75:
protected characteristic, is always unjustified and unlawful, with the exception of age. It is lawful to discriminate against a person because of their age, however, only if there is a legitimate business justification accepted by a court. Where there is an "occupational requirement" direct discrimination is lawful, so that for instance an employer could refuse to hire a male actor to play a female role in a play, where that is indispensable for the job. "Indirect discrimination" is also unlawful, and this exists when an employer applies a policy to their workplace that affects everyone equally, but it has a disparate impact on a greater proportion of people of one group with a protected characteristic than another, and there is no good business justification for that practice. Disability differs from other protected characteristics in that employers are under a positive duty to make reasonable adjustments to their workplace to accommodate the needs of disabled staff. For age, belief, sex, race, gender reassignment and sexuality there is generally no positive obligation to promote equality, and positive discrimination is generally circumscribed by the principle that merit must be regarded as the most important characteristic of a person. In the field of equal pay between men and women, the rules differ in the scope for comparators. Any dismissal because of discrimination is automatically unfair and entitles a person to claim under the
2888:
may conflict with ordinary requirements of the work place. There is not the same degree of privilege granted to beliefs as is to a disability, requiring "reasonable adjustments" for the wishes of the believer. So in cases where an adherent to a religion wishes to take time off to pray, or wear a particular article of clothing or jewellery, it will usually be within the right of the employer to insist that the contract of employment is performed as was initially agreed. This refusal of the law to grant privileged status to beliefs may reflect the element of choice in belief or the need of a secular society to treat all people, whether believers or not, equally.
567:
belief, sex, and sexual orientation) must be the reason for the different treatment, so that it is because of that characteristic that the less favourable treatment occurs. Generally, the law protects everyone, not just a group perceived to suffer discrimination. Therefore, it is unlawful to treat a man less favourably than a woman, or a woman less favourably than a man, on the ground of the person's sex. However people who are single are not protected against more favourable treatment of people in marriage or civil partnership, and non disabled people are not protected if a disabled person is treated more favourably.
1485:" as it is known in the US) to fill up diversity quotas, or for any other purpose, is prohibited throughout Europe, because it violates the principle of equal treatment just as much as negative discrimination. There is, however, a large exception. Suppose an employer is hiring new staff, and they have 2 applications where the applicants are equally qualified for the job. If the workforce does not reflect society's makeup (e.g. that women, or ethnic minorities are under-represented) then the employer may prefer the candidate which would correct that imbalance. But they may
1865:
122:
1518:
a 'knowledge requirement', in that the employer has a defence if it shows it did not know, and could not reasonably be expected to know, that the person had the disability. Section 15 will apply, for example, where a disabled person is dismissed because of a long absence from work which resulted from their disability - the issue will be whether the employer can show the 'objective justification' defence applies (assuming the 'knowledge requirement' is met).
5606:
4119:
5616:
2537:, esp Part II, para A1; "a substantial effect is one which is more than "minor" or "trivial", and provides that tribunals ought to have regard, in deciding whether an impairment has such an effect to" things like time for relevant activities, the way they are done, impairments' cumulative effects and the effects of behaviour and environment.
1498:
Office has issued a guide to the
Section 159 rules. Section 158 deals with the circumstances in which positive action is permitted other than in connection with recruitment and promotion, for example in provision of training opportunities. Section 158 does not have the requirement for candidates to be equally qualified.
146:(1925) a metropolitan borough council had decided to pay its workers a minimum of £4 a week, whether they were men or women and regardless of the job they did. The House of Lords approved the district auditor's surcharge for being overly gratuitous, given the fall in the cost of living. Lord Atkinson said
2887:
While direct discrimination on grounds of religion or belief is automatically unlawful, the nature of religions or beliefs leads to the conclusion that objective justification for disparate impact is easier. Beliefs often lead adherents to the need to manifest their closely held views, in a way which
1517:
creates a broad protection against being treated unfavourably "because of something arising in consequence of" the person's disability, but subject to the employer having an 'objective justification' defence if it shows its action was a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim. There is also
1497:
set out the circumstances in which positive action is allowed. Section 159, which deals with positive action in connection with recruitment and promotion (and which is the basis for the example of equally qualified applicants above), did not come into force until April 2011. The
Government Equalities
1541:
Employers should actively pursue policies to accommodate protected groups into the workforce. This duty is made explicit in law for pregnant women and for people who are disabled. For people with religious sensitivities, particularly the desire to worship during work cases show there is no duty, but
1744:
Sch 9, a number of defences are available to employers who have policies which discriminate. An "occupational requirement" refers to exceptions to the prohibition on direct discrimination. An example could be a theatre requiring an actor of Black
African origin to play a Black African character. An
1560:
was the establishment of a new
Equality and Human Rights Commission, subsuming specialist bodies from before. Its role is in research, promotion, raising awareness and enforcement of equality standards. For lawyers, the most important work of predecessors has been strategic litigation (advising and
1506:
The normal types of claim apply to disability, but additional types of claim are particular to it. These are 'discrimination arising from disability' and the reasonable adjustment duty. "Discrimination arising from disability" was a newly formulated test introduced after the House of Lords decision
1230:
section 19. It involves the application of a provision, criterion or practice to everyone, which has a disproportionate effect on some people and is not objectively justified. For instance, a requirement that applicants for a job be over a certain height would have a greater impact on women than on
188:
received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919. Its basic purpose was "… to amend the Law with respect to disqualification on account of sex" "from the exercise of any public function, or from being appointed to or holding any civil or judicial office or post, or from entering or assuming or carrying on
3083:
More recently, two measures have been introduced, and one has been proposed, to prohibit discrimination in employment based on atypical work patterns, for employees who are not considered permanent. The Part-time
Workers Regulations and the Fixed-term Employee Regulations were partly introduced to
271:
discrimination. The law is therefore quite new and is still in a state of flux. Between the EU passing directives and the UK government implementing them, it is apparent that the government has often failed to offer the required minimum level of protection. More changes are likely soon to iron out
34:
it is unlawful to discriminate against a person because they have one of the "protected characteristics", which are, age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or belief, sex, pregnancy and maternity, and sexual orientation. The primary legislation is the
1753:
Under section 23 of the
Equality Act, in order to show that there has been discrimination, the claimant must show that there is no material difference between the claimant and the other person, or "comparator", who does not share the same protected characteristic. If the respondent can show that
1521:
The reasonable adjustment duty is particularly important. The duty can apply where a disabled person is put at a 'substantial' disadvantage in comparison with non-disabled people by a 'provision, criterion or practice' or by a physical feature. The employer's obligation is, broadly, to take such
771:
section 26, a person harasses another if he or she engages in unwanted conduct related to a relevant protected characteristic, and the conduct has the purpose or effect of violating the other's dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the
566:
Direct discrimination occurs when an employer treats someone less favourably on the ground of a protected characteristic. It is unlawful under section 13 of the
Equality Act 2010. A protected characteristic (age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, race, religion or
1777:
People with a protected characteristic are protected from discrimination in employment, and in access to services, education, premises, and associations. Examples of prohibited discrimination include as customers, in social security, access to education and other public services. The UK Labour
95:
that
Catholics were considered fully emancipated. A year later, in 1830, debates began on the subject of making similar provisions for Jews. A strong Tory lobby in Parliament prevented any furtherance of this cause until the Religious Opinions Act 1846, although this only went some way towards
74:
Discrimination is unlawful when an employer is hiring a person, in the terms and conditions of contract that are offered, in making a decision to dismiss a worker, or any other kind of detriment. "Direct discrimination", which means treating a person less favourably than another who lacks the
2891:
Discrimination on grounds of religion was previously covered in an ad hoc way for
Muslims and Sikhs through the race discrimination provisions. The new regulations were introduced to comply with the EU Framework Directive 2000/78/EC on religion or belief, age, sexuality and disability.
