97:
296:
266:
170:
582:
69:
195:
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454:
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484:
36:
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422:
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2849:, higher rates of taxation on wealthier individuals and corporations and new taxes for those. Another body of opinion is that the "consensus" regarding the problematic nature of the national debt is incorrect. The view proposed by economists such as Professor Stephanie Kelton of Stony Brook University in New York is that there is often too much emphasis in political discussions on 'balancing the books'.
3075:
2557:
2984:
2526:
3025:
estimated the current
British liabilities, including state and public pensions, as well as other commitments by the government, to be near ÂŁ5 trillion, compared with the Government's estimate of ÂŁ845 billion (as of 17 November 2010) These liabilities can be compared to total net assets (2010 figures)
3029:
The
British government's debt is owned by a wide variety of investors, most notably pension funds. These funds are on deposit, mainly in the form of Treasury bonds at the Bank of England. The pension funds, therefore, have an asset which has to be offset by a liability, or a debt, of the government.
2947:
had inherited a PSNCR of approximately ÂŁ5 billion per annum, but by sticking to the spending plans of the outgoing
Conservative Government, this was gradually turned into a modest budget surplus. During the Spending Review of 2000, Labour began to pursue a looser fiscal policy, and by 2002 annual
2658:
government in 2010 planned that they would eliminate the deficit by the 2015/16 financial year. However, by 2014 they admitted that the structural deficit would not be eliminated until the financial year 2017/18. This forecast was pushed back to 2018/19 in March 2015, and to 2019/20 in July 2015,
2951:
The national debt continued to increase, together with sustained economic growth, increasing to 37% of GDP in 2007. This was due to extra government borrowing, largely caused by increased spending on health, education, and social security benefits. Between 2008 and 2013, when the
British economy
2741:
or surplus is the cash difference between government receipts and spending. The
British government debt is rising due to a gap between revenue and expenditure. Total government revenue in the fiscal year 2015/16 was projected to be ÂŁ673 billion, whereas total expenditure was estimated at ÂŁ742
2934:
resources up to that point. In
November 1976, the IMF announced its conditions for a loan, including deep cuts in public expenditure, in effect taking control of UK domestic policy. The crisis was seen as a national humiliation, with Callaghan being forced to go "cap in hand" to the IMF.
2811:. George Osborne, the Chancellor, said that it was "a stark reminder of the debt problems facing our country", adding that "we will go on delivering the plan that has cut the deficit by a quarter". France and the United States of America had each lost their AAA credit status in 2012.
2718:
for creating confusion between the two, by stating in a political broadcast that his administration was "paying down
Britain's debts". In fact, his administration had been attempting to reduce the deficit, not the overall debt; which continued to rise even as the deficit was reduced.
2952:
slowed sharply and fell into recession, the national debt rose dramatically, mainly caused by increased spending on social security benefits, financial bailouts for banks, and a significant drop in receipts from stamp duty, corporate tax, and income tax.
2646:
programme, so approximately a third of the cost of servicing the debt is paid by the government to itself. In 2018, this reduced the annual servicing cost to approximately ÂŁ30 billion (approx 2% of GDP, approx 5% of UK government tax income).
3020:
By historic peacetime standards, the national debt is large and growing. There is concern that official calculations of national debt omit many 'off-book' liabilities which mask the true nature of the debt: for example, Nick Silver of the
2778:
Distinct from both the national debt and the PSNCR is the interest that the government must pay to service the existing national debt. In 2012, the annual cost of servicing the public debt amounted to around ÂŁ43bn, or roughly 3% of GDP.
3026:
of ÂŁ7.3 trillion, which equates to approximately a net worth of ÂŁ120,000 per head of the population. Based on such a method of calculation, UK national debt would be equivalent to, or potentially exceed, historic highs.
2925:
faced a
Sterling crisis during which the value of the pound tumbled and the government found it difficult to raise sufficient funds to maintain its spending commitments. The Prime Minister was forced to apply to the
538:
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2995:, national debt reached ÂŁ2.004 trillion for the first time due to government spending on virus measures, such as the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme ("furlough scheme").
