376:
might be invoked later as a justification for the international community to interfere into matters of strategic importance to China such as Taiwan and Tibet. With those assessments in mind, along with Russia portraying the situation in Kosovo as being exclusively under the
Yugoslavian government's national authority, the proposed UNSC resolution to use military force was vetoed. Unable to gain legitimacy for its conduct under UN authorization, the US turned to NATO to seek public support for intervention in Kosovo. The bombing campaign under NATO auspices, which began on 24 March 1999, commenced airstrikes against Serbian military targets in Yugoslavia. A specific crisis in Sino-US relations during this campaign arose after the accidental
270:. The two countries also embarked on cooperation in the field of nuclear energy, evident in the 1985 Agreement on Nuclear Cooperation, in which the US pledged to provide a legal framework to assist China in its peaceful nuclear development agenda with high technology transferred from US companies. By 1986, the military sale had surpassed US$ 37 million, approximately $ 20 million of which were commercial sales. US and China military relationship became more pronounced when US
533:", and so engagement with China on all strategic fields of importance still remains a priority throughout his two terms. Generally focusing on peaceful cooperation with a clearly constrained reliance on military rhetoric, the relationship between two countries witnessed mostly positive development in Obama's first term, but gradually became characterized by more complex layers of dynamics and accompanied global-level threats during the final years of Obama's administration.
261:
administration reinforced US commitment to strengthen diplomatic relation with China by the passage of the Third Joint
Communiqué in August 1982. With more public pressure to hedge against Soviet expansion, US government eventually allowed government-to-government military purchases to be made by the
472:
for cooperation. In Asia, China put aside its historical resentment toward Japan's potential marine expansion in the region and agreed to
Japanese vessels' operation in the Indian Ocean to support the war against Afghanistan. By giving its full support to US in the war against terrorism, China hoped
248:
of 1979, the US continued its substantial but unofficial support to Taiwan to maintain security and strategic peace. The continuation of US arms sales to Taiwan was charged by the PRC as a breach from what their joint
Communiqué issued in 1982 has stated, that the US "intends to gradually reduce its
211:
By the 1960s, the US had started to notice the tension in Sino-Soviet relation, and it sought to take advantage of this crack to contain the Soviet Union. With the Nixon administration attempting to facilitate a settlement to its quagmire in
Vietnam, one of the symbolic acts signifying the beginning
536:
Obama was a fervent supporter of facilitating dialogues and keeping negotiations alive when it comes to China. His participation in international intergovernmental economic organizations demonstrated a relentless attempt to integrate China into the already existing border-transcending institutional
402:
status in 1980, the level of traded goods and products between two countries intensified, signaling a new period of economic interdependence when the US went on to become China's third largest-trading partner in 1984. Nevertheless, public pressure from anti-Chinese lobby groups and activists during
243:
in 1978, China implemented a drastic number of market reforms and subsequently became more open to foreign businesses and investment. Referred to in the Carter administration as a political move of "playing the China card" to keep the Soviet Union in check, US' reversal of foreign policy direction
435:
Tension developed in this period for the assertive approach taken by China and an explicitly aggressive attitude adopted by the Bush administration in dealing with sensitive issues. The antagonism was heightened again when
President Bush declared that the US would do "whatever it takes" to defend
375:
who wanted to oppose the continuous suppression carried out in the country. China saw US initiative of moving forces into the region to stop
Serbian aggression as an attempt to consolidate its hegemonic influence. But China was also concerned about how this move can possibly set a precedent that
165:
in 1954 as an alliance structure of regional security, which China believed to not only hedge against Soviet influence but also to contain
Chinese development. US military engagement in the Pacific led to the forward deployment of its military troops around the region, such stationing activities
293:
temporarily slowed down cooperation between two states while trying to maintain the substance of their diplomatic ties. US government suspended military exports and arms sales to China, imposed sanctions including cancellations of high-level visits by US senior officials to the mainland. China
635:
Much of the unsettled conflicts dealt with by previous administrations still account for a large part in the two countries' relationship. These problems have become much more complicated and encompass many different aspects including freedom of navigation in the South China Sea, tension over
417:
agreed to resume negotiations on China WTO membership when progress was halted after the US accidentally bombed a
Chinese embassy in Belgrade. With President Clinton's persuasive rhetoric on the US ability to gain leverage over not only a market-open, reform-committed but also potentially
190:. Because Vietnam is located in such a geographically strategic area bordering China, the Vietnam War posed an imminent threat to its security. Along with the Soviet Union, China remained a major ally of North Vietnam by providing military training, human power and essential supplies to
418:
democratizable China whose economic dependence will allow greater room for the US to exercise influence, Congress passed legislation to grant China permanent trading privileges and historically put the two countries on equal footing as the latter became an official member of the WTO.
