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378:$ 518; Poland – $ 478; Italy – $ 418; Yugoslavia – $ 416; Greece – $ 347; Czechoslovakia – $ 261; Ukraine (USSR) – $ 188; and Austria – $ 136. A number of academic assessments state that UNRRA was not perfect and was troubled by inefficiency, poor planning, shortages of supplies, and some incompetent personnel. On balance however, many argue that it was a major success in terms of delivering aid, food, and medicine, and helping Europe on the path to recovery, especially Eastern and Southern Europe.
120:
38:
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247:
211:, which began operations in 1948. However, the historian Jessica Reinisch has proposed that UNRRA should not just figure as a chapter in U.S. history, but rather that UNRRA was unique in that it managed to bring together very different partners and models of international relief, each of which had their own history and antecedents.
268:
377:
By 1947, UNRRA was running nearly 800 resettlement camps, housing over 700,000 people. Forty-four nations contributed to funding, supplying, and staffing the agency, of which the United States was the leading donor. The largest recipients of UNRRA commodity aid, in millions of US dollars were China,
259:
in
Washington on 9 November 1943. UNRRA was headed by a Director-General and governed by a Council (composed of representatives of all state parties) with a Central Committee representing the United States, Britain, China, and the Soviet Union. The other countries who signed the agreement included:
191:
UNRRA cooperated closely with dozens of volunteer charitable organizations, who sent hundreds of their own staff to work alongside UNRRA. In operation for only four years, the agency distributed about $ 4 billion worth of goods, food, medicine, tools, and farm implements at a time of severe global
183:
in 1945. Its purpose was to "plan, co-ordinate, administer or arrange for the administration of measures for the relief of victims of war in any area under the control of any of the United
Nations through the provision of food, fuel, clothing, shelter and other basic necessities, medical and other
305:
Although initially restricted by its constitution to render aid only to nationals from the United
Nations (the Allies), this was changed late in 1944, in response to pleas from Jewish organizations who were concerned with the fate of surviving Jews of German nationality, to also include "other
1004:
A popular photograph collection at the UN Archives documents the work of the United
Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA). The collection consists of 3,530 black and white photographs covering UNRRA activities in 28 countries across six
184:
essential services". Its staff of civil servants included 12,000 people, with headquarters in New York. Funding came from many nations, and totalled $ 3.7 billion, of which the United States contributed $ 2.7 billion; Britain, $ 625 million; and
264:, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Iraq, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia.
243:
when the fighting ended. Roosevelt had already obtained the approval of the United
Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China; he later obtained endorsements from 40 other governments to form the first "United Nations" organization.
306:
persons who have been obliged to leave their country or place of origin or former residence or who have been deported therefrom by action of the enemy because of race, religion or activities in favor of the United
Nations."
477:
1037:
373:
when Chiang pushed to control the disposition of funds in China to ensure that relief funds did not go to the
Communist-governed areas of the country. These tensions worsened during the Chinese Civil War.
1042:
397:
192:
shortages and worldwide transportation difficulties. The recipient nations had been especially hard hit by starvation, dislocation, and political chaos. It played a major role in helping
310:
324:
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231:
in 1914, later in eastern Europe, cf. the civil wars and new national boundaries of 1917–19. Relief was undertaken largely by private charities, often
American as organized by
287:
830:
1012:
1052:
370:
260:
Australia, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, the
437:
1032:
323:
UNRRA Headquarters was in
Washington, D.C., and the European Regional Office was set up in London. The organization was subject to the authority of the
219:
261:
690:
455:
930:
Reinisch, Jessica. "Old wine in new bottles? UNRRA and the mid-century world of refugees", in: Frank, Matthew, and Jessica Reinisch (eds),
997:
313:, especially the 11,000,000 non-Germans who had been moved into Germany during the war, but did not render assistance to ethnic Germans.
1003:
762:
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200:
962:
167:
896:
Reinisch, Jessica. "'We Shall Rebuild Anew a Powerful Nation': UNRRA, Internationalism and National Reconstruction in Poland,"
255:
The Agreement for United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration founding document was signed by 44 countries in the
835:
632:
223:
Franklin Roosevelt signs the pact establishing the UNRRA immediately before a national radio address (9 November 1943).
