Uwe Behrendt - Knowledge (XXG)

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Poeschke. The court pronounced itself satisfied that the double murder had been planned and carried out by Uwe Behrendt, acting of his own volition. The court noted Hoffmann's frantic efforts to destroy the evidence when Behrendt had come to him directly after the murder and confessed what had happened, but instead of identifying this as an obstruction of justice, the court determined that it was entirely reasonable that Hoffmann did what he did, simply in order to protect his own position. Behrendt had died before he could face trial in connection with the Lewin- Poeschke double murder, but commentators draw attention to the sense in which, despite not having been charged or present at the hearing, the verdict delivered at the trial of his friend in 1986 amounted to a posthumously delivered guilty verdict for Behrendt in respect of the murder. Several of the court's conclusions in respect of the official defendant, Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, have also perplexed a number of the commentators who have studied the case ever since.

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which opened on 12 September 1984, significant clarifications of his relationship with Uwe Behrendt emerged. With Behrendt now dead, it was no longer possible for witness testimony of any concrete agreement between Behrendt and Hoffmann for the commission of the double murder. Hoffmann insisted that statements by others that he had wanted to persuade WSG members to “murder a Jew” were nothing more than wild attempts at revenge by men who had become resentful over the harsh discipline whereby the organisation had been controlled by him. Behrendt himself, Hoffmann now derided as a “dumb ox, driven by an addiction to activism”. When it came to the murder, he insisted that Behrendt had been a "crazy lone killer". The main part of the trial hearing appears to have been deferred until the end of 1985. After a trial lasting 185 or 186 days (sources differ), the court delivered its verdict on 30 June 1986 and sentenced

996:. Police arriving at the murder scene on 19 December 1980 found no sign of a struggle. There was no indication of the victims having been tied up. This led to the working assumption that the killing was pre-planned. The facts that each victim had been shot four times, and that it had apparently not been until the firing of a fourth shot that either victim had been killed, drove the conclusion that the killer had been an “amateur” rather than a former member of the forces and/or contract killer. The way in which the cartridge cases had been deformed indicated that the murder weapon had been temporarily soldered. This, and the location of the extremist organisation's "head quarter" at 749:. Hoffmann moved fast. He immediately warned his girlfriend to be ready with an explanation when the police came to ask her why her sunglasses had been found at the scene of a suspected double murder. He then gathered up from the basement at their castle home all the bullets and any other ammunition for his weapons collection, crushed them beyond recognition, and disposed of the resulting detritus. He made Behrendt hand over all the clothes he had worn for his murderous trip into town and burned them in the tiled heating oven that in cold weather warmed his apartment in the building. He urged his friend to leave Germany at once and handed over 1000 marks for a flight ticket to 817:

particularly brutal case involved Kay Uwe Bergmann who breached the smoking prohibition under which the “WSG-Ausland” operated. Bergmann was forced to undertake a forced march in the full heat of the day while carrying a filled rucksack and wearing a gas mask. He was forced to drink salted cooking oil and then to eat his resulting vomit. Overnight he was chained to his bed, still encumbered by all the gear with which he had been sent out on the desert march, and scared half to death with a waterboarding torture. In or before February 1981 Bergmann was transferred to a ““

1050:. In addition to these traces, when police searched Schloss Ermeuth they also checked the boiler, where they found traces of the burned clothing that Hoffmann had insisted on destroying after Behrendt had reported back, following his trip to Erlangen on the day of the killing. Based on these discoveries the police developed their hypothesis further. The murder had been carried out not by two people but by three. The third was Uwe Behrendt who was still alive and who, according to this scenario, had fired the gun, while 1087:

involved in the killings. She nodded but refused to elucidate. According to notes of the interview she stated “I cannot say anything or I would incriminate him”. Behrendt, meanwhile, was still abroad. On 23 August 1981 the Erlangen district court nevertheless issued a warrant for his arrest. A couple of weeks later, on 4 September 1981, Hoffmann withdrew his first statement to the police. He now stated that during the evening on which the crime was committed had had been at

899:. An officer at the ministry recorded receipt of the information and added his own comments to the inevitable file, noting that the PLO had “reconstructed the suicide” and referenced “major differences of opinion” within the so-called “WSG-Ausland” of which Behrendt had been the leader in the group's Lebanese camp homebase. The Stasi notes also record that Behrendt himself had been increasingly calling into question the usefulness of his activities. 1167:

murderous input from Hoffmann, his girlfriend, or anyone else, was sufficiently plausible to destroy the prosecutor's case against Hoffmann. Opinions on the trial remained polarised, however. Those disinclined to allow Hoffmann the benefit of the doubt contend that the court gave insufficient weighting to other statements by Hoffmann which had predated the murder. In January 1980 he had reacted to the nationwide banning of

1070:. Because he was away during the early part of the police investigation, it was only on 27 April 1981 that he faced his own first police interview on the Lewin-Poeschke double murder. Hoffmann was interviewed, in the first instance, not as a suspect but as a witness. Hoffmann stated that on 19 December 1980, the day of the crime, both Franziska Birkmann and Uwe Behrendt had been at the 1096:

Nuremberg Jewish community dead, along with the man's partner. On the way back to Ermeuth, Behrendt had said, he had disposed of the murder weapon, burying it where it would not be found. Asked by Hoffmann about his motive, Hoffmann stated that Behrendt had replied, "Yes, boss, I did that for you. too", indicating that the deed had represented some form of revenge for the

568:– possibly its principle purpose from the WSG perspective – was that the Palestinians supplied weapons to the “overseas section” of the WSG and made available a training camp in Lebanon where “German Nazis” were able to continue with their “war gaming”. Behrendt's involvement included arranging procurement and the delivery of the vehicles from West Germany. 953:. It was indeed the body of Uwe Behrendt. Uncertainties as to the cause of his death had now surfaced, however, and these doubts began to fester. In January 1985 Leroy Paul told a West German court that he had personally witnessed Behrendt's suicide and had also been present when the body had been buried “in a Palestinian cemetery”. Doubts have persisted. 1133:(which deals with “creating terrorist organisations”). The part of the national judgement which could be expected to have a bearing on prosecutor Schmidt's investigations at a state level was the determination that the section of the criminal code dealing with terrorism offences could only be applied within German borders. It may have been that the 1037:. They now established without further delay that the “Schubert” branded sunglasses had been supplied for Hoffmann's girlfriend, Franziska Birkmann. This gave them two suspects in connection with their murder, Hoffmann and Birkmann. Examination of the spent gun cartridges at the crime scene established that the murder weapon had been a 238:, under the terms of which East German political prisoners could be selected by the East German authorities for release to the west. West Germany received young people identified by agreement as “political prisoners” and East Germany received large amounts of western currency, of which there was a desperate shortage east of the 733:

victims and then, once they had fallen, ensured their quick deaths with a further well-aimed shot to the head of each. He left in some haste, leaving behind a pair of "Schubert" branded sunglasses and part of an improvised homemade gun silencer. The bodies were found by acquaintances of the deceased at 19:04.

