from attempting a coup alone. The CIA encouraged him to join forces with an active duty general, 75:

Spanish colonies (a position he filled from 1810 to 1814) to investigate the prospects of the revolutionaries, in their struggle for independence from Spain.

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CIA did, in fact, pay 'hush' money to those directly responsible for the Schneider assassination—and then covered up that secret payment for thirty years."

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Theodore H. Moran, Multinational corporation and the politics of dependence: copper in Chile (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1974), 6.

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well as bribing a left wing Senator $ 18,000 to persuade him not to stand as a presidential candidate and to remain within the Unidad Popular coalition.

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A declassified file from August 19, 1970, reveals the minutes of high-level officials in the CIA known as the "Special Review Group." It was chaired by

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took control of the valuable resources. Up until the 1970s, "both industries controlled between 7% to 20% of the country's Gross Domestic Product".

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The U.S. provided material support to the military regime after the coup, although criticizing it in public. A document released by the U.S.

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This installation is "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries." White, whose message was sent to

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Legvold, Robert; Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006). "The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World".

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Legvold, Robert; Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili (2006). "The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World".

2774:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–11, Part 2, Documents on South America, 1973–1976 - Office of the Historian" 1539:

Barbara Stallings, Class conflict and Economic development in Chile, 1958–1973 (Stanford California: Stanford University Press, 1978, 33.

433:, who had also been approached by CIA operatives. They were joined by Admiral Hugo Tirado, who had been forced into retirement after the 4146: 902: 253: 3921: 2942:

regarding "releasing newly declassified and other documents related to events in Chile from 1968–91". Accessed online 18 November 2006.

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about the United States support for the coup, to which Powell replied that "it is not a part of American history that we're proud of".

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Faundez Julio, Marxism, and democracy in Chile: From 1932 to the fall of Allende. London United Kingdom: Yale University Press, 1988.

3992: 3372: 3132: 3107: 3024: 2638: 2152: 1975: 534:, published in 1975, stated that during the period leading up to the coup, the CIA received information about potential coup plots. 140:

capture, attacked them. Two American sailors were killed, 17 were wounded and 36 others were jailed. That Valparaiso riot prompted

4099: 4094: 4034: 4029: 3175: 4089: 4078: 4010: 3347: 1015: 703: 2495:

Fermandois, Joaquin (Winter 2005). "The Persistence of a Myth: Chile in the Eye of the Cold War Hurricane: Books under Review".

2006: 3352: 1795: 998: 774: 721: 161: 4051: 2853:"Pinochet and the Letelier-Moffitt Murders: Implications for US Policy," SECRET, Memorandum for the President, 6 October 1987" 553:

Was the United States DIRECTLY involved, covertly, in the 1973 coup in Chile? The Committee has found no evidence that it was.

3974: 3408: 3275: 3195: 1873: 1416: 1167: 4073: 3241: 3162: 3042: 2292: 804: 734: 493: 4172: 2059: 3962: 1684:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–16, Documents on Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian" 1654:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–16, Documents on Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian" 3769: 2240: 1146: 626: 3483: 1188: 983: 249: 234: 36: 3764: 193:

demanded an improvement in their standard of living, higher wages and improved working conditions, the notion that a

1290:

that brought his military regime to power. The release was the fourth and final batch of records released under the

4132: 229: 3403: 2926: 1774: 1376: 1160: 1111: 1040: 3915: 3909: 3518: 631:

also played a role and that a careful reading of the documentary record reveals the CIA was largely "impotent".

3754: 3669: 3285: 2659: 1991: 448:

A CIA and White House cover-up obscured American involvement, despite Congressional investigative efforts. The

3528: 3072: 88: 3606: 3596: 3581: 794: 477: 3626: 2172: 1629:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian" 1590:"Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973 - Office of the Historian" 91:, as a way to increase their influence in Chile, while Britain backed the successful Congressional forces. 3789: 3664: 3591: 3571: 3533: 3321: 1291: 1232: 549:

The Church report also considered the allegation that the US government involved itself in the 1973 coup:

84: 2686:"CIA Acknowledges Ties to Pinochet's Repression: Report to Congress Reveals U.S. Accountability in Chile" 1457: 1345:

in October 1999. The collection of 1,100 documents dealt with the years leading up to the military coup.