240:
682:
862:, 1967 - a Polish comedy on post-war peasant life, in which an UNRRA-delivered horse is an important action point.
236:
235:. The Second World War seemed likely to create still more refugees, prompting governments to act: U.S. President
204:
179:
but representing 44 nations. Founded in November 1943, it was dissolved in September 1948. it became part of the
352:
931:
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Although the UNRRA was called a "United Nations" agency, it was established prior to the founding of the
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298:. The explanation for this is that the term "United Nations" was used at the time to refer to the
119:
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438:"Legislação Informatizada - DECRETO-LEI Nº 6.987, DE 25 DE OUTUBRO DE 1944 - Publicação Original"
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74:
37:
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327:(SHAEF) in Europe and was directed by three Americans during the four years of its existence:
317:
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279:
272:
144:
96:
478:"International Politics and the Structure of International Organization: The Case of UNRRA"
854:) 1948 Filmed in post-war Berlin: A story which brings to life UNRRA work in 1945 Germany.
637:
371:
relations between the United States and Chiang Kai-shek's Nationalist government of China
283:
227:
The First World War displaced more refugees than in Europeans' living memory, first from
792:
554:
Reinisch, Jessica (2011). "Internationalism in Relief: The Birth (and Death) of UNRRA".
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969:“1944: What Was Known? What Was Reported? What Was Done? What Could Have Been Done?”
1008:
891:
The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe
320:, Korea, and China (including Taiwan). China was the largest recipient of funds.
948:
UNRRA: the History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
780:
UNRRA: the History of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
920:
Reinisch, Jessica. "Internationalism in Relief: the Birth (and Death) of UNRRA"
256:
998:
the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) (1943-1946)
842:
905:
679:
The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War
501:
199:
Many of its functions were transferred to several UN agencies, including the
858:
239:
proposed the agency in June 1943, to provide relief to areas liberated from
983:
972:
641:
571:
563:
925:
915:
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607:"Agreement for United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration"
532:"Agreement for United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration"
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302:, having been originally coined for that purpose by Roosevelt in 1942.
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185:
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980:“The Canadian Media and the ‘Discovery’ of the Holocaust, 1944-1945”
493:
278:
266:
246:
218:
118:
982:. Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes 5 (January).
267:
971:. Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes 27 (June).
175:) was an international relief agency, largely dominated by the
207:. As an American relief project, it was later replaced by the
1009:
Select photographs of the collection are available on flickr
127:
was the UNRRA head office in Washington DC from October 1944
793:
Colin Bundy, "Migrants, refugees, history and precedents."
159:
807:
Numbers in Woodbridge. Quoted e.g. by Hitchcock 2008 p 220
941:
The Long Road Home: The Aftermath of the Second World War
766:, "Funeral Service Set Monday For Maj. Gen. Lowell Rooks"
398:
Chinese National Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
150:
1038:
Displaced persons camps in the aftermath of World War II
953:
Samuel Boussian, Mathias Gardet, Martine Ruchat :
950:(Columbia University Press, 1950), the official history
325:
Supreme Headquarters of the Allied Expeditionary Forces
132:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
31:
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
734:(New Expanded Edition edited by Rochelle G. Saidel of
316:
In Asia, the organization provided assistance in the
196:
return to their home countries in Europe in 1945–46.
168:
153:
1018:
Eisenhower's Thanksgiving Mission to Help Save UNRRA
933:
Refugees in Europe, 1919-1959: A Forty Years' Crisis
910:
Reinisch, Jessica. "Auntie UNRRA at the Crossroads"
156:
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United Nations organizations based in North America
656:"Netherlands East Indies - Relief Program - UNARMS"
147:
102:
88:
80:
70:
52:
44:
831:U.N.R.R.A. presents In the Wake of the Armies ...
732:Fiorello's Sister: Gemma La Guardia Gluck's Story
309:UNRRA operated in occupied Germany, primarily in
1048:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
883:Vol. 65, No. 4 (Dec. 1950), pp. 561–584
742:, 1961 ed.). Syracuse University Press.