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617:
381:
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and make up the largest share of
British government debt. A conventional gilt is a bond issued by the British government that pays the holder a fixed cash payment (or
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80:
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In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the national debt dropped in relative terms, falling to 29% of GDP by 2002. In 1997, the Labour
Government of
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2250:
2215:
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2887:, rising to around 200% of GDP. Over the course of the 19th century the national debt gradually fell, only to see large increases again during
2698:
Pie chart of UK central government expenditure, 2016–17. Debt interest is shown in dark green. Social protection includes Pensions and Welfare.
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All the main political parties in Britain agree that the national debt is too high, but disagree on the best policy to deal with it, with
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2875:, who engaged a syndicate of City traders and merchants to offer for sale an issue of government debt. This syndicate soon evolved into
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2800:
Like other sovereign debt, the British national debt is rated by various ratings agencies. On 23 February 2013, it was reported that
3574:
3143:
2742:
billion. Therefore, the total deficit was ÂŁ69 billion. This represented a rate of borrowing of a little over ÂŁ1.3 billion per week.
2202:
1760:
1369:
1364:
1169:
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717:
626:
553:
140:
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287:
221:
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2762:) every six months until maturity, at which point the holder receives the final coupon payment and the return of the principal.
3359:
2470:
713:
695:
662:
2960:
3173:
2999:
2006:
1719:
1687:
1551:
1349:
1329:
430:
257:
176:
163:
88:
3239:"George Osborne has failed in his deficit reduction ambitions – and the Tories are likely to pay a price at the ballot box"
2967:, government spending increased to a historically high level of 48% of GDP in 2009/10, partly as a result of the cost of a
3098:
3022:
3017:(PSNCR). The PSNCR figure for the financial year end 2017 was ÂŁ46 billion, total British GDP in 2017 was ÂŁ1.959 trillion.
2548:
1795:
1556:
581:
303:
3123:
3057:
2572:
2530:
2390:
1974:
1873:
1803:
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1597:
1592:
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3635:
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2660:
2440:
2000:
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1666:
700:
631:
308:
2804:
had downgraded UK debt from Aaa to Aa1, the first time since 1978 that the country has not had an AAA credit rating.
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1879:
1528:
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690:
641:
2410:
2738:
2405:
1864:
1847:
1824:
1744:
1733:
1477:
1433:
610:
3799:
2998:
The national debt stood at ÂŁ1.786 trillion at the calendar year end 2018, or 85.2% of GDP; as published by the
2083:
1815:
1354:
209:
181:
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3840:
2838:
2822:
2715:
2450:
1707:
1678:
1612:
1487:
513:
3061:
3009:
The annual amount that the government must borrow to plug the gap in its finances used to be known as the
2872:
2863:
2632:
2012:
1391:
669:
249:
3653:
3607:
3514:
2728:
2515:
2395:
1983:
1899:
1344:
3861:
Better Government Initiative experts say billions wasted on services, Daily Telegraph, 24 November 2007
3144:"PS: Net Debt (excluding public sector banks) as a % of GDP: NSA - Office for National Statistics"
194:
3044:
2694:
2916:
1739:
1729:
1465:
1270:
1265:
216:
3855:
3309:
2880:
2876:
2643:
2125:
1932:
1702:
1641:
1546:
1541:
1502:
1451:
231:
118:
3030:
As of the end of 2016, 27.6% of the national debt was owed to overseas governments and investors.
2659:
before the target of a return to surplus at any particular time was finally abandoned by the then
3519:
3411:
3053:
2679:
1956:
1892:
1839:
1682:
1406:
636:
415:
128:
3880:
68:
3570:
3356:"Cameron ticked off for confusing debt and deficit - Andy McSmith - Independent McSmith Blogs"
3218:
3108:
2992:
2846:
2842:
1869:
1521:
1517:
1512:
367:
346:
320:
2818:
also downgraded its credit rating for British government debt from AAA to AA+ in April 2013.
