United States Army Air Corps

1142:. A year earlier MacArthur had changed TR 440-15 to clarify "the Air Corps's place in the scheme of national defense and ... (to do away with) ... misconceptions and interbranch prejudices." The General Staff characterized its latest revision as a "compromise" with airpower advocates, to mitigate public criticism of the Joint Action Statement, but the newest revision parroted the anti-autonomy conclusions of the Drum and Baker Boards, and reasserted its long-held position (and that of the Secretary Dern) that auxiliary support of the ground forces was the primary mission of the Air Corps. TR 440-15 did acknowledge some doctrinal principles asserted by the ACTS (including the necessity of destroying an enemy's air forces and concentrating air forces against primary objectives) and recognized that future wars would probably entail some missions "beyond the sphere of influence of the Ground Forces" (strategic bombardment), but it did not attach any importance to prioritization of targets, weakening its effectiveness as doctrine. The Air Corps in general assented to the changes, as it did to other compromises of the period, as acceptable for the moment. TR 440-15 remained the doctrinal position of the Air Corps until it was superseded by the first Air Corps Field Manual, FM 1–5 1472:

personnel, and construction of new bases. New combat groups were created by detaching cadres from the existing 15 Regular groups to provide the core of the new units, with each older group providing the basis for an average of three new groups. Graduates of an expanded flight training program filled out the new groups and replaced the experienced personnel transferred from the older groups, resulting in a steady decline in the overall level of experience in the operational units. In essence, groups "self-trained" to proficiency standards set by training directives from the GHQAF. Unable to keep pace with the revised programs for expansion of combat groups, unit tactical training for all groups suffered from a shortage of equipment (particularly combat aircraft), an unavoidable preoccupation with administrative details during organization, and a lack of training facilities, especially bombing and gunnery ranges, leaving a "vast gap between the desired status of training in combat units and their actual status immediately prior to ... Pearl Harbor."

1221:, established in the wake of the Air Mail scandal, was that the proposals of the Drum Board be adopted: an increase in strength to 2,320 aircraft and establishment of GHQ Air Force as a permanent peacetime tactical organization, both to ameliorate the pressures for a separate air force and to exploit emerging capabilities in airpower. In the absence of a general headquarters (i.e. peacetime), GHQ Air Force would report to the General Staff. The War Plans Division of the Army reacted to the recommendations of the Baker Board by insisting that men and modern equipment for seven army divisions be procured before any increase in the Air Corps was begun, and opposed any immediate attempt to bring the Air Corps up to the 1,800 plane-strength first authorized in 1926, for fear of antagonizing the Navy. President Roosevelt approved an open-ended program to increase strength to 2,320 aircraft (albeit without any proviso for funding) in August 1934, and Secretary Dern approved the activation of GHQ Air Force in December 1934. 2607: 1603:

Force. Assured of a free hand by Marshall, Arnold thought that it would "be a serious mistake to change the existing setup" in the midst of the crucial expansion effort, which in less than five years would be more than 100 times its June 1939 size in personnel (much of it highly trained technically) alone. By November, however, the division of authority within the Army as a whole caused by the activation of Army GHQ prompted Marshall to assert that he had "the poorest command post in the Army." Defense commands, particularly those affecting air defense, had in Marshall's words showed a "disturbing failure to follow through on orders." Confronted with Marshall's dissatisfaction with Army GHQ, the General Staff reversed its opposition. Marshall appointed an Air Corps officer, Brig. Gen.

1185:) on 29 June 1938 issued a ruling that it could foresee no use for a long-range bomber in future conflict. As a direct result, the last planned order of long-range bombers (67 B-17s) was cancelled by Craig and a moratorium on further development of them was put into effect by restricting R&D funding to medium and light bombers. This policy would last less than a year, as it went against not only the trends of technological development, but against the geopolitical realities of coming war. In August 1939 the Army's research and development program for 1941 was modified with the addition of nearly five million dollars to buy five long-range bombers for experimental purposes, resulting on 10 November 1939 in the request by Arnold of the developmental program that would create the 3362:"Tubby," had pursued his career with bulldog-like determination. He had not learned to fly until he was 40 years of age and was a reluctant participant in Washington's social environs, usually depending on his assistant Hap Arnold to fulfill the protocol role. As early as 5 May 1919, in a memo to Director of Air Service Charles Menoher for whom he was assistant executive officer, Westover had demonstrated a loyalty to subordination, urging the relief of Billy Mitchell from his position as Third Assistant Executive (S-3) of the Air Service—along with his division heads—if their advocacy of positions not conforming to Army policy did not cease. 956:. In terms of the principle of civilian control of the military in peacetime, their tactics and behavior were clearly inappropriate. The political struggle had temporarily alienated supporters in Congress, had been counterproductive of the development of the Air Corps in the short run, and had hardened the opposition of an already antagonistic General Staff. But through their mistakes and repeated rebuffs, the airmen had learned what they were lacking: proof for the argument that the Air Corps could perform a unique mission—strategic bombardment—and the real threat of another world war would soon reverse their fortunes. 3335:, at the core of the General Staff's disputes with the Air Corps and supervisor of the revision of TR 440-15, authored these suggestions. He also freely espoused his opinion that expansion of the Air Corps was primarily a "selfish" means of promotion for aviators at the expense of the rest of the Army. Although rapid promotion of youthful airmen became a cliche in World War II, during the inter-war years Air Service/Air Corps promotion lagged notoriously behind that of the other branches. On the 669-name promotion list for colonel in 1922, on which Kilbourne had been 76th, the first airman (later Chief of Air Corps 1284:, who denied requests for further purchases, so that although the air arm embraced strategic bombing as its primary doctrine after the creation of GHQ Air Force, by 1938 there were still only thirteen strategic bombers on hand. On 18 March 1938 Secretary Woodring implemented a plan that would have included the purchase of 144 four-engine bombers but approval was reversed in July when the moratorium against the long-range bomber program was imposed by the Joint Board. The purchase of 67 B-17s (five squadrons) in FY 1940 as an increment of the Woodring program, using carryover funds, was cancelled by Craig. 228: 1523:

billion dollars and the manufacture of 50,000 aircraft a year for the armed forces (36,500 of them for the Air Corps). Eighteen months later, in November 1941 (immediately before the U.S. entered the war), the AAF still had only 3,304 combat aircraft (only 1,024 overseas), and 7,024 non-combat aircraft, of which 6,594 were trainers. Its command staff increased in October 1940 to 24 with the addition of 15 new general officer billets. By June 1941, when the Air Corps became part of the AAF, it had 33 general officers, including four serving in observer roles to the

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FM 1–5, and recognized that the United States was then on the strategic defensive. Its view was conservative and "a considerable attenuation of air doctrine" as espoused by the ACTS. However, it did correct the omissions of TR 440-15 and reasserted that centralized control by an airman in any combat role was essential for efficiency. Ironically, Gen. Andrews had by then become Army G-3 and reported to Marshall that the manual "did not endorse the radical theory of air employment". FM 1–5 was followed by supplemental doctrine Air Corps Field Manuals FM 1–15

81: 1126:, whose first flight was at the end of July 1935. By that time the Air Corps had two projects in place for the development of longer-ranged bombers, Project A for a bomber with a ferry range of 5,000 miles (8,000 km), and Project D, for one of a range of up to 10,000 miles (16,000 km). In June 1936 the Air Corps requested 11 B-15s and 50 B-17s for reinforcing hemispheric defense forces in Hawaii, Alaska, and Panama. The request was rejected on the basis that there were no strategic requirements for aircraft of such capabilities. 1241:, clashed philosophically with Westover over the direction in which the air arm was heading, adding to the difficulties, with Andrews in favor of autonomy and Westover not only espousing subordination to the Army chain of command but aggressively enforcing his prohibitions of any commentary opposed to current policy. Andrews, by virtue of being out from Westover's control, had picked up the mantle of the radical airmen, and Westover soon found himself on "the wrong side of history" as far as the future of the Air Corps was concerned. 1237:

element of the air arm, and GHQAF as the tactical element. However, all GHQ Air Force's members, along with members of units stationed overseas and under the control of local ground commanders, remained part of the Air Corps. This dual status and division of authority hampered the development of Air Corps for the next six years, as it had the Air Service during World War I, and was not overcome until the necessity of expanding the force occurred with the onset of World War II. The commanding general of GHQ Air Force, Maj. Gen.

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of which became obsolete by December 1941. By comparison, the RAF had 1,750 first-line aircraft and the German Luftwaffe 3,750. Moreover, the Luftwaffe had more personnel on the staffs of its headquarters and air ministry than were in the entire Air Corps (26,000). The first-line aircraft that would soon be considered obsolete were the B-18, A-17, and P-36. The only first-line aircraft in 1939 that remained so during World War II was the B-17, and it had to be significantly modernized before it was combat-capable.

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stifled design development in the private sector of better types, retarded the development of radar and ordnance, and handicapped training, doctrine, and offensive organization by reneging on commitments to acquire the B-17. "From October 1935 until 30 June 1939, the Air Corps requested 206 B-17's and 11 B-15's. Yet because of cancellations and reductions of these requests by the War Department, 14 four-engine planes were delivered to the air force up to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939."

1491:, with an eventual goal of 400,000 men by 30 June 1942, was approved on 14 March 1941, although not publicly announced until 23 October 1941. In addition to unit training and funding problems, these programs were hampered by delays in acquiring the new infrastructure necessary to support them, sites for which had to be identified, negotiated and approved before construction. The General Staff again was unwilling to assign any of this work to the Air Corps, and instead detailed it to the overtaxed 1135:

limited role of the Air Corps as an auxiliary to the "mobile Army" in all its missions, including coastal defense. The edict was issued with the intent of again shoving an upstart Air Corps back into its place. However, the bomber advocates interpreted its language differently, concluding that the Air Corps could conduct long-range reconnaissance, attack approaching fleets, reinforce distant bases, and attack enemy air bases, all in furthering its mission to prevent an air attack on America.

1077: 2057: 1214:, the organization had existed in Army planning since 1924 as a subordinate element of Army General Headquarters, which would be activated to control all Army units in case of war mobilization. In anticipation of military intervention in Cuba in 1933, the headquarters had been created on 1 October but not staffed. The Drum Board of 1933 had first endorsed the concept, but as a means of reintegrating the Air Corps into control by the General Staff, in effect reining it in. 423:, the Chief of Air Service, had proposed that it be made a semi-independent service within the War Department along the lines of the Marine Corps within the Navy Department, but this was rejected; only the cosmetic name change was accepted. The legislation changed the name of the Air Service to the Air Corps, (in the words of one analyst) "thereby strengthening the conception of military aviation as an offensive, striking arm rather than an auxiliary service." 1037:

agreement, intended as a modification of the Joint Action statement on coastal defense issued in 1926, was not endorsed by the Joint Army-Navy Board and never had authority other than a personal agreement between the two heads of service. Though the Navy repudiated the statement when Pratt retired in 1934, the Air Corps clung to the mission, and provided itself with the basis for development of long-range bombers and creating new doctrine to employ them.

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eventual separation from the Army. A force of 2,320 aircraft was recommended by the Drum Board, and authorized by Congress in June 1936, but appropriations to build up the force were denied by the administration until 1939, when the probability of war became apparent. Instead, the Air Corps inventory actually declined to 855 total aircraft in 1936, a year after the creation of GHQ Air Force, which by itself was recommended to have a strength of 980.

830:, with the words "U.S. ARMY" displayed in large black lettering on the undersurface of the lower wings. Tail rudders were painted with a vertical dark blue band at the rudder hinge and 13 alternating red-and-white horizontal stripes trailing. The painting of fuselages olive drab was changed to blue in the early 1930s, and this motif continued until late 1937, when all new aircraft (now all-metal) were left unpainted except for national markings. 2974: 1549:, Arnold was nominally assigned to "supervise" the tactical force but this did not resolve the divisions in command. On 5 October 1940, Arnold drew up a proposal to reorganize the air arm along functional lines, creating an air staff, unifying the various organizations under one commander, and giving it autonomy with the ground and supply forces—a plan which was eventually adopted in March 1942—and submitted it to Chief of Staff 972:"The Naval Air Force will be based on the fleet and move with it as an important element in solving the primary missions confronting the fleet. The Army Air Forces will be land-based and employed as an essential element to the Army in the performance of its mission to defend the coasts at home and in our overseas possessions, thus assuring the fleet absolute freedom of action without any responsibility for coast defense." 1720: 3484:

on an otherwise ink record) in his notes after-the-fact (Huston, Vol. I, pp. 120–121, note 216). Watson indicates that only Roosevelt's "naval aides" represented the Navy (p. 137). Coffey argues that beginning with Roosevelt's weekly press conference of 14 October, the president issued public and private statements that indicated his Air Corps expansion plans were already well underway. William Goss, in his summary for

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action against naval forces, all of which the General Staff rejected in March 1939. Instead, it ordered that the opening chapter of the Air Corps manual be a doctrinal statement developed by the G-3 that "left little doubt" that the General Staff's intention was "to develop and employ aviation in support of ground forces." The Air Corps Board, on the orders of Arnold, developed a secret study for "defense of the

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November reasserting that the mission of the Air Corps in coastal defense was only for supporting the Navy if called upon to do so, while simultaneously authorizing for the Navy the long-range shore-based coastal patrol mission denied the Air Corps. Westover, who stridently opposed cancellation of the Woodring program, was killed in an air crash on 21 September 1938 and was succeeded by Arnold.