711:
The long-standing strategy of "Engagement", which aimed to incorporate a rising China into the
Western-led international order, has given way to a tough but as-yet-unnamed approach variously termed "competition", "decoupling", and for some, "containment" amidst a new "Cold War".
220:, on the importance of diplomatic normalization to both countries' interests. The Communiqué assured China that the US would now recognize only the mainland government as the legitimate authority of both states across the Taiwan Strait, and that the US won't challenge against
572:
and transform the world into a low-carbon consuming business with big industrialized states like the US and China committing to modify national legislation to meet the preset objectives. During his first Asia trip in 2017 since leaving office, Obama was complimented by
345:
demanding Iraqi withdrawal from Kuwait, it was hesitant about agreeing to the use of force under the UNSC auspices to stop the annexation. China chose to abstain when a resolution on this matter was called to a vote on 20 November 1990 (Resolution 678). When a
122:
didn't share many strategic views at the time, with Soviet support China sided with North Korea and contributed its so-called "Chinese volunteers" to fight the war against South Korea, who was backed and defended mainly by the US.
690:
On October 4, 2018, Vice President Pence stated to the press that a new approach in dealing with China's excesses would be taken, officially ending the era of strategic engagement and transitioning into strategic competition.
421:
During this period, the US purposely maintained a neutral attitude of "strategic ambiguity", not seeking to provoke China by promising to defend Taiwan but sending clear signals to express its interest in Taiwan's security.
118:. The Treaty formalized Kremlin's major commitment to secure the Asian theater from falling under the US' influence by its pledge to supply military equipment and provide financial loans to support China. Although Mao and
436:
Taiwan, much to the resentment of China. However, the US also had to take care that Taiwan did not exploit this situation and precipitate a crisis to move toward asserting independence. Despite official attempts from the
700:
397:
was preceded by a series of lengthy negotiations and discussion on significant required adjustments in the Chinese economy, which was an imperative for membership to be admitted. After Congress granted China the
354:
against Iraq in January - February 1991, this was an opportunity for China to witness the military and technological superiority of the US. China's military modernization was heavily shaped by this experience.
177:
in 1955, US gradually became more involved in the region by directly sending troops to Vietnam to make sure it would not fall under communist control. This ideology-driven calculation was substantiated by the
115:
687:
between member states. Without a US-led economic arm that could help contain China's geopolitical influence, US withdrawal was perceived by many to further enhance China's domination in the region.
231:
and the PRC agreed to the complete normalization of diplomatic relation, officially ending decades of hostility and confrontation between the two countries. With a change in the leadership of the
497:
for giving too much energy and financial assistance to North Korea without there being any guarantee that it would not renege on its commitment. This led to North Korea reactivating one of its
27:. This phase of engagement can be traced back to the late 1960s following an intense period of hostility caused by indirect confrontation between the two countries, particularly during the
285:
Human rights has long been a contentious issue with which the US has to come to terms regarding China. Under the pressure from Congress and the international society which condemned the
377:
659:
The Trump administration has vastly changed the method by which the US has often used to pressure China on making economic concessions, which is the exercise of powerplay derived from
460:, at the same time China saw this situation as providing opportunities for improving relations with the US. In the Middle East, China joined the US-led anti-terrorism campaign in
529:
visited China during his first year in office, making him the first US president to ever do so. Obama reshaped the direction of American foreign policy with his proclamation of "
440:
to reconfirm that there had been no change in the US position, the general impression remained that there had been a somewhat departure from the policy of "strategic ambiguity".