2296:
race discrimination case (also known as the
Bournville College Racial Harassment issue), an Industrial Tribunal decided that the trade union NATFHE was entitled to apply its rule that a members' case against another member would not be supported if it put that member's tenure at risk.
2708:
Some protection for trans gender people was provided by the Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999, which added "Gender reassignment" to the coverage of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. Sexual orientation was covered from 1 December 2003 until 2010 by the
301:
173:"Had they stated that they determined as a borough council to pay the same wage for the same work without regard to the sex or condition of the person who performed it, I should have found it difficult to say that that was not a proper exercise of their discretion."
3720:(Paris 1844) 'Religion ist der Seufzer der bedrängten Kreatur, das Gemüt einer herzlosen Welt, wie sie der Geist geistloser Zuständer ist.' 'Religion is the sigh of a broken being, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the soul of soulless surroundings.'
4618:
39:, which outlaws discrimination in access to education, public services, private goods and services, transport or premises in addition to employment. This follows three major European Union Directives, and is supplement by other Acts like the
1762:
It is a defence to a claim of unlawful indirect discrimination, and also to a claim of direct discrimination on the ground of age, that the discriminatory act is "a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim" (sections 13(2) and 19).
3949:
3159:
3940:
3102:
100:
that saw extension of the vote to every male householder. Women were also marginalised from general social participation. The first changes came at municipal level, particular in the Birmingham Municipal Council from the 1830s. The
584:
For the protected characteristic of Age, it is a defence to a claim of direct discrimination that the discrimination is "justified" by some reason. There is no defence of justification for other protected characteristics.
141:
gave the universal franchise to men, and knocked away the last barriers of wealth discrimination for the vote. But for women, only those over 30 were enfranchised, and the judiciary remained as conservative as ever. In
5117:
1480:
Discrimination law is "blind" in that motive is irrelevant to discrimination and both minorities or majorities could make discrimination claims if they suffer less favourable treatment. Positive discrimination (or
3092:
was meant to be the third pillar in this programme. Discrimination against union members is also a serious problem, for the obvious reason that some employers view unionisation as threat to their right to manage.
43:. Furthermore, discrimination on the grounds of work status, as a part-time worker, fixed term employee, agency worker or union membership is banned as a result of a combination of statutory instruments and the
243:'s "New Labour" government won the 1997 election that the UK opted into the social provisions of EU law. In 2000, the EU overhauled and introduced new Directives explicitly protecting people with a particular
580:
confirmed that a person may claim discrimination even if they are not the person with the protected characteristic, but rather they suffer unfavourable treatment because of someone they associate with.
924:
section 27. It refers to subjecting a person to a further detriment after they try to complain or bring proceedings in connection with discrimination, on their own behalf or on behalf of someone else.
4623:
2805:
1590:
5546:
4771:
1631:
1561:
funding cases which could significantly advance the law) and developing codes of best practice for employers to use. Around 20,000 discrimination cases are brought each year to UK tribunals.
200:. As Britain's colonies won independence, many immigrated to the motherland, and for the first time communities of all colours were seen in London and the industrial cities of the North. The
1677:
4367:
3233:
3195:
2726:
2710:
44:
3178:
5576:
5387:
4342:
4314:
1343:
1231:
men, as the average height of women is lower than that of men. It is a defence for the employer to show that the requirement is “a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim”.
5640:
2662:
1691:
4630:
1295:
5508:
3279:
3333:
3202:
2831:
2640:
5488:
1583:
3125:
709:
3409:
1279:
953:
5459:
5434:
2993:
2714:
811:
333:
5471:
5364:
3051:
2877:
2819:
2691:
2513:
2280:
2155:
1854:
1725:
1663:
1470:
1216:
1159:
757:
556:
772:
other. It is also harassment if a person treats another less favourably because the other has rejected or submitted to unwanted conduct of a sexual nature.
117:"a principle of the unwritten constitutional law of this country that men only were entitled to take part in the election of representatives to Parliament."
5454:
4307:
3988:
2599:
2017:
1978:
1576:
1336:
1745:
employer has the burden of showing that they genuinely need somebody of a particular gender, race, religion, etc., for the job. These exceptions are few.
1129:
5151:
4397:
3965:
2917:
2419:
2344:
693:
628:
458:
3021:
998:
5429:
5299:
4921:
2628:
1930:
500:
366:
5481:
5424:
5252:
4741:
4661:
4646:
133:
once said that "the condition of our sex is so deplorable that it is our duty to break the law in order to call attention to the reasons why we do."
3084:
remedy the pay gap between men and women. The reason is, women are far more likely to be doing non-full-time permanent jobs. However following the
1303:
4603:
4598:
4449:
3756:
2371:
1838:
1090:
1078:
655:
486:
185:
5619:
5609:
5161:
5156:
5146:
5131:
4563:
4498:
4300:
2752:
1821:
1380:
1329:
1024:
3730:
1892:"Each Member State shall ensure that the principle of equal pay for male and female workers for equal work or work of equal value is applied."
5655:
5518:
5513:
5439:
4714:
4040:
3858:
2970:
2527:
2031:
1900:"on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation".
1454:
1255:
1114:
264:
178:
138:
126:
109:
after the turn of the 20th century lobbied for universal suffrage against a conservative judiciary and a liberal political establishment. In
5414:
5331:
4153:
3890:
3401:
3349:
2859:
2209:
1966:
1551:
1430:
1066:
739:
420:
280:
Equality legislation in the UK, formerly in separate Acts and regulations for each protected characteristic, is now primarily found in the
68:
2167:
150:"the council would, in my view, fail in their duty if ... allowed themselves to be guided in preference by some eccentric principles of
5503:
5419:
5272:
3214:
2943:
2043:
1271:
1176:
946:
878:
785:
602:
472:
40:
2565:
5650:
5645:
5449:
5100:
5088:
5044:
4558:
4063:
3612:
3355:
3314:
3227:
3070:
2557:
2318:
1247:
236:
189:
any civil profession or vocation, or for admission to any incorporated society (whether incorporated by Royal Charter or otherwise)".
2534:
5561:
5464:
5409:
5188:
5171:
5141:
4906:
4756:
4419:
4414:
4204:
4068:
3836:
3809:
3373:
3262:
3033:
2407:
1418:
804:
394:
326:
3220:
3007:
87:
Anti-discrimination law is a recent development. Religious discrimination was first tackled by laws aimed at Roman Catholics. The
5397:
5176:
4456:
2531:
1995:
1885:
1102:
5551:
5498:
5359:
5304:
5136:
5039:
4518:
4466:
4392:
3361:
3306:
2648:
2592:
2541:
2497:
2485:
2238:
1509:
1263:
1144:
725:
667:
892:
5571:
5476:
5382:
5235:
5083:
5071:
4992:
4478:
4138:
3650:
3405:
2676:
2473:
2337:
1648:
939:
621:
528:
92:
1236:
3953:
3944:
3657:
1754:
there is another cause for the different treatment, not related to the protected characteristic, then the claim will fail.
838:
5493:
5402:
5341:
5267:
5054:
5034:
4813:
4337:
4323:
4148:
2103:
2091:
1923:
1489:
do so where both candidates are of equal merit, and further conditions must be met. This type of measure is also known as
1287:
382:
3301:
2549:
5556:
5377:
5240:
5218:
5198:
5127:
5049:
4926:
4916:
4911:
4583:
4548:
4404:
3413:
3367:
2793:
2252:
866:
852:
797:
319:
3143:
5392:
5372:
5213:
5076:
4858:
4761:
4471:
4444:
4424:
4163:
3590:"Equality Act 2010: What do I need to know? A quick start guide to using positive action in recruitment and promotion"
3117:
1877:
1791:
205:
3109:
2127:
2079:
47:, again following European law. Disputes are typically resolved in the workplace in consultation with an employer or
2055:
5591:
5277:
5203:
4409:
4133:
3871:
C O’Cinneide, “The Commission for Equality and Human Rights: A New Institution for New and Uncertain Times” (2007)
3319:
2745:
2585:
2304:
2139:
1814:
1542:
employers should apply their minds to accommodating their employee's wishes even if they ultimately decide not to.
