1674:
315:, meaning 'swirling'. In some cases, however, the difference between a long and a short vowel is purely phonetic, and does not change word meaning. Ute devoices vowels in certain phonological or grammatical environments, as described in later sections. Devoiced vowels are marked in the orthography by underlining them, or, when the identity of the underlying vowel has been lost, with the letter .
155:
975:
vowel. Either the first or second vowel of a word in Ute may be stressed, with the latter situation being the most common. Stress is orthographically marked when it occurs on the first vowel. In compound words, the primary stress is applied to the first stem, and a secondary stress may also occur on
306:
Southern Ute has five vowels, as well as several allophones, which are not shown in the orthography. Each vowel can be short or long, and vowel length is marked orthographically by doubling the vowel. In Ute, the length of a vowel is often phonemic, and relevant for determining meaning. For example,
267:
are
Chemehuevi and Southern Paiute. As of 2010, there were 1,640 speakers combined of all three dialects Colorado River Numic. Ute's parent language, Colorado River Numic, is classified as a threatened language, although there are tribally-sponsored language revitalization programs for the dialect.
1442:
Ute marks nouns for nominative and oblique case. The former category contains subjects and predicates, and the latter contains objects and genitives. In most cases, the final vowel of the entire noun is devoiced in the nominative case and voiced in the oblique case. For example, "woman" in the
1540:, "they", to refer to a previously-introduced subject when there are multiple previously-introduced parties, to indicate that the subject of the current clause is different from the previously-mentioned subject. For example, in
942:
usually follow the CVCV pattern. All words must begin with a consonant, but other syllables may or may not include an onset. When an onset is present, it is usually composed of only one consonant. Words with suffixes like
1215:. The consonant pairs p/v and t/r were once allophones, but are no longer predictable; this produces the suffixes separated by a slash. Some older animate nouns have a silent final vowel rather than an explicit suffix.
532:
Southern Ute consonants are given in the table below. As above, orthographic representations are bold and the IPA representations are in brackets. All stops in Ute are voiceless. Thus,
1141:
vowels are sometimes devoiced in unstressed word-initial or word-final syllables, or unstressed syllables that begin with a voiceless consonant, nasal consonant, or glide, such as in
303:
T.Givon (2011) gives the following orthography and phonetic information for
Southern Ute. Northern Ute differs from Southern and Central in some lexical and phonological areas.
2827:
2491:
2462:
236:
1565:
paced around there", when the sentence begins, the subject is "they", and the independent pronoun is used when the subject changes to "he", a previously introduced character.
2906:
1287:
is usually used for plural nouns that derive from verbs or possession. These suffixes are placed after the obligatory noun suffix. Finally, some nouns show plurality by
2644:
1725:
278:, used by the Spanish at the time to refer to all tribes north of the Pueblo peoples and up to the Shoshone peoples. The Ute people refer to their own language as
959:
respectively. These earlier suffix forms did have single-consonant onsets. Most syllables do not have codas, but some codas do appear at word-end, such as in
1434:
Word order in Ute is flexible and determined primarily by discourse pragmatics, although speakers will mostly use SOV order when producing isolated clauses.
848:
2865:
1489:
As described above in morphology, nouns and other words can be incorporated as prefixes of verbs to specify the method of action: for example,
2855:
2431:
2362:
2320:
2408:
809:
2639:
1718:
998:, it is the destressing, rather than the vowel change, that produces the change in meaning and thus is excluded from the orthography.
1635:
220:
2901:
682:
2821:
2633:
2507:
500:
492:
319:
240:
167:
2282:
1965:
1742:
1711:
1006:
Ute has several phonological processes that affect the realization of underlying phonemes. Below is a representative sample.
1823:
479:
228:
99:
2798:
2875:
2618:
737:
514:
457:
428:
2195:
2916:
2551:
2044:
1364:
can take place at the leftmost prefix position to add the meanings of the incorporated word to the verb. For example,
1361:
379:
1388:
2349:
2269:
2236:
2015:
2010:
1774:
988:
884:
823:
670:
658:
583:
395:
2850:
2170:
2061:
901:
725:
599:
549:
2896:
2649:
2401:
1766:
872:
407:
177:
1196:. However, this suffix can also sometimes denote animate nouns or body parts. Animate nouns usually take the
2628:
1951:
922:
694:
2860:
2833:
2595:
2530:
2200:
1673:
1163:
751:
541:
248:
2356:
2277:
2259:
2036:
1734:
784:
772:
579:
260:
86:
1070:
becomes and between two as or directly preceding or following , so the precise mechanism is unknown.