126:
The US' support for the nationalist government across the strait was an important cause in perpetuating the irreconcilable distrust between the two countries. By recognizing the
194:. The escalation of conflict in Vietnam coincided with China's quickly degrading relationship with the Soviet Union and an increasingly chaotic domestic situation caused by the
301:
Despite the level of international outrage pointed at the crackdown, maintaining ties with China remained important to US national interests. This was shown in the dispatch of
502:
1088:
574:
548:
The two countries collaborated to impose sanctions on North Korea for its continued proliferation activities of nuclear weapons through the binding power given by the
39:
and its military expansion in the Pacific region, the relationship grew more antagonistic for the Chinese government perceive these initiatives to be US' attempt to
624:
and exports manufactured goods to the US, it has an asymmetrically large surplus with the latter. Leaders of the two countries have worsened the issue by imposing
130:-led ROC as the legitimate government for the whole China, the US proclaimed its support to strengthening the security cooperation with Taipei by the singing of a
1432:
477:
who were now labelled "terrorists". The US was reluctant to support China's suppression efforts over separatist movements in Xinjiang, and the differences over
1638:
786:
585:
983:
91:
302:
19:
refers to a wide range of specific practices and interaction including economic cooperation, public diplomacy, military and foreign aid between the
632:
chain of reactions which whipsaw American businesses with production facilities outsourced in China for cheap labor and easy access to the market.
309:
103:
498:
394:
277:
described it in September 1983 as possessing "three pillars" of coordination including senior visits, exchanges and technological cooperation.
1684:
959:
271:
131:
56:
608:. The massive over-time accumulation of US trade deficit against China has resulted in the media labeling their trade interaction the "
142:", any hope for rapprochement at this time was overshadowed by the Chinese immense perception of threat on its quest to reunification.
162:
581:
67:
1271:
1205:
871:
741:
505:. US and China worked closely to constrain North Korea's nuclear capability, which was shown in their joint effort to formalize the
437:
47:
in China and its commitment to communism through political radicalism accelerated the conflict. The four presidencies preceding the
216:, this paved the way for successful rapprochement. In 1972, Nixon visited China where he gave a landmark speech, also known as the
315:
on a secret task to mend the relationship through diplomatic channels in July 1989, only several weeks after the brutal killings.
1222:
1780:
549:
347:
342:
1708:
456:, China indicated its fervent support. Despite the shock induced from this series of brutal terrorist attacks orchestrated by
653:
286:
267:
1596:
363:
The issue raised for China at the time of the Gulf Conflict in 1990-1991 arose again in the Kosovo crisis. In 1998–1999,
887:
672:
244:
regarding the Taiwan issue brought US diplomatic tie with the ROC to an end. However, with the entry into force of the
637:
334:
1734:"Knowledge Communities in US Foreign Policy Making: The American China Field and the End of Engagement with the PRC"
83:
48:
1465:
664:
569:
364:
145:
Further worsening this hostility was the entry into force of a series of defense treaties between the US with
232:
1407:
604:
US China relationship has been characterized by a high level of friction within the first few years of the
372:
263:
217:
87:
1433:"The China Trade Vote: A Clinton Triumph; House, in 237-197 Vote, Approves Normal Trade Rights for China"
641:
138:
promising to protect Taiwan during the Taiwan Strait crises of 1955 and 1958 and his insistence on the "
71:
838:
1733:
513:, China remained skeptical of the degree of pragmatic actualization of a comprehensive and verifiable
294:
accused any external effort to intervene into its domestic affairs as an outright infringement on its
82:
In 1949, the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the mainland after successfully
605:
493:
highlighted the importance of Sino-US cooperation. The Republican administration was critical of the
449:
403:
multiple US Congressional hearings made obtaining China's MFN status renewal increasingly difficult.
399:
312:
295:
245:
52:
36:
1326:
1263:
448:
The relationship between the two powers was affected in various ways against the background of the
198:, all of which amplified the threat perception it had against the two biggest powers at this time.