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witnesses involved in the trial, who were described as having been working from within the “neo-nazi” group as government informants. The suspiciously formulaic “catch-all” grounds provided for the refusal by the government agency responsible to release the files is simply that any such inspection of

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had either mandated the killing or had any prior knowledge of it, Behrendt is classified in public records as a lone killer. Following research undertaken during the intervening four decades by investigative journalists and specialist scholars it has nevertheless become accepted in some quarters that

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from “Kommando”, the WSG's political monthly magazine much of which Hoffmann wrote. There were some conspicuous gaps in Hoffmann's new statement to investigators. Hoffmann had no explanation as to how Behrendt had travelled from Ermeuth to the murder scene at Erlangen and back. He was pressed on the

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a couple of months earlier. The Oktoberfest atrocity had been in effect an assassination attempt intended to incriminate Hoffmann, and according to Hoffmann, Behrendt had said that he could no longer bear to see how the thought of it had been weighing on Hoffmann, wearing him down. Someone had to do

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that he had brought along. Frida Poeschke, Lewin's partner, emerged from another room in the apartment to see what was going on: Behrendt shot her too. Reported details are mostly vague, but according to the most precise account of the matter, Behrendt fired three shots into the torso of each of his

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transcript of a lecture: “Die vergessenen Morde an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke”. The lecture appears to cover the same ground and to follow approximately the same trajectory as the lecturer’s book which deals with the same subject, "Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen“. But

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when the police had searched the place in December 1980, but it was legally held for purposes of self-defence. From their acceptance of these elements in Hoffmann's testimony, the judges went on to conclude that Hoffmann's claim that Behrendt had perpetrated the murder as a solitary killer, without

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beat him badly before ordering a further round of torture, which was performed by Behrendt and another group member, Joachim Bojarsky. Some years later, invited to testify before a court on the fate of Kay Uwe Bergmann, Hoffmann would assert that by the time of the alleged fatal torture session, he

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home which the three of them shared throughout the entire day. Once investigators determined that the sunglasses found at the scene of the crime belonged to Franziska Birkmann, however, they surmised that Hoffmann's assurance that neither Birkmann nor Behrendt had left the castle on the day of the

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activists at a time when they faced criminal investigation by the West German authorities. They were, by definition, men with a background as political extremists with a personal interest in doing everything necessary to reduce the severity of any future criminal penalty that they might suffer. It

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through the 1970s continued to fascinate investigative journalists and their readers during the years that followed, especially in cases where new snippets of knowledge surfaced periodically, often in the context of court hearings, providing opportunities for regular re-evaluations. Uwe Behrendt's

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comrades. These included a raid on an oil refinery back in West Germany, and, closer to their Lebanese base, attacks on a UN convoy, the United States army and an Israeli ship. Former members who had left the group were identified as traitors and listed for future killings. There was an idea for a

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storage location. Behrendt made arrangements to carry out his mission with dramatic effect, using a hand grenade. He failed in his mission only because when he turned up at Rößner's apartment, neither Rößner nor his girl-friend were there. The planned killing of Ralf Rößner only came to light some

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representatives present to take the opportunity to attack them savagely. Several of the anti-fascist demonstrators had to be hospitalised. The incident formed the basis for a criminal trial, known as the “Prinz Karl Trial" which opened in September 1977 and received extensive media coverage across

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Hoffmann had several times asked him if he would “kill an elderly Jew near Ermeuth”. He said that Hoffmann had recommended that he should use a wig and sunglasses as a disguise, and to use a weapon fitted with a silencer. A wig was found in Hoffmann's apartment which the witness claimed to have

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to locate the body of Kay Uwe Bergmann, believed to be a more recent victim of a killing in which Behrendt was centrally implicated. There were, however, other more practical “on the ground” reasons why trying to find the body of a dead German terrorist trainee in war-torn Lebanon might have been

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members. The individuals in question were able to confirm the alibi, indicating that neither Hoffmann nor Birkmann had been present at the crime scene. Later that evening, according to Hoffmann's new statement, Behrendt had returned home and had confessed to him that he had shot the leader of the

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was cast as instigator and Franziska Birkmann as the accomplice. In addition to fitting the available evidence, this hypothesis held out the possibility of securing three important convictions, if a more persuasive case could be built up. As matters stood, however, it was too reliant on untested

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was naturally thoroughly investigated. The death, reportedly by suicide, of one of the two principal suspects in September 1981, did not put an end to the investigation, though it did encourage the investigators to focus their subsequent work on securing a conviction for the suspect who was still

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and at the same time to eliminate Hoffmann. This version of events was published as a printed pamphlet. The pamphlet was circulated among WSG members. Irrespective of how many people believed the purportedly factual aspects of it, it fuelled the rage of the right-wing extremist against those who,

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Der Mord an dem jüdischen Verleger Shlomo Lewin und seiner Lebensgefährtin Frida Poeschke in Erlangen jährt sich zum 40. Mal: Beide wurden in ihrer gemeinsamen Wohnung in Erlangen ermordet, nur wenige Wochen nach dem Attentat auf das Oktoberfest in München, bei dem 13 Menschen starben. In beiden

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Hoffmann faced new charges in July 1984, this time under a formidable palette of charges that included the preparation of explosives attacks, aggravated burglary, forging fake money, coercion, aggravated wounding, deprivation of liberty and offences against the gun laws. During the main hearing,

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on two counts of murder. Franziska Birkmann was indicted too, as an accessory to the crimes alleged. The prosecution case advanced by Brunner was centred on a contention that Behrendt had fired the gun that killed the victims, but he was acting on instructions from Hoffmann and Birkmann who were

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Interviewed by investigators in August 1981, Franziska Birkmann stated that during the night on 20 December 1980 Hoffmann had told her about “Behrendt’s murder ” and about the sunglasses – her sunglasses - that had been left behind at the crime scene. She was then asked whether Hoffmann had been

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about the circumstances under which Uwe Behrendt had died. In their reply, the government stated that the determination that Behrendt had committed suicide was based on witness testimonies and on the forensic examination of his body performed in Munich in 1984. The obvious question that remained

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On 5 September 1981 Behrendt wrote a farewell letter to his mother and sisters from the PLO camp in which he was still living. He told them that once he had finished the letter he would shoot himself. He made no mention, in his letter, of the actions or motives that had led him to this decision.