1442:
1200:
910:
446:
235:
of the treaty, which included provisions on which anti-discrimination law would be based. Although they passed the
76:
3935:
3206:
AC 87, Lords Shaw and James said trade union support for MPs was ‘unconstitutional and illegal’. Reversed in 1913.
1707:
5223:
5061:
4997:
4987:
4982:
4593:
4179:
4143:
4108:
4033:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3982:
3976:
3927:
3924:
3919:
3274:
2330:
1985:
1653:
1638:
681:
614:
577:
297:
4234:
3932:
3916:
3343:
3289:
3183:
3089:
2781:
2616:
2433:
2202:
2067:
1916:
540:
4488:
2528:
Guidance on Matters to be Taken into Account in Determining Questions Relating to the Definition of Disability
2461:
1956:
292:
treaties, it mirrors a series of EU Directives. The three main Directives are the Equal Treatment Directive (
4896:
4483:
4434:
4184:
2936:
2903:
2845:
2183:
1052:
987:
209:
193:
30:
is a body of law which legislates against prejudice-based actions in the workplace. As an integral part of
5581:
4088:
3872:
3136:
2769:
2383:
982:
572:
516:
56:
3760:
2298:
434:
5336:
5326:
5093:
4941:
4808:
4786:
4719:
4523:
4429:
3338:
2738:
1807:
1530:). A further strand of the duty can require an employer to provide an auxiliary aid or service (s 20(5)
1166:
1149:
1134:
1119:
91:
was the first act that addressed legal discrimination against Roman Catholics, but it was not until the
4533:
3589:
3567:
3458:
3444:
1872:
In the UK, equality between sexes has been a principle of employment law on since the 1970s, when the
5316:
5309:
4964:
4901:
4873:
4848:
4843:
4818:
4776:
4578:
4528:
4357:
4273:
4093:
4078:
4073:
4026:
3625:
3284:
3172:
2264:
1897:
1778:
Government codified and strengthened the disparate heads of protection into a single act, namely the
1404:
1038:
406:
293:
1864:
4936:
4891:
4883:
4828:
4736:
4671:
4362:
3969:
3734:
3269:
3085:
2395:
2226:
2195:
1392:
1010:
60:
5012:
5002:
4969:
4868:
4838:
4731:
4706:
4666:
4224:
4158:
3256:
2929:
2115:
1873:
1795:
1513:
was felt to have shifted the balance of protection too far away from disabled people. Section 15
1482:
1317:
598:
244:
220:
201:
130:
2447:
17:
372:
352:
4781:
4751:
4098:
3832:
3805:
3063:
2959:
2702:
2524:
Disability Discrimination (Meaning of Disability) Regulations 1996, (SI 1996/1455) esp. rr.3-5
2360:
2171:
2006:
1946:
1779:
1772:
1741:
1711:
1606:
1557:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1494:
1369:
1227:
969:
921:
827:
768:
644:
349:
281:
228:
121:
64:
36:
3703:
5566:
5007:
4956:
4766:
4746:
4229:
4214:
4199:
4083:
3088:, a new Article 13 promised Community action to remedy inequalities generally. The abortive
1619:
88:
3968:, whose Article 141 address equal pay between men and women. Article 13, introduced by the
3062:
Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006, SI 2006/1031 (now repealed and replaced by the
356:
302:
Directive establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation
5262:
5183:
4681:
4588:
4553:
4543:
4513:
4387:
4239:
4103:
3824:
3797:
3661:
3626:"Consultation on Improving Protection From Disability Discrimination: Government Response"
3209:
2292:
1697:
1490:
729:
594:
192:
Attitudes to racial prejudice in the law were set to change markedly with the proverbial "
162:
97:
2863:
1609:
743:
2451:
1042:
5289:
4833:
4573:
4461:
4352:
4347:
3904:
3885:
3850:
2981:
2896:
2849:
1881:
1056:
289:
285:
232:
224:
1240:
5634:
5166:
4946:
4724:
4676:
4656:
4568:
4209:
3047:
2873:
2687:
2509:
2276:
2151:
1850:
1721:
1534:). There are provisions dealing with employer's lack of knowledge of the disability (
1466:
1212:
972:
906:
781:
753:
552:
213:
31:
5284:
4931:
4803:
4249:
4219:
3814:
3789:
3686:
3682:
3550:
3546:
3521:
3517:
3488:
3484:
3147:
2809:
2437:
1180:
1028:
896:
882:
856:
842:
715:
699:
506:
490:
476:
424:
197:
154:
106:
4118:
1014:
410:
4975:
4823:
4798:
4791:
4612:
4439:
4292:
4259:
4254:
4049:
3841:
3793:
3690:
3654:
3554:
3525:
3492:
3376:, proposed legislation to outlaw orientation and gender identity discrimination.
931:
48:
3950:
Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002
3160:
Fixed Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002
1568:
4651:
4280:
4244:
3664:(London: CRE, 2006) whereas up to 1984 it was funding one fifth of all claims.
3132:
2730:
1880:
were introduced. Also, in 1972, the UK joined the European Community (now the
1799:
1280:
R (Equal Opportunities Commission) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
311:
260:
240:
4538:
4194:
4189:
3941:
Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000
3103:
Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000
2187:
151:
102:
2921:
2577:
2701:
Sexual orientation and gender reassignment status are both covered by the
1522:
steps as it is reasonable to have to take to avoid the disadvantage (s 20
5294:
3678:
3674:
3542:
3538:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3480:
3476:
3472:
248:
158:
1321:
5586:
3854:
1189:
3893:
789:
4608:
268:
256:
252:
2322:
606:
304:(2000/78/EC, for religion, belief, sexuality, disability and age).
5321:
5193:
1908:
1863:
120:
1526:). 'Substantial' means only more than minor or trivial (s 212(1)
1359:
786:
Organizational retaliatory behavior § Workplace retaliation
52:
4296:
4022:
3704:"The Sex Discrimination (Gender Reassignment) Regulations 1999"
2925:
2734:
2581:
2326:
2191:
1912:
1803:
1572:
1325:
935:
793:
610:
315:
4018:
3346:, dealing with race, colour, religion, sex and national origin
71:, a body designed to strengthen enforcement of equality laws.
3568:"Featherstone: new tools will help make the workplace fairer"
3370:
of 1993, protecting rights to leave in the event of pregnancy
1304:
Rutherford v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry (No 2)
3245:
111:
Nairn v The University Court of the University of St Andrews
1633:
Johnston v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary
3905:
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
3234:
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
3196:
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
2727:
Employment Equality (Religion or Belief) Regulations 2003
2711:
Employment Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003
45:
Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992
4013:
3179:
Temporary and Agency Workers (Equal Treatment) Bill 2008
96:
acceptance of all religious viewpoints. It was only the
3358:
of 1986, giving limited protection for immigrant status
2664:
R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
1693:
R (Amicus) v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry
1679:
Tottenham Green Under Fives’ Centre v Marshall (No 2)
1296:
R (Seymour Smith) v Secretary of State for Employment
5535:
5352:
5251:
5116:
5109:
5025:
4955:
4882:
4857:
4705:
4694:
4639:
4506:
4497:
4376:
4330:
4172:
4126:
4056:
3311:(General Equal Treatment Act) in German federal law
3280:
Temporary and Agency Workers (Equal Treatment) Bill
284:. Particularly since the United Kingdom joined the
3334:Employment discrimination law in the United States
920:The definition of "victimisation" is found in the
5300:Glasgow International Financial Services District
3203:Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants v Osborne
3126:Matthews v Kent & Medway Towns Fire Authority
2833:McClintock v Department of Constitutional Affairs
2642:Pearce v Mayfield Secondary School Governing Body
2566:Leonard v Southern Derbyshire Chamber of Commerce
181:finally gave women the vote on an equal footing.