2289: 842: 49: 2988: 2958:* The Air Corps became a subordinate component of the Army Air Forces on 20 June 1941, and was abolished as an administrative organization on 9 March 1942. It continued to exist as one of the combat arms of the Army (along with Infantry, Cavalry, Artillery, Corps of Engineers, and Signal Corps) until abolished by reorganization provisions of the National Security Act of 1947 (61 1444:

the $ 300 million requested by Roosevelt for expansion of the Air Corps, half of which was dedicated to purchasing planes to raise the inventory from 2,500 to 5,500 airplanes, and the other half for new personnel, training facilities, and bases. Orders for B-17s, which had been held in abeyance since June 1938, resumed in the summer of 1939 with incremental deliveries of 39

1254: 2840: 2704: 1335: 2772: 834: 2670: 1827: 815: 1068:, Chief of the school's Pursuit Section, found their influence waning because of repeated performance failures of pursuit aviation. Finally, the doctrine represented the Air Corps' attempt to develop autonomy from the General Staff, which enforced subordination of the air arm by limiting it to support of ground forces and defense of United States territory. 267:, as early aviation became an increasingly important part of modern warfare, a philosophical rift developed between more traditional ground-based army personnel and those who felt that aircraft were being underutilized and that air operations were being stifled for political reasons unrelated to their effectiveness. The USAAC was renamed from the earlier 240: 1165:, the course declared that the Flying Fortress concept had "died in Spain", and that airpower was useful mainly as "long range artillery." Air Corps officers in the G-3 Department of the General Staff pointed out that Jones' conclusions were inconsistent with the revised TR 440-15, but their views were dismissed by Deputy Chief of Staff Maj. Gen. 427: 948:. Pratt appeared to have the superior credentials, but he had been in charge of aircraft procurement during the Foulois years and was looked upon warily by Dern as possibly being another Mitchell or Foulois. Westover was chosen because he was the philosophical opposite of the two insurgent airmen in all respects, being a "team player". 1388:

USAAF during World War II was in flight test except the P-47. However, the press of the enormous tasks confronting the Air Corps and the primacy of strategic bombing doctrine meant that development of a long-range capability for these new single-engined fighters was not undertaken until combat losses of bombers forced the issue.

415:(and to preempt the findings of the Lampert Committee). It declared that no threat of air attack was likely to exist to the United States, rejected the idea of a department of defense and a separate department of air, and recommended minor reforms that included renaming the air service to allow it "more prestige." 348:, that the Act entitled "An act for making further and more effectual provision for the national defense, and other purposes," approved June 3, 1916, as amended, be, and the same is hereby, amended so that the Air Service referred to in that Act and all subsequent Acts of Congress shall be known as the Air Corps. 1427:(November 1940). Except for the B-24, P-47, and P-51, all of these had production deliveries that began before the AAF came into being in June 1941. Three other long-range bombers began development during this period, though only mock-ups were produced before World War II: the B-29 (study begun in 1938), the 888:, and were procured in such small numbers (66 total) that they were doled out one airplane to a base. As their numbers and utility declined, they were replaced by a series of 50 twin-engine and single-engine small transports and used for staff duties. Pilot training was conducted between 1927 and 1937 in the 3381:

The Woodring Plan (based on the "Balanced Air Corps Program" developed after a two-year War Department study) was another "five-year plan" that called for adding 1,094 aircraft: 144 four-engine bombers, 266 two-engine bombers, 259 attack aircraft, and 425 pursuits, to begin in FY 1940 (July 1939). It

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This list of units is a snapshot of the Air Corps on the date of activation of the General Headquarters Air Force. Except for the assignment of four reconnaissance (formerly observation) squadrons to the 1st and 2nd Wings in September 1936 for attachment to their heavy bombardment groups, and the May

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The General Staff perceived its creation as a means of lessening Air Corps autonomy, not increasing it, however, and GHQ Air Force was a "coordinate component" equal to the Air Corps, not subject to its control. The organizations reported separately to the Chief of Staff, the Air Corps as the service

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The War Department, seeking to stifle procurement of the B-17 while belatedly recognizing that coordinated air-ground support had been long neglected, decided that it would order only two-engined "light" bombers in fiscal years 1939 through 1941. It also rejected further advancement of Project A, the

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before being sent to the Army's Inspector General, who ruled largely in favor of Foulois. Rogers continued to severely criticize Foulois through the summer of 1935, threatening future Air Corps appropriations, and despite public support by Dern for the embattled chief, the administration was close to

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to "help foster military aeronautics", and established an air section in each division of the General Staff for a period of three years. Two additional brigadier generals would serve as assistant chiefs of the Air Corps. Previous provisions of the National Defense Act of 1920 that all flying units be

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In early 1926 the Military Affairs Committee of the Congress rejected all bills set forth before it on both sides of the issue. They fashioned a compromise in which the findings of the Morrow Board were enacted as law, while providing the air arm a "five-year plan" for expansion and development. Maj.

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Embick was formerly chief of the War Plans Division. In collaboration with Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4 (logistics) Brig. Gen. George R. Spalding, Embick was the driving force in minimizing all Air Corps R&D, squelching long-range bombers, and referring doctrinal disputes to the Joint Army-Navy

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In March 1939 the Secretary of War created an "Air Board" chaired by Arnold and instructed it to submit a recommendation for organization and doctrine of the Air Corps. Its report, submitted to Chief of Staff Marshall on 1 September 1939, represented an Army-wide perspective. It became the basis for

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Instead, the two organizations were separated again by a directive from Marshall on 19 November 1940. Army General Headquarters was activated (more than five years after the activation of "its" air force) and GHQ AF placed under it, even though Army GHQ had been activated as a training organization.

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Procurement of aircraft remained a significant problem for the Air Corps until the eve of war, because of diversion of production to the Allies. On 16 May 1940, with the fall of France imminent, President Roosevelt delivered an address to Congress calling for a supplemental appropriation of nearly a

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By the time the Europeans went to war in September 1939, the Americans first expansion lagged so distantly in relation to its goals in manpower and tactical aircraft that Andrews described the Air Corps as a "fifth rate air force." Of its 1,500 combat aircraft, only 800 were rated as first-line, 700

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Lines of authority were also blurred as GHQ Air Force controlled only combat flying units within the continental United States. The Air Corps was responsible for training, aircraft development, doctrine, and supply, while the ground forces corps area commanders still controlled installations and the

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and heads of the airlines. Despite an embarrassing performance that resulted from numerous crashes and 13 fatalities and was deemed a "fiasco" in the media, investigating boards in 1933–1934 recommended organizational and modernization changes that again set the Air Corps on the path to autonomy and

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The acquisition boards put together by the General Staff were hampered by their total unfamiliarity with Air Corps needs, a lack of instructions from a General Staff also unfamiliar with and disinterested in AC requirements, and the slowness of the boards themselves in submitting their reports. The

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series), date the meeting as 14 November. Huston asserts that the Navy was pointedly excluded from the conference and argues that a number of White House "crisis" conferences were held in October and November, most without written record, and that Arnold confused them, inserting the date (in pencil

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The General Staff viewed the "five-year plan" as an opponent of the Army in general and fought it bitterly, citing it as a destructive force at every opportunity. General Drum also chaired the 1933 Drum Board, created specifically to oppose (and revise) plans and appropriation requests submitted by

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with the Air Corps and the Air Force Combat Command (a redesignation of General Headquarters Air Force) as its major components, the War Department also authorized an Air Staff to manage planning and execution of expansion of the air arm and named Arnold as Chief of the Army Air Forces. It did not,

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As a compromise on all these issues, Marshall made Arnold "Acting Deputy Chief of Staff for Air." Although the Air Corps found the compromise unsatisfactory, this provisional position on the general staff did enable him to coordinate the two sections of the air arm until the organizational problems

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The first delivery of B-17Es took place in November 1941. Two-thirds of all Air Corps officers were second lieutenants whose flying experience consisted of their flight training. The Air Corps had 17 major installations and four depots, and most of its 76 airfields were co-located at civil airports

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In a special message to Congress on 12 January 1939, President Roosevelt advised that the threat of a new war made the recommendations of the Baker Board inadequate for American defense and requested approval of a "minimum 3,000-plane increase" for the Air Corps. On 3 April 1939, Congress allocated

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for another mission, strategic bombardment, with which it could persuasively argue for independence from the Army. The cost of the General Staff's resistance in terms of preparedness had been severe, however. Its policies had resulted in the acquisition of obsolete aircraft as first-line equipment,

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At the same time, the General Staff ordered studies from all the service branches to develop drafts for the coming field manuals. The Air Corps Board, a function of the ACTS, submitted a draft in September 1938 that included descriptions of independent air operations, strategic air attacks, and air

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and full engine cowlings. The B-10 proved to be so superior that as its 14 operational test models were delivered in 1934 they were fed into the Air Corps mail operation, and despite some glitches caused by pilot unfamiliarity with the innovations, were a bright spot. The first action to repair the

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The 15 general officer billets consisted of four major generals, and eleven brigadier generals. In addition, the commanding general of GHQAF was promoted to lieutenant general. Only four Air Corps officers achieved the permanent rank of brigadier general before the AAF was created, and only two of

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A coup styled "the revolt of the sergeants" seized the Cuban military and replaced a provisional government sponsored by the Roosevelt Administration with a junta. Although Roosevelt was disposed to intervention as a last resort, warnings that he intended to intervene under the Treaty of 1903 were

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502) became law. Most members of the Army Air Forces also remained members of the Air Corps. In May 1945, 88 percent of officers serving in the Army Air Forces were commissioned in the Air Corps, while 82 percent of enlisted members assigned to AAF units and bases had the Air Corps as their combat

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in 1938. All of these aircraft were obsolete by the time they came into service, and the outbreak of war in Europe spurred development of more capable types. By October 1940, over a year before the United States was drawn into the war, every piston-driven single-seat fighter eventually used by the

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The Drum Board was a panel of five generals formed in August 1933 by the General Staff to oppose recommendations by Air Corps planners for development and expansion to meet defense needs (Tate (1998) pp. 138–139), while the Baker Board was formed after the Air Mail scandal and had as its military

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At this stage, support of airpower in public opinion reached unprecedented highs, increasing pressures from outside the military for an independent air arm with representation in the cabinet. Arnold made a decision to postpone any attempts to exploit the opportunity to push for an independent Air

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In June 1939 the Kilner Board recommended several types of bombers needed to fulfill the Air Corps mission that included aircraft having tactical radii of both 2,000 and 3,000 miles (revised in 1940 to 4,000). Chief of Staff Craig, long an impediment to Air Corps ambitions but nearing retirement,

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As a further consequence of the Air Mail scandal, the Baker Board reviewed the performance of Air Corps aircraft and recognized that civilian aircraft were far superior to planes developed solely to Air Corps specifications. Following up on its recommendation, the Air Corps purchased and tested a

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Arnold, at the direction of President Roosevelt in January 1939, oversaw an expansion of the Air Corps that doubled it in size from 15 to 30 groups by the end of 1940. The separation of the combat organization (GHQ Air Force) from the logistic organization (Air Corps) created serious problems of

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to his headquarters as an unofficial air staff to lay out a plan that would increase the Air Corps to 50,000 men by June 1941. The expansion program of the Air Corps was characterized by repeated upward revision of goals for increasing aircraft production, combat unit totals, the training of new

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by three B-17s while it was 610 nautical miles (1,100 km) off-shore of New York City. Possibly under pressure from the Navy, Craig placed a limit of 100 nautical miles (190 km) on all future off-shore flights by the Army. The services together issued a revised Joint Action statement in

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By 1933 the Air Corps expanded to a tactical strength of 50 squadrons: 21 pursuit, 13 observation, 12 bombardment, and 4 attack. All were understrength in aircraft and men, particularly officers, which resulted in most being commanded by junior officers (commonly first lieutenants) instead of by

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Andrews and Westover were both 1906 graduates of West Point, with Andrews graduating one position higher in class standings. Andrews had originally been a cavalryman, and had married into the inner circles in Washington, while Westover, a former infantry officer with the unfortunate nickname of

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The Air Corps tested and employed a profusion of pursuit, observation, and bomber aircraft during its 15-year history. The advent of the new generation of monoplanes and the emergence of strategic bombardment doctrine led to many designs in the mid and late 1930s that were still in use when the

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The Army and Navy, both cognizant of the continuing movement within the Air Corps for independence, cooperated to resist it. On 11 September 1935, the Joint Board, at the behest of the Navy and with the concurrence of MacArthur, issued a new "Joint Action Statement" that once again asserted the

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New bomber types under development clearly outperformed new pursuit types, particularly in speed and altitude, then considered the primary defenses against interception. In both 1932 and 1933, large-scale maneuvers found fighters unable to climb to altitude quickly enough to intercept attacking

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that proposed 52 squadrons. The act authorized expansion to 1,800 airplanes, 1,650 officers, and 15,000 enlisted men, to be reached in regular increments over a five-year period. None of the goals was reached by July 1932. Neither of the relatively modest increases in airplanes or officers was

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commanders, where it had resided since 1920, and organized them operationally into a strike force of three wings. The GHQ Air Force remained small in comparison to European air forces. On its first day of existence, the command consisted of 60 bombers, 42 attack aircraft, 146 pursuits, and 24

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gave new impetus to the argument for an independent air force. Strategic or long-range bombardment was intended to destroy an enemy's industry and war-making potential, and only an independent service would have a free hand to do so. But despite what it perceived as "obstruction" from the War

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largely as a compromise between the advocates of a separate air arm and those of the traditionalist Army high command who viewed the aviation arm as an auxiliary branch to support the ground forces. Although its members worked to promote the concept of air power and an autonomous air force in

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that the Air Corps would assume responsibility for coastal defense (traditionally a primary function of the Army but a secondary, wartime function of the Navy) beyond the range of the Army's Coast Artillery guns, ending the Navy's apparent duplication of effort in coastal air operations. The

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be augmented by an offensive force of bombardment and pursuit units under the command of Army general headquarters in time of war, and many of its recommendations became Army regulations. The War Department desired to implement the Lassiter Board's recommendations, but the administration of

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authority over his personnel, which was retained by the corps area commander. Base commanders of Air Corps installations reported to as many as four different higher echelons. The issue of control of bases was ameliorated in 1936 when GHQAF bases were exempted from corps area authority on

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The acceleration of the expansion programs resulted in an Air Corps of 156 installations of all types and 100,000 men by the end of 1940. Twenty civilian flight schools and eight technical training schools were contracted to provide additional training facilities, and on 10 August 1940,

3244:, however, states he declined "because of desire of superiors to retain his services within (the) continental U.S." Jones remained at the Army War College with its temporary promotion to colonel until September 1939, then accepted a cavalry assignment and transferred from the Air Corps. 951:

The open insurgency between 1920 and 1935 of airmen foreseeing a need for an independent air force in order to develop fully the potential of airpower had cost the careers of two of its near-legendary lights, Foulois and Mitchell, and nearly cost the reputation of two others, Pratt and

384:. There followed a six-year struggle between adherents of airpower and the supporters of the traditional military services about the value of an independent Air Force, intensified by struggles for funds caused by skimpy budgets, as much an impetus for independence as any other factor. 334:

The Air Corps ceased to have an administrative structure after 9 March 1942, but as "the permanent statutory organization of the air arm, and the principal component of the Army Air Forces," the overwhelming majority of personnel assigned to the AAF were members of the Air Corps.