166:

United States involvement in Chilean affairs intensified in the early decades of the 20th century. After

3631: 3556: 2112: 1615:"U.S. Covert Intervention in Chile: Planning to Block Allende Began Long before September 1970 Election" 1342: 381: 265: 257: 175: 64: 2773: 945: 67:, in 1811, marked the beginning of U.S. involvement in Chilean politics. He had been sent by President 1653: 1269: 4126: 4039: 3882: 3759: 3616: 1287: 1078: 955: 940: 814: 789: 697: 621: 434: 377: 376:

Track I was a U.S. State Department plan designed to persuade the Chilean Congress, through outgoing

277: 268:, which promised "$ 20 billion in public and private assistance in the country for the next decade." 261: 1817:

CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile, Admits Support For Kidnappers, Links To Pinochet Regime - CBS News

1767:

Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents Relating to the Military Coup, 11 September 1973

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Joyce S. Goldberg, "Consent to Ascent The Baltimore Affair and the US Rise to World Power Status."

1400: 1228: 1136: 950: 930: 869: 741: 470: 361: 136:. During the US sailors' shore leave on 16 October 1891, a mob of enraged Chileans angry about the 2797:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability by Peter Kornbluh, p. 277

1501:

Loveman, Brian. Chile: The legacy of Hispanic Capitalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

4045: 3876: 3774: 3709: 3694: 3659: 3601: 3260: 2616: 2573: 2512: 1465: 1252: 1096: 864: 751: 710: 518:

military in any covert action initiative; there was no support for instigating a military coup."

345: 2880:

Karen DeYoung; David Montgomery; Missy Ryan; Ishaan Tharoor; Jia Lynn Yang (20 September 2016).

849: 264:. Furthermore, clandestine aid to Frei was put forward through John F. Kennedy's Latin American 2083: 1628: 3815: 3804: 3794: 3744: 3654: 3636: 3621: 3290: 3128: 3103: 3068: 3020: 2608: 2565: 2475: 2148: 2144: 1971: 1906: 1851: 1246: 1033: 854: 844: 779: 715: 606: 604:, director of the National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project, argues in his book 438: 430: 416: 281: 2007:"U.S. Dept. of State FOIA Electronic Reading Room – Hinchey Report (CIA Activities in Chile)" 1967: 1360:

In a 2003 town hall with students, high school student James Doubek asked Secretary of State

1194:

CIA documents show that the CIA had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police,

4056: 4021: 3888: 3739: 3586: 3566: 3357: 3331: 3316: 3311: 3206:

Chile and the United States: Declassified Documents relating to the Military Coup, 1970-1976

2600: 2557: 2504: 2372: 1395: 1306: 1274: 1259: 1236: 1199: 993: 935: 859: 784: 728: 683: 675: 640: 531: 511: 507: 449: 385: 241: 221: 213: 123: 2206: 1766: 420: 332: 3866: 3860: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3611: 3205: 3190: 3179: 3166: 3137:

Zakia Shiraz, "CIA Intervention in Chile and the Fall of the Allende Government in 1973."

3124: 3087: 3083: 3058: 2966: 2087: 1877: 1823: 1567: 1405: 1278: 1220: 965: 799: 746: 576: 480: 460: 313: 289: 206: 171: 145: 17: 960: 521:

On the issue of CIA involvement in the 1973 coup, the CIA document is equally explicit:

4062: 3799: 3784: 3779: 3679: 3523: 3270: 3172: 3093: 2922: 2258: 1770: 1390: 1298: 1215: 1206:

was allowed to continue in absence of concrete information about human rights abuses."

1045: 601: 402: 141: 106: 100: 2010: 1986: 1203: 4166: 3699: 3689: 3684: 3674: 3508: 3326: 3146: 2952: 2468: 2140: 1928:"The U.S. and the Overthrow of the Chilean Government: A Declassified Dossier (2003)" 1325: 1302: 1263: 1106: 1101: 1073: 1050: 925: 920: 809: 426: 349: 320: 293: 190: 72: 68: 40: 3210: 3017:

The Condor Years: How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents.

2432:"CIA, "The President's Daily Brief," Top Secret, Briefing Paper, September 12, 1973" 2138:

The Condor Years: How Pinochet And His Allies Brought Terrorism To Three Continents.

