USB flash drive - Knowledge (XXG)

620: 55: 1839:. Many drives made today do not support Mount Rainier, and many older operating systems such as Windows XP and below, and Linux kernels older than 2.6.2, do not support it (later versions do). Essentially CDs/DVDs are a good way to record a great deal of information cheaply and have the advantage of being readable by most standalone players, but they are poor at making ongoing small changes to a large collection of information. Flash drives' ability to do this is their major advantage over optical media. 31: 43: 348:/s). File transfer rates vary considerably among devices. Second generation flash drives have claimed to read at up to 30 MB/s and write at about half that rate, which was about 20 times faster than the theoretical transfer rate achievable by the previous model, USB 1.1, which is limited to 12 Mbit/s (1.5 MB/s) with accounted overhead. The effective transfer rate of a device is significantly affected by the data access pattern. 1870:, are available in various formats and capacities, and are used by many consumer devices. However, while virtually all PCs have USB ports, allowing the use of USB flash drives, memory card readers are not commonly supplied as standard equipment (particularly with desktop computers). Although inexpensive card readers are available that read many common formats, this results in two pieces of portable equipment (card plus reader) rather than one. 875:. There is a widespread opinion that defragmenting brings little advantage (as there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment), and that defragmenting shortens the life of the drive by making many unnecessary writes. However, some sources claim that defragmenting a flash drive can improve performance (mostly due to improved caching of the clustered data), and the additional wear on flash drives may not be significant. 2184: 66: 1700: 1383: 771: 1848: 786: 1889:), and often completely enclose the card, offering durability and portability approaching, if not quite equal to, that of a flash drive. Although the combined cost of a mini-reader and a memory card is usually slightly higher than a USB flash drive of comparable capacity, the reader + card solution offers additional flexibility of use, and virtually "unlimited" capacity. The ubiquity of 687: 394: 1738: 1427: 508: 1518: 1084:-formatted USB flash drive connected to a system which is to be updated, and the path to the new firmware image is selected within the update component of system's firmware. Some motherboard manufacturers also allow such updates without the need to enter the system's firmware update component, making it possible to easily recover systems with corrupted firmware. 753: 1691:, submerged it in various acidic liquids, ran over it with a jeep and fired it against a wall with a mortar. A company specializing in recovering lost data from computer drives managed to recover all the data on the drive. All data on the other removable storage devices tested, using optical or magnetic technologies, were destroyed. 1095:, an ordinary USB flash drive with the capacity to emulate floppy drives, allowing it to be used for updating system firmware where direct use of USB flash drives is not supported. The desired mode of operation, regular USB mass storage device or floppy drive emulation, is selected via sliding a switch on the device's housing. 1971:, are now largely obsolete and rarely used. There are products in today's market that will emulate these legacy drives for both tape and disk (SCSI1/SCSI2, SASI, Magneto optic, Ricoh ZIP, Jaz, IBM3590/ Fujitsu 3490E and Bernoulli for example) in state-of-the-art Compact Flash storage devices – CF2SCSI. 2080:

fail instantaneously, they more frequently give some indication (noises, slowness) that they are about to fail, often with enough advance warning that data can be removed before total failure. USB drives give little or no advance warning of failure. Furthermore, when internal wear-leveling is applied

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in the form of a flash drive. These are used to control access to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed so the target machine will not operate except when the flash drive device is plugged

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In a typical well-conducted review of a number of high-performance USB 3.0 drives, a drive that could read large files at 68 MB/s and write at 46 MB/s, could only manage 14 MB/s and 0.3 MB/s with many small files. When combining streaming reads and writes the speed of another

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Hardware designers later developed EEPROMs with the erasure region broken up into smaller "fields" that could be erased individually without affecting the others. Altering the contents of a particular memory location involved copying the entire field into an off-chip buffer memory, erasing the field,

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USB flash drives allow reading, writing, and erasing of data, with some allowing 1 million write/erase cycles in each cell of memory: if there were 100 uses per day, 1 million cycles could span 10,000 days or over 27 years. Some devices level the usage by auto-shifting activity to underused sections

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As of 2011, newer flash memory designs have much higher estimated lifetimes. Several manufacturers are now offering warranties of 5 years or more. Such warranties should make the device more attractive for more applications. By reducing the probability of the device's premature failure, flash memory

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that emulates larger capacity drives (for example, a 2 GB drive being marketed as a 64 GB drive). When plugged into a computer, they report being the larger capacity they were sold as, but when data is written to them, either the write fails, the drive freezes up, or it overwrites existing

2215:, which would be a compact USB flash drive intended to replace various kinds of flash memory cards. Pretec introduced a similar card, which also plugs into any USB port, but is just one quarter the thickness of the Lexar model. Until 2008, SanDisk manufactured a product called SD Plus, which was a 2056:

Like all flash memory devices, flash drives can sustain only a limited number of write and erase cycles before the drive fails. This should be a consideration when using a flash drive to run application software or an operating system. To address this, as well as space limitations, some developers

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to confirm the user's identity. As of mid-2005, this was an expensive alternative to standard password protection offered on many new USB flash storage devices. Most fingerprint scanning drives rely upon the host operating system to validate the fingerprint via a software driver, often restricting

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Specially manufactured flash drives are available that have a tough rubber or metal casing designed to be waterproof and virtually "unbreakable". These flash drives retain their memory after being submerged in water, and even through a machine wash. Leaving such a flash drive out to dry completely

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flash drives, with read/write speeds of around 530 MB/s, were announced in March 2015. By July 2016, flash drives with 8 to 256 GB capacity were sold more frequently than those with capacities between 512 GB and 1 TB. In 2017, Kingston Technology announced the release of a 2-TB

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Unlike solid-state memory, hard drives are susceptible to damage by shock (e.g., a short fall) and vibration, have limitations on use at high altitude, and although shielded by their casings, are vulnerable when exposed to strong magnetic fields. In terms of overall mass, hard drives are usually

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USB flash drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second (MB/s); read speed is usually faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer

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Most USB flash drives weigh less than 30 g (1 oz). While some manufacturers are competing for the smallest size, with the biggest memory, offering drives only a few millimeters larger than the USB plug itself, some manufacturers differentiate their products by using elaborate housings,

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The development of high-speed serial data interfaces such as USB made semiconductor memory systems with serially accessed storage viable, and the simultaneous development of small, high-speed, low-power microprocessor systems allowed this to be incorporated into extremely compact systems. Serial

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are now equipped with a USB port. This allows a USB flash drive containing media files in a variety of formats to be played directly on devices which support the format. Some LCD monitors for consumer HDTV viewing have a dedicated USB port through which music and video files can also be played

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USB connector cover or cap – reduces the risk of damage, prevents the entry of dirt or other contaminants, and improves overall device appearance. Some flash drives use retractable USB connectors instead. Others have a swivel arrangement so that the connector can be protected without removing

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that lights up or blinks upon access. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal

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modifying the data as required in the buffer, and re-writing it into the same field. This required considerable computer support, and PC-based EEPROM flash memory systems often carried their own dedicated microprocessor system. Flash drives are more or less a miniaturized version of this.

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are readily available, and devices with 16 GB capacity are very economical. Storage capacities in this range have traditionally been considered to offer adequate space, because they allow enough space for both the operating system software and some free space for the user's data.

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exist which effectively utilize the internal connections and physical attributes of a floppy disk drive to utilize a device where a USB flash drive emulates the storage space of a floppy disk in a solid state form, and can be divided into a number of individual virtual floppy

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are portable storage media supported by the vast majority of computers as of 2008. CD-R, DVD-R, and DVD+R can be written to only once, RW varieties up to about 1,000 erase/write cycles, while modern NAND-based flash drives often last for 500,000 or more erase/write cycles.