3071:Seldon v Clarkson Wright & Jakes and another
1248:R (Schaffter) v Secretary of State for Education
1226:"Indirect" discrimination is unlawful under the
113:(1907), Lord McLaren even proclaimed that it is
79:section 94 no matter how long they have worked.
3649:This has been in decline recently; in 2005 the
231:. The Conservative government opted out of the
165:in the matter of wages in the world of labour."
3035:Rosenbladt v Oellerking Gebäudereinigungs GmbH
5641:Anti-discrimination law in the United Kingdom
4308:
4034:
2995:Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA
2937:
2746:
2715:Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations
2593:
2338:
2203:
1924:
1815:
1584:
1337:
1161:Allonby v Accrington & Rossendale College
947:
805:
622:
327:
259:, as well as updating the protection against
8:
3009:R (Age UK) v Secretary of State for Business
1665:Lambeth LBC v Commission for Racial Equality
3718:Zur Kritik der Hegelschen Rechtsphilosophie
2019:Clay Cross (Quarry Services) Ltd v Fletcher
1980:Allonby v Accrington and Rossendale College
5113:
4702:
4503:
4315:
4301:
4293:
4041:
4027:
4019:
3631:. Office for Disability Issues. April 2009
2944:
2930:
2922:
2918:Employment Equality (Age) Regulations 2006
2753:
2739:
2731:
2600:
2586:
2578:
2421:Collins v Royal National Theatre Board Ltd
2345:
2331:
2323:
2210:
2196:
2188:
1931:
1917:
1909:
1822:
1808:
1800:
1591:
1577:
1569:
1344:
1330:
1322:
954:
940:
932:
812:
798:
790:
711:Majrowski v Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Trust
695:Pearce v Governing Body of Mayfield School
629:
615:
607:
460:Chief Constable of Yorkshire Police v Khan
334:
320:
312:
2650:Advocate General for Scotland v MacDonald
2542:Aylott v Stockton-on-Tees Borough Council
2240:Showboat Entertainment Centre Ltd v Owens
1264:Clymo v Wandsworth London Borough Council
669:Stewart v Cleveland Guest Engineering Ltd
502:Homer v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire
368:Stefanko v Doherty and Maritime Hotel Ltd
3855:The Efficiency and Efficacy of Title VII
219:In 1975, Britain became a member of the
129:became known for its militant activity.
4609:2020 Withdrawal from the European Union
4549:Second Industrial Revolution 1860s–1914
3393:
2474:Vicary v British Telecommunications plc
2372:Chacon Navas v Eurest Colectividades SA
1839:Porcelli v Strathclyde Regional Council
1649:Sirdar v Secretary of State for Defence
1091:London Underground Ltd v Edwards (No 2)
1079:Hampson v Dept of Education and Science
656:Strathclyde Regional Council v Porcelli
487:Roma Rights Centre v Prague Immigration
186:Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919
2363:ss 6, 13(2), 15, 20-22 and Sch 1 and 8
1381:United Steelworkers of America v Weber
1237:Ojutiku v Manpower Services Commission
1025:Rutherford v SS for Trade and Industry
28:United Kingdom employment equality law
3859:University of Pennsylvania Law Review
3802:Labour Law, Text, Cases and Materials
3022:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
2971:R (Carson) v SS for Work and Pensions
2168:Villalba v Merrill Lynch & Co Inc
2032:Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board
1455:Abrahamsson and Anderson v Fogelqvist
1256:Rainey v Greater Glasgow Health Board
1130:Rinner-Kühn v FWW Gebäudereinigung KG
1115:Bilka-Kaufhaus GmbH v Weber von Hartz
999:Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG
839:Nagarajan v London Regional Transport
179:Representation of the People Act 1928
139:Representation of the People Act 1918
7:
5615:
5332:London Platinum and Palladium Market
3891:Equality and Human Rights Commission
3350:Age Discrimination in Employment Act
2860:Ladele v London Borough of Islington
2104:Redcar and Cleveland BC v Bainbridge
2092:Cadman v Health and Safety Executive
1967:Scullard v Knowles Education Council
1552:Equality and Human Rights Commission
1431:Marschall v Land Nordrhein Westfalen
1288:Staffordshire County Council v Black
1177:Seldon v Clarkson Wright & Jakes
1067:Ladele v London Borough of Islington
740:Ladele v London Borough of Islington
421:Webb v EMO Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (No 2)
196:" sweeping through the Empire after
69:Equality and Human Rights Commission
3302:Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
3215:Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
2550:Thaine v London School of Economics
2044:Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority
1272:Enderby v Frenchay Health Authority
879:Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary
603:Protection from Harassment Act 1997
473:Shamoon v Royal Ulster Constabulary
105:from the mid 19th century, and the
51:, or with advice from a solicitor,
41:Protection from Harassment Act 1997
3613:Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold Ltd)
3356:Immigration Reform and Control Act
3315:Anti-discrimination laws in Brazil
3228:Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
2558:Clark v TDG Ltd (t/a Novacold Ltd)
2319:Disability Discrimination Act 1995
237:Disability Discrimination Act 1995
227:in 1992 with the agreement of the
127:Women's Social and Political Union
25:
5562:Confederation of British Industry
4757:Expansion plans for Milton Keynes
4420:Department for Business and Trade
4415:Competition and Markets Authority
3374:Employment Non-Discrimination Act
3263:Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd
3135:, 'Missing the point?' (2000) 29
2574:Sexuality and gender reassignment
2408:Paul v National Probation Service
1419:Kalanke v Freie Hansestadt Bremen
395:R (EOC) v Birmingham City Council
5614:
5605:
5604:
4457:Office for Budget Responsibility
4117:
3966:Treaty of the European Community
3118:Sharma v Manchester City Council
3013:EWHC 2336 (Admin) and (C-388/07)
2532:Department for Work and Pensions
1996:British Coal Corporation v Smith
1886:Treaty of the European Community
1103:Jones v University of Manchester
18:UK employment discrimination law
4393:Governor of the Bank of England
3845:The Economics of Discrimination
3610:UKHL 43, IRLR 700 overturning
3362:Americans with Disabilities Act
3110:McMenemy v Capital Business Ltd
2806:R (Begum) v Denbigh High School
2498:Eagle Place Services Ltd v Rudd
2486:Lewisham LBC v Malcolm and EHRC
2128:Gibson v Sheffield City Council
2080:Glasgow City Council v Marshall
1510:Lewisham LBC v Malcolm and EHRC
1145:Kutz-Bauer v Hansestadt Hamburg
726:EOC v SS for Trade and Industry
5572:Federation of Small Businesses
4014:Employers' Forum on Disability
3651:Commission for Racial Equality
3592:. Government Equalities Office
3570:. Government Equalities Office
3410:Equal Opportunities Commission
3406:Commission for Racial Equality
3221:O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc
2677:English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd
2056:Ratcliffe v North Yorkshire CC
529:English v Sanderson Blinds Ltd
93:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
1:
5342:Alternative Investment Market
5322:London Interbank Offered Rate
5278:List of UK building societies
4324:Economy of the United Kingdom
3144:O'Brien v Ministry of Justice
2629:Lustig-Prean v United Kingdom
2305:Ghai v Newcastle City Council
1201:Ministry of Defence v DeBique
962:Indirect discrimination cases
447:Grant v South-West Trains Ltd
383:Horsey v Dyfed County Council
59:a claim may be brought in an
5656:Equal employment opportunity
5557:British Chambers of Commerce
5552:British Bankers' Association
3414:Disability Rights Commission
3368:Family and Medical Leave Act
2794:Copsey v WWB Devon Clays Ltd
1708:Glasgow City Council v McNab
1599:Discrimination defence cases
867:Waters v Metropolitan Police
853:West Yorkshire Police v Khan
169:Though Lord Buckmaster said
4445:Chancellor of the Exchequer
4425:Financial Conduct Authority
4164:Courts of England and Wales
2761:Belief discrimination cases
2713:, SI 2003/1661, and by the
2253:Weatherfield Ltd v Sergeant
1878:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
1830:Gender discrimination cases
1792:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
682:Burton v De Vere Hotels Ltd
342:Direct discrimination cases
206:Sex Discrimination Act 1975
5672:
5592:UK Payments Administration
4544:New Imperialism 1830s–1945
4368:Government-owned companies
3987:Equal Treatment Directive
3320:Employment equity (Canada)
3193:
3170:
2915:
2724:
2316:
2181:
2140:Asda Stores Ltd v Brierley
1789:
1770:
1549:
1315:
911:UK employment equality law
893:St Helen’s BC v Derbyshire
779:
592:
77:Employment Rights Act 1996
5651:Employment discrimination
5646:United Kingdom labour law
5600:
4667:National champions policy
4662:Recessions and recoveries
4579:1979 Winter of Discontent
4514:1659–1849 Navigation Acts
4489:UK Trade & Investment
4398:Monetary Policy Committee
4268:
4115:
3972:in 1996, is the basis for
3960:Protected characteristics
3925:Fixed-term Work Directive
3831:(Sweet and Maxwell 1986)
3653:only funded three cases,
3434:Quoted in Bartley, p. 98.