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the problem had been exacerbated by the several million “East Germans” who had fled to the west before the authorities moved first to discourage and then to prevent the practice. On 24 July 1974 Behrendt was delivered by bus with a number of others picked out for the same process to West Berlin.

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Aus jetzt frei gegebenen Akten geht hervor, dass der Oktoberfest-Attentäter von 1980 neben der „Wiking-Jugend“ und der „Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann“ unter anderem enge Kontakte zum „Hochschulring Tübinger Studenten“ (HTS) pflegte. Darüber berichtet aktuell auch der „Spiegel“. Der HTS war 1968 „als

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with a threat: his future actions could become “much more disagreeable for the ruling circles”. Several witnesses were produced to testify that shortly before the Lewin-Poeschke murder Hoffmann had been heard to say, “One day I’ll do something that everyone will notice”. The murder charges were

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he died as a result of this latest torture session and his body was buried in a still undisclosed location somewhere in Lebanon. Bergmann's death, resulting from the torture inflicted on him in Lebanon in February 1981, is described in at least one source as “an open secret”, though the verdict

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The focus of Behrendt's WSG duties in Lebanon was to keep the "WSG-Ausland" together, applying “robust disciplinary methods”. At this time the group still had 15 members in the camp, several of whom are believed to have suffered physical mistreatment amounting, on occasion, to severe torture. A

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to a nine and a half year prison sentence for assaulting his followers in Lebanon, counterfeiting money, obstructing a criminal prosecution and breaching gun laws. But the court acquitted him of charges relating to the commissioning and/or preparation of the murders of Shlomo Lewin and Frida

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Media reports started to speculate about the owner of the distinctive sunglasses on 22 December 1980, but the police continued to look for the clues that might identify the perpetrator of the murder in the immediate area in which the victims lived, and among the small Jewish community in the

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stood for and did. On 19 December 1980 Behrendt set out for Erlangen, having first taken the precaution of disguising himself beneath an eye-catching wig and behind a large pair of women's dark glasses. At approximately 19:00 he arrived at Ebrardstraße 20, the ground-floor apartment in which

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in the south of the country, meaning that reports sourced to “Lebanese police” were not always accepted at face value by western commentators. This report indicated that shortly before his death Behrendt had left the “Guerrilla training camp” where he lived, having been recruited to the

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involvement. It was known that the WSG used soldered weapons in order to avoid their being classified as illegally held firearms. Attention also focused on the sunglasses left at the scene of the crime. These had been purchased from “Optiker Schubert”, an optician in the little town of

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gun, modified through the addition of a home-made silencer device which had been broken when the gun was fired. Hoffmann was a legal owner of a fire arm of this type. He and Behrendt had constructed the silencer in December 1980 and then tested it in a cellar in the grounds of

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unanswered was how it could be determined, by means of a post mortem performed on a badly decomposed body that had been rotting in a desert grave for three years, that the hole in the skull was the result of a suicide rather than of a gun shot fired by an unknown third party.

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present at the scene. The district court, following a hearing presided over by Johann Mürschberger, was not persuaded that the available evidence supported the prosecution case. In refusing to convict, the court implicitly placed some level of confidence in statements by

405:. He was often involved on behalf of the group in brawls and in attacks on pet targets such as left-wing bookshops, meetings and left-wing demonstrations by those whom group members derided as “Kommunaken”. As economic growth stalled across Europe in the aftermath of 724:

lived. Investigators subsequently determined that he had approached through the garden and peered through the window of the living room before making his way round to the front door and ringing the bell. Rabbi Shlomo Lewin opened the door. Behrendt shot him with a

808:“Lieutenant Colonel”, a seemingly more formal status that had been in place hitherto, and which was conferred along with overall responsibilities for “WSG-Ausland”, the name by which the organisation's operations in the “Bir Hassan” training camp were identified. 505:, from where he wrote to an uncle that he had joined the South African army. Details are hard to pin down, but it is known that during this period a number of German “neo-nazis” did indeed travel to South Africa and participate as mercenaries in the defence of 956:

Although reports that Behrendt had died by suicide were initially accepted as reasonable, it subsequently occurred to the more thoughtful among the commentators that all the reports of a suicide were seemingly based solely on eye-witness testimony from former

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by the authorities, and Behrendt continued to be selected by him to undertake “special missions”. One of the more thoroughly publicised of these, if only retrospectively, was Hoffmann's instruction that he kill Ralf Rößner, a former comrade who had also been

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According to information subsequently obtained from West German government sources, in May 1981 Behrendt was using a false passport. There are reports that during the first half of 1981 he returned from Lebanon to Europe where he performed another murder.

891:. The apparent cause of death had been a single bullet through the skull. The letter was presumably passed on to the intended recipients once they had made the copies necessary for their own purposes. The text of the handwritten letter found its way from 867:

should be imprisoned by the authorities in West Germany for longer than six months. Their hit list included from the outset the name of Gerulf Schmidt, the Nuremberg district prosecutor leading the initial phase of investigations into Hoffmann's case.