195:
66:
on China, signifying the end of strategic engagement and officially proclaiming a new stage in the
44:
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decided to withdraw the US from the agreement. The Paris climate deal pledges to cut global
514:
494:
411:
368:
221:
139:
99:
63:
761:
1709:"The End of Engagement: Expertise, Domestic Politics, and U.S. China Strategy under Trump"
676:
660:
589:
561:
506:
305:
135:
127:
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911:
545:, a practice held by his administration to work in favor of both the world and America.
557:
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were said to embrace a national policy direction toward strategic ambiguity, or
32:
1498:"The U.S.-North Korean Agreed Framework at a Glance | Arms Control Association"
1174:
Woon, Eden Y. (1989). "Chinese Arms Sales and U.S.-China Military Relations".
1155:
and Chung-in Moon (1989). "The United States and the Defense of the Pacific".
577:
213:
107:
59:
28:
1760:
1608:
1554:
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1444:
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1234:
1138:
1040:"U.S. Conventional Arms Sales to Taiwan 1980-2010 | Arms Control Association"
995:
960:"The Shanghai Communique: An American Foreign Policy Success, 45 Years Later"
1634:
649:
617:
609:
510:
191:
146:
1115:"U.S.-China Nuclear Cooperation Agreement: China's Nonproliferation Policy"
656:, all of which require an efficient exercise of diplomacy and cooperation.
1114:
468:, and tactically gained US trust as a regional intermediary in pressuring
474:
469:
457:
351:
1685:"Trump administration makes its most aggressive moves against China yet"
1302:
465:
864:
Strait Talk: United States-Taiwan Relations and the Crisis with China
625:
338:
1350:
Sweeney, John; Washington, Jens Holsoe Ed Vulliamy in (1999-10-17).
1130:
1639:"Assessing U.S.-China relations 2 years into the Trump presidency"
1303:"Yugoslavia: China, Russia Threaten To Block UN Kosovo Resolution"
701:
United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China
478:
182:", leading to a proxy war fought between North Vietnam who wanted
158:
154:
24:
787:""Strategic competition" with China—Necessary but not sufficient"
473:
to win US support in its campaign against Muslim separatists in
1408:"CNN.com - China's long march to WTO entry - December 10, 2001"
1289:
Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and Prospects
542:
341:. Although China agreed to the US-sponsored resolution in the
94:
would be threatened by the expansion of a powerful Soviet-led
552:
Both states vowed to take an initiative in the fight against
90:
further severed its relationship with the US, who feared the
1221:
Dowd, Maureen; Times, Special To the New York (1989-12-19).
114:, where the two communist states entered into agreement the
866:. London, England: Harvard University Press. p. 18.
736:. United States of America: Lynne Rienner. p. 104.
1597:"Rare Harmony as China and U.S. Commit to Climate Deal"
1383:
936:"China-Vietnam Bilateral Relations __English_SINA.com"
1291:. University of California Press. pp. Chapter 2.
333:
A major issue at the beginning of the decade was the
55:
particularly in dealing with China. In October 2018,
509:
in 2003. While US needed China to apply pressure on
1223:"2 U.S. Officials Went to Beijing Secretly in July"
620:from the community of developing countries in the
564:, which China has said it would protect even when
503:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
1200:. United States, UK: Lynne Rienner. p. 106.
575:General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party
43:China. The domestic upheaval as a result of the
1064:"Timeline: U.S. Relations With China 1949–2019"
888:"U.S. military presence in Asia-Pacific region"
592:and the high level of tension caused by a huge
371:against the majority Kosovo Albanians and the
35:. With the US' support for Taiwan during the
8:
663:. The US pulled out its signature from the
580:for his devoted contributions in bettering
489:In Northeast Asia developments relating to
380:in Belgrade on 7 May 1999 by US warplanes.
367:started an atrocious nationwide project of
1595:Landler, Mark; Perlez, Jane (2016-09-03).
1431:Schmitt, Eric; Kahn, Joseph (2000-05-25).