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and are very slow for random access of data. While disk-based backup is now the primary medium of choice for most companies, tape backup is still popular for taking data off-site for worst-case scenarios and for very large volumes (more than a few hundreds of TB). See

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company, filed a patent application entitled "Architecture for a Universal Serial Bus-Based PC Flash Disk". The patent was subsequently granted on November 14, 2000 and these individuals have often been recognized as the inventors of the USB flash drive. Also in 1999,

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on a computer housing are often closely spaced, plugging a flash drive into a USB port may block an adjacent port. Such devices may carry the USB logo only if sold with a separate extension cable. Such cables are USB-compatible but do not conform to the USB standard.

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drive, the drive could read at 92 MB/s and write at 70 MB/s, was 8 MB/s. These differences differ radically from one drive to another; some could write small files 10% faster than for large ones. The examples given are chosen to illustrate extremes.

128:(TB). As of 2023, 2 TB flash drives were the largest currently in production. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and are thought to physically last between 10 and 100 years under normal circumstances ( 1210:

However, for installation of Windows 7 and later versions, using USB flash drive with hard disk drive emulation as detected in PC's firmware is recommended in order to boot from it. Transcend is the only manufacturer of USB flash drives containing such a feature.

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mechanism. This feature, which gradually became less common, consists of a switch on the housing of the drive itself, that prevents the host computer from writing or modifying data on the drive. For example, write protection makes a device suitable for repairing

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from a special flash drive; U3-compatible devices are designed to autoload a menu when plugged into a computer running Windows. Applications must be modified for the U3 platform not to leave any data on the host machine. U3 also provides a software framework for

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are among the cheapest methods of mass data storage after the hard drive. They are slower than their flash-based counterparts. Standard 120 mm optical discs are larger than flash drives and more subject to damage. Smaller optical media do exist, such as

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USB plug – provides a physical interface to the host computer. Some USB flash drives use USB plug that does not protect the contacts, with the possibility of plugging it into the USB port in the wrong orientation, if the connector type is not

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drives are rarely fitted to modern computers and are obsolete for normal purposes, although internal and external drives can be fitted if required. Floppy disks may be the method of choice for transferring data to and from very old computers without USB or

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mode; the device fails by refusing to write new data to specific cells that have been subject to many read-write cycles over the device's lifetime. Premature failure of a "live USB" could be circumvented by using a flash drive with a write-lock switch as a

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As highly portable media, USB flash drives are easily lost or stolen. All USB flash drives can have their contents encrypted using third-party disk encryption software, which can often be run directly from the USB drive without installation (for example,

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to prolong life of the flash drive, once failure of even part of the memory occurs it can be difficult or impossible to use the remainder of the drive, which differs from magnetic media, where bad sectors can be marked permanently not to be used.

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Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives became obsolete after widespread adoption of USB ports and the larger USB drive capacity compared to the

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have become widely available and inexpensive. External hard disk drives currently cost less per gigabyte than flash drives and are available in larger capacities. Some hard drives support alternative and faster interfaces than USB 2.0 (e.g.,

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simply add extra software and a battery to a standard flash memory control microprocessor so it can also serve as a music playback decoder. Most of these players can also be used as a conventional flash drive, for storing files of any type.

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Flash drives also have disadvantages. They are easy to lose and facilitate unauthorized backups. A lesser setback for flash drives is that they have only one tenth the capacity of hard drives manufactured around their time of distribution.

1599:, dance edits, and combos throughout sessions. As of software revision 21 (R21), players can also store custom songs and play them on any machine on which this feature is enabled. While use of flash drives is common, the drive must be 334:

have accused others of infringing their patents on the USB flash drive. However, despite these lawsuits, the question of who was the first to invent the USB flash drive has not been definitively settled and multiple claims persist.

1665:. The flash drives present a simple block-structured logical unit to the host operating system, hiding the individual complex implementation details of the various underlying flash memory devices. The operating system can use any 883:

Some file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire memory device without concentrating usage on any part (e.g., for a directory) to prolong the life of simple flash memory devices. Some USB flash drives have this

923:(SLC) based memory that is good for around 30,000 writes. There is virtually no limit to the number of reads from such flash memory, so a well-worn USB drive may be write-protected to help ensure the life of individual cells. 1719:

hardly overlap those of flash drives: on tape, cost per gigabyte is very low for large volumes, but the individual drives and media are expensive. Media have a very high capacity and very fast transfer speeds, but store data

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carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. Some are equipped with an

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Many of the smallest players are powered by a permanently fitted rechargeable battery, charged from the USB interface. Fancier devices that function as a digital audio player have a USB host port (type A female typically).

919:(MLC) based memory that is good for around 3,000-5,000 program-erase cycles. Nowadays Triple-level Cell (TLC) is also often used, which has up to 500 write cycles per physical sector, while some high-end flash drives have 343:

Flash drives are often measured by the rate at which they transfer data. Transfer rates may be given in megabytes per second (MB/s), megabits per second (Mbit/s), or in optical drive multipliers such as "180X" (180 times

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The most common use of flash drives is to transport and store personal files, such as documents, pictures and videos. Individuals also store medical information on flash drives for emergencies and disaster preparation.

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Semiconductor corporations have worked to reduce the cost of the components in a flash drive by integrating various flash drive functions in a single chip, thereby reducing the part-count and overall package-cost.

2097:, write protection on USB flash drives (when available) is connected to the drive circuitry, and is handled by the drive itself instead of the host (on SD cards handling of the write-protection notch is optional). 2069:) designed to run from flash drives. These are typically optimized for size and configured to place temporary or intermediate files in the computer's main RAM rather than store them temporarily on the flash drive. 2004:

Some manufacturers have produced USB flash drives which use hardware-based encryption as part of the design, removing the need for third-party encryption software. In limited circumstances these drives have been

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standard addresses this shortcoming in CD-RW media by running the older file systems on top of it and performing defect management for those standards, but it requires support from both the CD/DVD burner and the

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Transfer speeds are technically determined by the slowest of three factors: the USB version used, the speed in which the USB controller device can read and write data onto the flash memory, and the speed of the

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technologies. These had limited capacity, were slow for both reading and writing, required complex high-voltage drive circuitry, and could be re-written only after erasing the entire contents of the chip.

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devices can now be considered for use where a magnetic disk would normally have been required. Flash drives have also experienced an exponential growth in their storage capacity over time (following the

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computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist (e.g. micro-USB and USB-C ports). USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a

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bricks. USB flash drives with images of dragons, cats or aliens are very popular in Asia. The small size, robustness and cheapness of USB flash drives make them an increasingly popular peripheral for

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Counterfeit USB flash drives are sometimes sold with claims of having higher capacities than they actually possess. These are typically low-capacity USB drives with modified flash memory controller

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boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the

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Flash drive capacities on the market increase continually. High speed has become a standard for modern flash drives. Capacities exceeding 256 GB were available on the market as early as 2009.

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backup is saved to the drive. Alternatively, the drive can be left inserted through the business day, and data regularly updated. In either case, the drive is removed at night and taken offsite.

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data. Software tools exist to check and detect fake USB drives, and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the false capacity information and use its real storage limit.

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Unpopulated space – provides space to include a second memory chip. Having this second space allows the manufacturer to use a single printed circuit board for more than one storage size device.

4227: 2676: 4474: 3723: 1627:, an exclusive USB flash drive was made by Konami for the purpose of the link feature from its Sony PlayStation 2 counterpart. However, any USB flash drive can be used in this arcade game. 1933:). For consecutive sector writes and reads (for example, from an unfragmented file), most hard drives can provide a much higher sustained data rate than current NAND flash memory, though 3187: 2566: 1635:

Flash drives use little power, have no fragile moving parts, and for most capacities are small and light. Data stored on flash drives is impervious to mechanical shock, magnetic fields,

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Flash drives can be set up to automatically launch stored presentations, websites, articles, and any other software immediately on insertion of the drive using the Microsoft Windows

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has full control over where information is actually stored. The actual EEPROM writing and erasure processes are, however, still very similar to the earlier systems described above.

