38:
1036:
who ruled over Miladu part of present South Arcot
District). His father named him Gandan Madhurantakan alias Uttama after his paternal uncles. Unlike some of the other kings of the Chola empire, he took after his mother and was very pious. It was due to his pious nature and support that his mother Sembiyan Madevi was able to continue with her own work of rebuilding temples. He is known to have shown compassion to even his enemies.
1047:
especially to the
Ullagaladar temple. He also granted large degrees of autonomy to his districts. He brought in best talent from other kingdoms. Kachipeedu (modern Kanchipuram) is also mentioned as one of his prominent cities. He is known to have contributed money, cattle, sheep to temples in modern
970:
However, later research indicates that Sastry may be wrong in this claim, and possibly interpreted the Tamil inscriptions incorrectly. It seems reasonable to conclude that if there was any evidence against Uttama, Rajaraja's son
Rajendra would not have assumed the coronation name of Madhurathaka II.
958:
states that the government confiscated the lands of a few people and their relatives, namely Soman, Ravidasan alias
Panchavan Brahmadhirajan, Parameswaran alias Irumudichola Brahmadhirajan and Malaiyanur Revadasa Kramavittan and the properties of his son and mother for treason and for their hand in
1035:
chieftain. Uttama had several queens. The names of some of them are known; Orattanan (Urattayana) Sorabbaiyar
Tribhuvana-Mahadeviyar (chief queen), Kaduvettigal Nandippottairaiyar (probably a Pallava princess), and Siddhavadavan Suttiyar (related to Vikramasola-Miladudaiyar a prominent feudal king
953:
We learn from an inscription dated during
Rajaraja's time that the properties of some persons were confiscated as they had been convicted for treason. It is also shown that these persons were involved in the conspiracy to kill Aditya II. The inscription from Udaiyargudi dated in the second regnal
1051:
Uttama's mother pioneered the process of kalpaniβconverting brick, mortar, and wooden structures into granite and there is inscriptional evidence to show that he actively funded his mother in this work. She made a conscious effort to copy the older inscriptions before she re-built the temple, for
1079:
Two sculptures of Uttama (Madhuranthaka Devar) and his mother can be found in the
Southern wall of the inner Prakara of the Konnerirajapuram (aka Thirunallam) temple near Kumbakonam. The inscription under the sculpture identifying Sembiyan Mahadevi identifies her and the Archaeological Survey of
974:
There is every indication Uttama was religious and upstanding. An ardent Shiva devotee (as seen by inscriptions in
Konnerirajapuram aka Thirunallam or in Kanchipuram), it was Uttama, under the guidance of his mother, who codified the temple patterns, epigraphy, art, sculpture, and the keeping of
883:
The circumstances under which Uttama ascended the Chola throne is surrounded by controversy and mystery. At the time of
Gandaraditya's death Uttama must have been a very young child. Due to his young age, his rights to the Chola throne were probably set aside and Gandaraditya's younger brother
999:
districts. The Chola army seems to have been in continued battles with the
Pandyas and their ally the Sinhalas in Eelam or Sri Lanka. Several Chola coins of Uttama have been found in the Pandya country and in Eelam as proof of Uttama's activities there. We have a
963:. Among these Ravidasan and Parameswaran were government officials We can safely gather that although Aditya II was killed in 969 C.E., no action had been taken by Uttama during his reign to bring justice to the perpetrators. K.A.N. Sastry in his authoritative
1139:
records in his fourteenth year, gift of land by Sembiyan Madeviyar, queen of Gandaraditta Perumal and daughter of Malavarayar. The lands were purchased from the villagers in Ambattur in Ambattur-nadu, a district of Pular kottam
1011:
There are indications he upgraded the army, not just in troop levels but also in quality and organization. It is known through inscriptions that, at least from Uttama's time, warriors were provided with waistcoats of armour.