3275:Employment discrimination
3044:
3030:
3018:
3004:
2990:
2978:
2967:
2957:
2870:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2816:
2802:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2684:
2673:
2659:
2637:
2625:
2613:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2358:
2273:
2261:
2249:
2235:
2223:
2218:Race discrimination cases
2148:
2136:
2124:
2112:
2100:
2088:
2076:
2064:
2052:
2040:
2028:
2014:
2004:
1992:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1944:
1884:). Article 141(1) of the
1847:
1835:
1718:
1704:
1688:
1674:
1660:
1645:
1628:
1616:
1604:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1367:
1357:
1209:
1197:
1187:
1173:
1156:
1141:
1126:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1075:
1063:
1049:
1035:
1021:
1007:
995:
979:
967:
903:
889:
875:
863:
849:
835:
825:
750:
736:
722:
706:
690:
678:
664:
652:
642:
578:European Court of Justice
549:
537:
525:
513:
497:
483:
469:
455:
443:
431:
417:
403:
391:
379:
363:
347:
298:Racial Equality Directive
4604:2009 bank rescue package
4599:2008 bank rescue package
4564:1929–39 Great Depression
4435:HM Revenue & Customs
4343:Employee-owned companies
4012:Support for employers -
3981:Race Equality Directive
3933:Agency Workers Directive
3917:Part-time Work Directive
3541:ss 1(1)(b) and 1(2)(b),
3344:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3290:Free Representation Unit
3184:Agency Workers Directive
3090:Agency Workers Directive
2952:Age discrimination cases
2782:Stedman v United Kingdom
2617:Smith v Gardner Merchant
2608:Sexual orientation cases
2434:Archibald v Fife Council
2068:Strathclyde RC v Wallace
1736:Occupational requirement
1556:The main outcome of the
541:Grainger plc v Nicholson
4772:List of counties by GVA
4554:1873–79 Long Depression
4519:Agricultural Revolution
4484:UK Statistics Authority
3655:CRE, Annual Report 2005
2846:Eweida v United Kingdom
2462:Goodwin v Patent Office
2184:Race Relations Act 1976
2119:EWCA Civ 810, IRLR 690
1957:EU Directive 2006/54/EC
1493:. Sections 158 and 159
1443:Re Badeck's application
1053:Eweida v United Kingdom
928:Indirect discrimination
210:Race Relations Act 1976
161:ambition to secure the
5582:Institute of Directors
5547:Business organisations
5472:Science and technology
5365:International students
5077:Working Time Directive
4450:Debt Management Office
4205:British Virgin Islands
3873:Industrial Law Journal
3829:The Worker and the Law
3545:ss 1(1)(b) and 1(1A),
3425:(1907) 15 SLT 471, 473
3296:Law of other countries
3154:Fixed term "employees"
3137:Industrial Law Journal
3079:Work status protection
2904:Islington LBC v Ladele
2770:Ahmad v United Kingdom
2384:Coleman v Attridge Law
1894:
1869:
983:Griggs v Duke Power Co
573:Coleman v Attridge Law
517:Coleman v Attridge Law
216:'s Labour government.
175:
167:
134:
119:
57:Citizens Advice Bureau
5577:Industry trade groups
5337:London Stock Exchange
5327:London Metal Exchange
5094:Trades Union Congress
4787:East London Tech City
4631:Cost-of-living crisis
4569:1948–52 Marshall Plan
4524:Industrial Revolution
3911:Non-permanent workers
3660:June 9, 2007, at the
3339:Equal Pay Act of 1963
2899:- Freedom of religion
2785:(1997) 23 EHRR CD 168
1890:
1867:
1352:Positive action cases
308:Direct discrimination
300:(2000/48/EC) and the
171:
163:equality of the sexes
148:
124:
115:
5371:Entertainment &
4594:Late-2000s recession
4589:1992 Black Wednesday
4529:Financial Revolution
4358:FTSE Fledgling Index
3975:Framework Directive
3857:' (Dec 1987) 136(2)
3285:UK agency worker law
3173:UK agency worker law
2265:Redfearn v Serco Ltd
1898:Directive 2006/54/EC
1405:James v Eastleigh BC
1039:Redfearn v Serco Ltd
407:James v Eastleigh BC
294:Directive 2006/54/EC
177:After a decade, the
5067:Equal opportunities
4672:Economic liberalism
4574:1974 Three-Day Week
4559:1926 general strike
4363:FTSE SmallCap Index
3970:Treaty of Amsterdam
3462:AC 578 (HL), at 590
3270:Disability Standard
3086:Treaty of Amsterdam
2820:Azmi v Kirklees MBC
2396:Jones v Post Office
2227:Mandla v Dowell-Lee
2095:1 CMLR 16 (C-17/05)
2047:IRLR 591 (C-127/92)
1868:World War 2 poster.
1767:Equality protection
1749:Material difference
1393:Grutter v Bollinger
1275:(C-127/92) ICR 112
1011:Mandla v Dowell-Lee
820:Victimisation cases
435:Smith v Safeway plc
296:, for gender), the
239:, it was not until
223:, which became the
61:employment tribunal
5482:Telecommunications
4647:Economic geography
4069:Administrative law
3817:, Gillian Morris,
3257:British labour law
2721:Religion or belief
2632:(2000) 29 ECHR 548
1874:Equal Pay Act 1970
1870:
1796:Equal Pay Act 1970
1483:affirmative action
1318:Affirmative action
599:Workplace bullying
450:ICR 449 (C-249/96)
276:Equality framework
221:European Community
202:Equal Pay Act 1970
135:
131:Emmeline Pankhurst
5628:
5627:
5531:
5530:
5310:Lloyd's of London
5021:
5020:
4993:Industrialisation
4907:Industrialisation
4690:
4689:
4619:COVID-19 pandemic
4539:1815–46 Corn Laws
4290:
4289:
3886:Equality Act 2010
3763:on 17 August 2011
3459:Roberts v Hopwood
3445:Roberts v Hopwood
3385:
3384:
3097:Part time workers
3064:Equality Act 2010
3058:
3057:
2960:Equality Act 2010
2884:
2883:
2773:(1982) 4 EHRR 126
2703:Equality Act 2010
2698:
2697:
2520:
2519:
2361:Equality Act 2010
2287:
2286:
2162:
2161:
2007:Equality Act 2010
1947:Equality Act 2010
1861:
1860:
1780:Equality Act 2010
1773:Equality Act 2010
1742:Equality Act 2010
1732:
1731:
1607:Equality Act 2010
1558:Equality Act 2006
1536:Equality Act 2010
1532:Equality Act 2010
1528:Equality Act 2010
1524:Equality Act 2010
1515:Equality Act 2010
1502:Disability claims
1495:Equality Act 2010
1477:
1476:
1396:539 US 306 (2003)
1370:Equality Act 2010
1228:Equality Act 2010
1223:
1222:
970:Equality Act 2010
922:Equality Act 2010
917:
916:
828:Equality Act 2010
769:Equality Act 2010
764:
763:
645:Equality Act 2010
563:
562:
350:Equality Act 2010
282:Equality Act 2010
229:Maastricht Treaty
144:Roberts v Hopwood
65:Equality Act 2006
37:Equality Act 2010
16:(Redirected from
5663:
5618:
5617:
5608:
5607:
5567:Co-operatives UK
5157:Hydroelectricity
5132:Renewable energy
5114:
4998:Renewable energy
4979:
4927:Renewable energy
4715:Atlantic Gateway
4703:
4534:Panic of 1796–97
4504:
4317:
4310:
4303:
4294:
4185:Northern Ireland
4127:Further subjects
4121:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4020:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3759:. Archived from
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3737:on 26 March 2011
3733:. Archived from
3727:
3721:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3700:
3694:
3671:
3665:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3616:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3564:
3558:
3535:
3529:
3502:
3496:
3469:
3463:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3426:
3423:
3417:
3398:
3310:
3246:
3036:
3010:
2996:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2923:
2834:
2755:
2748:
2741:
2732:
2668:EWHC 860 (Admin)
2665:
2651:
2643:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2579:
2422:
2353:Disability cases
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2241:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2020:
1981:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1910:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1698:EWHC 860 (Admin)
1694:
1680:
1666:
1634:
1620:Etam plc v Rowan
1593:
1586:
1579:
1570:
1538:Sch 8 para 20).