3459:; Craig; Marshall; and Arnold. He outlined a vigorous and singular call for 10,000 aircraft, but was persuaded by advisers to cut back the number for political reasons. The date of this conference is in dispute. Arnold, from the notes he made on a manila envelope, stated in 3339:) had been 354th. The 1,800 aircraft goal was never reached because of General Staff resistance to the "five-year plan", but the War Plans Division did deem it "acceptable" for implementation of War Plan Red-Orange. The Air Corps, based on studies of joint exercises held at 1347:

as the XC-32, which subsequently became the flying headquarters of Gen. Andrews. The DC-2 so exceeded Air Corps specifications that 17 were purchased under the designation C-33 to equip the first permanent transport unit, the 10th Transport Group, activated in June 1937 at

1561:, acting Chief of the Air Corps, denounced the plan as "disastrous in war". The problems already existing due to the lack of unity of command were exacerbated by the assignment of GHQ Air Force to Army GHQ. Emmons, who had begun his tour junior to Arnold, was promoted to 1599:

however, end the dual chain of command difficulties, as air units of Air Force Combat Command still reported to Army GHQ as well as Headquarters AAF. Two further attempts by Arnold to implement his reorganization were again rejected by the WDGS in October and November.

490:"The bill which was finally enacted purported to be a compromise, but it leaned heavily on the Morrow recommendations. The Air Corps Act of 2 July 1926 effected no fundamental innovation. The change in designation meant no change in status: the Air Corps was still a 3061:

Gillmore had been chief of the Supply Division of the Air Service. Both he and Lahm served a single tour. Of the three assistant chiefs, Fechet succeeded Patrick in December 1927, Gillmore retired on 30 June 1930, and Lahm reverted to his permanent rank on 16 July

1594:) rebuffed the long-held argument that the Air Corps had no wartime mission except support of ground forces, the War Department revised Army Regulation 95-5 on 20 June in an attempt to end the divisions without legislative intervention by Congress. In creating the 1464:

came around to the Air Corps viewpoint after Roosevelt's views became public. Likewise, the War Department General Staff reversed itself and concurred in the requirements, ending the brief moratorium on bomber development and paving the way for work on the B-29.

872:

was the most numerous of the 19 different types and series of observation craft and its A-3 variant the most numerous of the attack planes that fulfilled the observation/close support role designated by the General Staff as the primary mission of the Air Corps.

1630:, each with a commanding general reporting to the Chief of Staff. The Office of Chief of Air Corps (OCAC) was abolished (as was Air Force Combat Command) and the functions of the Air Corps transferred to the AAF, reducing the status of the Air Corps to a 1411:(May 1941). Technological development of fighters occurred so rapidly that by December 1941 both the P-39 and P-40 were approaching obsolescence, even though both had been in production less than 18 months. Bombers developed during this period were the 3514:

A shortage of critical materials and insufficient skilled labor delayed production, which did not begin until April 1941. The first deliveries of the B-17E to the AAF began in November 1941, five months later than scheduled. Its successor, the

1101:. Coupled with "best weight" design of airframes, the controllable pitch propeller resulted in an immediate doubling of speeds and operating ranges without decreasing aircraft weights or increasing engine horsepower, exemplified by the civil 5756: 3235:

Jones, an aviation pioneer and formerly a cavalry officer, was the rarest of Air Corps officers, a "true believer" in the General Staff doctrine. He was one of the few senior Air Corps officers never to have attended or instructed at the

1117:

The successful development of the B-10 and subsequent orders for more than 150 (including its B-12 variant) continued the hegemony of the bomber within the Air Corps that resulted in a feasibility study for a 35-ton 4-engined bomber (the

1192:

Between 1930 and 1938 the Air Corps had obtained a mission in coastal defense that justified both the creation of a centralized strike force and the development of four-engined bombers, and over the resistance of the General Staff

1045:

Department, much of which was attributable to a shortage of funds, the Air Corps made great strides during the 1930s. A doctrine emerged that stressed precision bombing of industrial targets by heavily armed long-range aircraft.

6212: 519:

The Air Corps Act gave authorization to carry out a five-year expansion program. However, a lack of appropriations caused the beginning of the program to be delayed until 1 July 1927. Patrick proposed an increase to 63

411:, was appointed in September 1925 by Coolidge ostensibly to study the "best means of developing and applying aircraft in national defense" but in reality to minimize the political impact of the pending court-martial of 5729: 331:, which embraced the formerly-named General Headquarters Air Force under the new Air Force Combat Command organization for front-line combat operations; this new element, along with the Air Corps, comprised the USAAF. 1096:

1933 was a pivotal year in the advancement of aviation technology in which the all-metal airplane came of age, "practically overnight" in the words of one historian, because of the availability of the first practical

6136: 5739: 5734: 3492:) agrees with Arnold and Coffey (p. 100). Because both dates are marked by notable events involving Nazi Germany (the U.S. broke diplomatic relations with Germany on 14 November), the actual date remains unresolved. 1589:

under centralized control made clear that the fragmenting of authority in the American air arm had resulted in a dangerous lack of clear channels of command. After a joint U.S.-British strategic planning agreement

502:

commands and not the Air Corps, which remained responsible for procurement and maintenance of aircraft, supply, and training. Because of a lack of legally specified duties and responsibilities, the new position of

5778: 3371:

The base commander of Selfridge Field was responsible for various aspects of administration to the CG of GHQAF, the Chief of the Air Corps, the commander of the Sixth Corps Area, and the Chief of the Air Materiel

5761: 927:

placed the blame on him for the Air Corps' failures, he was investigated by a congressional subcommittee alleging corruption in aircraft procurement. The matter resulted in an impasse between committee chairman

319:

that became more acute as the Air Corps enlarged in preparation for World War II. This was resolved by the creation of the Army Air Forces (AAF), making both organizations subordinate to the new higher echelon.

1022:

The Air Corps in January 1931 "got its foot in the door" for developing a mission for which only it would have capability, while at the same time creating a need for technological advancement of its equipment.

1114:

damaged image of the Air Corps involved the movement of ten YB-10s from Bolling Field to Alaska, ostensibly for an airfield survey, but timed to coincide with the release of the Baker Board's report in July.

314:

for centralized control of aviation combat units within the continental United States, separate from but coordinate with the Air Corps. The separation of the Air Corps from control of its combat units caused

1108:

The B-10 featured innovations that became standard internationally for the next decade: an all-metal low wing monoplane, closed cockpits, rotating gun turrets, retractable landing gear, internal bomb bay,

6046: 6034: 3555:

Under a program called the First Aviation Objective, the plan called for 4006 combat aircraft, including 498 long-range bombers in 14 groups, as well as a substantial increase in pursuit planes and units.

3152:. As late as 14 October 1941, CNO Adm. Harold Stark insisted that the "proper" role of Army aviation in coastal defense was support of Navy operations. (Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force", p. 121) 1557:

Its logistical and training structure were again out of its hands, this time under the direct control of the chief of staff, and its airfields again came under control of the corps commanders. Maj. Gen.

1031:

wanted approval of his proposition that all naval aviation including land-based aircraft was by definition tied to carrier-based fleet operations. Pratt reached an agreement with new Army Chief of Staff

3546:

These were the 11th, 22nd, 25th and 29th Bomb Groups; 27th, 31st, 35th, 36th, and 37th Pursuit Groups; and the 28th Composite Group. Of the bomb groups, all but the 22nd were intended to be B-17 units.

1245:

personnel manning them. An example of the difficulties this arrangement imposed on commanders was that while the commander of GHQ Air Force was responsible for the discipline of his command, he had no

5744: 3352:

The wings were organized both functionally and geographically. The 1st was both the bombardment and the Pacific wing, the 2d the pursuit and Atlantic wing, and the 3rd the attack and Gulf Coast wing.

1122:). While it was later found to be unsuitable for combat because the power of existing engines was inadequate for its weight, the XB-15 led to the design of the smaller Model 299, later to become the 1233:. Administratively it organized the forces into four geographical districts (which later became the first four numbered air forces) that paralleled the four field army headquarters created in 1933. 1277:

prototypes, enough to equip one squadron for operational testing and a thirteenth aircraft for stress testing, with deliveries made from January to August 1937. The cost of the aircraft disturbed

5773: 3052:

All Air Corps generals held temporary ranks. The Air Corps did not have a member promoted to permanent establishment general officer until 1937, and he was promptly removed from the Air Corps.

1206:

A major step toward creation of a separate air force occurred on 1 March 1935 with the activation of a centralized, air force-level command headed by an aviator answering directly to the Army

5913: 937:

firing Foulois for his perceived attitude as a radical airman and his public criticisms of the administration during the controversy. He retired in December 1935 for the good of the service.

3528:

The Kilner Board, appointed by Arnold, was chaired by Assistant Chief of the Air Corps Brig. Gen. Walter G. "Mike" Kilner, a veteran pursuit pilot and proponent of an independent Air Force.

3343:, Florida, found the number dangerously inadequate, concluding that 4,459 aircraft was the minimum needed to defend the United States against air attack in the event of War Plan Red-Orange. 6063: 3435:

Roosevelt's plans were more far-reaching than the speech indicates. At a confidential and historic conference in the White House in late 1938, Roosevelt met with Secretary of the Treasury

498:

The position of the air arm within the Department of War remained essentially the same as before, that is, the flying units were under the operational control of the various ground forces

6131: 5824: 1479:

for air defense of the hemisphere, developed in April 1939, called for 50,000 men (12,000 pilots). Its ten new combat groups were activated on 1 February 1940. Following the successful

3081:

The primary difference between the types is the twin-finned tail of the former, and the single vertical stabilizer of the latter design, which gave it marginally superior performance.

3404:

This group had operated as the provisional "1st Transport Group" between 1932 and 1937, with a squadron serving each of the Air Corps' four air depots. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 7 p. 4)

1371:

Even with the doctrine of strategic bombardment as its priority, the Air Corps belatedly sought to modernize its tactical combat force under GHQ Air Force, bringing into service the

407:

in December 1925 proposed a unified air force independent of the Army and Navy, plus a department of defense to coordinate the three armed services. However another board, headed by

3226:(Field Service Regulations) on 21 July 1943 in what many in the Army Ground Forces viewed as the Army Air Forces' "Declaration of Independence." (AGF Historical Study No. 35, p. 47) 5865: 1153:'s course on the use of airpower reiterated the General Staff position and taught that airpower was of limited value when employed independently. Using attaché reports from both 6070: 1565:

to make him equal to the commanders of the field armies also controlled by Army GHQ. This forced him to report to and act under an inferior in rank (both Arnold and Brett were

3294:

The R&D restriction was rescinded in October 1938 following the Munich Conference, although the ban on buying more B-17s in FY 1940 and 1941 remained. (Greer 1985, p. 100)

1056:, where it taught a 36-week course for junior and mid-career officers that included military aviation theory. The Bombardment Section, under the direction of its chief, Major 376:

after America entered the war in April 1917 as the increasing use of airplanes and the military uses of aviation were readily apparent as the war continued to its climax, the

3564:

The original goals of the Second Aviation Objective were 84 combat groups; 7,799 tactical aircraft; and the annual addition of 30,000 pilots and 100,000 technical personnel.

6058: 5721: 5704: 3139:

Two YB-10s were landed with their landing gear still up, both by experienced aviators, one a major with 100 hours in aircraft with retractable gear. (Maurer 1987, p. 311)

2606: 1622:. On that date, War Department Circular 59 formalized the changes, abolishing Army GHQ and organizing the Army into three autonomous components: the Army Air Forces, the 1060:, became influential in the development of doctrine and its dissemination throughout the Air Corps. Nine of its instructors became known throughout the Air Corps as the " 6397: 6151: 5654: 221: 6222: 5850: 5768: 5709: 5423: 3240:. Following his controversial endorsement, the War Department offered him a command with a temporary promotion to brigadier general. His autobiographical entry in the 3276:

J.B. 349. The ruling also further blocked the Project A bomber by decreeing that there was no reconnaissance need for an aircraft with range beyond that of the B-17.

1250:

recommendation of the Inspector General's Department, but in November 1940 it was restored again to Corps Area control when Army General Headquarters was activated.

6179: 5751: 3263:

The rejection was by Secretary of War Woodring of a request by Westover in May 1938 that all funds remaining for the B-15 be applied to the development of a single

6317: 6156: 6114: 6109: 5687: 1591: 1309: 6104: 5829: 5699: 5074: 6029: 3516: 3413:

The B-36 fulfilled the requirements of Project D, the ultra-range bomber envisioned by Air Corps planners in 1935 but rejected by the War Department in 1938.

1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 798: 1675:(activated), the organization of the Air Corps shown here remained essentially unchanged until activation of the first expansion groups on 1 February 1940. 1007:, recommended that the Air Corps adopt two types of all-metal monoplane bombers, a short-range day bomber and a long-range night bomber. Instructors at the 327:, the Army Air Corps' existence as the primary air arm of the U.S. Army changed to that of solely being the training and logistics elements of the then-new 6194: 3179:

resigned from the service the day following its issuance. This dichotomy of regulations and principles ended in 1939 with the creation of field manuals.

6096: 6053: 5677: 288: 6346: 6255: 6189: 6174: 5799: 5682: 3700: 3163: 2918: 1492: 1207: 1181:

development program for a very long range bomber. In collaboration with the Navy, the Joint Board (whose senior member was Army Chief of Staff Gen.