3546:"The debt crisis of 1976 offers a vision of the blood, sweat and tears facing David Cameron"
2883:
and later Imperial conquests. The national debt increased dramatically during and after the
2638:
Approximately a third of the UK National Debt is owned by the British government due to the
2180:
2068:
2060:
2039:
2023:
1625:
1576:
1426:
1416:
453:
386:
316:
2770:
2631:
At the end of March 2023, UK General government gross debt was ÂŁ2,537.0 billion, or 100.5%
3541:
3103:
2972:
2964:
2922:
2903:
2884:
2755:
2639:
1951:
1749:
1396:
1378:
654:
277:
123:
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3865:
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2017:
1712:
1605:
1601:
445:
3870:
3894:
2815:
2791:
2711:
496:
363:
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politicians advocating a larger role for cuts to public spending. By contrast, the
2825:
in June 2016, following the UK's vote in the referendum of that month to leave the
2053:
1756:
1534:
483:
461:
342:
3052:
In 2020, Britain's volume of debt was ranked 3rd internationally according to the
2895:. After the war, the national debt once again slowly fell as a proportion of GDP.
421:
2888:
2759:
2683:
2625:
1942:
1401:
558:
509:
437:
271:
188:
113:
17:
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3070:
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2801:
2621:
2034:
1819:
1384:
3671:
2028:
1646:
1561:
3726:
2871:
The origins of the British national debt can be found during the reign of
3258:"Clegg backs Osborne's timetable for eliminating UK's structural deficit"
2808:
2543:
1989:
1914:
1909:
1495:
27:
Total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the United Kingdom
2525:
1995:
1337:
2754:, or Government securities. These securities are the simplest form of
2829:. Standard & Poor's had hitherto maintained the UK's AAA status.
2782:
By international standards, Britain enjoys very low borrowing costs.
2774:
Interest payments on UK national debt as percentage of GDP, 1900-2011
2430:
1630:
2674:
The UK national debt is the total quantity of money borrowed by the
3006:
claimed the national debt to be 118.3% of GDP as of 5 January 2021
3043:
2982:
2897:
2862:
2751:
2651:
2556:
1569:
3702:"UK government debt and deficit - Office for National Statistics"
2733:
The public debt increases or decreases as a result of the annual
2616:
is the total quantity of money borrowed by the Government of the
3003:
2975:
at 35.5% of GDP. This figure rose to 56.8% of GDP by July 2009.
2807:
This was described as a "humiliating blow" by Shadow Chancellor
2487:
1920:
3875:
3489:"Ratings agencies downgrade UK credit rating after Brexit vote"
3856:
HM Treasury Whole of Government Accounts development programme
2931:
2492:
29:
3200:"Public sector finances, UK - Office for National Statistics"
2930:
for a ÂŁ2.3 billion rescue package; the largest-ever call on
2436:
Post-Brexit United Kingdom relations with the European Union
3284:"George Osborne's savvy display lacked tough fiscal action"
3438:"UK loses top AAA credit rating for first time since 1978"
3672:"Virus spending pushes UK government debt to ÂŁ2 trillion"
3381:
750:
Scottish Parliament constituencies and electoral regions
3742:"True level of UK government debt exceeds ÂŁ5 trillion"
3822:
The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
740:
Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
3587:"Britain may need IMF bail-out, warns David Cameron"
2750:
The British government finances its debt by issuing
3876:
PricewaterhouseCoopers budget coverage and analysis
3569:"Good-bye Great Britain": 1976 IMF Crisis, K Burk,
2987:
UK balance sheet compared with the Eurozone in 2014
2654:), the national debt increased by ÂŁ46 billion. The
3048:Global public debt as a percent of GDP (2009/2010)
2845:tends to advocate fewer cuts and more emphasis on
729:2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies
3787:. UK Debt Management Office. May 2017. p. 3.