1346:
1339:
1332:
1323:
1162:
956:
949:
942:
933:
814:
807:
800:
791:
730:EWHC 483 (Admin)
712:
696:
670:
637:Harassment cases
631:
624:
617:
608:
503:
461:
369:
336:
329:
322:
313:
89:Papists Act 1778
67:established the
21:
5671:
5670:
5666:
5665:
5664:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5631:
5630:
5629:
5624:
5596:
5539:
5537:
5527:
5435:Pharmaceuticals
5348:
5263:Baltic Exchange
5254:
5247:
5119:
5105:
5027:
5017:
4973:
4951:
4878:
4860:
4853:
4698:
4696:
4686:
4682:Nationalisation
4635:
4493:
4388:Bank of England
4380:
4378:
4372:
4326:
4321:
4291:
4286:
4264:
4240:Anglo-Saxon law
4173:Related systems
4168:
4154:Civil procedure
4139:Competition law
4122:
4113:
4104:Retained EU law
4064:UK Constitution
4052:
4047:
3882:
3825:Lord Wedderburn
3798:Aileen McColgan
3781:
3776:
3766:
3764:
3755:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3738:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3672:
3668:
3662:Wayback Machine
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3605:
3595:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3536:
3532:
3503:
3499:
3470:
3466:
3456:
3452:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3304:
3243:
3210:Article 11 ECHR
3198:
3192:
3175:
3169:
3156:
3099:
3081:
3059:
3054:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2994:
2986:
2974:
2963:
2953:
2950:
2920:
2914:
2885:
2880:
2866:
2852:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2812:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2759:
2729:
2723:
2699:
2694:
2680:
2669:
2663:
2655:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2606:
2576:
2521:
2516:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2448:O'Hanlon v HMRC
2440:
2426:
2420:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2364:
2354:
2351:
2321:
2315:
2293:Weaver v NATFHE
2288:
2283:
2269:
2257:
2245:
2239:
2231:
2219:
2216:
2186:
2180:
2163:
2158:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2010:
2000:
1988:
1979:
1971:
1959:
1950:
1940:
1939:Equal pay cases
1937:
1862:
1857:
1843:
1831:
1828:
1798:
1790:Main articles:
1788:
1775:
1769:
1760:
1751:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1714:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1678:
1670:
1664:
1656:
1641:
1632:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1597:
1567:
1554:
1548:
1504:
1491:positive action
1478:
1473:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1320:
1314:
1312:Positive action
1224:
1219:
1205:
1193:
1183:
1169:
1160:
1152:
1137:
1122:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
1003:
1002:(2010) C-555/07
991:
975:
963:
960:
930:
918:
913:
899:
885:
871:
859:
845:
831:
821:
818:
788:
778:
765:
760:
746:
732:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
674:
668:
660:
648:
638:
635:
605:
595:Harassment (UK)
591:
564:
559:
545:
533:
521:
520:(2008) C-303/06
509:
501:
493:
479:
465:
459:
451:
439:
427:
413:
399:
387:
375:
367:
359:
343:
340:
310:
278:
272:the anomalies.
212:were passed by
194:winds of change
98:Reform Act 1867
85:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5669:
5667:
5659:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5623:
5622:
5612:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5595:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5506:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5469:
5468:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5417:
5415:Legal services
5412:
5407:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5356:
5354:
5350:
5349:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5313:
5312:
5302:
5297:
5295:Euronext.liffe
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5265:
5259:
5257:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5230:
5229:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5208:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5124:
5122:
5111:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5059:
5058:
5057:
5047:
5042:
5040:Businesspeople
5037:
5031:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4967:
4961:
4959:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4888:
4886:
4880:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4871:
4865:
4863:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Thames Gateway
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4700:
4692:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4616:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4510:
4508:
4501:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4469:
4462:Pound sterling
4459:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4447:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4401:
4400:
4395:
4384:
4382:
4374:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:FTSE 250 Index
4350:
4348:FTSE 100 Index
4345:
4340:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4305:
4297:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4277:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4149:Commercial law
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4116:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4060:
4058:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4023:
4017:
4016:
4009:
4008:
4007:Other websites
4004:
4003:
3985:
3979:
3973:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3930:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3880:External links
3878:
3877:
3876:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3851:Richard Posner
3848:
3847:(2nd edn 1971)
3839:
3822:
3812:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3748:
3722:
3709:
3695:
3666:
3642:
3617:
3603:
3581:
3559:
3530:
3497:
3464:
3450:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3194:Main article:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:Main article:
3168:
3167:Agency workers
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:, SI 2002/2034
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3130:
3122:
3114:
3106:
3105:, SI 2000/1551
3098:
3095:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2982:Mangold v Helm
2979:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2926:
2916:Main article:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2897:Article 9 ECHR
2882:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2743:
2735:
2725:Main article:
2722:
2719:
2696:
2695:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2525:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:(2007) C-13/05
2369:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2317:Main article:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2182:Main article:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2101:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1804:
1787:
1784:
1771:Main article:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1617:
1614:
1613:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1503:
1500:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1326:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1004:
996:
993:
992:
980:
977:
976:
968:
965:
964:
961:
959:
958:
951:
944:
936:
929:
926:
915:
914:
904:
901:
900:
890:
887:
886:
876:
873:
872:
864:
861:
860:
850:
847:
846:
836:
833:
832:
826:
823:
822:
819:
817:
816:
809:
802:
794:
777:
774:
762:
761:
751:
748:
747:
737:
734:
733:
723:
720:
719:
707:
704:
703:
691:
688:
687:
679:
676:
675:
665:
662:
661:
653:
650:
649:
643:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
626:
619:
611:
590:
587:
561:
560:
550:
547:
546:
538:
535:
534:
526:
523:
522:
514:
511:
510:
498:
495:
494:
484:
481:
480:
470:
467:
466:
456:
453:
452:
444:
441:
440:
432:
429:
428:
418:
415:
414:
404:
401:
400:
392:
389:
388:
380:
377:
376:
364:
361:
360:
348:
345:
344:
341:
339:
338:
331:
324:
316:
309:
306:
290:European Union
286:Social Chapter
277:
274:
233:Social Chapter
225:European Union
84:
81:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5668:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5621:
5613:
5611:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:organisations
5534:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5511:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5420:Manufacturing
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5273:List of banks
5271:
5270:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5250:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:North Sea oil
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:Trades unions
5087:
5085:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5063:
5060:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5024:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4881:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4726:
4725:Big City Plan
4723:
4722:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4693:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Privatisation
4675:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4657:Gold standard
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4620:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:1986 Big Bang
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:Chronological
4505:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Co-operatives
4336:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4313:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4299:
4298:
4295:
4283:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4267:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:United States
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4057:Core subjects
4055:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4032:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3879:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3837:0-421-37060-2
3834:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3820:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3810:1-84113-362-0
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:ss 4A and 5,
3680:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3607:
3604:
3591:
3585:
3582:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3504:Formerly the
3501:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3471:Formerly the
3468:
3465:
3461:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3440:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3404:replaced the
3403:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3190:Union members
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3166:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3038:
3037:
3029:
3024:
3023:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2919:
2911:
2907:EWCA Civ 1357
2906:
2905:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:EWCA Civ 1357
2862:
2861:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2841:
2836:
2835:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2801:
2796:
2795:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2756:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2742:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2672:
2667:
2666:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2644:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2589:
2584:
2583:
2580:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2488:
2487:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2424:
2423:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2386:
2385:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2348:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2312:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2267:
2266:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2243:
2242:
2234:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2142:
2141:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2075:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2045:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1911:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1813:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1758:Justification
1757:
1755:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1682:
1681:
1673:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1400:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1208:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1105:
1104:
1098:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1080:
1074:
1070:EWCA Civ 1357
1069:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1001:
1000:
994:
989:
985:
984:
978:
974:
971:
966:
957:
952:
950:
945:
943:
938:
937:
934:
927:
925:
923:
912:
908:
902:
898:
895:
894:
888:
884:
881:
880:
874:
869:
868:
862:
858:
855:
854:
848:
844:
841:
840:
834:
829:
824:
815:
810:
808:
803:
801:
796:
795:
792:
787:
783:
782:Victimisation
776:Victimisation
775:
773:
770:
759:
755:
749:
745:
744:EWCA Civ 1357
742:
741:
735:
731:
728:
727:
721:
717:
714:
713:
705:
701:
698:
697:
689:
684:
683:
677:
672:
671:
663:
658:
657:
651:
646:
641:
632:
627:
625:
620:
618:
613:
612:
609:
604:
600:
596:
588:
586:
582:
579:
575:
574:
568:
558:
554:
548:
543:
542:
536:
532:EWCA Civ 1421
531:
530:
524:
519:
518:
512:
508:
505:
504:
496:
492:
489:
488:
482:
478:
475:
474:
468:
463:
462:
454:
449:
448:
442:
437:
436:
430:
426:
423:
422:
416:
412:
409:
408:
402:
397:
396:
390:
385:
384:
378:
374:
371:
370:
362:
358:
354:
351:
346:
337:
332:
330:
325:
323:
318:
317:
314:
307:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
275:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
214:Harold Wilson
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
187:
182:
180:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
153:
147:
145:
140:
132:
128:
123:
118:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
94:
90:
82:
80:
78:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
32:UK labour law
29:
19:
5489:Supermarkets
5455:Construction
5450:Architecture
5285:Canary Wharf
5118:Resource and
5101:Unemployment
5072:Minimum wage
5066:
5035:Billionaires
4932:Silicon Glen
4804:M11 Corridor
4279:
4272:
4094:Property law
4079:Contract law
4074:Criminal law
3991:, replacing
3954:SI 2002/2034
3945:SI 2000/1551
3899:Trade Unions
3844:
3828:
3818:
3815:Simon Deakin
3804:(Hart 2005)
3801:
3790:Hugh Collins
3765:. Retrieved
3761:the original
3751:
3739:. Retrieved
3735:the original
3725:
3717:
3712:
3698:
3687:EE(SO)R 2003
3683:EE(RB)R 2003
3669:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3620:
3611:
3606:
3594:. Retrieved
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3562:
3551:EE(SO)R 2003
3547:EE(RB)R 2003
3533:
3522:EE(SO)R 2003
3518:EE(RB)R 2003
3500:
3489:EE(RB)R 2003
3485:EE(SO)R 2003
3467:
3457:
3453:
3443:
3439:
3430:
3421:
3396:
3379:
3327:
3326:
3295:
3294:
3261:
3250:
3249:
3226:
3219:
3201:
3142:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3082:
3074:EWCA Civ 899
3069:
3052:equality law
3032:
3020:
3006:
2992:
2980:
2969:
2902:
2890:
2886:
2878:equality law
2858:
2844:
2830:
2818:
2804:
2792:
2780:
2768:
2707:
2700:
2692:equality law
2675:
2661:
2647:
2639:
2627:
2615:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2545:EWCA Civ 910
2540:
2514:equality law