1164:
983:
Not much is known about the military conquests of Uttama, but by his time most of Thondaimandalam had been recovered from the Rashtrakuta. His dominions included
1048:
Kumbakonam, Thirunallam (modern Konnerirajapuram), Thiruvallarai, Thirupatturai, Thirunedugalam, Thiruvisalur, Thirunaraiyur, Thiruvalangadu, Thirukkodika, etc.
1076:, there is an inscription that says it was built by Sembiyan Mahadevi She survived this king and lived on for another 16 years into the reign of Rajaraja I.
1124:
Records that the temple of Tirunallamudaiyar was built of stone by Madevadigalar alias Sembiyan Madeviyar queen of Gandaradittadeva and mother of the king
1068:
there is an older inscription from the time before the temple was rebuilt. At other places like the Choleeswara temple at Kurralam which was sung by
827:
1572:
967:
says that based on an inscription at the temple at Udayarkudi, circumstantial evidence pointed to Uttama's culpability in the assassination.
1195:
1509:
1398:
1343:
1268:
1243:
910:, his son, Aditha II, was made the co-regent and heir apparent to the Chola throne even though Uttama, had more right to throne.
1001:
1004:
of him, now at the Government Museum Chennai. It bears the symbol of a seated tiger with two fish beside it and bears the line
930:
724:
1447:
1415:
1577:
820:
799:
759:
744:
764:
891:
Arinjaya ruled for a very short time β possibly for less than a year and on his death, his son Parantaka II (
1562:
1008:. But the genealogical section of the plates was lost. However, we do have the appendix portion at the end.
895:) succeeded him. By the time Madhurantaka was old enough to claim the crown, Sundara Chola had two sons β
813:
784:
681:
524:
37:
1465:ΕrΔ«nidhiαΈ₯: perspectives in Indian archaeology, art, and culture : Shri K.R. Srinivasan festschrift
1039:
As with most ancient Indian kings, Uttama was religiously tolerant. Although a Saivaite (worshipper of
1095:. Although he had at least one son (Madhurantaka Gandaraditya), the line of succession passed back to
1567:
621:
611:
1495:
A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References
1480:
A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume II, with Notes and References
1019:
Maravan Kandanar, who also served under Sundara Chola. His son Kumaran Maravan also served Uttama.
591:
1511:
A Topographical List of Inscriptions of the Madras Presidency, Volume I, with Notes and References
1096:
907:
892:
859:, Madhurantaka Uttama's reign is placed after Aditya II. The latter may have been a co-regent of
641:
571:
544:
534:
454:
1394:
1339:
1264:
1239:
1191:
868:
697:
514:
504:
222:
183:
1235:
1172:. The Director General, Archaeological Survey On India, Janpath, New Delhi. pp. 413β426.
1544:
1433:
A Topographical List of Inscriptions in the Tamil Nadu and Kerala States: Thanjavur District
1100:
938:
922:
911:
900:
896:
863:
and seems to have died before he could formally ascend the throne. Uttama was the cousin of
749:
729:
494:
464:
394:
1112:
1016:
942:
934:
424:
385:
1166:
South Indian Inscriptions, Volume III, Miscellaneous inscriptions from the Tamil Country
1103:
succeeded as the Chola Emperor. Madhurantaka served as an official in Rajaraja's court.
1006:
This is the matchless edict of the King who taught justice to all the Kings in his realm
1214:
Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India
988:
955:
856:
734:
689:
332:
287:
1556:
1527:
1336:
A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century
1229:
1212:
1032:
864:
860:
754:
673:
581:
341:
243:
202:
1130:
Yet another inscription of him from the Masilamanisvara temple in Tirumullaivayil,
1028:
992:
929:, chose to step aside for his paternal uncle Madhurantaka Uttama. According to the
872:
848:
779:
631:
562:
474:
434:
350:
323:
253:
212:
155:
125:
99:
81:
63:
45:
1361:
History and Culture of the Tamils: From Prehistoric Times to the President's Rule
601:
414:
278:
1111:
The following is an inscription of Uttama from the Umamaheswaraswami temple in
1391:
A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume
1135:
Dated in the reign of the Chola king Parakesarivarman alias Uttama Chola deva;
1065:
926:
852:
739:
484:
314:
305:
159:
134:
73:
794:
789:
769:
151:
109:
1073:
1061:
885:
704:
444:
404:
296:
232:
130:
774:
262:
197:
1044:
984:
1231:
The Great Chola Temples: Thanjavur, Gangaikondacholapuram, Darasuram
921:
under mysterious circumstances. As per the Thiruvalangadu plates of
1080:
India interprets the bearded man behind her as Gandaraditya Chola.