2774:
2741:
2244:
972:
920:
899:
882:
870:
846:
821:
807:
782:
770:
749:
735:
723:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
512:
498:
490:
477:
455:
426:
405:
393:
377:
559:, in contrast with the voiced labiodental fricative which does not appear in Ute. The velar sounds
2687:
2520:
2515:
2394:
2210:
2049:
1989:
1926:
715:
2764:
2669:
2190:
2121:
1994:
1881:
610:
1920:
1319:
Ute verbs can take many suffixes and several prefixes. Negation is marked with both the suffix
1279:
There are three ways plurality can be marked, and only animate nouns are marked for plurality.
2870:
2254:
2179:
2152:
2098:
2021:
1974:
1914:
1888:
1835:
1807:
1802:
1790:
1641:
1631:
1335:
641:
631:
606:
537:
2699:
2623:
2496:
2249:
2226:
2205:
2134:
2071:
1866:
1858:
1525:
1419:
626:
621:
568:
200:
2911:
2804:
2705:
2485:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2185:
2140:
2080:
1906:
1895:
1849:
1795:
1751:
762:
636:
256:
91:
78:
994:
often is pronounced as a high central when unstressed. Though this change produces some
1687:
509:; the former is used more often by younger speakers, while older speakers use the latter
2747:
2475:
2470:
2377:
2304:
2106:
2087:
2055:
1387:, etc. according to the phonological processes above. Many suffixes are used to denote
1182:
Most nouns in Ute obligatorily have suffixes. Inanimate nouns usually take the suffix -
836:
648:
145:
2890:
2693:
2441:
2129:
2111:
1946:
1423:
1288:
335:
274:
as a term was applied to the group by
Spanish explorers, being derived from the term
264:
45:
2792:
995:
706:
2735:
2717:
1013:
changes to or (usually for younger and older speakers respectively) when near
369:
330:
2786:
2538:
2480:
2417:
1666:
571:
443:
340:
232:
154:
69:
1661:
1645:
2729:
2723:
2600:
1053:, it does not have to be directly next to one of those phonemes, such as in
799:
416:
318:
Here bold text indicates a practical orthographic representation, while the
138:
126:
1145:, 'swirl'. In marginal pairs, they may be considered distinct, such as in
2780:
2711:
2559:
939:
244:
185:
173:
59:
1703:
2753:
2681:
2564:
2161:
1872:
1583:
American Indian
Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1331:
can appear as a separate word somewhere before the verb being negated.
1251:
are used for animate nouns that derive from verbs or possession: thus,
181:
2675:
1171:
1167:
590:
becomes a voiced uvular fricative under the same conditions. Either
586:
when either between two vowels or adjacent to the vowel ; likewise
1458:
is added to mark the oblique case, as in singular "you", which is
290:, meaning "the people's speech" and "of the people" respectively.
1041:
often makes the alternation when directly preceding or following
951:, can have a two-consonant onset, though they were historically -
252:
55:
2390:
1707:
1066:
becomes when directly preceding or following , , or —however,
2386:
1311:
without reduplication would create the dual form: "two men".
209:
1225:
is also used to derive inanimate nouns from verbs, such as
184:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
285:
279:
206:
33:
27:
1327:. Alternatively, instead of the prefix, the full form
1074:, 'bull-snake', is one word where this process occurs
221:
1391:. Some of the more common of these suffixes include
212:
2843:
2814:
2763:
2662:
2609:
2586:
2577:
2547:
2529:
2506:
2461:
2450:
2424:
2341:
2313:
2268:
2235:
2219:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2120:
2097:
2070:
2035:
2003:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1939:
1905:
1857:
1848:
1816:
1783:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1084:s or directly preceding or following , such as in
203:
136:
124:
119:
75:
65:
51:
41:
21:
1334:First syllable reduplication in verbs denotes the
1561:, "as they were whispering (amongst themselves),
235:. Speakers primarily live on three reservations:
2645:Ute Mountain Ute Mancos Canyon Historic District
2775:American Indian Wars § West of the Mississippi
1497:, "s/he eats it with a knife" can incorporate
1291:of the first syllable in combination with the
979:Vowel stress is contrastive in pairs such as,
609:are produced as dental sounds rather than the
2402:
1719:
8:
1406:. for the habitual. Other suffixes include
1379:after the stem when the subject is plural.