504: 447: 6232: 6146: 6141: 786:, activated in 1922 as part of the Air Service, remained the only wing organization in the new Air Corps until 1929, when it was redesignated the 3254:

Board for resolution. His influence ended the next year when he was replaced as Deputy Chief of Staff by George C. Marshall. (Greer 1985, p. 95)

1177:" that recommended development of long-range, high altitude, high-speed aircraft for bombardment and reconnaissance to accomplish that defense. 857:(1929–1935) families, and before the 1934 introduction of the all-metal monoplane, most front-line bombers were canvas-and-wood variants of the 6250: 6041: 5714: 4560: 4525: 4499: 3222:

on 16 June 1942. FM 1–5 was itself superseded after just three years following disputes over control of air power in North Africa by FM 100-20

1138:

A month later (15 October 1935), the General Staff released a revision of the doctrinal guide for the Air Corps, training regulation TR 440-15

1098: 404: 5561: 5432: 5391: 5352: 5266: 5232: 5170: 5147: 5132: 5117: 5102: 5014: 940:

The Roosevelt administration began a search for his replacement in September 1935, narrowing the choice to two of the three assistant chiefs,

6392: 6217: 5647: 1627: 1496: 6341: 5898: 3740:

to the 2nd BG. The 9th Group's 14th BS and 2nd Group's 54th BS, neither of which had operational duties, were inactivated at the same time.

3117:. War plans involving Great Britain ("Red") as an opponent were not officially excluded from United States war planning until January 1938. 1989: 1487:

was approved on 12 July, although funding approval could not keep pace and only 25 additional groups were activated on 15 January 1941. An

5592: 1356:. In 1939 the Air Corps recognized that it might soon require large numbers of modern air transports for use in war and purchased 35 DC-2/ 1169:

with the comment: "No doctrine is sacrosanct, and of all military doctrines, that of the Air Corps should be the last to be so regarded."

6336: 6302: 6259: 3114: 2924: 2165: 1230: 5062: 3488:, uses 14 November, but concedes that expansion plans were well underway before November, and that Arnold was possibly correct. Greer ( 6402: 6126: 5986: 5878: 4974:

McClendon (1996), pp. 132–141. The three documents referenced, AR 95-5, EO 9082, and WD Circular 59, are reproduced in their entirety.

3267:, a design improvement of the B-15 with more powerful engines. Instead, the funds were diverted to buy more B-18s. (Greer 1985, p. 99) 1562: 537:

forced reductions in pay and modernization across the board in the Army. Organizationally the Air Corps doubled from seven to fifteen

452: 4642: 1093:

prototypes, a failure so complete that Westover, following the 1933 maneuvers, actually proposed elimination of pursuits altogether.

6169: 5551: 5519: 5500: 5485: 5467: 5365: 5345: 5329: 5311: 5221: 5198: 5088: 5044: 5030: 3856: 2335: 1909: 1817: 1637:

The Congress did not disestablish the Army Air Corps as a combat arm until 26 July 1947, when the National Security Act of 1947 (61

464: 138: 6351: 6370: 6312: 6263: 5845: 5640: 3776: 3574:

Air Corps estimated that the 54-group program was set back two months by the failures. (Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136)

2930: 1927: 1788: 912: 1287:

The moratorium also resulted from the enmity of the Navy incurred by the Air Corps on 12 May 1938 when it widely publicized the

1064:", eight of whom (including George) went on to be generals during World War II. Conversely, pursuit tacticians, primarily Capt. 6164: 5883: 5855: 3657: 3149: 2236: 2013: 1349: 751: 3113:

The Drum Board derived its figure as the number necessary to maintain 2,072 "serviceable" planes for its worst-case scenario,

239: 6307: 6267: 5609: 2936: 2450: 2367: 1542: 1278: 1150: 542: 397: 392: 377: 361: 268: 1850: 3749:

These four squadrons were inactivated on 1 September 1936 and replaced by the 61st through 64th School Squadrons inclusive.

6407: 6322: 6275: 5624: 3725: 2945: 2363: 2322: 2261: 2240: 2047: 1607:, to chair a "War Department Reorganization Committee" within the War Plans Division, using Arnold's plan as a blueprint. 1595: 1566: 483: 328: 276: 227: 5600:

Many of the veterans included in this collections served in the United States Army Air Corps and share their experiences.

1360:

hybrids, designated the C-39. After the fall of France, the Air Corps in September 1940 ordered 200 untried and unproven

6287: 3737: 3395:

was actually that distance in nautical miles offshore on her last position report as the B-17s were taxiing for takeoff.

2433: 2137: 1969: 1792: 1672: 1416: 1011:(ACTS), also then at Langley, took the concept one step further in March 1930 by recommending that the types instead be 837:

B-6A of 1st Bomb Squadron, 9th BG, 1935. The dual stripes on the fuselage denote the aircraft of the squadron commander.

746: 403:

chose instead to economize by radically cutting military budgets, particularly the Army's. The Lampert Committee of the

5583: 3001: 2440: 1961: 1957: 1813: 1428: 1420: 1404: 1274: 1123: 1080:"Gear down" test flight of the Boeing Y1B-9 bomber in 1932. At the time it was faster than any existing pursuit plane. 726: 446:

780) became law on 2 July 1926. In accordance with the Morrow Board's recommendations, the act created an additional

3519:, followed less than six months later however and was the primary AAF bomber in its first year of combat operations. 3148:

The Joint Action Statement fostered a lack of inter-service cooperation on coastal defense that continued until the

459:" as its branch insignia through its disestablishment in 1947. Patrick became Chief of the Air Corps and Brig. Gen. 5888: 3733: 3043:(and not for the first nor last time by General Staff opponents of Air Corps independence) as a "promotion scheme". 2429: 2318: 2142: 2089: 1839: 1158: 782: 6281: 5893: 5814: 5694: 3237: 2454: 2425: 2408: 2220: 1965: 1809: 1771: 1408: 1186: 1024: 1008: 731: 175: 6184: 6121: 3669: 3653: 3593: 3176: 3006: 1996: 1545:

mess of World War I. In March 1939, with the replacement of Andrews as commander of GHQ Air Force by Maj. Gen.

929: 893: 524:(from an existing 32) to maintain the program of the Lassiter Board already in effect, but Chief of Staff Gen. 3715:

and the other combat arms also had their chiefs abolished and functions transferred to the Army Ground Forces.

346:

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress Assembled

5336: 3843: 3171:

which stated combat principles for each combatant arm. TR 440-15 had been first issued on 26 January 1926 as

1573:

were repaired. Even in the short run, however, coordination proved to be no substitute for unity of command.

6297: 6227: 6016: 5663: 4809:

AAF Statistical Digest, Table 4 – Military Personnel in Continental U.S. and Overseas, By Type of Personnel.

3729: 3645: 3609: 3011: 2951: 2205: 2147: 1432: 1400: 1288: 482:

Of the new law and organization, however, Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate in the official history of the

31: 5529: 307:, its primary purpose by Army policy remained support of ground forces rather than independent operations. 279:(USAAF) on 20 June 1941, giving it greater autonomy from the Army's middle-level command structure. During 5543: 5303: 5275: 3665: 3633: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3597: 3091: 2848: 2250: 2224: 2127: 2081: 1951: 1799: 1757: 1746: 1723: 1688: 1558: 1049: 1000: 901: 689: 683: 664: 616: 295: 5597: 3601: 3537:

The service was not authorized an official air staff until creation of the Army Air Forces in June 1941.

3127: 2993: 2898: 2884: 2877: 2446: 2392: 2382: 2342: 2192: 2184: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2029: 2021: 1935: 1931: 1899: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1753: 1684: 1618:

effective 9 March 1942, making him co-equal with the commanding generals of the other components of the

1546: 1512: 1365: 1361: 1238: 1166: 924: 705: 643: 638: 622: 575: 570: 538: 3039:

Gen. Patrick's proposal of an Air Corps equivalent to the Marine Corps was characterized by Brig. Gen.

1048:

This doctrine resulted because of several factors. The Air Corps Tactical School moved in July 1931 to

1019:, the latter capable of long range carrying a heavy bomb load that could also be used during daylight. 806:. The three wings became the foundation of General Headquarters Air Force upon its activation in 1935. 5478:

The Politics of Air Power: From Confrontation to Cooperation in Army Aviation Civil-Military Relations

3820: 1076: 796:

to provide a bombardment wing on each coast. The 1st Bomb Wing was activated in 1931, followed by the

541:, but the expansion was meaningless because all were seriously understrength in aircraft and pilots. ( 6006: 6001: 5903: 3649: 3625: 3621: 3613: 3436: 3332: 2979: 2458: 2419: 2388: 2371: 2279: 2188: 2110: 2099: 1947: 1921: 1735: 1704: 1424: 1396: 1281: 1065: 996: 792: 659: 591: 476: 472: 4564: 4529: 4503: 2056: 1467:

Over the winter of 1938–1939, Arnold transferred a group of experienced officers headed by Lt. Col.

1456:

in the first quarter of 1941. The first large order for heavy bomber production, 512 combat-capable

6011: 5996: 5991: 5439: 5398: 5371: 5279: 5239: 5180: 5165: 5157: 5142: 5127: 5112: 5097: 3464: 2305: 1981: 1392: 1324: 763: 521: 5598:

Texas Military Veteran Video Oral Histories – Newton Gresham Library, Sam Houston State University

463:

continued as his first assistant chief. On 17 July 1926, two lieutenant colonels were promoted to

5976: 5923: 5908: 5873: 5819: 2619: 2326: 2017: 1939: 1913: 1905: 1863: 1846: 1805: 1784: 1767: 1700: 1623: 1619: 1604: 1550: 1495:. When the QMC failed to put new air bases in place in either an efficient or timely manner, the 1412: 1368:, the forerunner of the more than 10,000 C-47s and related variants that served in World War II. 1224:

GHQ Air Force took control of all combat air units in the United States from the jurisdiction of

941: 919:

The most serious fallout from the Air Mail fiasco was the retirement under fire of Major General

529: 381: 272: 260: 96: 1319:. Among the key technology items developed were oxygen and cabin pressurization systems, engine 5057: 822:

The Air Corps adopted a new color scheme for painting its aircraft in 1927, heretofore painted

310:

On 1 March 1935, still struggling with the issue of a separate air arm, the Army activated the

6292: 5981: 5956: 5547: 5515: 5496: 5481: 5463: 5417: 5361: 5341: 5325: 5307: 5217: 5194: 5084: 5040: 5026: 3862: 3852: 3772: 3673: 3444: 3340: 2412: 2401: 1871: 1778: 1763: 1499:

was then assigned the task, although it continued to implement the policies already in place.

1384: 1376: 1154: 1041: 1033: 904:, came into service in 1933 and bridged the gap between the biplane and more modern fighters. 889: 631: 508: 533:

accomplished until 1938 because adequate funds were never appropriated and the coming of the

6074: 5961: 5946: 5936: 5206:

From the Wright Brothers to the Astronauts: The Memoirs of Major General Benjamin D. Foulois

5037:

Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold

3468: 3440: 2746: 2611: 2131: 2121: 1480: 1328: 1323:(systems essential for high-altitude combat), advanced radio communication systems, such as 1218: 1110: 1057: 1028: 920: 908: 850: 676: 534: 388: 324: 204: 142: 5392:"Organization of Military Aeronautics, 1907–1935 (Congressional and War Department Action)" 3104:

members (who controlled the agenda) the five generals of the Drum Board (Tate pp. 143–145).

511:

from July 1926 to March 1933, proved of little help in promoting autonomy for the air arm.

5971: 5966: 5951: 5941: 5931: 5214:

Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force 1907–1960, Vol. I

5174: 5151: 5136: 5121: 5106: 5066: 4646: 4639: 3789: 3759: 3703:

for a Department of Defense and an independent Air Force. (Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 17)

3696: 3456: 3452: 2814: 1875: 1742: 1582: 1524: 1174: 953: 584: 400: 369: 300: 209: 163: 4055:

Shiner, "The Heyday of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939", p. 136, 120, for the GHQAF figure.

1611: 3661: 3448: 2780: 2309: 2271: 1719: 1162: 945: 869: 710: 596: 456: 412: 373: 256: 116: 2737: 287:

of the Army until 1947, when it was legally abolished by legislation establishing the

6386: 6331: 6327: 3686:

those (Arnold, who was the last of the four, and Andrews) still had air force duties.

3641: 3637: 3264: 2678: 2353: 1380: 1372: 1246: 992: 984: 885: 861: 858: 827: 823: 605: 525: 468: 431: 420: 408: 380:

gained permanent legislative authority in 1920 as a combatant arm of the line of the

86: 3473:

American Airpower Comes of Age: General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold's World War II Diaries

876:

Transport aircraft used during the first ten years of the Air Corps were of largely

283:, although not an administrative echelon, the Air Corps (AC) remained as one of the 3336: 2805: 2712: 2615: 2346: 2157: 2068: 1357: 1344: 1320: 1316: 1262: 1119: 1102: 1061: 988: 881: 865: 780:

As units of the Air Corps increased in number, so did higher command echelons. The

766: 609: 528:

rejected the recommendation in favor of a plan drawn up by ground force Brig. Gen.

460: 280: 186: 3030:

The Coolidge administration boasted of cutting the War Department's budget by 75%.

2064: 1977: 5009:. Office of Statistical Control, Headquarters AAF. Washington, D.C. December 1945 4686: 3423: 2905: 2357: 2292: 2288: 2175: 1831: 1631: 1468: 1182: 1090: 1086: 933: 900:

majors as authorized. The last open-cockpit fighter used by the Air Corps, the

854: 841: 739: 719: 698: 652: 491: 455:

and that flight pay be awarded were continued. The Air Corps also retained the "

435: 365: 284: 264: 159: 983:

In March 1928, commenting on the lack of survivability in combat of his unit's

907:

The Air Corps was called upon in early 1934 to deliver mail in the wake of the

3502: 3040: 2969: 2839: 2703: 1253: 1225: 499: 3190:

subordinated like all other elements to whatever team it happens to accompany

1543:

Division of Military Aeronautics/Bureau of Aircraft Production dual-authority

868:(127 B-3A, B-4A, B-5, and B-6A bombers) designs. Between 1927 and 1934, the 3851:(reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. p. 8. 3463:(p. 177, with which Coffey agrees) that it took place on 28 September while 3313:

Four ground force field army headquarters were established at the same time.