369:UNRRA funds became a point of tension in the
8:
872:Armstrong-Reid, Susan E., and David Murray.
30:
874:Armies of Peace: Canada and the UNRRA Years
707:"Archival Finding Aid of the UNRRA records"
351:and other relatives had been imprisoned in
955:L'Internationale des républiques d'enfants
275:locomotives (named Tr202 series in Poland)
29:
924:2011, Vol. 210, Supplement 6, pp 258–289
984:https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.19813
973:https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.40105
900:July 2008, Vol. 43 Issue 3, pp 451–476,
914:2013, Vol. 218, Supplement 8, pp 70–97
429:
334:(1 January 1944−31 March 1946), former
262:French Committee of National Liberation
27:International relief agency (1943–1947)
768:, 12 May 1973. Retrieved 10 July 2024.
669:
667:
665:
730:Gemma LaGuardia Gluck (15 Mar 2007).
7:
1053:United States and the United Nations
926:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtq050
916:https://doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gts035
879:Fox, Grace. "The Origins of UNRRA,"
347:, who later learned that his sister
343:(1 April−31 December 1946), former
360:(1 January 1947−30 September 1948)
201:International Refugee Organization
25:
1033:Organizations established in 1943
898:Journal of Contemporary History,
838:documentary about the U.N.R.R.A.
465:. Washington. February 15, 1947.
251:Soldier of the UNRRA, March 1946
143:
36:
271:One of UNRRA-delivered British
1000:at the United Nations Archives
1:
836:National Film Board of Canada
442:Brazilian Chamber of Deputies
782:. Columbia University Press.
636:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
967:Bialystok, Franklin. 2019.
881:Political Science Quarterly
778:Woodbridge, George (1950).
476:Johnson, Robert H. (1951).
311:camps for displaced persons
58:; 81 years ago
1069:
683:Cambridge University Press
681:. Cambridge New York, NY:
609:. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org
456:"Fifty Facts about UNRRA"
237:Franklin Delano Roosevelt
205:World Health Organization
35:
906:10.1177/0022009408091835
353:Nazi concentration camps
957:, 2020, éd. Anamorasa,
795:Forced Migration Review
943:.' (Bodley Head, 2010)
889:Hitchcock, William I.
418:Dupont Circle Building
300:Allies of World War II
291:
288:displaced persons camp
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252:
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215:Founding and authority
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125:Dupont Circle Building
93:Dupont Circle Building
978:Goutor, David. 1997.
586:"Agreement For Unrra"
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270:
250:
222:
122:
946:Woodbridge, George.
564:10.1093/pastj/gtq050
558:(Suppl 6): 258–289.
336:Governor of New York
816:e.g. Hitchcock, 225
341:Fiorello La Guardia
104:Parent organization
32:
936:(Bloomsbury, 2017)
408:Heifers for Relief
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277:
253:
225:
129:
75:Specialized agency
922:Past and Present,
912:Past and Present,
712:. Archives.un.org
692:978-1-009-29761-5
358:Lowell Ward Rooks
345:Mayor of New York
318:Dutch East Indies
194:Displaced persons
188:, $ 139 million.
141:
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16:(Redirected from
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939:Shephard, Ben. '
893:(2009) pp 215–48
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89:Headquarters
81:Legal status
45:Abbreviation
996:Records of
846:(Director:
257:White House
241:Axis Powers
112:(from 1945)
1027:Categories
1005:continents
843:The Search
797:, Jan 2016
716:2014-05-29
613:2012-05-14
592:2012-05-14
424:References
365:Operations
290:in Germany
140:pronounced
859:Sami swoi
834:, a 1944
518:154554526
502:1086-3338
286:in UNRRA
53:Formation
885:in JSTOR
736:My Story
677:(2023).
642:5948105M
630:(1965).
572:21280357
382:See also
203:and the
84:Inactive
510:2008894
463:CVCE.eu
229:Belgium
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393:CRALOG
186:Canada
824:Films
710:(PDF)
514:S2CID
506:JSTOR
459:(PDF)
349:Gemma
136:UNRRA
48:UNRRA
18:UNRRA
959:ISBN
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687:ISBN
568:PMID
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