892:Внешняя политика - аналитическое агентство
192:Viet Cong (the National Liberation Front)
1384:"China and the World Trade Organization"
1262:. Brookings Institution Press. pp.
1087:Ottaway, David B. (September 19, 1985).
652:, and possible covert interference into
501:, and subsequently withdrawing from the
760:O'Hanlon, Michael E. (April 27, 2001).
721:
104:Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party
1663:"Trump withdraws from TPP trade deal"
1628:
1626:
1624:
1545:Christensen, Thomas J. (2015-09-24).
1466:"U.s. Would Defend Taiwan, Bush Says"
1191:
1189:
7:
839:"Chinese Veterans Recall Korean War"
814:"Chinese intervention in Korean War"
808:
806:
755:
753:
727:
725:
1575:"China vows to defend climate pact"
1637:; Bader, Jeffrey A. (2019-01-15).
1522:"Obama: "We Welcome China's Rise""
1352:"Nato bombed Chinese deliberately"
517:goal set out by the former state.
481:and Taiwan seemed irreconcilable.
431:Departure from strategic ambiguity
224:, a doctrine asserted by the PRC.
14:
452:. With Bush's declaration of the
1016:"The Taiwan Relations Act at 40"
388:
166:greatly reinforced the idea of "
1732:David M. McCourt (2022-08-08).
1683:Kempe, Frederick (2018-10-06).
1464:Sanger, David E. (2001-04-26).
862:Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf (2009).
262:PRC under the authorization of
1254:Suettinger, Robert L. (2003).
1198:Asia Pacific in World Politics
734:Asia Pacific in World Politics
499:nuclear proliferation programs
378:bombing of the Chinese embassy
319:Post Cold-War Strategic Issues
268:Foreign Military Sales Program
132:mutual defense treaty in 1954.
110:paid an official visit to the
1:
1753:10.1080/09636412.2022.2133629
785:Moreland, Will (2018-10-19).
596:in their trade relationship.
202:Cold War Change of Atmosphere
17:US-China strategic engagement
1307:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
1157:The Journal of Asian Studies
1113:Tan, Qingshan (1989-09-01).
1068:Council on Foreign Relations
673:intellectual property rights
324:G. H. W. Bush administration
287:massacre at Tiananmen Square
253:Arm sales to China by the US
667:, a regional trade pact in
161:) and the establishment of
116:Sino-Soviet Alliance Treaty
1797:
704:
698:
584:albeit the still on-going
62:delivered a speech at the
1287:Shambaugh, David (2002).
1196:McDougall, Derek (2016).
1089:"Arms Sale to China Near"
732:McDougall, Derek (2016).
681:environmental regulations
612:". Because China imports
426:G. W. Bush administration
310:Deputy Secretary of State
303:National Security Adviser
249:sale of arms to Taiwan".
173:With the outbreak of the
1182:: 602 – via JSTOR.
1163:: 165 – via JSTOR.
984:"Playing the China Card"
389:China's accession to WTO
350:of 35 countries waged a
1327:"NATO bombs Yugoslavia"
650:international terrorism
570:greenhouse gas emission
537:frameworks such as the
233:Chinese Communist Party
1781:Chinese foreign policy
762:"A Need for Ambiguity"
560:by the signing of the
384:Clinton administration
88:Nationalist government
68:bilateral relationship
671:committed to protect
644:like climate change,
298:, including the US'.
170:" on the China side.