3765:. Office for National Statistics. 2 November 2011
2867:The sealing of the Bank of England Charter (1694)
2650:In 2017, due to the Government's budget deficit (
1320:Intergovernmental relations in the United Kingdom
3515:"How We Think About The Deficit is Mostly Wrong"
3406:
3404:
3402:
3310:"George Osborne abandons 2020 UK surplus target"
2702:The UK national debt is often confused with the
2959:averaged around 40% of GDP. As a result of the
2710:(PSNCR)). For example, the then Prime Minister
2955:In the 20-year period from 1986/87 to 2006/07
745:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
2593:
8:
3630:
3628:
3169:"UK government debt and deficit: March 2023"
2151:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
2078:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
2047:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
3602:
3600:
3223:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
755:Senedd constituencies and electoral regions
3463:"Fitch downgrades UK credit rating to AA+"
3308:Emily Cadman; Gemma Tetlow (1 July 2016).
2821:Further downgrades were made by Fitch and
2600:
2586:
1698:Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties
1636:Measure of the National Assembly for Wales
75:
72:UK debt as a percentage of GDP (1993–2023)
2957:government spending in the United Kingdom
1074:European Parliament elections (1979–2019)
3695:
3693:
2769:
2714:was reprimanded in February 2013 by the
2693:
67:
3885:Center for Economic and Policy Research
3785:"Quarterly Review January – March 2017"
3135:
2921:In 1976, the British Government led by
2879:, eventually financing the wars of the
87:
3806:from the original on 22 February 2024.
3431:
3429:
3216:
3193:
3191:
3094:Economic history of the United Kingdom
2121:Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
2466:United Kingdom and the United Nations
2111:British Overseas Territories Act 2002
7:
3911:Public finance of the United Kingdom
3846:Telegraph.co.uk 2011 Budget coverage
3608:"Public Sector Net Cash Requirement"
3513:Kelton, Stephanie (5 October 2017).
2859:History of the British national debt
2186:British National (Overseas) passport
2131:Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
2093:British Overseas Territories citizen
1587:2011 referendum on law-making powers
1483:Act of the Northern Ireland Assembly
3800:"Country Comparisons - Public debt"
3011:public sector borrowing requirement
2948:borrowing had reached ÂŁ20 billion.
1180:Northern Ireland Assembly elections
237:Republicanism in the United Kingdom
3636:"Britain's public debt since 1974"
3414:. Economics Help. 4 September 2013
3256:Mason, Rowena (10 February 2014).
3119:National debt of the United States
3015:Public Sector Net Cash Requirement
2796:List of countries by credit rating
2708:Public Sector Net Cash Requirement
25:
3358:. 8 February 2013. Archived from
2678:at any time through the issue of
2620:at any time through the issue of
1365:Greater London Authority Act 1999
3906:Government of the United Kingdom
3881:The UK Economy at the Crossroads
3740:Silver, Nick (10 October 2011).
3073:
3040:List of countries by public debt
2676:Government of the United Kingdom
2555:
2542:
2524:
2509:
580:
482:
452:
420:
294:
264:
193:
168:
95:
34:
3830:, p. 15, 21 September 2013
3654:"Britain owes ÂŁ801,000,000,000"
2686:and other government agencies.
2628:and other government agencies.
2471:United Nations Security Council
151:Other constitutional principles
3824:, Penguin Books, London (2008)
3282:Liam Halligan (11 July 2015).
3174:Office for National Statistics
3000:Office for National Statistics
2007:British Indian Ocean Territory
1552:Act of the Scottish Parliament
1350:English votes for English laws
1330:Council of Nations and Regions
89:Politics of the United Kingdom
1:
3436:Hugh Pym (23 February 2013).