548:in Spanish. Also similar to Spanish is the
16:Colorado River Numic dialect used in the US
2583:
2458:
2409:
2395:
2387:
2166:
2157:
1979:
1970:
1854:
1756:
1747:
1726:
1712:
1704:
251:in southwestern Colorado and southeastern
153:
18:
2907:Indigenous languages of the United States
1609:. John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2011
987:, meaning 'straight out'. Note that the
263:language family. Other dialects in this
1585:. Oxford University Press, 1997, p. 359.
615:
324:
322:representation is included in brackets.
2866:Southern Ute Cultural Center and Museum
2754:Chief Walkara, also called Chief Walker
1574:
178:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
1454:In some pronouns, the (voiced) suffix
1283:is the most common plural suffix, and
1272:"married person, spouse" derives from
2856:List of prehistoric sites in Colorado
2432:Native Americans in the United States
2363:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
2321:Nahuatl language in the United States
1657:
1655:
1630:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co.
1170:, but there are three major types of
971:Each Southern Ute word must have one
602:when before a de-voiced word ending.
159:Area where the Ute dialect is spoken.
7:
2714:(leader during Battle of Milk Creek)
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1128:is also inserted if directly follow
2640:Spring Creek Archeological District
2738:(dancer, author, and spiritualist)
2672:(leader during the Black Hawk War)
2629:Mineral springs at Manitou Springs
14:
2678:, also called Sapiah, (Ute chief)
1672:
199:
2684:(Ouray's wife and Ute delegate)
2756:(leader during the Walker War)
1827:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
237:Uintah-Ouray (or Northern Ute)
1:
1528:uses the independent pronoun
1517:, "s/he is knife-eating it".
1375:Verbs usually take the suffix
1346:" kicked him (once)" becomes
1174:for verbs and one for nouns.
311:, meaning 'wrapping,' versus
229:Colorado River Numic language
2876:Ute Indian Rights Settlement
2619:Bears Ears National Monument
1418:, which mark the causative,
1389:tense, aspect, and modality
555:, as in the Spanish phrase
2935:
2830:(Northern Ute Tribe, Utah)
2283:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
1358:" kicked him repeatedly".
1200:suffix, but can also take
1080:becomes when between two
584:voiceless uvular fricative
2851:Indian Reorganization Act
2836:(West-southwest Colorado)
2720:(Uncompahgre band leader)
2636:(later Old Spanish Trail)
2371:
989:high back unrounded vowel
600:voiceless velar fricative
550:voiced bilabial fricative
536:here does not indicate a
339:
334:
329:
327:
164:
152:
26:
2702:(last traditional chief)
1383:can also be realized as
1149:'food (nominative)' and
983:, meaning 'almost', and
613:sounds used in English.
2902:Agglutinative languages
2824:(Southwestern Colorado)
2696:(Weeminuche band chief)
2196:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
1501:"knife", into the verb
1395:for the present tense,
505:are both allophones of
286:
280:
227:) is a dialect of the
34:
28:
2861:Prehistory of Colorado
2596:Native American Church
2201:Central Puebla Nahuatl
1469:in the nominative and
1450:and in the oblique is
1258:"singer" derives from
1002:Phonological processes
906:), is an allophone of
542:voiced velar fricative
239:in northeastern Utah,
166:This article contains
2744:(Sanpete tribe chief)
2278:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
2260:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1735:Uto-Aztecan languages
1628:Ute reference grammar
1626:Givón, Talmy (2011).
1607:Ute Reference Grammar
1372:" is sweet-talking".
1166:. Affixes are mostly
1122:, 's/he was thirsty'
927:, is an allophone of
889:), are allophones of
580:voiceless uvular stop
255:. Ute is part of the
1550:, 'ú-vwaa pagha'ni-p
1509:, "eats" to produce
1399:for the future, and
1236:"rotten thing" from
1153:'food (accusative)'.
2499:(Parianuche, Yampa)
2453:within contemporary
1770:(including Bannock)
1662:Ute-Southern Paiute
1426:case respectively.
1295:suffix, such as in
519:is an allophone of
484:is an allophone of
2917:Ute (ethnic group)
2834:Ute Mountain Tribe
2765:Westward expansion
2732:(Ute-Paiute chief)
2726:(Ute-Paiute chief)
2191:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
2045:Downriver Guarijio
1485:Noun incorporation
1368:" is talking" and
1094:is inserted after
963:, 'I'm sleeping'.