3094:, who commanded the 13th Attack Squadron for four years as a 1st Lieutenant. 2771: 2378: 2000: 1586: 1334: 304: 106: 48: 2669: 833: 5632: 5278:: (USAF Historical Study 89). Center For Air Force History. Archived from 3758:

In September 1936 the wing became a general officer billet and Brig. Gen.

3285:

The funds, already appropriated, were then used to buy more light bombers.

1826: 1391:

Notable fighters developed during the late 1930s and early 1940s were the

814: 5300:

The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II

5144:

Volume Four – The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan: August 1942 – July 1944

3712: 2254: 2103: 2007: 1879: 1854: 1708: 1692: 1194: 1004: 877: 668: 5159:

Volume Five – The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki: June 1944-August 1945

3695:

The popularity of the concept is reflected in the advocacy by candidate

3322:

These divisions were specifically four infantry and three horse cavalry.

845:

P-26A in livery of 19th Pursuit Squadron, 18th PG, Wheeler Field, Hawaii

802:

in 1932 to protect the Mexican border, at which time the 1st became the

3072:

Chief of Air Corps Foulois that were not to the General Staff's liking.

2228: 1610:

Based on the recommendations of McNarney's committee, Roosevelt issued

1553:, but it was immediately opposed by the General Staff in all respects. 1053: 426: 5510:

Shiner, John F. (1997). "The Heyday of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939".

5512:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

5493:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

5460:

Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force

5114:

Volume Two – Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942 – December 1943

3788:

In June 1936 the wing became a general officer billet and Brig. Gen.

1508: 1270: 17: 5573:(USAF Historical Study No. 84). Air Force Historical Research Agency 3188:

Dern's characterization of the Air Corps' role in February 1934 as "

1511:

was contracted to provide meteorological and navigation training at

5233:"Development of AAF Base Facilities in the United States 1939–1945" 5129:

Volume Three – Europe: Argument to V-E Day: January 1944 – May 1945

5099:

Volume One – Plans and Early Operations: January 1939 – August 1942

4676:

Williams (1953), p. 12. Public Law 18, 76th Congress, 1st Session.

2605: 2313: 2287: 2063: 2055: 1976: 1825: 1718: 1671:

1937 exchange of the 12th Observation Group (inactivated) for the

1333: 1252: 1075: 840: 832: 813: 425: 238: 5566:(USAF Historical Study 61). Air Force Historical Research Agency. 5540:

The Army and its Air Corps: Army Policy Toward Aviation 1919–1941

3391:

The distance is commonly but erroneously given as 725 miles. The

2471:

Strength (i.e., number of personnel) as of 30 June of each year.

2295:

of 6th Pursuit Squadron, 18th PG 1935–1938, Wheeler Field, Hawaii

3866: 3214:

on 10 February 1941, War Department Basic Field Manual FM 31–35

1353: 755: 5636: 4984:

Correll, John T. (July 2009). "But What About the Air Corps?".

4640:

Message of President Roosevelt to the Congress, 12 January 1939

3126:

The Joint Army-Navy Board was the rudimentary precursor of the

2942:

U.S. Army Air Corps 2 July 1926 – 20 June 1941*

5531:

Seventy-Five Years of Inflight Refueling: Highlights 1923-1998

5268:

The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

4247:

Shiner, "The Hey Day of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939", p. 150.

3490:

The Development of Air Doctrine in the Army Air Arm, 1917–1941

3192:" leaves no doubt as to the Army's position about its purpose. 1984:

of the 13th Attack Squadron, 3d AG, Barksdale Field, Louisiana

977:

Gen. Douglas MacArthur, Adm. William V. Pratt, 7 January 1931

777:²Redesignated 17th Attack Group (1935), 17th Bomb Group (1939) 4459:

Shiner, "The Heyday of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939", p. 146.

4319:

Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force, 1935–1939", p. 133.

3471:. Other historians, including Gen. John W. Huston, editor of 3173:

Fundamental Principles for the Employment of the Air Service

2024:(51st Attack Squadron detached to Air Corps Tactical School) 5491:

Shiner, John F. (1997). "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force".

5458:

Nalty, Bernard C. (1997). "Reaction to the war in Europe".

5079:

Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983).

3212:

Tactics and Technique of Air Reconnaissance and Observation

1834:) of 31st Bomb Squadron, 7th BG, Hamilton Field, California 1581:

In the spring of 1941, the combat successes of the British

5534:

Air Force History and Museums, Air University, Maxwell AFB

5015:

Tables 1–73, Combat Groups, Personnel, Training, and Crews

3475:, and Mark Skinner Watson, in the Army's official history 3218:

on 9 April 1942, and Army Air Forces Field Manual FM 1–75

968: 438:(upper) on aerial maneuvers over Burbank, California, 1930 5586:

Air Force Magazine: Journal of the Air Force Association

1515:, Florida, until military schools could be established. 5438:. (USAF Historical Study No. 10). AFHRA. Archived from 5397:. (USAF Historical Study No. 25). AFHRA. Archived from 4468:

Correll, John T.(December 2008), "Rendezvous With the

2473: 552: 5779:

Senate Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

5238:. Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from 5071:

United States Army in World War II: The War Department

3505:

to the RAF under the designation "Fortress I" in 1941.

1161:, and endorsed by a senior Air Corps instructor, Col. 467:

for four-year terms as assistant chiefs of Air Corps:

5762:

House Armed Services Subcommittee on Strategic Forces

4864:

Official Register of the United States 1941, Volume I

5261:. Historical Section Army Ground Forces, AD-A954 913 4337:

Correll, John T. (September 2008). "GHQ Air Force",

1912:, 54th, 2nd Bombardment Squadron Detrick Field, and 6241: 6203: 6087: 5922: 5864: 5838: 5807: 5798: 5670: 5360:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. 5257:Greenfield, Col. Kent Roberts (1948). Study No. 35 4180: 4178: 4159: 4157: 3467:was preparing to return to Germany to complete the 3447:; Secretary of War Woodring; Secretary of the Navy 316: 220: 215: 197: 192: 182: 170: 148: 134: 122: 112: 102: 92: 74: 66: 58: 41: 27:

Air warfare branch of the US Army from 1926 to 1941

5757:House Subcommittee on Tactical Air and Land Forces 5571:Legislative History of the AAF and USAF, 1941–1951 5563:Combat Crew and Training Units in the AAF, 1939–45 4952: 4950: 4866:, U.S. Civil Service Commission publication, p. 48 4594:Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force", p. 159. 4112:Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force", p. 116. 2948: 20 June 1941 – 18 September 1947* 364:had a brief but turbulent history. Created during 5259:Army Ground Forces and the Air-Ground Battle Team 4658:Shiner, "The Coming of the GHQ Air Force", p. 155 5324:, Office of Air Force History, Washington, D.C. 5204:Foulois, Benjamin D. Glines, Carroll V. (1968). 5059:Washington Command Post: The Operations Division 5007:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II 4446: 4444: 1229:transports, amounting to 40% of strength in the 5390:Mooney, Chase C. and Layman, Martha E. (1944). 5051:The History of the Twentieth Air Force: Genesis 1481:German invasion of France and the Low Countries 1269:In January 1936, the Air Corps contracted with 1105:transport and the military Martin B-10 bomber. 826:. The wings and tails of aircraft were painted 343: 1310:List of military aircraft of the United States 1130:General Staff resistance to Air Corps doctrine 849:Most pursuit fighters before 1935 were of the 243:United States Army Air Corps Recruiting Poster 5648: 5433:"Organization of the Army Air Arm, 1935–1945" 5075:United States Army Center of Military History 3477:Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Preparations 475:, and William E. Gillmore, in command of the 8: 5422:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3161:Since 1923 Army doctrine had been stated in 1916:(54th detached to Air Corps Tactical School) 1261:. The navigator for the mission was 1st Lt. 5191:The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 3382:was supported by both Andrews and Westover. 3210:(bombardment) on 20 November 1940, FM 1–20 2213:46th, 47th, 52nd, and 53rd School Squadrons 1726:of 34th Pursuit Squadron, 17th PG 1934–1935 965:Strategic bombardment in roles and missions 271:on 2 July 1926, and was part of the larger 30:For the current active service branch, see 5804: 5655: 5641: 5633: 5603: 4827:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 173–175) 4692:Volume 162, Issue 1, January 1985, p. 124. 4072: 4070: 2939: 24 May 1918 – 2 July 1926 2933: 20 May 1918 – 24 May 1918 4791:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 134–136. 4782:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 105–106. 4719:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 600–602 4621:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, pp. 198–199. 3583:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, pp. 173–174 790:in anticipation of the activation of the 6398:1926 establishments in the United States 5593:U.S. Air Force Historical Studies Office 5182:Volume Seven – Services Around the World 4931: 4929: 4874: 4872: 4630:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 109–110 4138: 4136: 3815: 3813: 2630: 1299:Modernization and expansion of the force 1289:interception of the Italian ocean liner 1140:Employment of the Air Forces of the Army 5189:Eden, Paul and Soph Moeng, eds (2002). 5083:, Air Force Historical Studies Office, 4362: 4360: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3809: 3206:(pursuit) on 9 September 1940, FM 1–10 3167:, which were general in character, and 3023: 2954: 18 September 1947 – present 2614:, Assistant Chief of Air Corps (left); 2120:Eighth Corps Area, United States Army, 2080:Second Corps Area, United States Army, 543:Origin of first seven groups shown here 391:officers, recommended in 1923 that the 5851:Operational Test and Evaluation Center 5715:Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force 5415: 5337:Air Force Combat Units of World War II 4649:The entire message is reproduced here. 3845:Air Force Combat Units of World War II 3821:"Records of the Army Air Forces (AAF)" 2913:Lineage of the United States Air Force 2901:, 20 June 1941 – 17 December 1941 2622:, Chief of Materiel Division, in 1931. 2156:Ninth Corps Area, United States Army, 2098:Sixth Corps Area, United States Army, 2050:detached to Air Corps Tactical School) 1665:, both USAF Historical Research Center 1663:Air Force Combat Units of World War II 923:as Chief of Air Corps. Soon after the 864:(60 LB-5A, LB-6 and LB-7 bombers) and 494:with less prestige than the Infantry." 38: 5208:. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. 3204:Tactics and Technique of Air Fighting 1541:coordination nearly identical to the 53:Branch insignia of the Army Air Corps 7: 5322:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 4800:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 173 3728:was attached to the 19th BG and the 3501:20 additional B-17Cs were delivered 3216:Aviation in Support of Ground Forces 1717:19th Airship Squadron, Langley Field 1659:Aviation in the U.S. Army, 1919–1939 1519:or were small strips on Army posts. 1189:, which was approved on 2 December. 5081:The Army Air Forces In World War II 4905:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 114–115 4375:Correll, "GHQ Air Force", pp.63–64. 3736:was attached to the 9th BG and the 3224:Command and Employment of Air Power 3208:Tactics and Technique of Air Attack 2919:Aeronautical Division, Signal Corps 1616:Commanding General, Army Air Forces 6352:Air & Space Forces Association 5769:Senate Committee on Armed Services 5053:(USAF Historical Study 112). AFHRA 4667:Coffey (1982), p. 179, 392 Note 27 3481:United States Army in World War II 3451:; General Counsel of the Treasury 2887:, 1 March 1939 – 20 June 1941 2880:, 1 March 1935 – 1 March 1939 2871:Commanding generals, GHQ Air Force 2174:Air Corps Advanced Flying School, 1820:(23d & 72d BS based in Hawaii) 1614:, which changed Arnold's title to 1144:Employment of Aviation of the Army 505:Assistant Secretary of War for Air 130:152,125 men, 6,777 aircraft (1941) 25: 4411:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, pp. 31–33 3888:Mooney and Layman (1944), p. 117. 3455:; Chief of Naval Operations Adm. 3242:Cullum Register of USMA graduates 2921:1 August 1907 – 18 July 1914 2204:Air Corps Primary Flying School, 1714:9th Airship Squadron, Scott Field 1217:Among the recommendations of the 1072:Technological advances in bombers 294:The Air Corps was renamed by the 126:14,650 men, 1,646 aircraft (1932) 6366: 6365: 6264:Division of Military Aeronautics 5789: 5688:Under Secretary of the Air Force 5480:, University of Nebraska Press. 4310:Cate (1945), pp. 5–6 and 22 2986: 2972: 2931:Division of Military Aeronautics 2838: 2804: 2770: 2736: 2702: 2668: 2060:PT-13, Air Corps primary trainer 810:Aircraft and personnel 1926–1935 549:Air Corps groups added 1927–1937 226: 79: 47: 5569:Williams, Edwin L. Jr. (1953). 5340:, Office of Air Force History. 4887:Correll, "GHQ Air Force", p.66. 4878:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 18. 4737:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 600 4612:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 212 4028:Maurer (1987), pp. 213 and 365. 3879:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 31. 3779:from the 19th BG were attached. 3486:Army Air Forces in World War II 3422:Arnold called this speech the " 3150:Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 2927:18 July 1914 – 20 May 1918 2235:51st Attack, 54th Bombardment, 1866:(attached to 8th Pursuit Group) 1577:Creation of the Army Air Forces 1040:The formulation of theories of 387:The Lassiter Board, a group of 128:16,863 men, 855 aircraft (1936) 6175:Reserve Officer Training Corps 6132:Judge Advocate General's Corps 5774:Senate Subcommittee on Airland 5752:House Armed Services Committee 5610:United States Army Air Service 5588:, May 2006, Volume 89 Number 5 4944:Craven and Cate Vol. 6, p. vii 4923:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 115 4914:Craven and Cate, Vol. 6, p. 20 4896:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 114 4563:. NMUSAF. 2009. Archived from 4528:. NMUSAF. 2009. Archived from 4502:. NMUSAF. 2009. Archived from 4283:Futrell (1989), pp. 89–90 4151:Eden and Moeng (2002), p. 931. 3956:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 29. 3732:to the 7th BG. The 2nd Wing's 2925:Aviation Section, Signal Corps 2908:– c. January 1942 – 5 May 1942 2634: 2407:(Lt. Col. William C. McChord, 1679:General Headquarters Air Force 1212:General Headquarters Air Force 354:Public Law 69-446, 2 July 1926 312:General Headquarters Air Force 269:United States Army Air Service 1: 6323:Women Airforce Service Pilots 5625:United States Army Air Forces 5616:United States Army Air Corps 4585:Craven and Cate, Vol. 7, p. 5 4489:Bowman (1997), pp. 7–11. 4393:Tate (1998), pp. 146 and 150. 4366:Craven and Cate Vol. 1, p. 31 3842:Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) . 2032:, Barksdale Field, Louisiana 2010:, Barksdale Field, Louisiana 1830:Martin B-12A (variant of the 1646:Organization of the Air Corps 1536:Unity of Command difficulties 484:United States Army Air Forces 329:United States Army Air Forces 277:United States Army Air Forces 263:between 1926 and 1941. After 6393:United States Army Air Corps 5476:Rice, Rondall Ravon (2004). 4687:"Our Still-Flying Fortress." 3304:made to the revolutionaries. 2830:2 years, 264 days 2796:2 years, 273 days 2443:, Albrook Field, Canal Zone 2422:, Albrook Field, Canal Zone 2249:Air Corps Technical School, 1651:Army Air Corps, 1 March 1935 1531:Dissolution of the Air Corps 1417:North American B-25 Mitchell 1415:(first flown October 1938), 1364:from Curtiss-Wright and 545 750: 730: 688: 663: 642: 621: 595: 574: 492:combatant branch of the Army 317:problems of unity of command 249:United States Army Air Corps 42:United States Army Air Corps 5678:Department of the Air Force 5351:McClendon, R. Earl (1996). 5212:Futrell, Robert F. (1989). 5193:. London: Amber Books Ltd. 5167:Volume Six – Men and Planes 4500:"Factsheets: Douglas XC-32" 4046:Maurer (1987), pp. 216–219. 4037:Maurer (1987), pp. 214–215. 3002:Bird of Paradise (aircraft) 2892:as Air Force Combat Command 2694:1 year, 164 days 1460:, was placed in July 1940. 1429:Consolidated B-32 Dominator 1421:Consolidated B-24 Liberator 1405:North American P-51 Mustang 1124:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress 774:¹Inactivated on 20 May 1937 515:Five-year expansion program 289:Department of the Air Force 275:. The Air Corps became the 6424: 5683:Secretary of the Air Force 5528:Smith, Richard K. (1998). 5298:Griffith, Charles (1999). 5231:Futrell, Robert F (1951). 5035:Coffey, Thomas M. (1982). 5021:Bowman, Martin W. (1997). 4764:Futrell (1951), pp. 23–24. 4561:"Factsheets: Douglas C-39" 4526:"Factsheets: Douglas C-33" 3701:1940 presidential campaign 2728:4 years, 6 days 2618:, Chief of Air Corps; and 2434:44th Observation Squadrons 2372:50th Observation Squadrons 2327:28th Bombardment Squadrons 1970:99th Bombardment Squadrons 1924:, Langley Field, Virginia 1914:96th Bombardment Squadrons 1902:, Langley Field, Virginia 1818:72nd Bombardment Squadrons 1802:, March Field, California 1781:, March Field, California 1772:31st Bombardment Squadrons 1439:Expansion of the Air Corps 1395:(first flown April 1938), 1307: 448:Assistant Secretary of War 62:1926 – 1942 29: 6403:Collier Trophy recipients 6360: 6025: 5787: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5431:Mooney, Chase C. (1956). 5265:Greer, Thomas H. (1985). 4274:Futrell (1989), pp. 85–86 4265:Greer (1985), pp. 113–115 3924:Maurer (1987), pp. 73–74. 3915:Maurer (1987), pp. 72–73. 3897:Tate (1998), pp. 185–188. 3238:Air Corps Tactical School 3164:Field Service Regulations 2762:4 years, 1 day 2648: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2221:Air Corps Tactical School 2166:91st Observation Squadron 2148:88th Observation Squadron 2138:12th Observation Squadron 2111:15th Observation Squadron 2090:97th Observation Squadron 1620:Army of the United States 1409:Republic P-47 Thunderbolt 1187:Boeing B-29 Superfortress 1149:In the fall of 1937, the 1025:Chief of Naval Operations 1009:Air Corps Tactical School 896:and variants after 1937. 892:trainer, followed by the 732:Albrook Field, Canal Zone 473:Air Corps Training Center 339:Creation of the Air Corps 259:service component of the 46: 6185:Airman Leadership School 5987:Thirteenth Expeditionary 5825:Field Operating Agencies 5546:: Air University Press. 5306:: Air University Press. 5216:. Air University Press. 5173:23 November 2016 at the 5150:23 November 2016 at the 5135:23 November 2016 at the 5120:23 November 2016 at the 5065:11 December 2018 at the 5049:Cate, James L. (1945). 5023:USAAF Handbook 1939–1945 3992:Tate (1998), pp. 138–140 3592:The 21 major bases were 3007:Question Mark (aircraft) 2143:22d Observation Squadron 1657:SOURCES: Maurer Maurer, 1099:variable-pitch propeller 925:Roosevelt administration 405:House of Representatives 6170:Officer Training School 5664:United States Air Force 5538:Tate, James P. (1998). 5354:Autonomy of the Air Arm 5334:Maurer, Maurer (1961). 5320:Maurer, Maurer (1987). 5105:18 October 2016 at the 4845:Futrell (1951), pp. 2–7 4603:Griffith (1999), p. 77. 4301:Cate (1945), pp. 17–18. 4121:Tate (1998), pp. 64–79. 3823:. National Archives.gov 3175:. Coincidentally, Col. 3012:Air Force Space Command 2952:United States Air Force 2282:(Activated 8 July 1935) 1995:(Col. Gerald C. Brant, 1724:Boeing P-26A Peashooter 1433:Convair B-36 Peacemaker 1401:Lockheed P-38 Lightning 32:United States Air Force 6213:Awards and decorations 5846:District of Washington 5839:Direct Reporting Units 5544:Maxwell Air Force Base 5304:Maxwell Air Force Base 5276:Maxwell Air Force Base 5056:Cline, Ray S. (1990). 4836:Maurer (1987), p. 374. 4818:Futrell (1951), p. 26. 4773:Futrell (1989), p. 102 4755:Futrell (1989), p. 101 4550:Maurer (1987), p. 368. 4402:Maurer (1987), p. 330. 4211:Greer (1985), p. 113." 4064:Foulois (1968), p. 274 4019:Maurer (1987), p. 197. 4010:Maurer (1987), p. 216. 4001:Maurer (1987), p. 200. 3983:Maurer (1987), p. 196. 3933:Tate (1998), pp. 45–47 2962:. 495), 26 July 1947. 2937:Air Service, U.S. Army 2623: 2459:78th Pursuit Squadrons 2393:19th Pursuit Squadrons 2296: 2280:4th Transport Squadron 2241:87th Pursuit Squadrons 2128:12th Observation Group 2071: 2061: 2044:79th Pursuit Squadrons 1985: 1936:36th Pursuit Squadrons 1893:94th Pursuit Squadrons 1835: 1800:19th Bombardment Group 1727: 1366:Douglas C-47 Skytrains 1362:Curtiss C-46 Commandos 1339: 1338:Douglas C-39 transport 1315:United States entered 1275:Y1B-17 Flying Fortress 1266: 1231:tables of organization 1081: 902:Boeing P-26 Peashooter 846: 838: 819: 617:12th Observation Group 496: 442:The Air Corps Act (44 439: 350: 296:United States Congress 244: 6256:Aeronautical Division 5560:White, Jerry (1949). 4956:Nalty (1997), p. 180. 4746:White (1949), pp. 6–7 4354:Maurer (1987). P. 298 4256:Nalty (1997), p. 192. 3942:Greer (1985), p. 29." 3169:Training Regulations, 3128:Joint Chiefs of Staff 2994:Modern history portal 2609: 2291: 2262:48th Pursuit Squadron 2193:43d Pursuit Squadrons 2067: 2059: 2048:87th Pursuit Squadron 2022:90th Attack Squadrons 1980: 1948:9th Bombardment Group 1900:2nd Bombardment Group 1829: 1793:95th Attack Squadrons 1754:7th Bombardment Group 1722: 1431:(June 1940), and the 1423:(December 1939), and 1337: 1256: 1079: 997:2nd Bombardment Group 960:Doctrinal development 932:and Secretary of War 844: 836: 818:O-46A at Wright Field 817: 592:7th Bombardment Group 488: 471:, to command the new 429: 378:U.S. Army Air Service 362:U.S. Army Air Service 242: 6408:Disbanded air forces 6127:Aeronautical ratings 5726:Three-star generals 5039:, The Viking Press, 4854:Tate (1998), p. 173. 4328:Greer (1985), p. 101 4238:Tate (1998), p. 167. 4220:Tate (1988), p. 166. 4172:Smith (1998), p. 12. 4142:Smith (1998), p. 10. 4130:Bowman (1997), p. 7. 4103:Tate (1998), p. 161. 4085:Rice (2004), p. 1237 3965:Maurer (1987), p. 74 3443:; Solicitor General 3333:Charles E. Kilbourne 2980:United States portal 2946:U.S. Army Air Forces 2793:21 September 1938 † 2270:Rockwell Air Depot, 2197:39th School Squadron 1940:37th Attack Squadron 1864:37th Attack Squadron 1673:10th Transport Group 1612:Executive Order 9082 1509:Pan American Airways 1425:Martin B-26 Marauder 1407:(October 1940), and 1397:Curtiss P-40 Warhawk 1257:Interception of the 1146:, on 15 April 1940. 880:design, such as the 793:1st Bombardment Wing 788:2nd Bombardment Wing 747:10th Transport Group 5924:Numbered Air Forces 5705:Vice Chief of Staff 5445:on 27 December 2010 5404:on 27 December 2010 5377:on 23 November 2016 5245:on 8 September 2012 4965:Mooney (1956), p. 8 4935:Mooney (1956), p. 7 4701:Cate (1945), p. 18. 4645:16 May 2008 at the 4450:Tate (1998), p. 169 4438:Mooney (1956), p. 3 4429:Mooney (1956), p. 2 4420:Rice (2004), p. 131 4384:Tate (1998), p. 146 4292:Greer (1985), p. 99 4229:Tate (1998), p. 143 4202:Cate (1945), p. 16. 4193:Cate (1945), p. 15. 4184:Cate (1945), p. 17. 4094:Tate (1998), p. 78. 4076:Rice (2004), p. 133 3974:Tate (1998), p. 60. 