536:. The membership of the organisation had swollen to at least 600 by this time, and though it did not disappear overnight, its operational effectiveness was diminished by the development: its strategic approach seems to have changed correspondingly. 1225:

Sources differ over the precise sequence of Behrendt’s movements and certain related dates for the ten day period starting on 20 December 1980. The sequence set out here is the closest available to a consensus between various similarly plausible

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something, because poor Hoffmann himself had done nothing wrong. Behrendt had confessed to Hoffmann, Hoffmann said, because he knew Hoffmann would not betray his confidence, for fear of somehow becoming implicated himself. Behrendt knew about

210:, after which he embarked on an apprenticeship in the agriculture sector. However, following the usual break for a period of military service, he returned not to an agricultural education but to study for a degree in Electro-technology at the 1188:

seen on the head of an unknown person and to recognise it when it was shown to him. In addition, Keeß said that when he had been with Behrendt in Lebanon, Behrendt had confessed to having performed the double murder of Lewin and Poeschke.

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had himself already left the camp: responsibility for Bergmann's death was down to Behrendt (who by the time Hoffmann addressed a court on the subject was long dead). According to statements subsequently provided by two former WSG men,

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Shlomo Lewin († 69) wurde 1980 erschossen …. Bis heute wurde niemand für die Bluttat zur Rechenschaft gezogen... Shlomo Lewin wurde im Flur seines Bungalows erschossen. Die Brille (l.) spielte bei den Ermittlungen eine wichtige

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Behrendt was issued with a new passport by the West German consulate there, having reported the loss of his old passport and identity card. (In 1982 a suspect identified in sources as “an Arab” would be arrested and searched in

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delivered on the matter by investigative journalists was never confirmed in a court of law. The assessment is nevertheless widely shared, along with the determination that Behrendt and Hoffmann were responsible for the death.

462:, with participants invited from all over West Germany. The prospect of a “revisionist Auschwitz Congress” was greeted with horror by political opponents who formed an “anti-fascist action alliance” to try and persuade the 2464:

Justizgeschichte... Vor 40 Jahren wurden Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke ermordet. Der Mörder handelte aus antisemitischem Menschenhass. Doch die Hintergründe für dieses Kapitalverbrechen sind bis heute nicht vollständig

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at the end of December 1980, indeed arriving there a day ahead of Behrendt. During April 1981 he came back to West Germany, however, in order to work on the next consignment of military supplies for delivery to the

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Although there is no question about the place and date of Hoffmann’s arrest, sources differ over whether Hoffmann was about to board a flight for Lebanon, or had just arrived from Lebanon, when he was arrested.

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from West Germany arrived in Lebanon and exhumed a body from the location where, on account of information received from the former WSG activist Leroy Paul, they had expected to find it. They returned to

1013:. The evidence linking to Hoffmann to the sunglasses, though circumstantial, was more powerful still. The sunglasses were of a unique style and carried the customer number "127". The optician lived in 571:

Both Behrendt and Hoffmann undertook a number of trips between West Germany and Lebanon during the second half of 1980. On 26 September 1980, while the focus media attention was brutally drawn to the

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had become less intensive than formerly following a withdrawal from Lebanon by the Israeli army, but significant civil conflict remained a feature of Lebanese life, and the Civil War was followed by

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in order to test the suspicion that Hoffmann was the ringleader of a terrorist organisation involved in murderous and other violent attacks. Very shortly afterwards, however, in January 1982, the

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Heute vor 40 Jahren, am 19. Dezember 1980, ermordete der Neonazi Uwe Behrendt Shlomo Lewin, den Vorsitzenden der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinde Nürnberg, und dessen Lebensgefährtin Frida Poeschke

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in Munich were released, indicating that the prosecuting authorities were convinced that the WSG had not been implicated in that event. Just a week later, on 6 October 2022 Hoffmann returned to

242:. The programme was applied, almost exclusively, to people of working age. The slaughter of war had left both versions of Germany desperately short of working age population, and for the former 1106:

whereabouts of missing pieces of the broken gun silencer, insisting that he had already disposed of the silencer that he and Behrendt had constructed together before the evening of the murder.

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received and served an eighteen-month prison sentence because of his involvement in the violence relating to a demonstration in Tübingen; and while he was forced to step back a little from

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authorities returned him to East Germany after a few weeks: he was then sentenced to a 20-month jail term. It was during 1974 that Behrendt was “sold” by the East German government to the

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participated as nothing less than “eruptions of naked terror", described in one report as “one of the most terrible things that has happened since 1945". The security services, even in

1046:. The lid of an aerosol spray-can found at the crime scene contained traces of the same chemical combination as that in a filler-foam recently used to install new doors and windows at 214:. He remained dissatisfied with his life, however, and by 1973 was ready to escape from the country. Escaping to the west had become a feature of life in East Germany and was known as 310:

For Behrendt, meeting Heinzmann was a key experience: "From him I heard, for the first time, clarity about the German political situation". In 1976 Behrendt stood for election to the

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Ronen Steinke (17 December 2020). "Blaming the victims: Der antisemitische Doppelmord in Erlangen 1980 und die Ermittler". Institut für Bürgerrechte & öffentliche Sicherheit e.V.

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conurbation. It took a further five weeks before the criminal police, having investigated the link between the glasses and the optician who had supplied them, turned up to question

138:. He came to wider attention because of a notorious double murder and questions posed by the subsequent handling of it when, on 19 December 1980, believed to have been motivated by 1201: 1183:

members recently returned from Lebanon, that Hoffmann had wanted to recruit them “for the murder of a Jew”. Keeß gave more detail, stating that in the immediate aftermath of the

2256:"1980 wurden Rabbiner Shlomo Lewin und seine Lebensgefährtin Frida Poeschke ermordet – kurz nach dem Münchner Oktoberfest-Attentat. Beide Fälle sind bis heute nicht aufgeklärt" 494:. These he followed up, some time later, in a hostile and defamatory article about Lewin, published in March 1979 in “Kommando”, a monthly political publication over which the 1596:

Erst wurde er als »Kasper« verharmlost, demnächst muß er wegen Doppelmordes vor Gericht: Karl-Heinz Hoffmann, einst Chef der verbotenen rechtsradikalen »Wehrsportgruppe«

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on 26 December, however, packed a bag and, while many security service personnel were presumably still, at their own homes celebrating the Christmas holiday, took a train to

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that the home-made gun silencer had been produced simply as a “prototype sample” in connection with a planned gun-silencer manufactory in Lebanon. There had indeed been a

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Eine chronologische Dokumentation in Auswahl zu neonazistischen, rassistischen und antisemitischen Propaganda- und Gewalttaten in der Hauptstadt der DDR von 1949 bis 1990