3099:Economy of the United Kingdom
3023:Institute of Economic Affairs
2126:Gibraltar sovereignty dispute
1557:Scottish statutory instrument
1132:Scottish Parliament elections
618:Justices of the Supreme Court
3901:United Kingdom national debt
3866:Better Government Initiative
3727:"United Kingdom - OECD Data"
3124:Whole of Government Accounts
2971:. In July 2007, Britain had
2614:United Kingdom national debt
2391:politics of Northern Ireland
1593:Government of Wales Act 1998
725:UK Parliament constituencies
3382:"UK Debt Management Office"
2928:International Monetary Fund
2661:Chancellor of the Exchequer
2001:British Antarctic Territory
1325:Legislative consent motions
467:The Lord McFall of Alcluith
3932:
3916:Government debt by country
3883:, research paper from the
3089:2011 United Kingdom budget
3037:
2961:2007–2008 financial crisis
2914:
2856:
2789:
2766:Cost of servicing the debt
2726:
2441:UK–EU withdrawal agreement
3851:BBC Budget 2008 Overview
3114:UK Debt Management Office
3034:International comparisons
2833:Remedies for indebtedness
2739:government budget deficit
2706:(officially known as the
2704:government budget deficit
2516:United Kingdom portal
2406:Northern Ireland Protocol
1745:Non-metropolitan District
1434:Northern Ireland Act 1998
684:Monetary Policy Committee
136:Parliamentary sovereignty
43:This article needs to be
3841:BBC Budget 2009 Overview
3763:"UK worth ÂŁ7.3 trillion"
3013:, but is now called the
2737:or surplus. The British
2084:Turks and Caicos Islands
1355:Greater London Authority
505:Leader of the Opposition
210:William, Prince of Wales
79:This article is part of
2979:The national debt today
2969:series of bank bailouts
2716:UK Statistics Authority
2656:Cameron–Clegg coalition
1830:Community council areas
1708:Non-metropolitan county
1488:Law of Northern Ireland
3871:UK National Debt Clock
3049:
2988:
2907:
2906:as a proportion of GDP
2868:
2775:
2699:
2633:gross domestic product
2169:Diplomatic missions of
2013:British Virgin Islands
73:
3047:
3038:Further information:
2986:
2901:
2866:
2823:Standard & Poor's
2790:Further information:
2773:
2729:United Kingdom budget
2727:Further information:
2697:
2411:British–Irish Council
2396:Good Friday Agreement
2208:Free trade agreements
2173:in the United Kingdom
1984:Akrotiri and Dhekelia
1900:Bailiwick of Guernsey
1460:deputy First Minister
1345:Governance of England
356:Deputy Prime Minister
71:
2917:1976 sterling crisis
1975:Overseas Territories
1740:Metropolitan Borough
1466:Emma Little-Pengelly
1407:Combined authorities
765:UK general elections
232:Counsellors of State
146:Separation of powers
3591:The Daily Telegraph
3550:The Daily Telegraph
3544:(22 October 2009).
2881:Duke of Marlborough
2877:the Bank of England
2690:Debt versus deficit
2644:quantitative easing
2198:UK–CD Customs Union
1962:UK-CD Customs Union
1933:Bailiwick of Jersey
1720:Unitary authorities
1703:Metropolitan county
1688:Ceremonial counties
1642:Act of Senedd Cymru
1547:Scottish Parliament
1503:Scottish devolution
3593:. 23 January 2009.
3520:The New York Times
3412:"UK National Debt"
3362:on 8 February 2013
3054:CIA World Factbook
3050:
2989:
2908:
2902:History of the UK
2869:
2839:Conservative Party
2776:
2700:
1957:Common Travel Area
1893:Crown Dependencies
1860:Preserved counties
1840:Shires of Scotland
416:King-in-Parliament
74:
3820:Ferguson, Niall,
3660:. 21 August 2009.
3243:Independent.co.uk
3109:The National Fund
2993:COVID-19 pandemic
2847:economic stimulus
2610:
2609:
2401:UK–Ireland border
2193:Visa requirements
2144:Foreign relations
2098:Visa requirements
2072:
2063:
2056:
1880:Historic counties
1767:Historic counties
1513:Scotland Act 1998
735:Political parties
632:England and Wales
565:King-on-the-Bench
497:Sir Lindsay Hoyle
132:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
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3808:
3807:
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3788:
3781:
3775:
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3753:
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3731:
3730:
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3687:
3685:
3683:
3678:. 21 August 2020
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3527:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3433:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3408:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3339:
3335:"UK 2016 Budget"
3331:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3195:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3140:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
2684:British Treasury
2602:
2595:
2588:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2536:Northern Ireland
2529:
2528:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2451:The Commonwealth
2080:
2069:Tristan da Cunha
2067:
2061:Ascension Island
2059:
2051:
2049:
2040:Pitcairn Islands
2024:Falkland Islands
1986:
1923:
1775:Northern Ireland
1577:Welsh devolution
1452:Michelle O'Neill
1427:Northern Ireland
1417:Cornwall Council
1233:Senedd elections
677:Deputy governors
642:Northern Ireland
604:Deputy President
584:
486:
476:House of Commons
456:
424:
317:Starmer ministry
298:
268:
197:
172:
126:
99:
76:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:UK national debt
3931:
3930:
3926:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3891:
3890:
3837:
3817:
3812:
3811:
3797:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3768:
3766:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3710:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3642:. 1 March 2009.