1708: 610:

that the US was extensively involved and actively "fomented" the 1973 coup. Authors

300:(FRUS) series dedicated toward US-Chilean interventionalism – collectively known as 3551: 3513: 3382: 3362: 3280: 2736: 2711: 2643: 2103: 1870: 1368: 1361: 1338: 635: 182: 2296: 1245:"keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the 319:

Four days after the 8 September 1970 meeting of the 40 Committee, a cable between

128:

Washington sent a warship to Chile to protect American interests. The crew of the

3159: 3049:

Nixon Administration and the Death of Allende's Chile: A Case of Assisted Suicide

2986:"A Chilean and American monument to Pinochet bombing victims rises in Washington" 2827:"CIA: "Pinochet personally ordered" Letelier bombing | National Security Archive" 4068: 3893: 3704: 3561: 3012: 2807:

Court: U.S. military spies had role leading to 1973 deaths of Americans in Chile

2133: 1353: 1255: 839: 834: 465: 167: 3185: 2508: 1614: 498: 302:

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXI, Chile, 1969–1973

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CIA Activities in Chile. 18 September 2000. Accessed online 18 November 2006.

476:

On 10 September 2001, a suit was filed by Schneider's family accusing former

3191:"Make the Economy Scream" famous instruction of Nixon to the CIA about Chile 2763:, National Security Archive, 6 March 2001. Accessed online 26 November 2006. 892: 769: 545:

September 11 coup throughout the months of July, August, and September 1973.

44: 2902:"CBS News – CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile – September 20, 2000 16:07:32" 3122:

Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile.

1964:

Nixon, Kissinger, and Allende: U.S. Involvement in the 1973 Coup in Chile.

2811: 1224: 48: 3142: 3099:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

2660:"Documenting U.S. Role in Democracy's Fall and Dictator's Rise in Chile" 2620: 2577: 2516: 1903:

The Pinochet File: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability

1740:"National Security Archive - 30+ Years of Freedom of Information Action" 473:

for the alleged involvement of the company in the overthrow of Allende.

463:

owned 70 percent of Chitelco, the Chilean Telephone Company, and funded

306:

Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E–16, Documents on Chile, 1969–1973

4120: 194: 4083: 2604: 2561: 2191:

Winn, Peter (2010). Grandin & Joseph, Greg & Gilbert (ed.).

197:

government could be the solution for the people began to take form.

109:

concerned an attempted shipment of 5000 rifles in 1891 by the ship

3467: 2407:"CIA's PDB release still covering up knowledge of 1973 Chile coup" 1556: 1554: 1268: 497: 331: 52: 510:

rose to power, overthrowing the democratically elected president

1297:

During the Pinochet regime, four American citizens were killed:

585: 353: 3819: 3428: 3214: 2953:"Colin Powell: U.S. "Not Proud" of 1973 Covert Action in Chile" 1570:, CBS News, 19 September 2000. Accessed online 19 January 2007. 3199: 1739: 296:. This was one of several documents released as part of the 4116:

United States involvement in regime change in Latin America

3032:

Hostile Intent: U.S. Covert Operations in Chile, 1964–1974

2923:"CIA 2000 report (Summary of Responses to Questions, 2.A)" 3115:

How Allende fell: A study in U.S.–Chilean relations

2967:"Chile President Pinera to ask Obama for Pinochet files" 1535: 1533: 3173:

National Security Archive's Chile Documentation Project

2165:"CIA Activities in Chile – Central Intelligence Agency" 2034:"Edward Korry, 81, Is Dead; Falsely Tied to Chile Coup" 4203:

History of the foreign relations of the United States

2639:"The Other 9/11: A CIA Agent Remembers Chile's Coup" 2373:"President/Kissinger September 16, 1973, 11:50 a.m." 2186: 2184: 2182: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1734: 1732: 652:

Allende later committed suicide, with an article in

4108: 4020: 3937: 3928:

United States involvement in the Mexican Revolution

3902: 3853: 3645: 3542: 3501: 3476: 3396: 3340: 3304: 3248: 3088:

National Security Decision 93: Policy Towards Chile

2252: 2250: 2108:"Kissinger & Chile: The Myth That Will Not Die" 1513:"Chile TV: Secret report suggests Allende murdered" 1131:

National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons

3059:Operating guidance cable on coup plotting in Chile 2881: 2467: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1005:Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations 2241:"Kissinger and Chile: The Myth That Will Not Die" 3160:Church Report. Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973 3113:James F. Petras & Morris H. Morley (1974). 3039:Allende's Chile and the Inter-American Cold War 2295:. US Government Printing Office. Archived from 425:A group was formed, led by the retired General 2291:Frank Church; et al. (18 December 1975). 224:– a nominal independent with support from the 33:United States intervention in Chilean politics 3831: 3440: 3226: 2543: 2541: 1785: 1783: 1511:Vergara, Eva; Warren, Michael (31 May 2011). 1168: 8: 3368:Attempted assassination of Bernardo Leighton 3186:KISSINGER AND CHILE: THE DECLASSIFIED RECORD 2940:White House press statement 13 November 2000 575:Transcripts of a phone conversation between 3847:United States intervention in Latin America 2883:"This was not an accident. This was a bomb" 2632: 2630: 1709:"Minute of the Meeting of the 40 Committee" 1412:Family Jewels (Central Intelligence Agency) 1294:'s special Chile Declassification Project. 1277:shaking hands with U.S. Secretary of State 316:: political maneuvering or outright force. 4133:Nicaragua's case against the United States 3838: 3824: 3816: 3447: 3433: 3425: 3233: 3219: 3211: 2917: 2915: 2761:Operation Condor: Cable suggests U.S. role 2401: 2399: 2397: 2195:. Duke University Press. pp. 239–275. 1762: 1760: 1438:United States involvement in regime change 1433:Foreign interventions by the United States 1175: 1161: 679: 4198:History of the foreign relations of Chile 2058:Montgomery, Paul L. (29 September 1973). 1142:Indictment and arrest of Augusto Pinochet 39:(1812–1826). Since then the influence of 3149:summarizes the scholarly historiography. 3090:, Washington: National Security Council. 1422:Military dictatorship of Chile (1973–90) 1235:, who had published several articles on 459:In 1970, the U.S. manufacturing company 352:feared that Chile could become "another 27:Aspect of bilateral relations since 1811 2265:. National Security Archive. p. 13 2084:Why the law wants a word with Kissinger 1905:. New York: The New Press. p. 28. 1850:. New York: Anchor Books. p. 361. 1848:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA 1449: 1056:Navy Petty-Officers School of Mechanics 682: 4183:Chile–United States military relations 4178:Central Intelligence Agency operations 3414:Human rights violations under Pinochet 484:"stand-down" order was ever received. 298:Foreign Relations of the United States 4152:Latin America–United States relations 3073:"Dictatorships and Double Standards," 2658:Bonnefoy, Pascale (14 October 2017). 1941:Kissinger, Henry (25 November 1970). 1678: 1676: 1674: 1428:Latin America–United States relations 292:and was sanctioned by then-president 158:Law of Permanent Defense of Democracy 7: 4005:Occupation of the Dominican Republic 3999:Occupation of the Dominican Republic 2684:Peter Kornbluh (19 September 2000). 1249:which covers all of Latin America". 384:, to confirm conservative runner-up 4147:Foreign policy of the United States 3256:United States intervention in Chile 2984:Laris, Michael (25 February 2018). 2737:"Chile: Violations of Human Rights" 2637:Friedman, Uri (11 September 2014). 1792:"CIA Machinations in Chile in 1970" 3959:Separation of Panama from Colombia 3463:United States Ambassadors to Chile 2293:"Covert Action in Chile 1963–1973" 1408:, US ambassador to Chile (1974–77) 989:Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional 666:report in October 2017 indicates. 340:Salvador Allende ran again in the 71:in 1809 as a special agent to the 25: 3388:Indictment and arrest of Pinochet 3373:Assassination of Orlando Letelier 2851:Shultz, George (6 October 1987). 1926:The Film Archives (15 May 2016). 903:Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR) 898:People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) 3492: 3466: 3456: 2228:. Transaction. pp. 199–251. 2032:Stout, David (30 January 2003). 2009:. Foia.state.gov. Archived from 1561:CIA Reveals Covert Acts In Chile 1016:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance 2904:. 7 August 2004. Archived from 2456:nsarchive.gwu.edu/news/20000919 2438:. The National Security Archive 2239:Falcoff, Mark (November 2003). 