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2452:EWCA Civ 283
2446:
2432:
2418:
2406:
2394:
2382:
2370:
2303:
2291:
2289:
2281:equality law
2263:
2251:
2237:
2225:
2166:
2156:equality law
2138:
2126:
2114:
2107:EWCA Civ 929
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2016:
1994:
1977:
1965:
1891:
1871:
1855:equality law
1837:
1776:
1761:
1752:
1739:
1726:equality law
1706:
1690:
1676:
1662:
1647:
1630:
1618:
1555:
1540:
1520:
1508:
1505:
1486:
1479:
1471:equality law
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1391:
1379:
1302:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1235:
1225:
1217:equality law
1199:
1175:
1158:
1143:
1128:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1077:
1065:
1051:
1043:EWCA Civ 659
1037:
1023:
1009:
997:
981:
973:ss 14 and 19
919:
891:
877:
865:
851:
837:
766:
758:equality law
738:
724:
708:
692:
680:
666:
654:
583:
571:
569:
565:
557:equality law
544:IRLR 4 (EAT)
539:
527:
515:
499:
485:
471:
457:
445:
433:
419:
405:
393:
381:
365:
279:
218:
198:World War II
191:
183:
176:
172:
168:
155:philanthropy
149:
143:
136:
116:
110:
107:Suffragettes
86:
73:
27:
26:
5465:Real estate
5189:Agriculture
4976:Cardiff Bay
4965:Agriculture
4922:Oil and gas
4897:Agriculture
4824:Silicon Fen
4799:M4 corridor
4792:London Plan
4613:Growth deal
4440:HM Treasury
4410:Company law
4379:governance,
4260:Hue and cry
4255:Bloody Code
4225:New Zealand
4134:Company law
4050:English law
3842:Gary Becker
3821:(Hart 2004)
3794:Keith Ewing
3741:14 February
3731:"In the UK"
3691:EE(A)R 2006
3555:EE(A)R 2006
3526:EE(A)R 2006
3493:EE(A)R 2006
3448:AC 578, 594
3305: [
3251:British law
2850:EWCA Civ 80
2308:EWCA Civ 59
2131:EWCA Civ 63
2116:Allen v GMB
1546:Enforcement
1057:EWCA Civ 80
152:socialistic
49:trade union
5635:Categories
5519:High-speed
5514:Inter-city
5430:Automotive
5410:Healthcare
5398:Television
5388:Newspapers
5232:Materials
5147:Geothermal
5120:production
5062:Labour law
5045:Demography
5028:and labour
4809:Manchester
4720:Birmingham
4652:Free trade
4381:regulation
4245:Common law
4159:Family law
4144:Labour law
4001:2002/73/EC
3997:76/207/EEC
3989:2006/54/EC
3983:2000/43/EC
3977:2000/78/EC
3936:2008/56/EC
3819:Labour Law
3779:References
3767:8 November
3757:"ItemPage"
3635:16 January
3596:16 January
3574:16 January
3412:, and the
3236:ss 137-177
3133:A McColgan
2313:Disability
1740:Under the
1372:ss 158-159
1362:art 157(4)
1316:See also:
1243:, ICR 661
1241:EWCA Civ 3
988:401 US 424
780:See also:
767:Under the
593:See also:
589:Harassment
261:disability
241:Tony Blair
157:, or by a
5536:Trade and
5499:Transport
5446:Property
5425:Aerospace
5360:Education
5305:Insurance
5253:Financial
5137:Biodiesel
5013:Transport
4942:Transport
4902:Edinburgh
4874:Transport
4849:Wiltshire
4844:Transport
4819:Sheffield
4777:Liverpool
4640:Recurrent
4467:Banknotes
4377:Currency,
4331:Companies
4230:Singapore
4215:Hong Kong
4200:Australia
4099:Trust law
3673:Formerly
3537:Formerly
3048:UK labour
2874:UK labour
2688:UK labour
2530:from the
2510:UK labour
2277:UK labour
2244:1 WLR 384
2152:UK labour
2071:1 WLR 259
1905:Equal pay
1851:UK labour
1722:UK labour
1467:UK labour
1213:UK labour
907:UK labour
754:UK labour
553:UK labour
245:sexuality
103:Chartists
5610:Category
5538:business
5504:Aviation
5477:Internet
5383:Gambling
5290:The City
5255:services
5236:Forestry
5219:Scottish
5210:Fishing
5152:Fracking
5084:Pensions
4892:Aberdeen
4884:Scotland
4859:Northern
4829:Somerset
4737:Cornwall
4697:regions,
4695:Nations,
4479:Taxation
4274:Category
4190:Scotland
4109:Case law
4084:Tort law
3993:97/80/EC
3928:99/70/EC
3920:97/81/EC
3866:Articles
3716:K Marx,
3679:RRA 1976
3675:SDA 1975
3658:Archived
3553:r 3(b),
3549:r 3(b),
3543:RRA 1976
3539:SDA 1975
3514:DDA 1995
3510:RRA 1976
3508:s 4(1),
3506:SDA 1975
3481:DDA 1995
3477:RRA 1976
3473:SDA 1975
3241:See also
3129:IRLR 367
3121:IRLR 336
3113:IRLR 400
2999:IRLR 989
2962:ss 13(2)
2823:IRLR 484
2797:IRLR 811
2620:IRLR 510
2561:IRLR 318
2553:ICR 1422
2501:IRLR 486
2477:IRLR 680
2425:IRLR 395
2411:IRLR 190
2399:IRLR 384
2268:IRLR 623
2230:2 AC 548
2083:IRLR 272
2059:IRLR 439
2023:IRLR 361
1999:IRLR 404
1986:C-256/01
1970:IRLR 344
1949:ss 64-80
1888:states,
1876:and the
1712:IRLR 476
1654:C-273/97
1639:C-222/84
1623:IRLR 150
1565:Defences
1291:IRLR 234
1204:IRLR 471
1167:C-256/01
1150:C-187/00
1135:C-171/88
1120:C-170/84
1094:IRLR 157
870:ICR 1073
373:IRLR 322
249:religion
208:and the
159:feminist
5620:Commons
5587:Make UK
5494:Tourism
5460:Housing
5440:Exports
5403:Theatre
5268:Banking
5214:English
5110:Sectors
5055:Poverty
5008:Tourism
5003:Swansea
4988:History
4983:Fishing
4970:Cardiff
4937:Tourism
4917:History
4912:Fishing
4869:Belfast
4861:Ireland
4839:Tourism
4814:Reading
4762:Fishing
4742:Croydon
4732:Bristol
4707:England
4499:History
4472:Coinage
4180:UK-wide
4089:Privacy
3861:513-521
3364:of 1990
3352:of 1967
3148:UKSC 34
2837:IRLR 29
2810:UKHL 15
2654:UKHL 34
2569:IRLR 19
2535:website
2489:UKHL 43
2465:ICR 302
2438:UKHL 32
2387:IRLR 88
2290:In the
2256:ICR 425
2172:ICR 469
2143:UKSC 10
2035:IRLR 26
1984:(2004)
1842:ICR 564
1683:ICR 320
1669:ICR 768
1652:(1999)
1637:(1986)
1410:ICR 768
1307:UKHL 19
1299:ICR 244
1267:ICR 250
1251:IRLR 53
1190:EA 2010
1181:UKSC 16
1165:(2004)
1148:(2003)
1133:(1989)
1118:(1986)
1106:ICR 474
1082:ICR 179
1029:UKHL 19
897:UKHL 16
883:UKHL 11
857:UKHL 48
843:UKHL 36
716:UKHL 34
700:UKHL 34
673:ICR 535
659:ICR 564
576:in the
507:UKSC 15
491:UKHL 55
477:UKHL 11
464:UKHL 48
438:ICR 868
425:UKHL 13
398:AC 1155
386:ICR 755
288:of the
83:History
55:or the
5378:Cinema
5241:Mining
5162:Marine
5128:Energy
5050:Income
5026:People
4972:
4947:Whisky
4782:London
4752:Dorset
4699:cities
4624:Impact
4405:Budget
4281:Portal
4250:Equity
4210:Canada
3835:
3808:
3557:r 3(b)
3516:s 55,
3483:s 3B,
3479:s 3A,
3475:s 4A,
3408:, the
3380:
3328:US law
3266:KB 693
3039:(2010)
3025:(2010)
2985:(2006)
1458:(2000)
1446:(2000)
1434:(1997)
1422:(1995)
1384:(1979)
1283:1 AC 1
1259:AC 224
1015:UKHL 7
990:(1971)
601:, and
411:UKHL 6
269:gender
253:belief
204:, the
63:. The
5393:Radio
5373:Media
5353:Other
5224:Welsh
5194:Cider
5172:Solar
4957:Wales
4767:Leeds
4747:Devon
4430:Gilts
4220:India
4195:Wales
3784:Books
3689:r 7,
3685:r 7,
3677:s 7,
3629:(PDF)
3524:r 4,
3520:r 4,
3512:s 2,
3491:r 5,
3487:r 5,
3389:Notes
3309:]
1610:Sch 9
685:ICR 1
353:ss 13
5509:Rail
5204:Beer
5199:Wine
5184:Food
5177:Wind
5142:Coal
3999:and
3833:ISBN
3806:ISBN
3769:2011
3743:2011
3637:2011
3598:2011
3576:2011
3402:EHRC
3400:The
3050:and
3046:See
2876:and
2872:see
2690:and
2686:see
2646:and
2512:and
2508:see
2279:and
2275:see
2178:Race
2154:and
2150:See
2009:s 69
1853:and
1849:see
1794:and
1724:and
1720:See
1487:only
1469:and
1465:see
1360:TFEU
1215:and
1211:see
1192:s 14
909:and
905:See
830:s 27
784:and
756:and
752:see
647:s 26
555:and
551:see
355:and
267:and
265:race
255:and
184:The
137:The
125:The
53:ACAS
5317:LCH
3875:141
3853:, '
3693:r 8
3528:r 4
3495:r 6
3139:260
2912:Age
2705:.
1786:Sex
1507:in
570:In
357:136
257:age
5637::
3995:,
3952:,
3943:,
3827:,
3800:,
3796:,
3792:,
3307:de
2717:.
1882:EU
1782:.
986:,
597:,
263:,
251:,
247:,
5130:/
4978:)
4974:(
4615:)
4611:(
4316:e
4309:t
4302:v
4042:e
4035:t
4028:v
3771:.
3745:.
3706:.
3639:.
3600:.
3578:.
3416:.
3066:)
2945:e
2938:t
2931:v
2754:e
2747:t
2740:v
2601:e
2594:t
2587:v
2346:e
2339:t
2332:v
2211:e
2204:t
2197:v
1932:e
1925:t
1918:v
1823:e
1816:t
1809:v
1592:e
1585:t
1578:v
1481:"
1345:e
1338:t
1331:v
955:e
948:t
941:v
813:e
806:t
799:v
630:e
623:t
616:v
335:e
328:t
321:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