3634:
3633:
3626:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3542:Benedict Brogan
3540:
3539:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3469:. 19 April 2013
3461:
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3333:
3332:
3328:
3318:
3316:
3314:Financial Times
3307:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3290:
3288:Daily Telegraph
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3245:. 27 July 2014.
3237:
3236:
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3208:
3206:
3197:
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3189:
3179:
3177:
3167:
3166:
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3142:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3104:Eurozone crisis
3079:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3042:
3036:
3002:. However, the
2981:
2973:government debt
2965:Great Recession
2941:
2923:James Callaghan
2919:
2913:
2904:government debt
2885:Napoleonic Wars
2861:
2855:
2835:
2798:
2788:
2768:
2756:government bond
2748:
2731:
2725:
2692:
2672:
2640:Bank of England
2624:by the British
2606:
2577:
2573:Other countries
2568:
2567:
2566:
2554:
2541:
2540:
2523:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2502:
2484:
2462:
2447:
2417:
2382:
2212:
2177:
2165:
2146:
2136:
2135:
2107:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2066:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2011:
2005:
1994:
1982:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1952:British Islands
1948:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1919:
1902:
1895:
1885:
1884:
1865:Principal areas
1851:
1844:
1807:
1800:
1778:
1771:
1670:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1595:
1584:
1582:1997 referendum
1573:
1566:
1515:
1508:1997 referendum
1499:
1492:
1436:
1430:
1423:
1397:London Assembly
1392:Mayoral cabinet
1379:Mayor of London
1367:
1360:1998 referendum
1341:
1334:
1315:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1284:
1283:
1277:
1275:
1236:
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1183:
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1176:
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1135:
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1128:
1126:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
769:
768:
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720:
706:
705:
687:
657:
655:Bank of England
647:
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623:
569:
561:
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524:59th Parliament
520:
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508:
495:
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441:
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371:
359:
350:
338:
324:
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283:
278:King-in-Council
274:
252:
242:
241:
213:
166:
156:
155:
124:Treaty of Union
109:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
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3835:External links
3833:
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2939:Recent history
2937:
2915:Main article:
2912:
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2857:Main article:
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2827:European Union
2787:
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2744:
2735:budget deficit
2724:
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2691:
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2671:
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2666:in July 2016.
2664:George Osborne
2618:United Kingdom
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2156:Foreign policy
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2018:Cayman Islands
2015:
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1609:
1606:Wales Act 2017
1602:Wales Act 2014
1590:
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2397:
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2373:United States
2371:
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3735:
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3705:
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3675:
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3657:
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3385:
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3360:the original
3350:
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3341:
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3262:The Guardian
3261:
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3203:
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3147:
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3081:Money portal
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2333:Saudi Arabia
2054:Saint Helena
1846:
1816:Subdivisions
1802:
1787:Subdivisions
1773:
1679:Subdivisions
1665:
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1535:John Swinney
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217:Royal family
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107:Constitution
65:
52:
44:
3769:30 November
3747:30 November
2991:During the
2889:World War I
2873:William III
2814:The agency
2318:New Zealand
2313:Netherlands
2203:Visa policy
2181:UK passport
1943:Isle of Man
1870:Communities
1820:Sheriffdoms
1638:(1999–2011)
1402:London Plan
718:referendums
559:Charles III
539:List of MPs
510:Rishi Sunak
438:Charles III
400:Legislature
377:Departments
272:Charles III
227:Prerogative
189:Charles III
177:The Monarch
141:Rule of law
114:Magna Carta
3895:Categories
3815:References
3706:Ons.gov.uk
3386:Dmo.gov.uk
3366:5 November
3267:5 November
3209:5 November
3204:Ons.gov.uk
3153:16 January
2945:Tony Blair
2911:Modern era
2680:securities
2670:Definition
2622:securities
2035:Montserrat
1626:Government
1542:Government
1385:Sadiq Khan
1313:Devolution
1004:1974 (Oct)
999:1974 (Feb)
919:1910 (Dec)
691:Currencies
529:Opposition
222:Succession
55:April 2021
3682:26 August
3617:9 October
3555:9 October
3526:5 October
3447:9 October
3418:9 October
3391:9 October
3198:Lewiss1.