2207:"The National Security Archive" 1987:CIA Admits Involvement in Chile 1790:Gustafson, Kristian C. (2002). 1011:Serviço Nacional de Informações 775:National Reorganization Process 280:select committee, publishing a 162:South American dreadnought race 4208:Presidency of Salvador Allende 4193:Foreign electoral intervention 4188:CIA activities in the Americas 3409:Criticisms of Salvador Allende 3276:Presidency of Salvador Allende 3117:, Nottingham: Spokesman Books. 2466:Hitchens, Christopher (2001). 1943:"Memorandum for the President" 1417:Foreign electoral intervention 1227:, was discovered by Professor 218:the 1958 presidential election 152:First half of the 20th century 1: 3363:Assassination of Carlos Prats 3545:and Minister Plenipotentiary 2470:The Trial of Henry Kissinger 1333:Politics in the 21st century 1147:Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 999:Batallón de Inteligencia 601 627:The Trial of Henry Kissinger 87:, the U.S. backed President 4100:1989 Paraguayan coup d'état 4095:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état 4035:1954 Paraguayan coup d'état 4030:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 3139:Journal of American Studies 3102:. New York: The New Press. 3030:Kristian Gustafson, (2007) 2692:. National Security Archive 2690:Chile Documentation Project 2534:. Transaction. p. 205. 2263:Chile Documentation Project 1262:and his American colleague 1189:Central Intelligence Agency 984:Central Intelligence Agency 348:(near 37%). U.S. president 344:, winning a narrow victory 250:Central Intelligence Agency 244:was a top contender in the 37:War of Chilean Independence 4224: 4090:1976 Argentine coup d'état 4079:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 2927:National Security Archives 2509:10.3200/WAFS.167.3.101-112 673: 491: 400: 342:1970 presidential election 204: 155: 121: 98: 18:U.S. intervention in Chile 4142: 4069:1971 Bolivian coup d'état 4052:1964 Bolivian coup d'état 3975:Second Occupation of Cuba 3490: 3404:Death of Salvador Allende 3348:Government Junta of Chile 3165:11 September 2014 at the 3120:Lubna Z. Qureshi (2009). 3063:National Security Council 3019:New York: The New Press. 2860:National Security Archive 2741:National Security Archive 2716:National Security Archive 2712:"CIA Activities in Chile" 2259:"CIA Activities in Chile" 2257:CIA (19 September 2000). 1950:National Security Archive 1775:National Security Archive 1716:National Security Archive 1377:state-sponsored terrorism 1223:, the U.S. ambassador to 1112:National Security Archive 1041:Estadio Nacional de Chile 978:Organizations responsible 4074:1973 Chilean coup d'état 3963:Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty 3953:First Occupation of Cuba 3646:Ambassador Extraordinary 3477:Minister Plenipotentiary 3286:Alejandrina Cox incident 3242:1973 Chilean coup d'état 3198:(detailed report by the 3178:19 February 2015 at the 3141:(2011) 45#3 pp 603–613. 1901:Kornbluh, Peter (2003). 805:Margarita Belén massacre 502:Augusto Pinochet in 1974 494:1973 Chilean coup d'état 282:Church Commission Report 3981:Occupation of Nicaragua 3969:Occupations of Honduras 3196:CIA activities in Chile 3047:Jonathan Haslam (2005) 3034:(Dulles: Potomac Books) 2532:Modern Chile: 1970–1989 2226:Modern Chile: 1970–1989 2193:A Century of Revolution 1966:Lexington Books, 2009. 1876:20 October 2009 at the 1458:"The Itata surrendered" 1424:- aftermath of the coup 795:Operativo Independencia 478:U.S. Secretary of State 240:Presidential candidate 3987:Occupation of Veracruz 2530:Falcoff, Mark (1989). 2224:Falcoff, Mark (1989). 1367:During U.S. President 1292:Clinton Administration 1282: 1233:Long Island University 561: 555: 547: 541: 528: 506:On 11 September 1973, 503: 337: 248:. The US, through the 85:1891 Chilean Civil War 55:has been significant. 3037:Tanya Harmer, (2011) 2380:www.nsarchive.gwu.edu 1822:7 August 2004 at the 1566:7 August 2004 at the 1343:U.S. State Department 1272: 1213:On 6 March 2001, the 634:Conservative scholar 556: 551: 542: 536: 523: 501: 382:Eduardo Frei Montalva 335: 266:Alliance for Progress 258:Eduardo Frei Montalva 89:José Manuel Balmaceda 65:Joel Roberts Poinsett 4173:American imperialism 4127:Cuban Missile Crisis 4040:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3916:Spanish–American War 3910:Mexican–American War 3883:Good Neighbor policy 3378:Chile under Pinochet 3080:, November, pp34–45. 2299:on 11 September 2009 1930:– via YouTube. 1846:Weiner, Tim (2007). 