3243: 1822:, spreading usage over the entire surface of a disc and maximising life, but many older operating systems do not support this format. Packet-writing utilities such as DirectCD and 1041:

on computers confiscated from suspects. Forensic software is required not to alter in any way the information stored on the computer being examined. Other forensic suites run from

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Password Reset Disk is a feature of the Windows operating system. If a user sets up a Password Reset Disk, it can be used to reset the password on the computer it was set up on.

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Flash drives also store data densely compared to many removable media. In mid-2009, 256 GB drives became available, with the ability to hold many times more data than a

1410:. Some of these players are true USB flash drives as well as music players; others do not support general-purpose data storage. Other applications requiring storage, such as 4536: 2100:

A drawback to the small physical size of flash drives is that they are easily misplaced or otherwise lost. This is a particular problem if they contain sensitive data (see

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medium will achieve the same result. Most drives can be attached to keychains or lanyards. The USB plug is usually retractable or fitted with a removable protective cap.

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and no external optical drive, a flash drive can be used to run installation of Windows or Linux from USB. A process that can be automated via the use of tools like the

3101: 2139:, then discharges that voltage through the data pins. This standalone device can instantly and permanently damage or destroy any host hardware that it is connected to. 1313:, which are all free of charge, and able to run off a computer running Windows without storing anything on the host computer's drives or registry, can be found in the 2195:

standard is becoming increasingly popular. This drive has a write speed of 60 MB/s and a read speed of 120 MB/s, making it faster than the USB 2.0 standard.

5555: 3616: 2499: 4631: 3862: 2614: 3508: 1618:, a specially produced flash drive is used as a "save file" for unlocked songs, as well as for progressing in the WorldMax and Brain Shower sections of the game. 3900: 3351: 3156: 2151:

collaborated with Forum 280 and USB Memory Direct to launch the "Flash Drives for Freedom" program. The program was created in 2016 to smuggle flash drives with

888:' feature built into the software controller to prolong device life, while others do not, so it is not necessarily helpful to install one of these file systems. 231:, DVD players, automobile entertainment systems, and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar 4350: 1306:, which had the system's restore files contained on a USB hard drive rather than the traditional install CDs, because the Air did not include an optical drive. 2880: 1908:) cannot make use of USB flash drives (even if the device has a USB port), whereas the memory cards used by the devices can be read by PCs with a card reader. 3921: 3208: 2072:

When used in the same manner as external rotating drives (hard drives, optical drives, or floppy drives), i.e. in ignorance of their technology, USB drives'

151:, they are smaller, faster, have significantly more capacity, and are more durable due to a lack of moving parts. Additionally, they are less vulnerable to 4598: 3742: 1030: 4373: 3378: 3537: 2024:

computers. However, there are USB drives with fingerprint scanners which use controllers that allow access to protected data without any authentication.

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memory type, size of the flash memory chips, and actual usage pattern. As a result, a USB flash drive can last from a few days to several hundred years.

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larger and heavier than flash drives; however, hard disks sometimes weigh less per unit of storage. Like flash drives, hard disks also suffer from file

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Some manufacturers, aiming at a "best of both worlds" solution, have produced card readers that approach the size and form of USB flash drives (e.g.,

1250:. While any standalone application can in principle be used this way, many programs store data, configuration information, etc. on the hard drive and 3080: 2983: 2668: 4464: 3573: 4113: 4091: 1761:

music keyboards are also dependent on floppy disks, which require computers to process them. Newer devices are built with USB flash drive support.

116:, and usually weighs less than 30 g (1 oz). Since first offered for sale in late 2000, the storage capacities of USB drives range from 8 4981: 3720: 674:

Cover – typically made of plastic or metal, protecting the electronics against mechanical stress and even possible short circuits.

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is better suited for those devices, due to their standardized form factor, which allows the card to be housed inside a device without protruding.

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Regardless of the endurance of the memory itself, the USB connector hardware is specified to withstand only around 1,500 insert-removal cycles.

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With wide deployment of flash drives in various environments (secured or otherwise), data and information security remain critical issues.

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Flash memory combines a number of older technologies, with lower cost, lower power consumption and small size made possible by advances in

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is the first company known to have sold a USB flash drive, and has also maintained that it is the original inventor of the device. Finally

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that they had purchased in 2005 to control the storage and usage of copyrighted materials on flash drives, primarily for use by students.

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is an alternative product that does not require Windows applications to be modified in order for them to be carried and run on the drive.

4684: 4317: 3239: 4140: 4048: 3880: 3039: 2240: 1449: 315:, an engineer at IBM, submitted an invention disclosure asserting that he had invented the USB flash drive. A Singaporean company named 3472: 4974: 4163: 3812: 3272: 3123: 2434: 4559: 3837: 4000:: "Apart from using this unit as a recorder, you can use it as an external memory for your computer, as an external storage device." 3407: 2707: 1118:

Original flash memory designs had very limited estimated lifetimes. The failure mechanism for flash memory cells is analogous to a

4528: 4416: 2464: 551:(ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the 4868: 3659: 3017: 2638: 2073: 568: 163: 4654: 3974: 1804:-Rs which have the same dimensions as a credit card, and the slightly less convenient but higher capacity 80 mm recordable 1572:

feature. Autorunning software this way does not work on all computers, and it is normally disabled by security-conscious users.

971:(particularly writing) of many small files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device. 4878: 2822: 4621: 4011: 3700: 1639:

and dust. These properties make them suitable for transporting data from place to place and keeping the data readily at hand.

1543:). They may be given away for free, sold at less than wholesale price, or included as a bonus with another purchased product. 4198: 3109: 2769: 1831: 802:

USB flash drives have been integrated into other commonly carried items, such as watches, pens, laser pointers, and even the

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may use a hardware-based encryption mechanism that uses a hardware module instead of software for strongly encrypting data.

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Artists have sold or given away USB flash drives, with the first instance believed to be in 2004 when the German punk band

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of the FAT32 file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with USB support. Also, standard FAT

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systems are particularly useful in this regard, as they can transparently encrypt large amounts of data. In some cases, a

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than floppy disks, and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs). However, as with any flash storage, data loss from

3759:"An update is available that enables the support of Enhanced Storage devices in Windows Vista and in Windows Server 2008" 3608: 3438: 2909: 2491: 1897:, their price is now less than an equivalent-capacity USB flash drive, even with the added cost of a USB SD card reader. 5377: 5348: 152: 3516: 619: 5550: 5174: 5116: 3152: 1271: 326:

Given these competing inventor claims, patent disputes involving the USB flash drive have arisen over the years. Both

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Maintenance tasks, such as virus scanning or low-level data repair, without the primary host operating system loaded.

4295: 3761: 2872: 1990:), although some, such as BitLocker, require the user to have administrative rights on every computer it is run on. 5545: 5353: 4185: 1495:

have released music and promotional material on USB flash drives. The first USB album to be released in the UK was

1284: 1049:, but cannot store data on the media they are run from (although they can write to other attached devices, such as 3739: 1706:

at a U.S. Federal records center in 1959. All this data would readily fit on a 4GB flash drive. Click for details.

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into it. Some of these "PC lock" devices also function as normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.

54: 5484: 5397: 5370: 5341: 5104: 4904: 4370: 3699:[Detecting controller model and memory type of flash drive] (in Russian). usbdev.ru. 20 February 2013. 2286: 2006: 1980: 1942: 1917: 1677:

before allowing current to run through it has been known to result in a working drive with no future problems.