935:Syllable structure
2884:
2883:
2871:Ute Indian Museum
2658:
2657:
2573:
2572:
2384:
2383:
2378:extinct languages
2350:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
2337:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2245:Michoacán Nahuatl
2180:Classical Nahuatl
2031:
2030:
2016:Southern Tepehuan
2011:Northern Tepehuan
1960:
1959:
1935:
1934:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1799:
1771:
1670:(25th ed., 2022)
1542:'áa-gha máy-kya-p
1336:distributive case
862:
861:
578:becomes either a
538:voiced velar stop
469:
468:
364:
359:
354:
349:
192:
191:
174:rendering support
170:phonetic symbols.
2924:
2844:Related articles
2828:Uintah and Ouray
2700:Chief Jack House
2676:Buckskin Charley
2584:
2497:White River Utes
2459:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2388:
2250:Coatepec Nahuatl
2227:Huasteca Nahuatl
2211:Ometepec Náhuatl
2206:Guerrero Nahuatl
2167:
2158:
2062:Upriver Guarijio
1980:
1971:
1855:
1826:
1793:
1769:
1757:
1748:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1705:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1688:"What is a Ute?"
1684:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1659:
1650:
1649:
1623:
1610:
1603:
1586:
1579:
1526:Switch reference
1521:Switch reference
1481:in the oblique.
1110:directly follow
926:
905:
888:
876:
852:
827:
813:
788:
776:
755:
741:
729:
710:
698:
686:
674:
662:
616:
518:
504:
496:
483:
461:
432:
411:
399:
383:
362:
357:
352:
347:
325:
289:
283:
243:in southwestern
231:, spoken by the
224:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
208:
205:
157:
148:
129:
81:
37:
31:
19:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2921:
2897:Numic languages
2887:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2839:
2810:
2805:Meeker Massacre
2767:
2759:
2706:R. Carlos Nakai
2654:
2611:
2610:Ancestral lands
2605:
2588:
2579:
2569:
2549:
2548:Integrated with
2543:
2525:
2502:
2454:
2452:
2446:
2420:
2415:
2385:
2380:
2367:
2325:
2309:
2300:Tabasco Nahuatl
2295:Isthmus Nahuatl
2288:Orizaba Nahuatl
2264:
2231:
2215:
2186:Morelos Nahuatl
2147:
2116:
2093:
2066:
2027:
1999:
1956:
1931:
1927:Luiseño-Juaneño
1901:
1840:
1812:
1779:
1767:Northern Paiute
1737:
1732:
1702:
1701:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1660:
1653:
1638:
1625:
1624:
1613:
1604:
1589:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1523:
1487:
1440:
1432:
1385:-qa, -kwa, -kya
1317:
1297:táa-ta'wa-chi-u
1180:
1160:
1088:'walking about'
1037:'is'. Although
1004:
969:
937:
867:
605:Note here that
530:
474:
301:
296:
222:
202:
198:
172:Without proper
160:
144:
125:
115:
82:
79:Language family
77:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2932:
2931:
2928:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2802:
2799:Black Hawk War
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2769:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2751:
2748:Raoul Trujillo
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2663:Notable people
2660:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2615:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2592:
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2581:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2451:Historic bands
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2391:
2382:
2381:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2345:
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2327:
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2323:
2317:
2315:
2311:
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2308:
2307:
2302:
2297:
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2257:
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2223:
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2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2175:
2173:
2164:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2084:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
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1949:
1943:
1941:
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1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1911:
1909:
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1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1824:Colorado River
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
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1730:
1723:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1679:
1651:
1637:978-9027202857
1636:
1611:
1587:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1522:
1519:
1486:
1483:
1443:nominative is
1439:
1436:
1431:
1428:
1316:
1313:
1307:In this case,
1179:
1176:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1089:
1075:
1061:
1003:
1000:
976:a later stem.