1091:Archives and reports 956:Luis Posada Carriles 941:Stefano Delle Chiaie 915:Principal operatives 790:Night of the Pencils 692:Background histories 622:Christopher Hitchens 592:man after the coup. 435:Tacnazo insurrection 378:Christian Democratic 262:Bay of Pigs Invasion 254:Christian Democratic 132:took shore leave at 59:Chilean independence 3993:Occupation of Haiti 3947:Paraguay expedition 3873:Roosevelt Corollary 3648:and Plenipotentiary 3543:Envoy Extraordinary 3322:José Toribio Merino 3055:Thomas Karamessines 2990:The Washington Post 2888:The Washington Post 2382:. 16 September 1973 1483:41.1 (1984): 21-35. 1401:Chile under Allende 1229:J. Patrice McSherry 1137:Trial of the Juntas 951:Virgilio Paz Romero 931:Hugo Campos Hermida 870:Jorge Rafael Videla 471:Weather Underground 362:Thomas Karamessines 35:started during the 4046:Operation Mongoose 4011:Invasion of Panama 3922:Mexican Border War 3877:Big Stick ideology 3261:Schneider Doctrine 2664:The New York Times 2064:The New York Times 2038:The New York Times 2013:on 20 October 2009 1962:Lubna Z. Qureshi. 1466:The New York Times 1283: 1253:Secretary of State 1097:Archives of Terror 865:Alfredo Stroessner 829:Government leaders 530:The report of the 504: 338: 328:Allende presidency 181:The conclusion of 4160: 4159: 3813: 3812: 3502:Chargé d'Affaires 3422: 3421: 3291:Carlos Altamirano 3069:Jeane Kirkpatrick 2908:on 7 August 2004. 2831:nsarchive.gwu.edu 2778:history.state.gov 2481:978-1-85984-631-5 2411:nsarchive.gwu.edu 2211:nsarchive.gwu.edu 2106:(November 2003). 2090:, 30 April 2002, 1912:978-1-56584-936-5 1857:978-0-307-38900-8 1744:nsarchive.gwu.edu 1688:history.state.gov 1658:history.state.gov 1633:history.state.gov 1594:history.state.gov 1247:Panama Canal Zone 1185: 1184: 1079:Due obedience law 882:Targeted militias 855:Leopoldo Galtieri 845:Basilio Lami Dozo 780:Operation Colombo 607:The Pinochet File 431:Camilo Valenzuela 272:The 1970 election 79:War scare of 1891 16:(Redirected from 4215: 4057:Operation Condor 3889:Dollar diplomacy 3840: 3833: 3826: 3817: 3765:Guerra-Mondragón 3496: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3358:Operation Condor 3317:Augusto Pinochet 3312:Salvador Allende 3235: 3228: 3221: 3212: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2973:. 23 March 2011. 2963: 2957: 2956: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2919: 2910: 2909: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2885: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2823: 2817: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2634: 2625: 2624: 2605:10.2307/20031879 2588: 2582: 2581: 2562:10.2307/20031879 2545: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2521: 2520: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2473: 2463: 2457: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2428: 2422: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2403: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2377: 2369: 2363: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2327: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2309: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2288: 2275: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2254: 2245: 2244: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2188: 2177: 2176: 2175:on 12 June 2007. 2171:. 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Archived from 1787: 1778: 1764: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1736: 1727: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1713: 1705: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1680: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1625: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1571: 1558: 1549: 1546: 1540: 1537: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1508: 1502: 1499: 1493: 1490: 1484: 1477: 1471: 1470: 1462: 1454: 1396:History of Chile 1307:Boris Weisfeiler 1275:Augusto Pinochet 1260:Orlando Letelier 1237:Operation Condor 1200:Manuel Contreras 1198:, and its chief 1177: 1170: 1163: 1133: 1051:Colonia Dignidad 1007: 994:Caravan of Death 936:Manuel Contreras 860:Augusto Pinochet 785:Operation Charly 738: 735:1973 coup d'état 725: 707: 704:1976 coup d'état 684:Operation Condor 680: 676:Operation Condor 641:Vasili Mitrokhin 532:Church Committee 512:Salvador Allende 508:Augusto Pinochet 450:Church Committee 386:Jorge Alessandri 336:Salvador Allende 242:Salvador Allende 222:Jorge Alessandri 214:Salvador Allende 124:Baltimore crisis 118:Baltimore crisis 