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Installers of some operating systems can be stored to a flash drive instead of a CD or DVD, including various

3990: 2615:"Exclusive: This 2TB USB flash drive is the biggest ever, costs only $ 190 and delivers SSD-like performance" 1218:, using a USB flash drive with a storage limit of at most 2 GB is recommended in order to boot from it. 5427: 5422: 5310: 5283: 3779: 2524: 2255: 2148: 1922: 1492: 1200: 600: 367:

That same year, Intel sparked widespread use of second generation USB by including them within its laptops.

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feature allows flash drives (from 4 GB in case of Windows Vista) to augment operating system memory.

291: 4117: 3569: 1859:, and a Micro-SD card, all having a capacity of 8 GiB, next to a U.S 5-cent coin for size comparison 1398:, essentially producing flash drives with sound output and a simple user interface. Examples include the 544:

Inside the casing is a small printed circuit board, which has some power circuitry and a small number of

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was slow to appear in laptops. Through 2010, the majority of laptop models still contained only USB 2.0.

5317: 4945: 4065: 1934: 1905: 1827: 1819: 1818:(UDF) version 1.50 and above has facilities to support rewritable discs like sparing tables and virtual 1815: 1741:

A flash drive and a 3.5-inch floppy disk. The flash drive can hold approximately 11,380 times more data.

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Sectors are 512 bytes long, for compatibility with hard disk drives, and the first sector can contain a

526: 253: 239: 58: 1295:(for Windows) or RUNZ (for Linux) can be used to run software from a flash drive without installation. 4397: 3637: 2785: 30: 5305: 3951: 2930: 2260: 1585: 1395: 1326: 1310: 1196: 1124: 705: 644: 589: 280: 272: 4434: 4321: 2589: 2093:-contaminated host computers without the risk of infecting a USB flash drive itself. In contrast to 377:

In January 2013, tech company Kingston, released a flash drive with 1 TB of storage. The first

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By 2010, the maximum available storage capacity for the devices had reached upwards of 128 GB.

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Multiple individuals have staked a claim to having invented the USB flash drive. On April 5, 1999,

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flash drive. In 2018, SanDisk announced a 1 TB USB-C flash drive, the smallest of its kind.

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can be transported from one computer to another like any other file, and played on a compatible

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A recent development for the use of a USB Flash Drive as an application carrier is to carry the

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MobileMate) These readers are limited to a specific subset of memory card formats (such as SD,

1076:) can be updated using USB flash drives. Usually, new firmware is downloaded and placed onto a 323:, a Malaysian engineer, has also been recognized by some as a possible inventor of the device. 5327: 5191: 5089: 5001: 4930: 4925: 4861: 4856: 4716: 4680: 4083: 4075: 2740: 2730: 2275: 2021: 2009:, and are typically more expensive than software-based systems, which are available for free. 1998: 1994: 1863: 1721: 1502: 1497: 1488: 1411: 1266: 1247: 935: 927: 920: 823: 803: 668: 202: 4137: 4045: 2175:"Handmade" USB drives, containing movies and other related content, have also been reported. 1017:

is an attempt to create a generic authentication platform for USB drives. It is supported in

5162: 5053: 3876: 3469: 2301: 2085: 1953: 1836: 1812:. The small discs are more expensive than the standard size, and do not work in all drives. 1801: 1726: 1658: 1251: 1204: 931: 916: 711: 698:

and test pins – for testing during the flash drive's manufacturing or loading code into its

640: 464: 331: 198: 179: 156: 4498:"You Can Donate Old USB Drives to These Activists to Help Free North Koreans of Propaganda" 4160: 3264: 2426: 794:

which are often bulky and make the drive difficult to connect to the USB port. Because the

5322: 5300: 5211: 5031: 5026: 5018: 4420: 4377: 4167: 4144: 4052: 3997: 3978: 3907: 3833: 3765: 3746: 3727: 3663: 3644: 3495: 3476: 3337: 3318: 3299: 3240:"PKparis unveils world's smallest Android flash drive | Android Atlas - CNET Reviews" 2773: 2762:, "Architecture for a universal serial bus-based PC flash disk", issued 1999-04-05 2736: 2066: 1753:

from floppy disks, and so they are sometimes used to change the firmware on, for example,

1591: 1088: 964: 904: 872: 860: 852: 699: 636: 175: 167: 3414: 2697: 2525:"Keychain Not Included: The Five Highest-Capacity USB Flash Drives for Your Digital Life" 1826:

are available but produce discs that are not universally readable (although based on the

3352:"World's smallest 128GB USB 3.0 drive: PKParis K'1 picks a fight with SanDisk Ultra Fit" 2183: 2131:

Similar in appearance to a USB flash drive, a USB killer is a circuit which charges its

1539:

purposes, particularly within technical and computer-industry circles (e.g., technology

599:

Computers access modern flash memory systems very much like hard disk drives, where the

5387: 5288: 5058: 5041: 4935: 4413: 4016: 2456: 2296: 2090: 2016: 1901: 1678: 1670: 1614: 1608: 1403: 1292: 1155: 1050: 724:

Transport aid – the cap or the body often contains a hole suitable for connection to a

654: 320: 256:

with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.

4206: 3656: 3013: 2902:"Patent Expires for Flash Memory Sticks, Invented by a Chinese Company-Jiemian Global" 2646: 1737: 1699: 1382: 770: 5539: 5489: 5459: 5275: 5201: 5154: 5099: 5094: 5046: 4894: 4849: 4821: 3971: 2291: 2281: 2216: 2211: 2152: 2101: 1793:

discs are the most suitable optical discs for data storage involving much rewriting.

1662: 1442: 1399: 1352:

The drive is small and convenient, and more likely to be carried off-site for safety.

1334: 1258: 1227: 1188: 1184: 885: 276: 269: 228: 140: 2814: 1847: 65: 5565: 5365: 5253: 5236: 5231: 5009: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4709: 4626: 3696: 2109: 2046: 1886: 1852: 1506: 1407: 1387: 1143: 1054: 844: 840: 811: 664: 653:

memory chip(s) – stores data (NAND flash is typically also used in

552: 534: 498: 433: 265: 148: 113: 105: 2760: 1517: 926:

Estimation of flash memory endurance is a challenging subject that depends on the

732:. Connecting the cap, rather than the body, can allow the drive itself to be lost. 5464: 5432: 5335: 5295: 5258: 5226: 5068: 4529:"Flash Drives For Freedom: Your Old USB Drives Can Help Overthrow Dictatorships" 4021: 2164: 2156: 1745: 1683: 1666: 1596: 1581: 1555: 1554:. The drive may be blank, or preloaded with graphics, documentation, web links, 1551: 1303: 1192: 1065: 836: 785: 764: 740: 736: 623:

The internal mechanical and electronic parts of a Kingston 2 GB flash drive

522: 515: 359:/s as the transfer rate upper bound; after accounting for the protocol overhead 144: 136: 1963:), and other forms of drives with removable magnetic media, such as the Iomega 686: 393: 17: 5479: 5196: 5126: 5121: 5111: 4950: 4909: 4258:"Technical Specifications - PKZIP Server - PKWARE - server - pkzip - software" 4179: 4070: 3445: 2901: 2270: 2265: 2250: 2126: 1769: 1703: 1562: 1540: 1358:

The capacity is often large enough for several backup images of critical data.