3465:Neville Chamberlain 3177:William L. Mitchell 3115:War Plan Red-Orange 2747:Benjamin D. Foulois 2627:Chiefs of Air Corps 2612:Benjamin D. Foulois 2420:6th Composite Group 2402:19th Composite Wing 2354:5th Composite Group 2336:18th Composite Wing 2306:4th Composite Group 1982:Curtiss A-12 Shrike 1493:Quartermaster Corps 1393:Bell P-39 Airacobra 995:, commander of the 882:Atlantic-Fokker C-2 205:Benjamin D. Foulois 6282:The U.S. Air Force 6195:Fitness Assessment 6152:Chief of Chaplains 6071:Civilian auxiliary 5820:Air National Guard 5722:Four-star generals 4986:Air Force Magazine 4728:White (1949), p. 9 4710:White (1949), p. 2 4690:Popular Mechanics, 4474:AIR FORCE Magazine 4339:AIR FORCE Magazine 4163:Cate (1945), p. 13 3906:Tate (1998), p. 30 2824:29 September 1938 2624: 2441:16th Pursuit Group 2379:18th Pursuit Group 2297: 2075:Other flying units 2072: 2062: 2030:20th Pursuit Group 1986: 1836: 1728: 1701:21st Airship Group 1661:(Appendix 5), and 1628:Services of Supply 1624:Army Ground Forces 1605:Joseph T. McNarney 1563:lieutenant general 1551:George C. Marshall 1497:Corps of Engineers 1413:Douglas A-20 Havoc 1340: 1267: 1082: 991:bombers, Lt. Col. 942:Henry Conger Pratt 913:postmaster general 870:Curtiss O-1 Falcon 847: 839: 820: 727:16th Pursuit Group 684:17th Pursuit Group 639:20th Pursuit Group 571:18th Pursuit Group 522:tactical squadrons 451:commanded only by 440: 382:United States Army 273:United States Army 261:United States Army 245: 139:Munitions Building 70:September 18, 1947 6380: 6379: 6165:Air Force Academy 6083: 6082: 5710:Director of Staff 5631: 5630: 5622:Succeeded by 3445:Robert H. Jackson 3092:Ralph F. Stearley 2868: 2867: 2790:22 December 1935 2781:Oscar M. Westover 2759:21 December 1935 2756:20 December 1931 2725:19 December 1931 2722:14 December 1927 2691:13 December 1927 2604: 2603: 2413:Panama Canal Zone 1922:8th Pursuit Group 1872:1st Pursuit Group 1779:17th Attack Group 1666: 1383:in 1937, and the 1377:Douglas B-18 Bolo 1111:high-lift devices 1042:strategic bombing 1034:Douglas MacArthur 981: 980: 930:William N. Rogers 890:Consolidated PT-3 772: 771: 660:8th Pursuit Group 509:F. Trubee Davison 486:concluded that: 477:Materiel Division 465:brigadier general 234: 233: 16:(Redirected from 6415: 6369: 6368: 6268:Army Air Service 6260:Aviation Section 6075:Civil Air Patrol 5805: 5793: 5792: 5657: 5650: 5643: 5634: 5607:Preceded by 5604: 5557: 5525: 5506: 5473: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5421: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5376: 5370:. Archived from 5359: 5317: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5285:on 13 March 2013 5284: 5273: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5244: 5237: 5227: 4995: 4994:, p. 64–65. 4993: 4981: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4924: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4906: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4852: 4846: 4843: 4837: 4834: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4765: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4738: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4702: 4699: 4693: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4650: 4637: 4631: 4628: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4595: 4592: 4586: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4567:on 22 April 2012 4557: 4551: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4532:on 22 April 2012 4522: 4516: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4481: 4466: 4460: 4457: 4451: 4448: 4439: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4376: 4373: 4367: 4364: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4335: 4329: 4326: 4320: 4317: 4311: 4308: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4239: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4221: 4218: 4212: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4131: 4128: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4110: 4104: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4065: 4062: 4056: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3993: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3975: 3972: 3966: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3943: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3880: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3850: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3817: 3793: 3786: 3780: 3769: 3763: 3756: 3750: 3747: 3741: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3693: 3687: 3683: 3677: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3562: 3556: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3538: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3493: 3469:Munich Agreement 3441:Harry L. Hopkins 3437:Henry Morgenthau 3433: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3402: 3396: 3389: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3369: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3314: 3311: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3277: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3251: 3245: 3233: 3227: 3199: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3137: 3131: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3105: 3101: 3095: 3088: 3082: 3079: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3050: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3028: 2996: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2982: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2878:Frank M. Andrews 2855: 2842: 2821: 2808: 2787: 2774: 2753: 2740: 2719: 2706: 2685: 2679:Mason M. Patrick 2672: 2646: 2636: 2631: 2474: 2426:25th Bombardment 2237:86th Observation 2189:42nd Bombardment 2185:41st Observation 2122:Fort Sam Houston 1685:Frank M. Andrews 1656: 1634:classification. 1489:84-Group Program 1485:54-Group Program 1477:25-Group Program 1452:in 1940, and 42 1419:(January 1939), 1403:(January 1939), 1399:(October 1938), 1329:Norden bombsight 1327:radios, and the 1279:Secretary of War 1239:Frank M. Andrews 1151:Army War College 1066:Claire Chennault 1058:Harold L. George 1029:William V. Pratt 969: 921:Benjamin Foulois 911:, involving the 909:Air Mail scandal 853:(1926–1930) and 851:Curtiss P-1 Hawk 804:1st Pursuit Wing 649:15 November 1930 553: 535:Great Depression 356: 230: 166: 160:Ultramarine blue 158: 155: 143:Washington, D.C. 85: 83: 82: 51: 39: 21: 6423: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6413: 6412: 6383: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6356: 6347:Service numbers 6318:National Museum 6276:Army Air Forces 6243: 6237: 6205: 6199: 6157:Chief Scientist 6147:Medical Service 6142:Security Forces 6089: 6079: 6064:Security Forces 6021: 5918: 5860: 5834: 5794: 5790: 5785: 5666: 5661: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5580: 5554: 5537: 5522: 5514:. Vol. I. 5509: 5503: 5495:. Vol. I. 5490: 5470: 5462:. Vol. I. 5457: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5435: 5430: 5414: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5368: 5357: 5350: 5314: 5297: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5271: 5264: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5211: 5175:Wayback Machine 5152:Wayback Machine 5137:Wayback Machine 5122:Wayback Machine 5107:Wayback Machine 5067:Wayback Machine 5003: 4998: 4983: 4982: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4913: 4909: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4886: 4882: 4877: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4804: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4727: 4723: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4653: 4647:Wayback Machine 4638: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4558: 4554: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4507: 4506:on 12 July 2013 4498: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4336: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4206: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4162: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3973: 3969: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3859: 3848: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3819: 3818: 3811: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3796: 3790:George H. Brett 3787: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3760:Barton K. Yount 3757: 3753: 3748: 3744: 3724:The 1st Wing's 3723: 3719: 3711: 3707: 3697:Wendell Willkie 3694: 3690: 3684: 3680: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3457:Harold R. Stark 3453:Herman Oliphant 3434: 3430: 3421: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3330: 3326: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3248: 3234: 3230: 3200: 3196: 3187: 3183: 3160: 3156: 3147: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3125: 3121: 3112: 3108: 3102: 3098: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3066: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3020: 2992: 2987: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2915: 2899:Delos C. Emmons 2885:Delos C. Emmons 2873: 2853: 2852: 2849:George H. Brett 2846: 2819: 2818: 2815:Henry H. Arnold 2812: 2785: 2784: 2778: 2751: 2750: 2744: 2717: 2716: 2713:James E. Fechet 2710: 2683: 2682: 2676: 2660:Time in office 2649:Term of office 2644: 2643: 2629: 2620:H. Conger Pratt 2616:James E. Fechet 2469: 2467:Annual strength 2319:2nd Observation 2302: 2077: 2008:3d Attack Group 1997:Barksdale Field 1876:Selfridge Field 1847:H. Conger Pratt 1743:Henry H. Arnold 1681: 1653: 1648: 1596:Army Air Forces 1585:and the German 1583:Royal Air Force 1579: 1559:George H. Brett 1547:Delos C. Emmons 1538: 1533: 1525:Royal Air Force 1483:in May 1940, a 1448:in 1939–40, 18 1441: 1350:Patterson Field 1312: 1306: 1301: 1204: 1175:Monroe Doctrine 1132: 1074: 967: 962: 954:Henry H. Arnold 812: 799:3rd Attack Wing 778: 775: 752:Patterson Field 736:1 December 1932 706:19th Bomb Group 581:20 January 1927 562:Date activated 551: 517: 461:James E. Fechet 453:rated personnel 401:Calvin Coolidge 370:executive order 358: 352: 349: 341: 237: 210:Henry H. Arnold 207: 199: 156: 153: 152: 129: 127: 80: 78: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6421: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6385: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6293:Airman's Creed 6290: 6288:Air Force Band 6285: 6278: 6272:Army Air Corps 6253: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6209: 6207: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6180:Basic Training 6177: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6122:Specialty Code 6119: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6099: 6093: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6051: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6038: 6037: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5928: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5914:USAFE–AFAFRICA 5911: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5870: 5868: 5866:Major commands 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5811: 5809: 5802: 5796: 5795: 5788: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5700:Chief of Staff 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5674: 5672: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5637: 5629: 5628: 5623: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5595: 5590: 5584:2006 Almanac, 5579: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5567: 5558: 5552: 5535: 5526: 5520: 5507: 5501: 5488: 5474: 5468: 5455: 5428: 5387: 5366: 5348: 5332: 5318: 5312: 5295: 5262: 5255: 5228: 5222: 5209: 5202: 5186: 5185: 5177: 5162: 5154: 5139: 5124: 5109: 5093: 5092: 5077: 5054: 5047: 5033: 5018: 5017: 5011: 5010: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4976: 4967: 4958: 4946: 4937: 4925: 4916: 4907: 4898: 4889: 4880: 4868: 4856: 4847: 4838: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4757: 4748: 4739: 4730: 4721: 4712: 4703: 4694: 4685:Ethell, Jeff. 4678: 4669: 4660: 4651: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4596: 4587: 4578: 4552: 4543: 4517: 4491: 4482: 4461: 4452: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4395: 4386: 4377: 4368: 4356: 4347: 4330: 4321: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4174: 4165: 4153: 4144: 4132: 4123: 4114: 4105: 4096: 4087: 4078: 4066: 4057: 4048: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3976: 3967: 3958: 3944: 3935: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3890: 3881: 3872: 3857: 3834: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3794: 3781: 3764: 3751: 3742: 3717: 3705: 3688: 3678: 3585: 3576: 3566: 3557: 3548: 3539: 3530: 3521: 3507: 3494: 3461:Global Mission 3449:Charles Edison 3428: 3415: 3406: 3397: 3384: 3374: 3364: 3354: 3345: 3324: 3315: 3306: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3256: 3246: 3228: 3194: 3181: 3154: 3141: 3132: 3119: 3106: 3096: 3090:An example is 3083: 3074: 3064: 3054: 3045: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2983: 2967: 2964: 2956: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906:Carl A. Spaatz 2902: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2865: 2864:262 days 2862: 2859: 2856: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2809: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2775: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2707: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2673: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2640: 2637: 2628: 2625: 2602: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2490: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2461: 2438: 2437: 2436: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2339: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2329: 2301: 2300:Overseas units 2298: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2283: 2275: 2272:Rockwell Field 2267: 2266: 2265: 2264: 2257: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2231: 2217: 2216: 2215: 2214: 2209: 2206:Randolph Field 2201: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2195: 2179: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2168: 2161: 2153: 2152: 2151: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2125: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2095: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2085: 2076: 2073: 2054: 2053: 2052: 2051: 2027: 2026: 2025: 1993: 1992: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1945: 1944: 1943: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1897: 1896: 1895: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1843: 1842: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1758:Hamilton Field 1749:, California) 1739: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1715: 1680: 1677: 1668: 1667: 1652: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1578: 1575: 1567:major generals 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1469:Carl A. Spaatz 1440: 1437: 1435:(April 1941). 1308:Main article: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1282:Harry Woodring 1208:Chief of Staff 1203: 1200: 1167:Stanley Embick 1163:Byron Q. Jones 1131: 1128: 1073: 1070: 979: 978: 974: 973: 966: 963: 961: 958: 946:Oscar Westover 894:Stearman PT-13 859:radial engined 811: 808: 776: 773: 770: 769: 761: 758: 749: 743: 742: 737: 734: 729: 723: 722: 717: 714: 711:Rockwell Field 708: 702: 701: 696: 693: 687: 680: 679: 674: 671: 662: 656: 655: 650: 647: 641: 635: 634: 629: 628:1 October 1930 626: 620: 613: 612: 603: 600: 597:Rockwell Field 594: 588: 587: 582: 579: 573: 567: 566: 565:Aircraft type 563: 560: 557: 547: 516: 513: 457:Prop and Wings 432:Keystone LB-7s 430:Formations of 413:Billy Mitchell 374:Woodrow Wilson 344: 342: 340: 337: 257:aerial warfare 235: 232: 231: 224: 218: 217: 213: 212: 208:Major General 203:Major General 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 176:Army Air Corps 172: 168: 167: 150: 146: 145: 136: 132: 131: 124: 120: 119: 117:Aerial warfare 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 94: 90: 89: 76: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6420: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6390: 6388: 6373: 6372: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6332:Air Force Two 6329: 6328:Air Force One 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6092: 6088:Personnel and 6086: 6076: 6072: 6069: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6024: 6018: 6017:Twenty-Second 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5921: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5830:Installations 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5658: 5653: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5635: 5626: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5587: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5553:0-16-061379-5 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5521:0-16-049009-X 5517: 5513: 5508: 5504: 5502:0-16-049009-X 5498: 5494: 5489: 5487: 5486:0-8032-3960-2 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5469:0-16-049009-X 5465: 5461: 5456: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5373: 5369: 5367:0-16-045510-3 5363: 5356: 5355: 5349: 5347: 5346:0-405-12194-6 5343: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5330:1-4102-1391-9 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5313:1-58566-069-8 5309: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5256: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5223:1-58566-029-9 5219: 5215: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5199:0-7607-3432-1 5196: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5176: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5089:0-912799-03-X 5086: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5046: 5045:0-670-36069-4 5042: 5038: 5034: 5032: 5031:0-8117-1822-0 5028: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5008: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4991: 4987: 4980: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4962: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4941: 4938: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4893: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4875: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4857: 4851: 4848: 4842: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4824: 4821: 4815: 4812: 4806: 4803: 4797: 4794: 4788: 4785: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4734: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4707: 4704: 4698: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4679: 4673: 4670: 4664: 4661: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4641: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4553: 4547: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4518: 4505: 4501: 4495: 4492: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4405: 4399: 4396: 4390: 4387: 4381: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4304: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4253: 4250: 4244: 4241: 4235: 4232: 4226: 4223: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4205: 4199: 4196: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4118: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4100: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3998: 3995: 3989: 3986: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3968: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3858:0-912799-02-1 3854: 3847: 3846: 3838: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3792:was assigned. 