21: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4212: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4138: 4104: 4016: 3940:and occupations 3939: 3933: 3898: 3867:Platt Amendment 3861:Monroe Doctrine 3849: 3844: 3814: 3809: 3647: 3641: 3544: 3538: 3497: 3488: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3423: 3418: 3392: 3353:Miguel Enriquez 3336: 3300: 3244: 3239: 3180:Wayback Machine 3167:Wayback Machine 3156: 3143:online at JSTOR 3125:Lexington Books 3084:Henry Kissinger 3009: 3007:Further reading 3004: 2994: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2835: 2833: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2593:Foreign Affairs 2590: 2589: 2585: 2550:Foreign Affairs 2547: 2546: 2539: 2529: 2528: 2524: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2482: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2441: 2439: 2430: 2429: 2425: 2415: 2413: 2405: 2404: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2312: 2302: 2300: 2290: 2289: 2278: 2268: 2266: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2222: 2218: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2190: 2189: 2180: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2132: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2102: 2101: 2097: 2091: 2088:Fairfax Digital 2082: 2078: 2068: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2016: 2014: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1985: 1981: 1961: 1957: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1913: 1900: 1899: 1884: 1878:Wayback Machine 1869: 1865: 1858: 1845: 1844: 1829: 1824:Wayback Machine 1815: 1811: 1801: 1799: 1798:on 13 June 2007 1789: 1788: 1781: 1765: 1758: 1748: 1746: 1738: 1737: 1730: 1720: 1718: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1692: 1690: 1682: 1681: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1652: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1635: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1613: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1596: 1588: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1574: 1568:Wayback Machine 1559: 1552: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1474: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1406:David H. Popper 1386: 1337:U.S. President 1335: 1279:Henry Kissinger 1273:Chilean leader 1221:Robert E. White 1181: 1152: 1151: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1092: 1084: 1083: 1069: 1061: 1060: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1003: 979: 971: 970: 966:Michael Townley 946:José López Rega 916: 908: 907: 883: 875: 874: 850:João Figueiredo 830: 822: 821: 800:Ezeiza massacre 765: 757: 756: 732: 719: 701: 693: 678: 672: 670:Pinochet regime 624:, in his book, 617:Legacy of Ashes 614:, in his book, 496: 490: 481:Henry Kissinger 461:ITT Corporation 405: 399: 374: 330: 314:Henry Kissinger 290:Henry Kissinger 276:According to a 274: 209: 207:Project Camelot 203: 201:1950s and 1960s 164: 154: 146:James G. Blaine 126: 120: 103: 97: 81: 63:The arrival of 61: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4221: 4219: 4211: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4110: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4063:Project FUBELT 4060: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4024: 4022:Covert actions 4018: 4017: 4015: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3880: 3870: 3864: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3843: 3842: 3835: 3828: 3820: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3742: 3737: 3732: 3727: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 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2126: 2095: 2076: 2050: 2024: 1998: 1979: 1955: 1933: 1918: 1911: 1882: 1871:Hinchey Report 1863: 1856: 1827: 1809: 1779: 1771:Peter Kornbluh 1756: 1728: 1700: 1670: 1645: 1620: 1606: 1581: 1572: 1550: 1541: 1529: 1503: 1494: 1485: 1472: 1469:. 5 June 1891. 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1419: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1391:Project FUBELT 1387: 1385: 1382: 1334: 1331: 1299:Charles Horman 1216:New York Times 1183: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046:Villa Grimaldi 1043: 1038: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 980: 977: 976: 973: 972: 969: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 906: 905: 900: 895: 890: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 831: 828: 827: 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