3180:19 August
2723:UK budget
2353:Palestine
2338:Singapore
2251:Hong Kong
2216:Australia
2116:UK-OT JMC
2029:Gibraltar
1796:Districts
1730:Districts
1647:Welsh law
1562:Scots law
1473:Executive
714:Elections
696:Banknotes
590:President
554:Judiciary
382:Ministers
250:Executive
164:The Crown
3828:The Week
3804:Archived
3711:7 August
3676:BBC News
3493:BBC News
3467:BBC News
3442:BBC News
3219:cite web
3067:See also
2963:and the
2809:Ed Balls
2626:Treasury
2549:Scotland
2378:Zimbabwe
2368:Portugal
2358:Pakistan
2303:Malaysia
2221:Barbados
1990:Anguilla
1915:Alderney
1910:Guernsey
1804:Scotland
1791:Counties
1598:2006 Act
1522:2016 Act
1518:2012 Act
1496:Scotland
1478:Assembly
1439:2006 Act
1370:2007 Act
663:Governor
637:Scotland
387:Agencies
81:a series
3700:Smith.
3498:23 July
3473:23 July
3319:23 July
3293:12 July
2853:History
2802:Moody's
2682:by the
2531:England
2425:history
2386:Ireland
2273:Germany
2263:Denmark
2226:Belgium
2160:history
1996:Bermuda
1855:History
1811:History
1782:History
1683:Regions
1674:History
1667:England
1338:England
824:1832–33
492:Speaker
304:Cabinet
45:updated
3573:
3342:Gov.uk
3058:Greece
2760:coupon
2431:Brexit
2363:Poland
2328:Russia
2323:Norway
2283:Israel
2268:France
2258:Cyprus
2241:Canada
2236:Brunei
2231:Belize
1631:Senedd
3798:CIA.
3338:(PDF)
3130:Notes
3062:Japan
2816:Fitch
2752:gilts
2746:Gilts
2652:PSNCR
2562:Wales
2343:Spain
2308:Malta
2298:Kenya
2293:Japan
2288:Italy
2278:India
2246:China
1848:Wales
1570:Wales
701:Coins
3771:2011
3749:2013
3713:2019
3684:2020
3619:2013
3571:ISBN
3557:2013
3528:2017
3500:2016
3475:2016
3449:2013
3420:2013
3393:2013
3368:2018
3321:2016
3295:2015
3269:2018
3225:link
3211:2018
3182:2023
3155:2020
3060:and
3004:OECD
2891:and
2794:and
2612:The
2488:NATO
1921:Sark
1874:list
1761:list
1734:list
1724:list
1692:list
1299:2016
1294:2011
1289:1975
1271:Next
1266:2021
1261:2016
1256:2011
1251:2007
1246:2003
1241:1999
1223:Next
1218:2022
1213:2017
1208:2016
1203:2011
1198:2007
1193:2003
1188:1998
1170:Next
1165:2021
1160:2016
1155:2011
1150:2007
1145:2003
1140:1999
1122:2019
1117:2014
1112:2009
1107:2004
1102:1999
1097:1994
1092:1989
1087:1984
1082:1979
1064:2024
1059:2019
1054:2017
1049:2015
1044:2010
1039:2005
1034:2001
1029:1997
1024:1992
1019:1987
1014:1983
1009:1979
994:1970
989:1966
984:1964
979:1959
974:1955
969:1951
964:1950
959:1945
954:1935
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799:1818
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716:and
431:King
335:list
309:list
182:list
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2493:G20
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