72:strategic competition
606:Trump administration
600:Trump administration
586:territorial disputes
521:Obama administration
450:September 11 attacks
313:Lawrence Eagleburger
296:national sovereignty
272:Secretary of Defense
246:Taiwan Relations Act
53:deliberate ambiguity
37:Taiwan Strait crises
1502:www.armscontrol.org
1093:The Washington Post
1044:www.armscontrol.org
406:In September 1999,
400:most favored nation
343:UN Security Council
218:Shanghai Communiqué
196:Cultural Revolution
49:Bush administration
45:Cultural Revolution
1601:The New York Times
1470:The New York Times
1437:The New York Times
1227:The New York Times
1153:Ronald D. McLaurin
638:autonomous regions
495:1994 Geneva Accord
485:North Korean issue
365:Slobodan Milosevic
335:occupation of Iraq
227:In 1978 President
184:self-determination
275:Caspar Weinberger
140:Two Chinas policy
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582:Sino-US relation
515:denuclearization
454:war on terrorism
444:War on terrorism
438:State Department
395:accession to WTO
369:ethnic cleansing
348:US-led coalition
281:Tiananmen Square
222:One China Policy
186:and a US-backed
100:paramount leader
92:balance of power
64:Hudson Institute
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21:United States
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1716:. Retrieved
1703:
1692:. Retrieved
1689:www.cnbc.com
1688:
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1667:. Retrieved
1665:. 2017-01-24
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1577:. 2017-05-09
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1415:. Retrieved
1411:
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1392:, retrieved
1390:, 2019-09-05
1387:
1378:
1367:. Retrieved
1356:The Observer
1355:
1345:
1334:. Retrieved
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1310:. Retrieved
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1119:Asian Survey
1118:
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1096:. Retrieved
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895:. Retrieved
891:
882:
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846:. Retrieved
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833:
822:. Retrieved
820:. 2011-06-21
817:
794:. Retrieved
790:
780:
769:. Retrieved
765:
733:
710:
707:New Cold War
689:
679:, reinforce
669:Asia Pacific
658:
654:US elections
634:
603:
566:Donald Trump
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112:Soviet Union
86:against the
81:
16:
15:
683:and reduce
675:, maintain
630:tit-for-tat
622:Middle East
491:North Korea
462:Afghanistan
415:Jiang Zemin
237:Hua Guofeng
235:(CCP) from
175:Vietnam War
168:containment
151:New Zealand
98:. As PRC's
33:Vietnam War
1718:2020-10-17
1694:2019-09-25
1669:2019-09-25
1648:2019-09-25
1635:Hass, Ryan
1614:2019-09-25
1581:2019-09-25
1560:2019-09-23
1531:2019-09-25
1507:2019-09-23
1483:2019-09-23
1450:2019-09-23
1417:2019-09-23
1394:2019-09-23
1369:2019-09-23
1336:2019-09-23
1312:2019-09-23
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1073:2019-09-23
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1025:2019-09-23
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969:2019-09-23
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897:2019-09-23
848:2019-09-23
824:2019-09-23
818:koreatimes
796:2019-09-23
771:2019-09-23
716:References
705:See also:
578:Xi Jinping
525:President
373:insurgents
108:Mao Zedong
106:, in 1950
78:Background
60:Mike Pence
29:Korean War
1761:0963-6412
1643:Brookings
1609:0362-4331
1555:0015-7120
1478:0362-4331
1445:0362-4331
1364:0029-7712
1235:0362-4331
1139:0004-4687
996:0190-8286
791:Brookings
766:Brookings
695:Aftermath
618:petroleum
610:trade war
511:Pyongyang
147:Australia
84:revolting
1775:Category
475:Xinjiang
470:Pakistan
458:al-Qaeda
393:China's
266:and the
264:Congress
41:encircle
31:and the
1331:HISTORY
916:HISTORY
626:tariffs
588:in the
466:Taliban
408:Clinton
214:Detenté
207:Detenté
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339:Kuwait
259:Reagan
229:Carter
153:, and
128:Chiang
1747:(4).
1737:(PDF)
1712:(PDF)
628:in a
550:UNSC.
527:Obama
479:Tibet
163:SEATO
159:ANZUS
155:Japan
25:China
1757:ISSN
1605:ISSN
1551:ISSN
1474:ISSN
1441:ISSN
1360:ISSN
1268:ISBN
1231:ISSN
1202:ISBN
1135:ISSN
1100:2019
992:ISSN
868:ISBN
738:ISBN
616:and
556:and
541:and
410:and
308:and
291:Bush
257:The
102:and
23:and
1749:doi
1264:111
1127:doi
665:TPP
543:G20
352:war
337:in
239:to
212:of
120:Kim
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