579:, the two men were finalising plans for another overland “military convoy” to Lebanon. A disruptive development that they had not foreseen was the arrest of a number of 936:, a West German terrorist association associated not with “Neo-nazism” but with far-left anti-capitalist militancy. It was reported that he had then been detained in a 175: 119: 2616: 2576: 1175:

In 1982 testimony was obtained from Hans-Peter Fraas (known within Hoffmann's circle as “Walter Frintz” or, more simply, "Achmed”) and Alfred Keeß, originally from

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Politik / Antisemitismus... Vor 40 Jahren wurde in Erlangen ein antisemitischer Doppelmord verübt. Die Tat gilt als geklärt, es wurde aber niemand dafür verurteilt

2196: 2127: 522: 409:, the late 1970s became a period of intensifying street violence. Some alarmed eyewitnesses and commentators reported the attacks in which, armed with knives and 373:

to address them on the theme of “Black-communist aggression in South Africa”. Counter-protestors turned up to greet him, and Behrendt was one of a number of the

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nevertheless withdrawn. Hoffmann remained in investigative custody, however, on account of numerous other charges for which investigations remained ongoing.

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considered unlikely to succeed. By this stage no one knew where Behrendt himself was. Meanwhile, in 1983 Rudolf Brunner, the Chief Public Prosecutor for the

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on 16 June 1981. By this time Behrendt seems to have been back in Lebanon, where he reacted to his friend's arrest by plotting a series of atrocities with

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Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Martina Renner, Dr. André Hahn, Ulla Jelpke, Katrin Kunert und der Fraktion DIE LINKE

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prison”. He had attempted to escape and been shot as he did so. His body, it was written, had been buried by his "murderer". Within a couple of weeks

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and Peter Hamburger, Hoffmann was present. By the end of February 1981 Kay Uwe Bergmann had disappeared. According to rumours circulating within the

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was central to Hoffmann's plans for his organisation. It was also on 29 September that WSG members, rounded up three days earlier in the wake of the

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west-facing “freedom radio station”. There were contingency plans drafted for kidnapping embassy staff and shooting judges and state prosecutors if

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by 1976: he was certainly prominently involved after the trial in 1977, quickly becoming identified as second-in-command only to Hoffmann himself.

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this was very important.) The intelligence service believed that persuading PLO interlocutors to support their organisation's cooperation with

2031: 518:. The man was found to be carrying a number of “genuine” passports. These included the passport which Behrendt has reported as lost in 1979.) 2497: 226:” had become extremely difficult, and was treated, under most circumstances as a criminal offence. Behrendt's flight attempt failed and the 162:. From the perspective of the German legal system, no one was ever convicted in connection with the murder. Behrendt was able to escape to 130:(according to the perspective of the commentator) which concealed its underlying mission, rather unconvincingly, by presenting itself as a 166:

where, following further controversy involving allegations of torture and more killing, he is believed to have committed suicide in 1981.

2088: 442:, who more recently had left the group and, for his own purposes, removed a large stash of forged dollar bills from a secret underground 1110: 671:

allegedly, had conspired to destroy Hoffmann and the WSG. In Germany, and especially in the region surrounding Nuremberg (in which both

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Bei rechtem Terror bleibt in der Öffentlichkeit das Bild vom Einzeltäter dominant. Das zeigt auch der Fall des Neonazis Uwe Behrendt

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lived) it gave renewed impetus in many quarters to an enduring belief in some form of personal vendetta between Hoffmann and Lewin.

667: 635: 631: 565: 553: 200: 54: 1193: 1152: 1147: 1118: 1058: 1051: 1034: 1018: 993: 864: 847: 822: 801: 746: 696: 676: 623: 600: 584: 537: 487: 422: 402: 379: 370: 211: 170: 135: 73: 134:. Behrendt was widely considered as the group member closest in terms of (informal) seniority and personal support to the leader, 1671: 1117:, Gerulf Schmidt, a local state prosecutor in Erlangen, now received an instruction to undertake a criminal investigation into 374: 362: 350: 318: 299: 1909: 785: 429:

frontline activism, Behrendt's own position, as the leader's most trusted lieutenant within the loosely defined hierarchy of

1788: 2561: 1322: 2459: 1591: 2601: 2089:"Der antisemitische Mord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke 1980 in Erlangen ist bis heute nicht vollständig aufgeklärt" 612: 2223:"Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Martina Renner, Dr. André Hahn, Ulla Jelpke, Katrin Kunert und der Fraktion DIE LINKE" 1009:, known to be the location of an earlier “WSG headquarters”, used before Hoffmann moved his base the short distance to 1200:

A further source of unease among serious journalist-commentators has been (and remains) the continuing refusal of the

915:

activists, Klaus Hubel, Joachim Bojarsky and Leroy Paul, told West German investigators that Uwe Behrendt had died in

1393: 560:. Details of the trade in used German military vehicles remain unclear: an important aspect of the deal between the 283: 2255: 1134: 619: 203: 39: 2596: 2566: 1958: 1629:

Bernd Siegler: Auferstanden aus Ruinen: Rechtsextremismus in der DDR. Bittermann, 1991, ISBN 3923118872, p. 178f.

1435: 962:

was in the context of continuing unease about the reliability of the suicide reports that in 2017 members of the

311: 267: 77: 1122: 390:. The hearing ended after 18 days and Behrendt walked free. He may already have been actively engaged with the 401:

members who was frequently invited to guard meetings, and he soon became one of the “inner core” surrounding

800:

training camp with which he was already familiar from previous visits. His friend and partner in activism,

2556: 1917: 777: 243: 1205: 1180: 1168: 1092: 1001: 958: 912: 859: 831: 805: 716: 692: 688: 663: 643: 588: 580: 561: 529: 495: 483: 475: 451: 443: 430: 426: 414: 398: 391: 366: 354: 260: 123: 89: 1649:

antikommunistische Alternative“ unter maßgeblicher Beteiligung von Verbindungsstudenten gegründet worden

950: 907: 548:. Behrendt's contribution involved delivering aging second-hand German military vehicles, for which the 295: 287: 271: 2359: 466:

to ban the event. The most prominent representative of this alliance on the public stage was the rabbi

2551: 2546: 923:

report dated 23 August 1984 stated that Lebanese police had found the dead body of Uwe Behrendt. The

896: 892: 781: 583:

members in the immediate aftermath of the beer festival atrocity in Munich. The authorities searched

434: 2422: 2448:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, pp. 291–294.