968:
965:
953:ni-'i, -na-'a,
936:
933:
932:
931:
914:
893:
866:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
853:
841:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
816:
814:
802:
796:
795:
793:
791:
789:
777:
765:
759:
758:
756:
744:
742:
730:
718:
712:
711:
699:
687:
675:
663:
651:
645:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
529:
526:
525:
524:
510:
488:
473:
470:
467:
466:
464:
462:
450:
448:
446:
440:
439:
437:
435:
433:
421:
419:
413:
412:
400:
388:
386:
384:
372:
366:
365:
360:
355:
350:
344:
343:
338:
333:
328:
300:
297:
295:
292:
281:núu-'apaghapi̱
190:
189:
176:, you may see
162:
161:
158:
150:
149:
142:
134:
133:
130:
122:
121:
120:Language codes
117:
116:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
107:
100:Colorado River
96:Southern Numic
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
53:
49:
48:
43:
42:Native to
39:
38:
29:núu-'apaghapi̱
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:and conflicts
2766:
2762:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:Chief Ignacio
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2634:Old Ute Trail
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2624:Cañon Pintado
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2449:
2443:
2442:Ute mythology
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1581:Campbell, L.
1578:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1532:, "s/he", or
1531:
1527:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1371:
1370:pia-'apagha-y
1367:
1363:
1362:Incorporation
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1289:reduplication
1286:
1282:
1277:
1276:"my spouse".
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1240:"be rotten".
1239:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1164:polysynthetic
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1132:, such as in
1131:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1118:, such as in
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1029:'yellow', or
1028:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
999:
997:
996:minimal pairs
993:
990:
986:
982:
977:
974:
966:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
941:
934:
930:
924:
918:
915:
913:
909:
903:
897:
894:
892:
886:
880:
874:
869:
868:
864:
858:
856:
854:
850:
845:
842:
840:
838:
835:
834:
831:
829:
825:
820:
817:
815:
811:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
794:
792:
790:
786:
781:
778:
774:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
757:
753:
748:
745:
743:
739:
734:
731:
727:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
708:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
664:
660:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:
614:
612:
608:
603:
601:
598:can become a
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
544:, similar to
543:
540:but rather a
539:
535:
527:
522:
516:
511:
508:
502:
494:
489:
487:
481:
476:
475:
471:
465:
463:
459:
454:
451:
449:
447:
445:
442:
441:
438:
436:
434:
430:
425:
422:
420:
418:
415:
414:
409:
404:
401:
397:
392:
389:
387:
385:
381:
376:
373:
371:
368:
367:
361:
356:
351:
346:
345:
342:
337:
332:
326:
323:
321:
316:
314:
310:
304:
298:
293:
291:
288:
282:
277:
273:
269:
266:
265:dialect chain
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
225:
217:
196:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
169:
163:
156:
151:
147:
143:
141:
140:
135:
131:
128:
123:
118:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
84:
80:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:United States
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2822:Southern Ute
2815:Reservations
2793:Colorado War
2589:and religion
2531:Ute Mountain
2488:(Tabeguache)
2436:
2373:
2357:Proto-Nahuan
2355:
2348:
2178:
2139:
2086:
2079:
2054:
2020:
1919:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1871:
1828:
1691:. Retrieved
1682:
1665:
1627:
1606:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:Case marking
1433:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1318:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:"sings" and
1261:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1161:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1005:
991:
984:
980:
978:
970:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
928:
916:
911:
907:
895:
890:
878:
843:
818:
804:
779:
767:
746:
732:
720:
701:
689:
677:
665:
653:
604:
595:
591:
587:
575:
564:
560:
556:
552:
545:
533:
531:
520:
506:
485:
452:
423:
402:
390:
374:
317:
312:
308:
305:
302:
275:
271:
270:
257:Numic branch
249:Ute Mountain
241:Southern Ute
194:
193:
165:
137:
104:
2795:(1863–1865)
2783:(1848–1923)
2777:(1811–1924)
2750:(performer)
2736:Joseph Rael
2718:Chief Ouray
2690:(Ute chief)
2578:Culture and
2486:Uncompahgre
2437:Ute dialect
2037:Tarahumaran
1952:Tübatulabal
1794:(including
1491:wii-chi-m t
1420:benefactive
1323:and prefix
1299:"men" from
1021:such as in
945:-'ni, -'na,
261:Uto-Aztecan
180:instead of
87:Uto-Aztecan
2891:Categories
2787:Walker War
2670:Black Hawk
2612:and trails
2587:Ceremonies
2539:Weeminuche
2481:Timpanogos
2418:Ute people
2050:Tarahumara
1693:2012-01-24
1667:Ethnologue
1605:Givón, T.
1499:wii-chi-m,
1267:piwa-gha-t
1158:Morphology
1136:'s/he did'
1086:pagha-'ni,
865:Allophones
572:allophones
528:Consonants
472:Allophones
233:Ute people
2801:(1865–72)
2708:(flutist)
2601:Sun Dance
2476:Seuvarits
2471:San Pitch
2376:indicate
1995:Pima Bajo
1882:Kitanemuk
1646:733750317
1452:mama-chi.