1534:
1069:
1057:
1040:
996:
163:
138:
925:
there was question on ascension and Arulmozhivarman, the future
1120:
A record of the Chola king Madhurantakadeva alias Uttama Chola.
1263:. International School of Dravidian Linguistics. p. 359.
1449:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985
1417:
Early Chola Temples: Parantaka I to Rajaraja I, A.D. 907-985
991:
to the north. Many of his inscriptions are found in around
1052:
example in a temple in Aavatuturai which was sung by the
851:
Emperor who ruled from 970 CE to 985 CE in present-day
1497:. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 1387.
1482:. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 1357.
1514:. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. p. 423.
1435:. Indian Council of Historical Research. p. 364.
945:'s brother to be their king, but the prince refused.
899:(the one who took the head of the Vira Pandya) and
228:
218:
208:
196:
182:
170:
145:
119:
115:
105:
95:
87:
79:
69:
59:
51:
44:
23:
1376:Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1
1321:Proceedings of the Annual Conference, Volume 18
1132:
1117:
1031:Chola. Sembiyan Mahadevi was the daughter of a
1299:
1297:
1282:
1280:
961:Karikala chola who took the head of the Pandya
855:, India. According to Tiruvalangadu plates of
821:
8:
1043:), he also donated to temples dedicated for
1027:Uttama was the son of Sembiyan Mahadevi and
1521:
1306:Early Indian land grants and state economy
1290:. University of Madras. 1975. p. 600.
1234:. Archaeological Survey of India. p.
1217:. Asian Educational Services. p. 103.
1158:
1156:
1015:An important general during his reign was
828:
814:
239:
36:
20:
1338:. Pearson Education India. p. 559.
1211:Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1911).
1181:
1179:
1190:. Oxford University Press. p. 97.
1152:
242:
1463:K. V. Raman; K. R. Srinivasan (1983).
1319:South Indian History Congress (1999).
1288:Annals of Oriental Research, Volume 25
1308:. Excellence Publishers. p. 175.
7:
1467:. New Era Publications. p. 364.
1393:. Mittal Publications. p. 300.
1163:Rao Sahib H. Krishna Sastri (1987).
867:and was the son of the illustrious
1363:. Vijay Publications. p. 128.
14:
949:Role in Aditya IIβs Assassination
1186:Karen Pechilis Prentiss (2000).
176:Kaduvettigal Nandippottairaiyar
174:Sorabbaiyar Tribhuvana Mahadevi,
1446:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1971).
1414:S. R. Balasubrahmanyam (1971).
1452:. Orient Longman. p. 158.
1420:. Orient Longman. p. 210.
1056:, that is the Saivite saints,
1:
1259:K. M. Venkataramaiah (1996).
1089:
915:
367:
268:
1573:10th-century Indian monarchs
800:Legendary early Chola kings
190:Madhuranthaga Gandaradithan
1594:
760:Great Living Chola Temples
745:Chola art and architecture
1541:
1532:
1524:
1431:T. V. Mahalingam (1992).
1228:C. Sivaramamurti (2007).
35:
28:
1374:N. Subrahmanian (1993).
1261:A handbook of Tamil Nadu
1188:The Embodiment of Bhakti
1002:copper-plate inscription
979:Chola army and campaigns
975:administrative records.
1508:V. Rangacharya (1985).
1493:V. Rangacharya (1985).
1478:V. Rangacharya (1985).
879:Controversial ascension
1389:K. K. Kusuman (1990).
1334:Upinder Singh (2008).