1938:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, pp. 276–280.

1184: 1097: 762: 659: 647: 572: 463: 383: 2514: 1995: 1728: 1544: 963: 924: 793: 662:, and that they had been motivated in their actions by the wish to torpedo collaboration between 545: 178:

who were involved in violent attacks and killings in a number of European countries at the time.

109:

along with the many questions surrounding it which remain unanswered more than forty years later.

1202:“Bundesverfassungsschutz” (Germany's ‘’national office for the protection of the constitution’’) 1075:

crime had been incorrect, and that they had sufficient reason to arrest Hoffmann. This they did

607:

as political opponents According to at least one source it reported warnings about the WSG that

306:, who was another of the young men recently “traded” from East to West Germany under the secret 2113:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 288f.

2020:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 283f.

1887:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 275f.

218:: it had become progressively more firmly stigmatized by the authorities through the 1950s. By 2493: 2367: 2185:

Ulrich Chaussy: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 291.

1707: 1701: 1679:

Oktoberfest-Attentat 1980: Untersuchung zur möglichen Verwicklung der Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann

1523: 1401: 1362: 1076: 941: 855: 247:

Several of those handed over to the west at around the same time had already been involved in

1849: 2167:. Antifaschistische Informations-, Dokumentations- und Archivstelle München e. V. (a.i.d.a.) 1163: 1143: 1088: 1071: 1047: 1043: 1010: 997: 933: 920: 766: 742: 700: 479: 455: 291: 2164: 2526: 1740: 1556: 627: 596: 557: 406: 2285: 1643: 2489:

Von den Turner Diaries über Breivik bis zum NSU: Antisemitismus und rechter Terrorismus

1159: 729: 654:. Here he gave vent to an antisemitic conspiracy theory: he told anyone listening that 358: 346: 322: 279: 275: 227: 223: 215: 131: 2328: 2222: 1758: 1351: 1137:

were taking a lead from the higher court judgement when they decided not to travel to

509:, a cause which was evidently dear to the hearts of a number of them. While he was in 2540: 2487: 2418: 2364:

Die Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann und das Attentat auf den jüdischen Verleger Shlomo Lewin

2315: 1982: 1816:: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, pp. 267–273. 1813: 1517: 1130: 988: 903: 687:

Since the latter part of 1979 and during virtually all of 1980, when not progressing

490:

responded to the anti-fascist campaign with well-publicised targeted threats against

421:, came under pressure to take a less relaxed approach to the situation. At one stage 378:

West Germany. There were eleven people before the court, including both Behrendt and

357:, which in 1976 already had perhaps 440 members. That made it West Germany's largest 303: 155: 106: 2197:""Ermordet von Händen von Bösewichten": Der Mord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke" 1955:

Fällen führten die Ermittlungen zur rechtsterroristischen „Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann“

1289:""Ermordet von Händen von Bösewichten": der Mord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke" 758: 192: 32: 2230:

18/11249... Erkenntnisse zum Erlanger Doppelmord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke

1469: 851: 754: 533: 525: 510: 502: 418: 334: 256: 252: 239: 231: 139: 2318:: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 282f. 1620:

Rainer Fromm: Die „Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann“, Frankfurt am Main 1998, pp. 342–344

1102: 984: 911:

murderous life and subsequent suicide were a case in point. In 1983 three former

827: 721: 712: 672: 608: 604: 491: 467: 151: 102: 2065: 1985:: Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 253. 1862: 1599: 1014: 1006: 888: 387: 219: 2306:

Das Oktoberfest-Attentat und der Doppelmord von Erlangen, Berlin 2020, p. 281f.

634:

negotiating partners that he was a true “enemy of Zionism and Jewry”. (For the

294:. During 1976/77 he was a member of the “Universities Policy Committee” of the 288:

German "Burschenschaft" (umbrella organisation for German student fraternities)

2389: 1910:"Verfassungsschutz muss Akten über das Oktoberfest-Attentat öffentlich machen" 1176: 549: 248: 147: 1366: 1129:, delivered a judgement of its own, in an unrelated case, under §129a of the 2262:. Zentralrat der Juden in Deutschland K.d.ö.R. (Jüdische Allgemeine), Berlin 2165:"19. Dezember 1980...Die Behörden, Medien und Öffentlichkeit... Der Prozess" 1126: 1114: 1026: 967: 704: 546:

a lengthy period of ungovernability interspersed with eruptions of civil war

515: 506: 471: 459: 330: 127: 36: 765:” that he crossed in order to visit his mother at her home. He returned to 761:, and when he left West Germany on 21 December 1980 it was the so-called “ 1522:. ECON Verlag GmbH, Düsseldorf & JC Lattès, Paris. pp. 110–111. 1352:"Erkenntnisse zum Erlanger Doppelmord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke" 1030: 804:, had arrived at the camp a day earlier and conferred on him the rank of 708: 482:

which had historical Hitlerite connections and where, more recently, the

410: 159: 126:, a network of between 400 and 600 politically like-minded activists and 1288: 321:

candidate. In his contributions to university politics he spoke out for

1209:

them would imperil "the wellbeing of the Federal Republic of Germany".

1156: 1138: 1080: 1062: 1038: 916: 750: 726: 651: 616: 541: 163: 62: 2390:"German Court Decision on Neo-nazi Being Appealed by State Prosecutor" 2140: 1962: 946: 789: 703:, the headquarters of the movement, set in the hill country north of 655: 639: 576: 544:, where he arrived during or before May 1980. Lebanon was undergoing 470:, who at that time was a leader in the Jewish religious community at 433:

became even more central. In prison Hoffmann was not kept completely

326: 207: 58: 966:

party submitted a superficially innocuous parliamentary question in

234:

government for 50,000 (western) marks under the still highly secret

2399:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency, New York. 27 September 1983. p. 3 1782: 1780: 1498:"Über den Tübinger Studenten und Rechtsterroristen Uwe Behrendt". 884: 774: 592: 474:. Lewin also took a lead in organising demonstrations against the 143: 1950:"40 Jahre nach dem Doppelmord an Shlomo Lewin und Frida Poeschke" 883:

sent the letter with their own report of Behrendt's death to the

745:, and supplied what seems to have been a very full confession to 440:

traded for cash by the East German authorities in the early 1970s

2136: 770: 314: 196: 2423:"Die Gerichtsverhandlung gegen Karl-Heinz Hoffmann in Nürnberg" 1511: 1509: 715:, who remained openly and implacably hostile to everything the 532:

as an “anti-constitutional organisation”, had it banned across

796:). From there he made his way back to the nearby “Bir Hassan” 611:

had shared with the Italian journalists. On 29 September 1980

540:

and Behrendt determined that Behrendt should base himself in

1795:. Demokratische Bildung und Publizistik, Hannover u. Hamburg 1244:“… für die herrschenden Kreise weitaus unangenehmer werden”. 300:“Hochschulring Tübinger Studenten” (HTS) student association 263:. These included Ralf Rößner and, indeed, Behrendt himself. 2159: 2157: 2249: 2247: 1996:"Neo-Nazi denies murder guilt in death of publisher Levin" 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 1282: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1270: 780:

where he collected a visa. He then took a flight from the

2458:

Olaf Przybilla; Annette Ramelsberger (18 December 2020).

1387: 1385: 1383: 1253:“Eines Tages mache ich was, da werden dann alle schauen”. 169:

Because evidence was never proven in a court of law that

101:

His (never proven in court) role in the double murder of

2002:. The Detroit Jewish News. 21 September 1984. p. 18 1493: 1491: 1468:

Sebastian Wehrhahn; Martina Renner (23 September 2021).

1079:

on 16 June 1981, shortly before he boarded a flight for

821:

hospital” from where he attempted to escape. After that

2286:"Vereinigung der Einzeltäter: Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann" 2087:

Sebastian Wehrhahn; Martina Renner (15 December 2020).

1752: 1750: 1651:. Institut für Information und Dokumentation e.V., Bonn 1442:. Institut für Information und Dokumentation e.V., Bonn 1392:

Sebastian Wehrhahn; Martina Renner (18 December 2020).

1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 587:’s apartment where they found a photo report about the 2121: 2119: 1844:, in: Matthias Quent and others. (compiler-editors.): 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1824: 1822: 1759:"Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR" 447:

years later, in 1984, following Behrendt's own death.

2353: 2351: 2349: 1787:

Line Fuchs; Anthea Fischer; Paul Sammler (May 2020).

1287:

Sebastian Wehrhahn; Martina Renner (6 January 2020).

2486:

Matthias Quent; Jan Rathje; Samuel Salzborn (2019).

2232:. Bundesanzeiger Verlag GmbH, Köln. 13 February 2017 2095:. Verlag für analyse, kritik und information GmbH HH 1091:

with Franziska Birkmann, expecting a visit from two

2428:

the lecture transcript is currently more accessible

2279: 2277: 1361:. Bundesanzeiger Verlag GmbH, Köln. 22 March 2017. 1293:

Institut für Demokratie und Zivilgesellschaft, Jena

757:, having apparently planned to visit his mother in 501:Meanwhile, between April and 1979, Behrendt was in 266:At the end of summer 1974 Behrendt enrolled at the 206:that he spent his childhood and in 1970 passed his 97: 83: 69: 46: 25: 18: 1204:to permit access to official files on a number of 638:, locked in a bitter existential struggle against 122:. In 1976 he became de facto deputy leader of the 2128:"Die Stasi-Akten über den vergessenen Rabbi-Mord" 1325:. Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right (CARR) 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1295:. Amadeu Antonio Stiftung, Berlin. pp. 72–92 1123:Federal Court of Justice (Supreme Criminal Court) 788:from where he took a connecting flight across to 298:. He was also active in the right-wing extremist 2055: 2053: 1586: 1672:"War Gundolf Köhler Mitglied der WSG Hoffmann?" 1584: 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 741:After the killing Behrendt returned at once to 345:As a Theology student at Tübingen, through his 341:Leading “neo-nazi activist” in the WSG Hoffmann 284:quarterly journal “Burschenschaftliche Blätter” 2329:"§ 129a Bildung terroristischer Vereinigungen" 2062:""Chef, ich habe den Vorsitzenden erschossen"" 2060:Hans-Wolfgang Sternsdorff (18 November 1984). 1789:""Wenn uns die Erfahrung nicht gelehrt hätte"" 949:with the corpse which they handed over to the 363:HTS (right-wing extremist student association) 1637: 1635: 556:, which had been directed from Lebanon since 8: 1869:. Dr. Andrea Livnat, Muenchen i.A. “haGalil” 1765:. Dr. Andrea Livnat, Muenchen i.A. “haGalil” 1429: 1427: 1425: 1423: 1421: 1419: 968:the “Bundestag” (German national parliament) 691:priorities abroad, Behrendt lived, like the 349:connections and, in particular, through the 195:, a small town in the hill country south of 1436:"Vor 40 Jahren: Antisemitischer Doppelmord" 1017:, directly next door to the house in which 753:. Already Behrendt had a visiting visa for 118:(April 1952 – September 1981) was a German 1502:. “Tübingen Rechtsaußen“. 16 January 2017. 1500:Die Stasi und die West-Nazis aus dem Osten 15: 355:”Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann” (WSG-Hoffmann) 204:German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 124:"Wehrsportgruppe Hoffmann" (WSG-Hoffmann) 40:German Democratic Republic (East Germany) 2195:Lorenz Blumenthaler (18 December 2020). 1850:pp. 73, 78, 73-80 & footnotes. 16–18 1476:. taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH., Berlin 906:that had swept through West Germany and 591:that had been cut from the pages of the 315:” AStA” (university students’ committee) 199:. It was here, in the recently launched 50:16 September 1981, allegedly by suicide; 2617:Prisoners and detainees of East Germany 2577:Ilmenau University of Technology alumni 2126:Hans-Wilhelm Saure (20 December 2020). 2000:(Report starting halfway down the page) 1323:"The antisemitic murder Germany forgot" 1266: 1218: 554:Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 280:Strasbourg “Arminia” student fraternity 2522: 2512: 1863:"Ein Mord in einem Jahr voller Terror" 1861:Olaf Kistenmacher (19 December 2020). 1736: 1726: 1700:Armin Pfahl-Traughber (12 July 2019). 1552: 1542: 885:Ministry for Homeland Security (Stasi) 478:, notably to the north of the city at 353:, Behrendt came into contact with the 174:Uwe Behrendt was part of a network of 1908:Annette Ramelsberger (18 July 2017). 1842:„Ermordet von Händen von Bösewichten“ 1706:. Springer Verlag. pp. 283–284. 929:continuing disturbances on the ground 707:, and some 14 km (8 miles) from 411:“chemical clubs” (tear-gas canisters) 325:, advocated legal rehabilitation for 53:probably at or near the “Bir Hassan” 7: 2572:German neo-Nazis convicted of crimes 2467:. Süddeutsche Zeitung GmbH., München 1914:Urteil des Bundesverfassungsgerichts 1840:Sebastian Wehrhahn, Martina Renner: 2492:. Nomos, Baden-Baden. p. 165. 2358:Carsten Hübner (16 December 2011). 2254:Helmut Reister (22 December 2015). 1434:Anton Maegerle (19 December 2020). 1055:hypotheses to stand up in a court. 361:. On 4 December 1976 the extremist 2622:Prisoners and detainees of Germany 1670:Tomas Lecorte (25 February 2013). 1642:Anton Maegerle (25 October 2011). 1321:Barbara Manthe (1 February 2019). 1135:Bavarian State Criminal Department 486:, had established a headquarters. 259:would lose no time in joining the 14: 2260:Die Verbindung liegt auf der Hand 1948:Erika Balzer (18 December 2022). 2612:People from Forchheim (district) 2284:Wolfgang Most (3 January 2006). 1793:Antifa-Magazin „der rechte rand“ 658:had planned and carried out the 212:Ilmenau University of Technology 150:(and known anti-fascist) called 74:Ilmenau University of Technology 2038:. Bayerischer Rundfunk, München 2030:Dirk Vilsmeier (13 July 2017). 1146:, issued an indictment against 498:exercised significant control. 2592:Terrorist incidents in Bavaria 382:himself. The charges involved 302:which at that time was led by 1: 2587:Far-right politics in Germany 2582:University of Tübingen alumni 1111:the Federal Public Prosecutor 895:into the public domain after 675:and, when he was in Germany, 454:convened a large meeting for 308:”Häftlingsfreikauf” programme 236:”Häftlingsfreikauf” programme 140:antisemitic race-based hatred 1757:Harry Waibel (26 May 2019). 407:the 1973/74 oil price shocks 278:. He became a member of the 2093:Geschichte … Fast vergessen 975:Murder investigation and a 904:wave of extremist terrorism 2638: 1021:had lived for many years. 850:also decided to return to 782:little “Köln/Bonn” airport 450:In the summer of 1977 the 292:“Mensuren” (fencing duels) 187:Provenance and early years 154:and Lewin's life-partner, 2460:"Das Trauma von Erlangen" 2203:. Amadeu Antonio Stiftung 1959:Amadeu Antonio Foundation 1846:Wissen schafft Demokratie 854:where he was arrested at 683:Double murder in Erlangen 464:Bavarian state government 191:Uwe Behrendt was born in 2360:"Doppelmord in Erlangen" 1602:(online). 19 August 1984 1516:Michael Schmidt (1993). 1061:himself had returned to 626:had used the article in 613:West German Intelligence 599:. The article presented 397:Behrendt was one of the 359:paramilitary sports club 132:paramilitary sports club 1000:, led to suspicions of 951:Legal-Medical Institute 921:Associated Press Agency 711:. Erlangen was home to 552:no longer had any use, 2333:Strafgesetzbuch (StGB) 1394:"Spuren nach Ermreuth" 942:Criminal Investigators 773:, stopping off at the 268:University of Tübingen 255:, and once arrived in 244:Soviet occupation zone 142:, Behrendt murdered a 78:University of Tübingen 2032:"Spur in den Libanon" 1703:Der Fall Uwe Behrendt 595:-based news magazine 413:, Behrendt and other 296:German Burschenschaft 2562:German anti-Zionists 2201:See also Footnote 16 1185:Oktoberfest atrocity 1098:Oktoberfest atrocity 660:Oktoberfest atrocity 656:Israeli intelligence 528:, having identified 290:he took part in two 176:far-right terrorists 2607:People from Pößneck 2602:Suicides in Lebanon 2397:Daily News Bulletin 2288:. haGalil, Muenchen 1918:Süddeutsche Zeitung 1519:Was Neues im Osten? 1119:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 1052:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 1019:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 848:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 763:Inner German border 697:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 648:Oktoberfest bombing 640:the state of Israel 573:Oktoberfest bombing 384:Breach of the Peace 371:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 282:. According to the 272:Protestant Theology 136:Karl-Heinz Hoffmann 120:far-right extremist 87:Far-right extremist 57:training camp near 1644:"Im braunen Sumpf" 1592:"Mit dem Rucksack" 1470:"Der braune Faden" 925:Lebanese Civil War 893:the ministry files 597:”Oggi” (‘’Today’’) 347:student fraternity 208:school final exams 2499:978-3-8487-5417-5 2368:Neues Deutschland 1402:Neues Deutschland 1077:Frankfurt Airport 856:Frankfurt Airport 523:Interior Minister 456:holocaust deniers 249:Neo-Nazi activism 113: 112: 90:WSG deputy leader 2629: 2597:Arms trafficking 2567:German murderers 2531: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2430:. pp. 23–28 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2394: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2375: 2355: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2304: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2281: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2251: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2227: 2219: 2213: 2212: 2210: 2208: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2176: 2174: 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Ermreuth 934:Red Army Faction 812:Kai Uwe Bergmann 701:Schloss Ermreuth 550:West German army 521:In January 1980 286:produced by the 201:Soviet-sponsored 16: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2627: 2626: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2534: 2521: 2511: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2433: 2431: 2417: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2357: 2356: 2347: 2337: 2335: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2314: 2310: 2305: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2253: 2252: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2162: 2155: 2145: 2143: 2125: 2124: 2117: 2112: 2108: 2098: 2096: 2086: 2085: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2059: 2058: 2051: 2041: 2039: 2029: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1848:, Berlin 2020, 1839: 1820: 1812: 1808: 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