1299: 1231: 1215: 1002: 998: 856: 779: 775: 650: 607: 4079: 1900:

An additional advantage of memory cards is that many consumer devices (e.g.,

1531:

The availability of inexpensive flash drives has enabled them to be used for

1158:

growth curve). As of 2013, single-packaged devices with capacities of 1

159:

due to prolonged lack of electrical power and the possibility of spontaneous

112:

interface. A typical USB drive is removable, rewritable, and smaller than an

5474: 5469: 5453: 5382: 5221: 5073: 5036: 4966: 4087: 3439:"USB 2.0 Specification Engineering Change Notice (ECN) #1: Mini-B connector" 2245: 2132: 2013: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1926: 1558: 1536: 1484: 1461: 1426: 1176: 1034: 1018: 1014: 907:. Therefore, USB flash units can be partitioned just like hard disk drives. 725: 538: 486: 482: 303: 295: 216: 1265:

as well as others) to deliver custom versions of applications designed for

588:

access requires far fewer electrical connections for the memory chips than

507: 4287: 1341:

medium: at the close of business each night, the drive is inserted, and a

5412: 5063: 4998: 4469: 3758: 3594: 2062: 1987: 1890: 1809: 1342: 1159: 1112: 1108: 950: 848: 593: 519: 362: 345: 224: 187: 171: 125: 121: 117: 5246: 5184: 5138: 4940: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4231: 3780:"Microsoft device helps police pluck evidence from cyberscene of crime" 3356: 2702: 2227: 2192: 2188: 2094: 1957: 1882: 1878: 1856: 1790: 1750: 1688: 1647: 1569: 1525: 1477: 1330: 1262: 1128: 1104: 1046: 757: 729: 378: 371: 356: 352: 232: 69: 47: 35: 4560:"Flashdrives for freedom? 20,000 USBs to be smuggled into North Korea" 1993:

Archiving software can achieve a similar result by creating encrypted

489:

or USB-C plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.

5360: 5133: 4955: 4899: 3721:"About VID PID Repairing Counterfeit Flash Drives – Steps To Succeed" 3408:"USB 1.0 Spec Position on Extension Cables and Pass-Through Monitors" 3209:"SanDisk shows off the world's smallest 1TB USB-C flash drive at CES" 2306: 2028: 1805: 1355:

The drives are less fragile mechanically and magnetically than tapes.

1338: 1042: 576: 307: 1386:

A contemporary thumb drive styled solid-state digital audio player (

1107:

from a USB drive, allowing the launch of an operating system from a

1037:. COFEE is a set of applications designed to search for and extract 752: 690:

The front and rear side of a USB flash drive with the casing removed

533:

On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single

481:

On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single

3180:"The world's biggest flash drive can store more than 160 HD movies" 4811: 2330: 2206: 2182: 2058: 1930: 1846: 1736: 1698: 1600: 1457: 1425: 1381: 1277: 1180: 1081: 1077: 833: 829: 784: 769: 761: 751: 685: 618: 572: 506: 381: 211: 206: 73: 64: 53: 41: 29: 3676: 3312:

BlueTrek Bizz – an expandable USB and a Bluetooth headset in one

806:; others have been fitted with novelty cases such as toy cars or 166:

due to poor manufacturing could make it unsuitable for long-term

5437: 5331: 4816: 4589:

Bragg, Austin; Bragg, Meredith; Detrick, Paul (March 15, 2017).

1823: 1754: 1547: 1469: 1438:, released in 2004, was the first album released on a USB stick. 1431: 1073: 1069: 807: 220: 4970: 4705: 4288:"WinRAR archiver, a powerful tool to process RAR and ZIP files" 135:

Common uses of USB flash drives are for storage, supplementary

5417: 5241: 4831: 4732: 4622:"Selling 'Handmade' USB Drives with Pirated Movies is a Thing" 4591:"#SXSW: How Activists Are Using Technology to Fight Dictators" 3040:"Reducing Seek Overhead with Application-Directed Prefetching" 2136: 1785: 1643: 1480: 795: 502: 453: 248: 244: 109: 38:

Cruzer USB drive from 2011, with 4 GB of storage capacity

2057:

have produced special versions of operating systems (such as

1687:

cooked one of these flash drives with propane, froze it with

1546:

Usually, such drives will be custom-stamped with a company's

541:

plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.

529:

card shown partially inserted), and acts as a USB flash drive

170:. The ability to retain data is affected by the controller's 1349:

This is simple for the end-user, and more likely to be done.

855:. However, because a flash drive appears as a USB-connected 3740:

Tom's Hardware: Nine USB 3.0 Flash Drives For Road Warriors

1781: 1139:

for embedded applications (e.g., network router, firewall).

863:

to any file system supported by the host operating system.

387: 3538:"TN-29-42: Wear-Leveling Techniques in NAND Flash Devices" 2341:(after the original M-Systems DiskOnKey drive from 2000), 4465:"USB Killer is a flash drive designed to fry your laptop" 3730:, fixfakeflash.wordpress.com, retrieved November 16, 2010 714:

switches – Enable or disable writing of data into memory.

50:

Ultra Flair USB drive from 2020, attached to an HP laptop

1361:

Flash drives are cheaper than many other backup systems.

915:

The memory in flash drives was commonly engineered with

2374: 2373:. For an incomplete list of alternative names, see the 1414:, can also be combined with flash drive functionality. 1005:

are becoming the norm as data security needs increase;

4701: 4343:"heise online - IT-News, Nachrichten und Hintergründe" 2159:

movies and television shows, as well as a copy of the

1855:-branded digital media, showing a USB flash drive, an 1329:

are now using a flash drive as part of small-business

993:

Secure storage of data, application and software files

635:

USB mass storage controller – a small

4423:. Linux-usb.sourceforge.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 3859:"HP USB Floppy Drive Key Support - HP Support Center" 3595:"Kingston's Flash Memory Guide - Kingston Technology" 3321:. TechChee.com (2008-05-20). Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 735:

Some drives offer expandable storage via an internal

3991:

From the manual for a typical digital voice recorder

3498:. Ask-leo.com (2008-02-19). Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 3479:(German), t3n (2012-03-07). Retrieved on 2012-03-17. 76:

flash drive (2020 model) next to a 50 cent euro coin

5502: 5446: 5405: 5396: 5274: 5210: 5153: 5082: 5017: 5008: 4918: 4887: 4830: 4784: 3153:"PK: the World's First USB Kit with 3.1 technology" 2518: 2516: 2135:to a high voltage using the power supply pins of a 2076:is more likely to be sudden: while rotating drives 708:– indicate data transfers or data reads and writes. 571:technology. The memory storage is based on earlier 4318:"Encrypted & Secure USB Flash Drive - GoldKey" 1483:, it also included a video, pictures, lyrics, and 1021:and Windows Vista (Service Pack 2 with a hotfix). 4380:. 2008-05-23, Bress.net. Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 3609:"How Long Does a USB Flash Drive Last? (Part II)" 3331:Frequently Asked Questions About USB Flash Drives 2844:"Who Invented the USB Flash Drive? - Premium USB" 1757:chips. Devices with removable storage like older 1595:, flash drives are used to transfer high scores, 627:There are typically five parts to a flash drive: 4155: 4153: 3697:"Определение модели контроллера и памяти флешки" 3073:"Want a laptop with USB 3.0? The few, the proud" 2669:"Understanding Life Expectancy of Flash Storage" 1476:, only as a USB drive. In addition to five high- 1261:company works with drive makers (parent company 1111:flash drive. Such a configuration is known as a 667:and controls the device's data output through a 4371:How Long Does a Flash Drive Last? – Josh's Blog 3811:. northernmicro.com. 2013-12-21. Archived from 1669:or block addressing scheme. Some computers can 3638:"What is the Life Cycle of a USB Flash Drive?" 3509:"Flash Memory Fragmentation – Myths and Facts" 3293:PNY USB Flash Drive – CES 2006 – LetsGoDigital 2873:"'Father of pen drive' now a Datuk | The Star" 1780:The various writable and re-writable forms of 1661:can read and write to them without installing 967:, especially in the case of add-on USB ports. 663: – produces the device's main 5515:History of computing hardware (1960s–present) 4982: 4717: 3901:Boot Windows from a certified USB flash drive 1142:Bootstrapping an operating system install or 828:Most flash drives ship preformatted with the 8: 4435:"How do I fix bad sectors on a flash drive?" 4228:"MobileMate Memory Stick Plus 4-in-1 Reader" 4012:"Vorbespielter USB-Stick: Musik zum Löschen" 3613:Promotional USB Flash Drives and Accessories 2552: 2550: 4046:X (USB): Kylie Minogue: Amazon.co.uk: Music 3666:, www.heise.de, retrieved November 16, 2010 3379:"Guide: The 20 Best Small USB Flash Drives" 2931:"Singapore firm wins patent on thumb drive" 1031:Computer Online Forensic Evidence Extractor 5402: 5014: 4989: 4975: 4967: 4724: 4710: 4702: 4114:"Preloaded Flash Drives | USB Promos" 3470:Bizarre USB flash drives from the Far East 2984:"4 Optical Drives through Port Multiplier" 2108:which can be used in conjunction with any 3124:"Kingston unveils 1 terabyte flash drive" 2613:updated, Desire Athow last (2023-05-26). 1937:seriously impact hard drive performance. 537:; some flash drives additionally offer a 485:; some flash drives additionally offer a 4620:Van der Sar, Ernesto (August 27, 2023). 4055:. Amazon.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 3922:"Hands-on with Kingston's 1TB USB Stick" 3302:. Ces-show.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 2732:Digital Design and Computer Architecture 1516: 1187:is distributed only online, through the 3768:. Microsoft Support. November 23, 2010. 3570:"Kingston HyperX 3K (240GB) SSD Review" 3489:Should I defragment my USB Flash drive? 2418: 2319: 2084:Most USB flash drives do not include a 2065:) or commonplace applications (such as 1456:-locked files). In addition, many home 1302:released their newest iteration of the 592:, simplifying the manufacture of multi- 197:standard, supported natively by modern 5556:Computer-related introductions in 2000 3647:, GetUSB.info, retrieved June 14, 2010 1956:and high-capacity floppy disks (e.g., 1695:Comparison with other portable storage 1394:Many companies make small solid-state 1025:Computer forensics and law enforcement 399:Internals of a typical USB flash drive 279:in the early 1980s. Flash memory uses 4094:from the original on 8 September 2013 3636:Blanchard, Richard (March 8th, 2007) 3550:from the original on 18 November 2023 3219:from the original on 18 December 2019 3067: 3065: 3020:from the original on 21 December 2014 2729:Harris, David; Harris, Sarah (2010). 2710:from the original on 29 November 2019 2590:"7 Largest Thumb Drives In The World" 2492:"Object of Interest: The Flash Drive" 2467:from the original on January 25, 2022 2437:from the original on December 7, 2021 1916:Particularly with the advent of USB, 859:to the host system, the drive can be 683:The typical device may also include: 7: 5520:List of pioneers in computer science 4634:from the original on August 28, 2023 4539:from the original on 11 January 2019 4527:Desreumaux, Geoff (23 August 2018). 4508:from the original on 11 January 2019 4268:from the original on 18 October 2015 3050:from the original on 25 January 2022 2486: 2484: 2482: 1465:without use of a personal computer. 851:) can be used to repair or retrieve 4601:from the original on March 18, 2017 4570:from the original on March 18, 2017 4463:Constantin, Lucian (Mar 13, 2015). 4391:"What is flash drive wear leveling" 3981:. TechCrunch.com. October 20, 2010. 3657:"H2testw USB flash drive test tool" 3413:. Intel. 1998-02-22. Archived from 2241:Glossary of computer hardware terms 2012:A minority of flash drives support 1167:Operating system installation media 475:Space for second flash memory chip 417:USB mass storage controller device 3778:Romano, Benjamin J. (2008-04-29). 1487:. Subsequently, artists including 1146:operation, often across a network. 264:The basis for USB flash drives is 238:A flash drive consists of a small 25: 4661:from the original on 23 June 2016 4655:"Pretec - Small size, Big impact" 4477:from the original on June 7, 2018 2333:trademark. Less common names are 2167:to spread pro-Western sentiment. 1945:, which can reduce access speed. 1893:is such that, circa 2011, due to 1337:systems). The drive is used as a 1214:Furthermore, for installation of 1103:Most current PC firmware permits 1033:(COFEE) application developed by 355:connectivity, which has 480 4681:"SanDisk Ultra II SD Plus Cards" 4496:Taggart, Emma (22 August 2018). 4433:Notenboom, Leo A. (2008-05-06). 4298:from the original on 3 July 2015 3972:"Yep, Apple Killed The CD Today" 3950:. Windows 7 News. Archived from 3948:"Windows 7 to Extend Readyboost" 3946:Brinkmann, Martin (2008-11-01). 3159:from the original on 31 May 2016 2559:"The best USB flash drives 2016" 1772:using individual data channels. 1412:digital voice or sound recording 569:semiconductor device fabrication 392: 4687:from the original on 2010-03-29 4445:from the original on 2017-06-13 4353:from the original on 2008-12-26 4028:from the original on 2015-07-09 3928:from the original on 2014-03-08 3883:from the original on 2017-08-08 3840:from the original on 2014-01-17 3834:"How to Use USB BIOS Flashback" 3790:from the original on 2012-04-23 3703:from the original on 2017-06-06 3619:from the original on 2015-04-02 3576:from the original on 2013-01-13 3389:from the original on 2017-06-07 3275:from the original on 2018-10-10 3246:from the original on 2014-02-19 3190:from the original on 2018-10-10 3134:from the original on 2018-10-10 3083:from the original on 2018-10-10 2965:from the original on 2020-09-03 2912:from the original on 2021-05-09 2883:from the original on 2021-11-11 2854:from the original on 2021-02-12 2825:from the original on 2021-03-02 2796:from the original on 2020-12-05 2786:"Who invented the Thumb-Drive?" 2679:from the original on 2020-12-19 2569:from the original on 2016-10-16 2535:from the original on 2016-10-19 2502:from the original on 2021-04-21 2179:Current and future developments 2007:shown to have security problems 1242:Flash drives are used to carry 639:with a small amount of on-chip 4558:Hands, Jack (March 22, 2016). 4161:"Kingston unveils 256GB thumb" 4138:USB flash drive auto run setup 4010:Patalong, Frank (2004-10-06). 3920:Jane McEntegart (2013-01-08). 3879:. SlashGear. 24 October 2008. 2955:"Trek 2000 and the ThumbDrive" 2639:"USB Flash drive Resurrection" 2187:The internals of a 32 GB 2029:physical authentication tokens 1765:Floppy disk hardware emulators 1274:interested in their platform. 1248:without requiring installation 1246:that run on the host computer 789:Assortment of USB flash drives 778:flash drive in the shape of a 559:to communicate with the host. 351:By 2002, USB flash drives had 1: 5510:History of computing hardware 4066:"Albums arrive on USB format" 3377:Marino, Robert (2015-09-10). 2645:. 29 May 2011. Archived from 1655:USB mass storage device class 1524:-branded USB flash drive and 1289:portable application creators 1061:Updating motherboard firmware 557:USB mass storage device class 361:that translates to a 35 195:USB mass storage device class 124:(GB), 512 GB and 1 5561:Solid-state computer storage 5378:Network interface controller 4159:Baker, Jeff (July 20, 2009) 3572:. Anandtec.com. 2012-04-10. 3350:Newman, Jared (2015-06-17). 3265:"What's Inside a USB Drive?" 3108:. 2010-10-25. Archived from 2815:"History Of The Flash Drive" 2557:Athow, Desire (2016-07-04). 2523:Madison, Alex (2016-07-09). 1715:The applications of current 1272:independent software vendors 1191:, or on flash drives; for a 1135:Loading a minimal, hardened 409:USB Standard-A, "male" plug 153:electromagnetic interference 5175:Refreshable braille display 5117:Refreshable braille display 4533:WeRSM - We are Social Media 4147:, article from Flashbay.com 3238:Broida, Rick (2013-12-10). 