1144:
1128:
785:Gangaikonda Cholapuram
455:Parantaka II (Sundara)
178:Siddhavadavan Suttiyar
1378:. Ennes. p. 134.
1359:Raju Kalidos (1976).
933:, after the death of
705:Rajahnate of Sanmalan
1084:Death and succession
937:, the people wanted
931:Tiruvalangadu plates
906:During the reign of
465:Aditya II (Karikala)
1578:10th-century Hindus
1304:Om Prakash (1988).
908:Parantaka Chola II
888:was crowned king.
246:Kings and Emperors
1551:
1550:
1542:Succeeded by
914:was assassinated
869:Sembiyan Mahadevi
838:
837:
765:Solesvara Temples
725:Ganges Expedition
710:
709:
698:Rajahnate of Cebu
666:Related dynasties
650:
649:
553:
552:
358:
357:
238:
237:
223:Sembiyan Mahadevi
80:Co-Regent of the
30:Parakesari Varman
18:Parakesari Varman
1585:
1545:Rajaraja Chola I
1525:Preceded by
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1183:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1160:
1101:Rajaraja Chola I
1094:
1091:
923:Rajendra Chola I
920:
917:
912:Aditha Karikalan
901:Arulmozhi Varman
897:Aditha Karikalan
843:, also known as
830:
823:
816:
750:Chola literature
730:Chola government
670:
669:
568:
567:
391:
390:
376:
372:
369:
273:
270:
259:
258:
240:
40:
21:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1553:
1552:
1547:
1538:
1530:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1401:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1169:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1127:
1113:Konerirajapuram
1109:
1092:
1086:
1025:
1017:Paluvettaraiyar
981:
951:
943:Aditha Chola II
939:Arulmozhivarman
935:Aditha Chola II
918:
881:
834:
805:
804:
720:
712:
711:
667:
652:
651:
565:
555:
554:
425:Rajaditya Chola
388:
386:Medieval Cholas
374:
370:
360:
359:
271:
256:
177:
175:
150:
128:
124:
91:971 CE β 980 CE
55:973 CE β 987 CE
19:
12:
11:
5:
1591:
1589:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1563:Chola emperors
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1543:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1500:
1485:
1470:
1455:
1438:
1423:
1406:
1399:
1381:
1366:
1351:
1344:
1326:
1323:. p. 157.
1311:
1293:
1276:
1269:
1251:
1244:
1220:
1203:
1197:978-0195128130
1196:
1175:
1151:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1133:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1097:Parantaka II's
1085:
1082:
1024:
1021:
989:Tiruvannamalai
980:
977:
959:the murder of
956:Rajaraja Chola
950:
947:
880:
877:
857:Rajendra Chola
836:
835:
833:
832:
825:
818:
810:
807:
806:
803:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
735:Chola military
732:
727:
721:
718:
717:
714:
713:
708:
707:
701:
700:
694:
693:
690:Nidugal Cholas
686:
685:
678:
677:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
654:
653:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
622:Kulothunga III
618:
617:
614:
612:Rajadhiraja II
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
588:
587:
584:
578:
577:
574:
566:
561:
560:
557:
556:
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541:
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362:
361:
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344:
338:
337:
335:
333:Kopperuncholan
329:
328:
326:
320:
319:
317:
311:
310:
308:
302:
301:
299:
293:
292:
290:
288:Ilamchetchenni
284:
283:
281:
275:
274:
272: 161 BCE
265:
257:
252:
251:
248:
247:
236:
235:
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210:
206:
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172:
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167:
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121:
117:
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107:
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102:
97:
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92:
89:
85:
84:
77:
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71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
42:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1590:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1529:
1528:Sundara Chola
1523:
1513:
1512:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1427:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1400:9788170992141
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1345:9788131716779
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1289:
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1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:9788185692203