3791: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3768: 3765: 3762:was assigned. 3761: 3755: 3752: 3746: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3692: 3689: 3682: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3658:Wright Fields 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3580: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3540: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3426:of airpower". 3425: 3419: 3416: 3410: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3358: 3355: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3328: 3325: 3319: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3300: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3265:Boeing Y1B-20 3260: 3257: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3220:Combat Orders 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3078: 3075: 3068: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3049: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2984: 2981: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2953: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2863: 2861:9 March 1942 2860: 2858:20 June 1941 2857: 2851: 2850: 2845:Major general 2844: 2841: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2827:20 June 1941 2826: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2811:Major general 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2792: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2777:Major general 2776: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2743:Major general 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2709:Major general 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2675:Major general 2674: 2671: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2645:(Birth–Death) 2632: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2591: 2588: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2579: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2559: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2503: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2472: 2466: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2410: 2409:Albrook Field 2403: 2400: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383:Wheeler Field 2380: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2251:Chanute Field 2248: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2225:Maxwell Field 2222: 2219: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183:40th Attack, 2182: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2119: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082:Mitchel Field 2079: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2058: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1956: 1955: 1953: 1952:Mitchel Field 1949: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1851:Langley Field 1848: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760:, California 1759: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1689:Langley Field 1686: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1660: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1608: 1606: 1600: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1535: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1504: 1500: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381:Seversky P-35 1379:in 1936, the 1378: 1374: 1373:Northrop A-17 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1336: 1332: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1321:superchargers 1318: 1311: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1276: 1273:for thirteen 1272: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1247:court martial 1242: 1240: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1213: 1210:. Called the 1209: 1202:GHQ Air Force 1201: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1188: 1184: 1178: 1176: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1121: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1078: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1050:Maxwell Field 1046: 1043: 1038: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1001:Langley Field 998: 994: 993:Hugh J. Knerr 990: 986: 985:Keystone LB-7 976: 975: 971: 970: 964: 959: 957: 955: 949: 947: 943: 938: 935: 931: 926: 922: 917: 914: 910: 905: 903: 897: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 874: 871: 867: 863: 862:Keystone LB-6 860: 856: 852: 843: 835: 831: 829: 828:chrome yellow 825: 816: 809: 807: 805: 801: 800: 795: 794: 789: 785: 784: 768: 765: 762: 759: 757: 753: 748: 745: 744: 741: 738: 735: 733: 728: 725: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 685: 682: 681: 678: 675: 672: 670: 666: 665:Langley Field 661: 658: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 640: 637: 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 618: 615: 614: 611: 607: 604: 601: 598: 593: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 576:Wheeler Field 572: 569: 568: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 550: 546: 544: 540: 536: 531: 527: 523: 514: 512: 510: 506: 501: 495: 493: 487: 485: 480: 478: 474: 470: 469:Frank P. Lahm 466: 462: 458: 454: 449: 445: 437: 433: 428: 424: 422: 421:Mason Patrick 416: 414: 410: 409:Dwight Morrow 406: 402: 399: 394: 390: 389:General Staff 385: 383: 379: 375: 372:of President 371: 367: 363: 357: 355: 347: 338: 336: 332: 330: 326: 321: 318: 313: 308: 306: 302: 297: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 241: 236:Military unit 229: 225: 223: 219: 214: 211: 206: 202: 196: 191: 188: 185: 181: 178: 177: 173: 169: 165: 164:golden orange 161: 151: 147: 144: 140: 137: 133: 125: 121: 118: 115: 111: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88: 87:United States 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6364: 6342:Thunderbirds 6271: 6204:Uniforms and 5856:USAF Academy 5745:2020–present 5615: 5585: 5570: 5562: 5539: 5530: 5511: 5492: 5477: 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5440:the original 5406:. Retrieved 5399:the original 5379:. Retrieved 5372:the original 5353: 5335: 5321: 5299: 5287:. Retrieved 5280:the original 5267: 5258: 5247:. Retrieved 5240:the original 5213: 5205: 5190: 5181: 5166: 5158: 5143: 5128: 5113: 5098: 5080: 5070: 5058: 5050: 5036: 5022: 5006: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4970: 4961: 4940: 4919: 4910: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4863: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4832: 4823: 4814: 4805: 4796: 4787: 4778: 4769: 4760: 4751: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4715: 4706: 4697: 4689: 4681: 4672: 4663: 4654: 4635: 4626: 4617: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4581: 4569:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4555: 4546: 4534:. Retrieved 4530:the original 4520: 4508:. Retrieved 4504:the original 4494: 4485: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4464: 4455: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4371: 4350: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4168: 4147: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 4060: 4051: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3997: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3911: 3902: 3893: 3884: 3875: 3844: 3837: 3825:. Retrieved 3784: 3767: 3754: 3745: 3720: 3708: 3691: 3681: 3588: 3579: 3569: 3560: 3551: 3542: 3533: 3524: 3510: 3497: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3460: 3439:; WPA Chief 3431: 3418: 3409: 3400: 3392: 3387: 3377: 3367: 3357: 3348: 3337:James Fechet 3327: 3318: 3309: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3272: 3259: 3249: 3241: 3231: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3197: 3189: 3184: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3157: 3144: 3135: 3122: 3109: 3099: 3086: 3077: 3067: 3057: 3048: 3035: 3026: 2959: 2957: 2847: 2813: 2779: 2745: 2711: 2688:2 July 1926 2677: 2657:Left office 2654:Took office 2470: 2406: 2347:Fort Shafter 2343:Delos Emmons 2340: 2274:, California 2160:, California 2158:Crissy Field 2132:Brooks Field 1994: 1845:(Brig. Gen. 1844: 1741:(Brig. Gen. 1740: 1699: 1682: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1642:arm branch. 1638: 1636: 1615: 1609: 1601: 1580: 1571: 1555: 1539: 1521: 1517: 1513:Coral Gables 1505: 1501: 1488: 1484: 1476: 1475:The initial 1474: 1466: 1462: 1442: 1390: 1385:Curtiss P-36 1370: 1345:Douglas DC-2 1341: 1317:World War II 1313: 1304:New aircraft 1290: 1286: 1268: 1263:Curtis LeMay 1258: 1243: 1235: 1223: 1216: 1211: 1205: 1191: 1179: 1171: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1120:Boeing XB-15 1116: 1107: 1103:Douglas DC-1 1095: 1083: 1062:Bomber Mafia 1047: 1039: 1021: 1016: 1012: 989:Martin NBS-1 982: 950: 939: 918: 906: 898: 875: 848: 821: 803: 797: 791: 787: 781: 779: 716:24 June 1932 713:, California 692:, California 673:1 April 1931 646:, California 644:Mather Field 623:Brooks Field 599:, California 548: 518: 497: 489: 481: 443: 441: 436:Boeing P-12s 434:(lower) and 417: 386: 359: 353: 351: 345: 333: 325:20 June 1941 322: 311: 309: 303:between the 293: 281:World War II 252: 248: 246: 187:World War II 174: 36: 6337:Honor Guard 6298:Core Values 6242:History and 5408:14 December 5289:10 November 4480:(12), p. 56 3827:22 November 3699:during the 3676:Air Depots. 3674:San Antonio 3424:Magna Carta 3331:Brig. Gen. 2854:(1886–1963) 2820:(1886–1950) 2786:(1883–1938) 2752:(1879–1967) 2718:(1877–1948) 2684:(1863–1942) 2364:26th Attack 2310:Clark Field 2176:Kelly Field 2100:Scott Field 1954:, New York 1747:March Field 1705:Scott Field 1683:(Maj. Gen. 1219:Baker Board 1183:Malin Craig 934:George Dern 855:Boeing P-12 760:20 May 1937 695:1 July 1931 690:March Field 602:1 June 1928 393:Air Service 366:World War I 285:combat arms 265:World War I 183:Engagements 135:Garrison/HQ 6387:Categories 6244:traditions 6163:Training: 6007:Nineteenth 6002:Eighteenth 5671:Leadership 5619:1926–1941 5249:15 January 5073:(series), 4345:(9), p.63. 3800:References 3670:Sacramento 3666:Middletown 3660:, and the 3503:Lend-Lease 3041:Fox Conner 2904:Maj. Gen. 2883:Maj. Gen. 2876:Maj. Gen. 2358:Luke Field 2349:, Hawaii) 2341:(Lt. Col. 2323:3d Pursuit 2113:(Attached) 2084:, New York 1632:combat arm 1626:, and the 1226:corps area 824:olive drab 526:John Hines 507:, held by 500:corps area 305:world wars 255:) was the 200:commanders 193:Commanders 6223:Equipment 6206:equipment 6137:RED HORSE 6097:Personnel 6054:Squadrons 6012:Twentieth 5997:Sixteenth 5992:Fifteenth 5800:Structure 5740:2010–2019 5735:2000–2009 5730:1940–1959 5695:Air Staff 5091:(Vol. 1). 3805:Citations 3662:Fairfield 3654:Selfridge 3594:Barksdale 3372:Division. 2897:Lt. Gen. 2639:Portrait 2610:Generals 2480:Strength 2385:, Hawaii 2360:, Hawaii 2001:Louisiana 1942:attached) 1587:Luftwaffe 530:Hugh Drum 398:President 301:the years 107:Air force 67:Disbanded 6371:Category 6313:Memorial 6233:Uniforms 6228:Aircraft 6115:enlisted 6105:officers 6090:training 5977:Eleventh 5808:Commands 5578:Websites 5449:27 March 5418:cite web 5179:(1958). 5171:Archived 5164:(1955). 5156:(1953). 5148:Archived 5141:(1950). 5133:Archived 5126:(1951). 5118:Archived 5111:(1949). 5103:Archived 5096:(1948). 5063:Archived 4643:Archived 3867:61060979 3713:Infantry 3646:Randolph 3610:Hamilton 3341:Key West 2966:See also 2600:152,125 2255:Illinois 2134:, Texas 2104:Illinois 2042:, & 2020:, & 1990:3rd Wing 1968:, & 1934:, & 1891:, & 1880:Michigan 1855:Virginia 1840:2nd Wing 1816:, & 1791:, & 1770:, & 1736:1st Wing 1709:Illinois 1693:Virginia 1159:Ethiopia 1027:Admiral 1005:Virginia 886:Ford C-3 884:and the 878:trimotor 783:2nd Wing 669:Virginia 578:, Hawaii 559:Station 216:Insignia 6251:History 5982:Twelfth 5957:Seventh 5815:Reserve 5001:Sources 4571:28 June 4536:28 June 4510:28 June 3738:21st RS 3734:18th RS 3730:88th RS 3726:38th RS 3656:, and 3642:Moffett 3638:Mitchel 3634:McChord 3630:Maxwell 3618:Langley 3606:Chanute 3598:Bolling 2592:51,185 2584:22,387 2576:20,196 2568:18,572 2560:16,863 2552:15,945 2544:15,621 2536:14,817 2528:14,650 2520:14,485 2512:13,305 2504:12,080 2496:10,518 2229:Alabama 2208:, Texas 2178:, Texas 2124:, Texas 1195:lobbied 1054:Alabama 625:, Texas 222:Roundel 198:Notable 75:Country 6308:Symbol 6218:Badges 6110:cadets 6042:Groups 5962:Eighth 5947:Fourth 5937:Second 5550: 5518: 5499: 5484: 5466: 5381:31 May 5364: 5344: 5328: 5310: 5220: 5197: 5087: 5043: 5029: 3865: 3855: 3777:72d BS 3672:, and 3602:Brooks 2488:9,979 2457:& 2432:& 2370:& 2325:& 1458:B-17Es 1454:B-17Ds 1450:B-17Cs 1446:B-17Bs 1271:Boeing 556:Group 539:groups 157: 154: 149:Colors 93:Branch 84: 59:Active 6101:Rank 6030:Wings 5972:Tenth 5967:Ninth 5952:Fifth 5942:Third 5932:First 5909:PACAF 5899:AFSOC 5884:AFGSC 5443:(PDF) 5436:(PDF) 5402:(PDF) 5395:(PDF) 5375:(PDF) 5358:(PDF) 5283:(PDF) 5272:(PDF) 5243:(PDF) 5236:(PDF) 3849:(PDF) 3650:Scott 3626:March 3622:Lowry 3614:Kelly 3517:B-17F 3062:1930. 3018:Notes 2314:Luzon 2293:P-12E 2069:O-38F 1639:Stat. 1592:ABC-1 1155:Spain 1017:heavy 1013:light 444:Stat. 419:Gen. 253:USAAC 171:March 18:USAAC 6303:Flag 6190:SERE 5894:AFRC 5889:AFMC 5879:AETC 5548:ISBN 5516:ISBN 5497:ISBN 5482:ISBN 5464:ISBN 5451:2011 5424:link 5410:2010 5383:2012 5362:ISBN 5342:ISBN 5326:ISBN 5308:ISBN 5291:2010 5251:2011 5218:ISBN 5195:ISBN 5085:ISBN 5041:ISBN 5027:ISBN 4992:(7). 4573:2013 4538:2013 4512:2013 3863:LCCN 3853:ISBN 3829:2010 3775:and 3771:The 2960:Stat 2642:Name 2597:1941 2589:1940 2581:1939 2573:1938 2565:1937 2557:1936 2549:1935 2541:1934 2533:1933 2525:1932 2517:1931 2509:1930 2501:1929 2493:1928 2485:1927 2477:Year 2455:74th 2451:29th 2447:24th 2040:77th 2036:55th 2018:13th 1966:14th 1932:35th 1910:49th 1906:20th 1889:27th 1885:17th 1832:B-10 1810:30th 1785:34th 1768:11th 1375:and 1358:DC-3 1354:Ohio 1157:and 1091:B-10 1089:and 1015:and 987:and 944:and 866:B-3A 767:C-33 764:C-27 756:Ohio 740:P-12 720:B-10 699:P-12 653:P-12 632:O-19 610:B-3A 606:LB-7 585:PW-9 360:The 247:The 162:and 123:Size 113:Role 103:Type 97:Army 6059:ANG 6047:ANG 6035:ANG 5904:AMC 5874:ACC 4472:", 4470:Rex 3773:23d 3393:Rex 2635:No. 2430:7th 2389:6th 2368:4th 2014:8th 1962:5th 1958:1st 1928:33d 1814:32d 1806:23d 1789:73d 1764:9th 1569:). 1352:in 1325:VHF 1291:Rex 1259:Rex 1087:B-9 999:at 677:P-6 368:by 323:On 6389:: 6330:/ 6274:/ 6270:/ 6266:/ 6262:/ 6258:/ 6073:: 5542:. 5420:}} 5416:{{ 5302:. 5274:. 5069:. 5025:, 4990:92 4988:. 4949:^ 4928:^ 4871:^ 4478:91 4476:. 4443:^ 4359:^ 4343:91 4341:, 4177:^ 4156:^ 4135:^ 4069:^ 3947:^ 3861:. 3812:^ 3668:, 3664:, 3652:, 3648:, 3644:, 3640:, 3636:, 3632:, 3628:, 3624:, 3620:, 3616:, 3612:, 3608:, 3604:, 3600:, 3596:, 2835:6 2801:5 2767:4 2733:3 2699:2 2665:1 2453:, 2449:, 2428:, 2415:) 2411:, 2391:, 2381:, 2366:, 2356:, 2345:, 2321:, 2312:, 2308:, 2253:, 2239:, 2227:, 2223:, 2191:, 2187:, 2130:, 2102:, 2038:, 2016:, 2003:) 1999:, 1964:, 1960:, 1950:, 1930:, 1908:, 1887:, 1878:, 1874:, 1857:) 1853:, 1849:, 1812:, 1808:, 1787:, 1766:, 1756:, 1745:, 1707:, 1703:, 1695:) 1691:, 1687:, 1527:. 1331:. 1052:, 1003:, 754:, 667:, 608:, 545:) 479:. 291:. 141:, 6284:" 6280:" 5656:e 5649:t 5642:v 5556:. 5524:. 5505:. 5472:. 5453:. 5426:) 5412:. 5385:. 5316:. 5293:. 5253:. 5226:. 5201:. 4575:. 4540:. 4514:. 3869:. 3831:. 3479:( 3130:. 2046:( 1938:( 1590:( 1265:. 686:² 619:¹ 251:( 34:. 20:)

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Knowledge (XXG)

United States Army Air Corps

Index