2588:Levin, Nancy (2023-01-19). 2395:1 TB = 1 thousand gigabytes 2219:card with a USB connector. 2106:software encryption systems 1653:Flash drives implement the 1513:Brand and product promotion 1422:Media storage and marketing 748:Size and style of packaging 555:. Drives typically use the 5587: 4199:"MobileLite 9-in-1 Reader" 3910:. Retrieved on 14 May 2014 3340:. Retrieved on 2011-05-18. 2143:"Flash Drives for Freedom" 2124: 2044: 2027:Some manufacturers deploy 1978: 1285:application virtualization 821: 496: 4739: 3877:"HP USB Floppy Drive Key" 3809:"ASUS EZ Flash 2 utility" 2224:digital rights management 2209:attempted to introduce a 2191:USB 3.0 flash drive. The 2047:Flash memory: Limitations 1406:and the first generation 1315:list of portable software 1099:Booting operating systems 756:A particularly intricate 739:slot, much like a memory 390: 219:systems, as well as many 193:USB flash drives use the 4905:USB flash drive security 2287:USB Flash Drive Alliance 1981:USB flash drive security 1624:Dance Dance Revolution X 1179:and newer versions, and 365:/s effective throughput. 190:" 3.5-inch floppy disk. 5284:Central processing unit 4181:testing removable media 2256:Nonvolatile BIOS memory 2149:Human Rights Foundation 1975:Encryption and security 1797:Optical storage devices 1201:Universal USB Installer 984:Personal data transport 339:Technology improvements 328:Trek 2000 International 317:Trek 2000 International 4745:USB Implementers Forum 3102:"All-Time 100 Gadgets" 2386:1 GB = 1 billion bytes 2196: 2161:Korean Knowledge (XXG) 1906:portable music players 1860: 1742: 1707: 1528: 1439: 1391: 1254:of the host computer. 790: 782: 767: 691: 624: 530: 139:, and transferring of 77: 62: 51: 39: 3014:"USB 1.0 vs. USB 2.0" 2222:SanDisk introduced a 2186: 2171:"Handmade" USB drives 1850: 1816:Universal Disk Format 1740: 1702: 1520: 1462:car stereo head units 1429: 1396:digital audio players 1385: 1327:value-added resellers 1311:portable applications 1007:on-the-fly encryption 845:maintenance utilities 788: 773: 755: 689: 679:Additional components 622: 510: 254:portable media player 240:printed circuit board 68: 57: 45: 33: 4414:Mass Storage Devices 4403:on February 6, 2009. 3924:. Tomshardware.com. 3242:. Reviews.cnet.com. 3112:on October 28, 2010. 2261:Portable application 1954:Audio tape cassettes 1935:mechanical latencies 1868:Secure Digital cards 1717:data tape cartridges 1657:so that most modern 1646:(54 DVDs) or even a 1606:In the arcade games 1238:Application carriers 1230:and later versions, 1093:USB floppy drive key 1068:firmware (including 958:File transfer speeds 945:Counterfeit products 871:Flash drives can be 615:Essential components 281:floating-gate MOSFET 273:semiconductor memory 4232:Sandisk Corporation 4203:Kingston Technology 4188:on the Gadget Show. 3865:on 14 January 2014. 3383:Computershopper.com 2994:on 28 December 2014 2147:The New York-based 1918:external hard disks 1673:from flash drives. 1621:In the arcade game 1370:Password Reset Disk 1173:Linux distributions 796:USB port connectors 549:integrated circuits 483:Standard-A USB plug 108:with an integrated 102:data storage device 27:Data storage device 5551:2000 in technology 4419:2010-03-04 at the 4376:2010-02-13 at the 4166:2012-03-22 at the 4143:2010-03-01 at the 4051:2018-11-18 at the 3996:2016-02-01 at the 3977:2017-06-03 at the 3906:2016-02-25 at the 3764:2011-06-06 at the 3745:2012-10-17 at the 3726:2011-01-09 at the 3662:2024-05-31 at the 3643:2013-02-10 at the 3494:2011-07-07 at the 3475:2012-03-20 at the 3336:2009-06-23 at the 3317:2014-08-29 at the 3298:2009-09-11 at the 3215:. 9 January 2018. 2961:. March 23, 2010. 2877:www.thestar.com.my 2848:www.premiumusb.com 2772:2021-07-29 at the 2739:. pp. 263–4. 2226:technology called 2197: 1912:External hard disk 1895:economies of scale 1864:Flash memory cards 1861: 1843:Flash memory cards 1743: 1708: 1589:and more commonly 1529: 1452:(with caveats for 1440: 1392: 1222:Windows ReadyBoost 901:master boot record 791: 783: 768: 760:flash drive: Faux 692: 661:Crystal oscillator 625: 531: 467:switch (Optional) 444:Crystal oscillator 130:shelf storage time 78: 63: 61:JetFlash from 2014 52: 40: 5546:2000 in computing 5528: 5527: 5498: 5497: 5428:Analog audio jack 5149: 5148: 4964: 4963: 4931:Ethernet over USB 4926:Enhanced mini-USB 4595:Reason Foundation 4170:, MobileWhack.com 4074:. 23 April 2007. 3784:The Seattle Times 2935:The Straits Times 2746:978-0-08-054706-0 2375:list of redirects 2314:Explanatory notes 2276:Solid-state drive 2022:Microsoft Windows 1820:allocation tables 1659:operating systems 1503:compilation album 1498:Kiss Does... Rave 1333:solutions (e.g., 1298:In October 2010, 1283:Similarly, other 1267:Microsoft Windows 1183:. In particular, 1127:, identical to a 1091:has introduced a 921:single-level cell 879:Even distribution 824:Flash file system 669:phase-locked loop 601:controller system 479: 478: 434:Flash memory chip 199:operating systems 168:archiving of data 16:(Redirected from 5578: 5571:Office equipment 5403: 5054:Optical trackpad 5019:Pointing devices 5015: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4968: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4726: 4719: 4712: 4703: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4577: 4575: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4493: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4450: 4430: 4424: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4402: 4396:. Archived from 4395: 4387: 4381: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4358: 4339: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4320:. Archived from 4314: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4253: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4243: 4238:on March 5, 2009 4234:. Archived from 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4214: 4205:. Archived from 4195: 4189: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4157: 4148: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4116:. Archived from 4110: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4037: 4036: 4034: 4033: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3982: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3933: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3861:. Archived from 3855: 3849: 3848: 3846: 3845: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3820: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3795: 3775: 3769: 3756: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3677:"F3 by Digirati" 3673: 3667: 3654: 3648: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625: 3624: 3615:. 8 April 2013. 3605: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3581: 3566: 3560: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3525: 3524: 3515:. Archived from 3505: 3499: 3486: 3480: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3450: 3444:. Archived from 3443: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3425: 3419: 3412: 3404: 3398: 3397: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3365: 3364: 3347: 3341: 3328: 3322: 3309: 3303: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3280: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3195: 3178:Mullen, Jethro. 3175: 3169: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3149: 3143: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3010: 3004: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2990:. Archived from 2980: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2941: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2898: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2888: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2802: 2801: 2790:Kodak Digitizing 2782: 2776: 2768: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2694: 2688: 2687: 2685: 2684: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2654: 2649:on 12 April 2022 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2554: 2545: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2488: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2423: 2406: 2402: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2384: 2378: 2377:to this article. 2324: 2302:External storage 2116:Security threats 2086:write protection 1949:Obsolete devices 1851:Three different 1837:operating system 1802:business card CD 1505:released by the 1485:guitar tablature 1430:The German band 1309:A wide range of 1039:digital evidence 1011:secure USB drive 917:multi-level cell 804:Swiss Army Knife 396: 388: 366: 332:Netac Technology 214: 180:error correction 143:. Compared with 100:elsewhere) is a 21: 5586: 5585: 5581: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5576: 5575: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5494: 5442: 5392: 5270: 5264:USB flash drive 5213: 5206: 5145: 5078: 5032:Game controller 5027:Graphics tablet 5004: 4995: 4965: 4960: 4914: 4883: 4869:Human interface 4826: 4780: 4771: 4764: 4757: 4750: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4700: 4699: 4690: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4664: 4662: 4653:Administrator. 