1266:
1262:
1255:
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1245:9788187780441
1241:
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1232:
1224:
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1199:
1193:
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1136:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1114:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093: 985 CE
1083:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1023:Personal life
1022:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1003:
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990:
986:
978:
976:
972:
968:
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962:
957:
948:
946:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919: 971 CE
913:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
893:Sundara Chola
889:
887:
878:
876:
874:
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866:
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854:
850:
846:
842:
831:
826:
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788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
755:Flag of Chola
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
722:
719:Chola society
716:
715:
706:
703:
702:
699:
696:
695:
691:
688:
687:
683:
680:
679:
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592:Kulothunga II
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375: 848 CE
366:Interregnum (
364:
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342:Kochchenganan
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46:Chola Emperor
43:
39:
34:
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27:
22:
16:
1533:
1510:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
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1165:
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1129:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1110:
1107:Inscriptions
1088:Uttama died
1087:
1078:
1053:
1050:
1038:
1029:Gandaraditya
1026:
1014:
1010:
1005:
993:Chengalpattu
982:
973:
969:
964:
960:
952:
905:
890:
882:
873:Gandaraditya
865:Parantaka II
861:Parantaka II
845:Madhurantaka
844:
840:
839:
780:Melakadambur
692:of Karnataka
657:
642:Rajendra III
632:Rajaraja III
572:Kulothunga I
563:Later Cholas
545:Athirajendra
535:Virarajendra
525:Rajamahendra
435:Gandaraditya
365:
351:Perunarkilli
324:Killivalavan
254:Early Cholas
213:Gandaraditya
158:(modern day
156:Chola Empire
129:(modern day
126:Chola Empire
100:Parantaka II
82:Chola Empire
64:Parantaka II
29:
15:
1568:980s deaths
1539:970β985 CE
1033:Malavarayar
682:Chodagangas
602:Rajaraja II
515:Rajendra II
505:Rajadhiraja
415:Parantaka I
279:Kulakkottan
123:Madurantaka
106:Predecessor
60:Predecessor
1557:Categories
1147:References
1066:Sambandhar
995:and North
927:Rajaraja I
853:Tamil Nadu
740:Chola Navy
684:of Kalinga
495:Rajendra I
485:Rajaraja I
395:Vijayalaya
373: β c.
371: 200
315:Nalankilli
306:Nedunkilli
160:Tamil Nadu
135:Tamil Nadu
74:Rajaraja I
795:Tiruvarur
790:Thanjavur
770:Poompuhar
676:of Andhra
646:1246β1279
636:1216β1256
626:1178β1218
616:1166β1178
606:1146β1173
596:1133β1150
586:1118β1135
576:1070β1120
549:1067β1070
539:1063β1070
529:1060β1063
519:1051β1063
509:1018β1054
499:1012β1044
267:205 BCEβ
152:Thanjavur
110:Aditya II
70:Successor
1099:family.
1074:Sundarar
1062:Sundarar
954:year of
886:Arinjaya
847:, was a
489:985β1014
445:Arinjaya
405:Aditya I
399:848β871?
297:Karikala
233:Hinduism
229:Religion
131:Ariyalur
775:Uraiyur
658:Related
582:Vikrama
479:971β987
469:966β971
459:950β980
449:955β956
439:949β962
429:935β949
419:907β955
409:871β907
263:Ellalan
198:Dynasty
171:Empress
96:Emperor
1397:
1342:
1267:
1242:
1194:
1054:Moovar
1045:Vishnu
985:Kanchi
965:Cholas
841:Uttama
475:Uttama
219:Mother
209:Father
149:987 CE
24:Uttama
1535:Chola
1170:(PDF)
1070:Appar
1058:Appar
997:Arcot
849:Chola
244:Chola
203:Chola
184:Issue
164:India
139:India
88:Reign
52:Reign
1395:ISBN
1340:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1240:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1072:and
1064:and
1041:Siva
987:and
871:and
146:Died
120:Born
1559::
1296:^
1279:^
1238:.
1236:11
1178:^
1155:^
1115:,
1090:c.
1060:,
941:-
916:c.
903:.
875:.
368:c.
269:c.
162:,
154:,
137:,
133:,
1403:.
1348:.
1273:.
1248:.
1200:.
829:e
822:t
815:v
377:)
166:)
141:)
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