1366:'apagha-y
940:Syllables
800:Semivowel
716:Fricative
557:la verdad
358:unrounded
348:unrounded
294:Phonology
276:quasuatas
139:Glottolog
127:ISO 639-3
66:Ethnicity
2781:Ute Wars
2742:Sanpitch
2712:Nicaagat
2650:Ute Pass
2580:religion
2560:Moanunts
2508:Southern
2463:Northern
2425:Overview
2255:Pochutec
2220:Huasteca
2122:Corachol
2022:Tepecano
2004:Tepehuan
1966:Southern
1915:Cahuilla
1889:Tataviam
1836:Kawaiisu
1817:Southern
1808:Timbisha
1803:Comanche
1791:Shoshoni
1743:Northern
1515:ka-y-aqh
1507:ka-y-aqh
1495:ka-y-aqh
1338:. Thus,
1301:ta'wa-ch
1253:kaá-mi-t
1172:prefixes
1168:suffixes
1120:tagu-kwa
1060:, 'wolf'
973:stressed
611:alveolar
607:coronals
245:Colorado
186:Help:IPA
146:utee1244
60:Colorado
2688:Colorow
2682:Chipeta
2565:Pahvant
2374:Italics
2342:History
2270:Eastern
2237:Western
2171:Central
2162:Nahuatl
2153:Aztecan
2135:Huichol
1990:Oʼodham
1975:Tepiman
1873:Vanyume
1867:Serrano
1796:Gosiute
1784:Central
1760:Western
1445:mama-ch
1424:passive
1408:-ti, -k
1397:-vaa-ni
1202:-vi/-pi
1162:Ute is
1151:tʉkápi̱
1134:ini-kya
1114:, , or
1102:if the
1031:'ura-'æ
642:Glottal
632:Palatal
363:rounded
353:rounded
336:Central
313:whcáa-y
259:of the
182:Unicode
2912:Paiute
2807:(1879)
2789:(1853)
2552:Paiute
2521:Muache
2516:Capote
2492:Uintah
2455:groups
2141:Cazcan
2099:Cahita
2081:Eudeve
2072:Opatan
1921:Cupeño
1896:Tongva
1859:Serran
1644:
1634:
1430:Syntax
1422:, and
1356:gay-'u
1352:-táa-p
1344:gay-'u
1274:piwa-n
1260:kaá-mi
1147:tʉkápi
1143:whcaay
1055:sinaæv
1023:ɵæ-qar
1015:y, i,
967:Stress
957:-wa-'a
877:, and
627:Dental
622:Labial
569:uvular
567:have
309:whca-y
299:Vowels
287:núuchi
247:, and
52:Region
35:núuchi
2730:Posey
2314:Other
2305:Pipil
2107:Yaqui
2088:Opata
2056:Tubar
1983:Pimic
1940:Other
1907:Cupan
1850:Takic
1752:Numic
1569:Notes
1558:'uwas
1546:gay-k
1530:'uwas
1511:wii-t
1340:táa-p
1329:kách-
1315:Verbs
1238:piki-
1178:Nouns
1072:qhoqh
1049:, or
961:pʉi-n
925:]
921:[
904:]
900:[
887:]
883:[
875:]
871:[
851:]
847:[
826:]
822:[
812:]
808:[
787:]
783:[
775:]
771:[
763:Nasal
754:]
750:[
740:]
736:[
728:]
724:[
709:]
705:[
697:]
693:[
685:]
681:[
673:]
669:[
661:]
657:[
637:Velar
582:or a
546:luego
517:]
513:[
503:]
499:[
495:]
491:[
482:]
478:[
460:]
456:[
431:]
427:[
410:]
406:[
398:]
394:[
382:]
378:[
331:Front
92:Numic
2724:Polk
2550:the
2130:Cora
2112:Mayo
1947:Hopi
1775:Mono
1642:OCLC
1632:ISBN
1414:and
1227:piki
1198:-chi
1098:and
1017:or ɵ
985:súwa
981:suwá
955:and
947:and
896:kh (
879:qh (
837:Flap
649:Stop
563:and
497:and
370:High
341:Back
253:Utah
223:YOOT
56:Utah
1829:Ute
1664:at
1556:ga
1534:'um
1416:-ta
1401:-mi
1381:-ka
1377:-ka
1325:ka-
1321:-wa
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