4652: 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4588: 4587: 4583: 4573: 4571: 4557: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4540: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4511: 4509: 4495: 4494: 4490: 4480: 4478: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4446: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4421:Wayback Machine 4412: 4408: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4378:Wayback Machine 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4327: 4325: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4301: 4299: 4286: 4285: 4281: 4271: 4269: 4255: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4210: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4168:Wayback Machine 4158: 4151: 4145:Wayback Machine 4136: 4132: 4123: 4121: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4095: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4053:Wayback Machine 4044: 4040: 4031: 4029: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3998:Wayback Machine 3989: 3985: 3979:Wayback Machine 3970: 3966: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3931: 3929: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3908:Wayback Machine 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3843: 3841: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3793: 3791: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3766:Wayback Machine 3757: 3753: 3749:, 26 April 2011 3747:Wayback Machine 3738: 3734: 3728:Wayback Machine 3719: 3715: 3706: 3704: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3664:Wayback Machine 3655: 3651: 3645:Wayback Machine 3635: 3631: 3622: 3620: 3607: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3568: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3507: 3506: 3502: 3496:Wayback Machine 3487: 3483: 3477:Wayback Machine 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3401: 3392: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3349: 3348: 3344: 3338:Wayback Machine 3329: 3325: 3319:Wayback Machine 3310: 3306: 3300:Wayback Machine 3291: 3287: 3278: 3276: 3263: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3247: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3193: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3162: 3160: 3151: 3150: 3146: 3137: 3135: 3122: 3121: 3117: 3100: 3099: 3095: 3086: 3084: 3071: 3070: 3063: 3053: 3051: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3011: 3007: 2997: 2995: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2939: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2900: 2899: 2895: 2886: 2884: 2871: 2870: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2813: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2797: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2774:Wayback Machine 2765: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2737:Morgan Kaufmann 2728: 2727: 2723: 2713: 2711: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2682: 2680: 2667: 2666: 2662: 2652: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2612: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2556: 2555: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2505: 2503: 2490: 2489: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2461:Merriam-Webster 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2431:Merriam-Webster 2425: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2409: 2403: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2236: 2181: 2173: 2145: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2067:Mozilla Firefox 2054: 2049: 2043: 2038: 1983: 1977: 1951: 1914: 1902:digital cameras 1845: 1830:standard). The 1778: 1735: 1713: 1697: 1633: 1592:In The Groove 2 1578: 1550:, as a form of 1515: 1509:in April 2007. 1489:Nine Inch Nails 1424: 1380: 1372: 1323: 1240: 1224: 1169: 1101: 1063: 1051:external drives 1027: 995: 986: 981: 960: 947: 913: 905:partition table 897: 895:Hard disk drive 891: 881: 869: 826: 820: 750: 700:microcontroller 681: 655:digital cameras 637:microcontroller 617: 590:parallel access 565: 546:surface-mounted 505: 497:Main articles: 495: 397: 360: 341: 283:transistors as 262: 210: 176:data redundancy 28: 23: 22: 18:USB thumb drive 15: 12: 11: 5: 5584: 5582: 5574: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5532:External links 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5390: 5388:Expansion card 5385: 5380: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5346: 5345: 5344: 5339: 5325: 5315: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5289:Microprocessor 5280: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5172: 5171: 5170: 5159: 5157: 5155:Output devices 5151: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5059:Pointing stick 5056: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5012: 5006: 5005: 4996: 4994: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4971: 4962: 4961: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4946:Serial adapter 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4879:Communications 4876: 4871: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4854: 4853: 4852: 4847: 4836: 4834: 4832:Device classes 4828: 4827: 4825: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4777: 4776: 4769: 4762: 4748: 4740: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4672: 4645: 4612: 4581: 4550: 4519: 4488: 4455: 4425: 4406: 4382: 4363: 4334: 4309: 4279: 4256:Arlen Walker. 4248: 4219: 4190: 4172: 4149: 4130: 4105: 4057: 4038: 4017:Spiegel Online 4002: 3983: 3964: 3938: 3912: 3893: 3868: 3850: 3836:. ASUS. 2012. 3825: 3800: 3770: 3751: 3732: 3713: 3688: 3668: 3649: 3629: 3600: 3586: 3561: 3529: 3500: 3481: 3462: 3430: 3399: 3369: 3342: 3323: 3304: 3285: 3269:PremiumUSB.com 3256: 3230: 3200: 3170: 3144: 3115: 3093: 3079:. 2010-09-19. 3061: 3031: 3005: 2975: 2946: 2922: 2906:en.jiemian.com 2893: 2864: 2835: 2821:. 2015-04-23. 2806: 2777: 2752: 2745: 2721: 2698:"Flash Memory" 2689: 2675:. 2020-07-23. 2660: 2630: 2605: 2580: 2546: 2529:Digital Trends 2512: 2496:The New Yorker 2478: 2448: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2397: 2388: 2379: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2297:Disk enclosure 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2144: 2141: 2125:Main article: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2053: 2050: 2045:Main article: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2017:fingerprinting 1979:Main article: 1976: 1973: 1950: 1947: 1913: 1910: 1844: 1841: 1777: 1774: 1734: 1731: 1712: 1709: 1696: 1693: 1663:device drivers 1632: 1629: 1615:Pump it Up NXA 1609:Pump it Up NX2 1577: 1574: 1514: 1511: 1423: 1420: 1404:Philips GoGear 1379: 1376: 1371: 1368: 1363: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1322: 1319: 1293:VMware ThinApp 1287:solutions and 1239: 1236: 1223: 1220: 1177:Windows 7 1168: 1165: 1151: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1100: 1097: 1062: 1059: 1026: 1023: 994: 991: 985: 982: 980: 977: 959: 956: 946: 943: 912: 909: 896: 893: 880: 877: 868: 865: 853:corrupted data 822:Main article: 819: 816: 749: 746: 745: 744: 733: 722: 718: 715: 709: 703: 680: 677: 676: 675: 672: 658: 648: 633: 616: 613: 606:Many low-cost 564: 561: 518:which accepts 494: 491: 477: 476: 473: 469: 468: 462: 458: 457: 451: 447: 446: 441: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 423: 419: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 403: 402: 340: 337: 321:Pua Khein-Seng 313:Shimon Shmueli 261: 258: 141:computer files 104:that includes 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5583: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5531: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5460:Parallel port 5458: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5395: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5359: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5276:Computer case 5273: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5202:Graphics card 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5186: 5183: 5182: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5156: 5152: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100:Graphics card 5098: 5096: 5095:Image scanner 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5010:Input devices 5007: 5003: 5000: 4992: 4987: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4895:Juice jacking 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4863: 4860: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4823: 4822:USB On-The-Go 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4715: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4704: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4673: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4646: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4623: 4616: 4613: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4585: 4582: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4551: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4523: 4520: 4507: 4503: 4502:My Modern Met 4499: 4492: 4489: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4399: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4364: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4324:on 2013-01-24 4323: 4319: 4313: 4310: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4280: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4252: 4249: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4209:on 2009-02-27 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4131: 4120:on 2015-04-23 4119: 4115: 4109: 4106: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4047: 4042: 4039: 4027: 4023: 4020:(in German). 4019: 4018: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3954:on 2009-01-06 3953: 3949: 3942: 3939: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3815:on 2012-09-17 3814: 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