1171:
3532:
54:
66:
1341:
federal government's management and accounting of more than 300,000 individual
American Indian and Alaska Native trust accounts. A settlement fund totaling $ 3.4 billion is to be distributed to class members. This is to compensate for claims that prior U.S. officials had mismanaged the administration of Indian trust assets. In addition, the settlement establishes a $ 2 billion fund enabling federally recognized tribes to voluntarily buy back and consolidate fractionated land interests.
1126:
the
Cherokee Nation occurred in 1838 and was accompanied by the Treaty of 1846. When reparations from the treaty were unfulfilled, the Senate Committee on the Indian Affairs made the final settlement in 1850. This settlement, "supported the position of the Cherokee that the cost of maintaining the tribesman during their removal and the years upkeep after their arrival West should be paid by the federal government, and the expense of the removal agents should be paid as well."
925:
1883:
1897:
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238:
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1276:(or "GOON squad"), which he employed against opponents; intimidation of voters in the 1974 election; misappropriation of funds, and other misdeeds. Many native peoples continue to oppose policies of the BIA. In particular, problems in enforcing treaties, handling records and trust land incomes were disputed.
1159:. The goal was to train students in the proper behavior according to prevailing standards of "civilization." That way they could assimilate into American society and not be permanently trapped in reservations. The boarding schools prohibited students from using their indigenous languages, practices, and cultures.
409:
1349:
The bureau is currently trying to evolve from a supervisory to an advisory role. However, this has been a difficult task as the BIA is known by many
Indians as playing a police role in which the U.S. government historically dictated to tribes and their members what they could and could not do in
1125:
This period was encompassed by westward expansion and the removal of Native
Nations. In 1833 Georgians fought for the removal of the Cherokee Nation from the state of Georgia. Despite the rulings of Worcester v. Georgia, President Jackson and John C. Calhoun created a plan for removal. The removal of
896:
in 1824. The BIA gained statutory authority in 1832, and in 1849 was transferred to the newly created
Department of the Interior. Until the formal adoption of its current name in 1947, the BIA was variably known as the Indian office, the Indian bureau, the Indian department, and the Indian Service.
1284:
In 2002 Congress worked with the Bureau to prepare bill S.1392, which established procedures for tribal recognition. A separate bill S. 1393 ensured full and fair participation in decision-making processes at the Bureau via grants. Both bills addressed what services, limitations, obligations, and
1231:
Feeling the government was ignoring them, the protesters vandalized the building. After a week, the protesters left, having caused $ 700,000 in damages. Many records were lost, destroyed or stolen, including irreplaceable treaties, deeds, and water rights records, which some Indian officials said
2502:
Tribal
Recognition : Hearing before the Committee on Indian Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session, on S. 1392, to Establish Procedures for the Bureau of Indian Affairs of the Department of the Interior with Respect to Tribal Recognition and S. 1393, to
1340:
a major class action case related to trust lands, was settled in
December 2009. The suit was filed against the U.S. Department of Interior, of which the BIA is a part. A major responsibility has been the management of the Indian trust accounts. This was a class-action lawsuit regarding the
970:
agencies, and 165 tribally operated agencies under contract, or compact with the OJS. The office has seven areas of activity: Criminal
Investigations and Police Services, Detention/Corrections, Inspection/Internal Affairs, Tribal Law Enforcement and Special Initiatives, the Indian Police
915:
Between 1824 and 1977, the BIA was led by a total of 42 commissioners, of whom six were of indigenous descent. Since the creation of the position of
Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs in 1977, all thirteen occupants up to the present day have been Indigenous, including Bay Mills Indian
981:
The Office of Field
Operations: oversees 12 regional offices; Alaska, Great Plains, Northwest, Southern Plains, Eastern, Navajo, Pacific, Southwest, Eastern Oklahoma, Midwest, Rocky Mountain, and Western; and 83 agencies, which carry out the mission of the bureau at the tribal
1226:
walk. They intended to bring attention to American Indian issues, including their demands for renewed negotiation of treaties, enforcement of treaty rights and improvement in living standards. They occupied the Department of Interior headquarters from November 3 to 9, 1972.
869:
to help administer law enforcement and justice; promote development in agriculture, infrastructure, and the economy; enhance tribal governance; manage natural resources; and generally advance the quality of life in tribal communities. Educational services are provided by
450:
1321:
which represents the federal civilian employees of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the Bureau of Indian Education, the assistant secretary of Indian affairs and the Office of the Special Trustee for Indian Affairs. The grievances allege widespread violations of the
4221:
3001:"DeJong, David H. "Marvin L. Franklin: Assistant to the Secretary for Indian Affairs (February 7, 1973–December 4, 1973)." In Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021, 335–38. University of Nebraska Press, 2021"
1122:, when Chief Justice John Marshall allowed Native American tribes to be recognized as "domestic dependent nations." These court cases set precedent for future treaties, as more Native tribes were recognized as domestic and dependent nations.
971:
Academy, Tribal Justice Support, and Program Management. The OJS also provides oversight and technical assistance to tribal law enforcement programs when and where requested. It operates four divisions: Corrections, Drug Enforcement, the
965:
Office of Justice Services (OJS): directly operates or funds law enforcement, tribal courts, and detention facilities on federal Indian lands. OJS funded 208 law enforcement agencies, consisting of 43 BIA-operated
858:. It renders services to roughly 2 million indigenous Americans across 574 federally recognized tribes. The BIA is governed by a director and overseen by the Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs, who answers to the
3075:
4084:
3254:
STUART, PAUL HENRY. "THE U.S. OFFICE OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, 1865-1900: THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF A FORMAL ORGANIZATION" (PhD dissertation, The University of Wisconsin - Madison; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
3382:
3894:
3132:
Lambert, Valerie. "Rethinking American Indian and Non-Indian Relations in the United States and Exploring Tribal Sovereignty: Perspectives from Indian Country and from Inside the Bureau of Indian Affairs."
486:
4184:
916:
Community's Bryan Newland, appointed and confirmed to the position in 2021. As of 2020, the majority of BIA employees are American Indian or Alaska Native, the most at any time in the agency's history.
4000:
1197:
in the 1960s and 1970s and increasing demands for enforcement of treaty rights and sovereignty, the 1970s were a particularly turbulent period of BIA history. The rise of activist groups such as the
905:
1162:
Another force for assimilation and Euro-American control was the Bureau of Indian Affairs tribal police force. This was designed by its agents to decrease the power of American Indian leaders.
2517:
1118:. The Supreme Court originally refused to hear the case, because the Cherokee nation was not an independent state and could not litigate in the federal court. It was not until the court case
335:
38:
3775:
360:
2885:
4036:
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1972:
399:
4072:
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3727:
516:
496:
4048:
3703:
404:
380:
1915:
435:
310:
3368:
3029:
Belko, William S. "'John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: An Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic,"
1151:
One of the most controversial policies of the Bureau of Indian Affairs was the late 19th to early 20th century decision to educate native children in separate
1065:
4257:
4252:
4059:
3799:
3563:
885:
The BIA is one of the oldest federal agencies in the U.S., with roots tracing back to the Committee on Indian Affairs established by Congress in 1775. First headed by
4242:
4125:
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responsibilities a federally recognized tribe possessed. The bills excluded any splinter groups, political factions, and any groups formed after December 31, 2002.
526:
445:
3285:
Treglia, Gabriella. "Cultural Pluralism or Cultural Imposition? Examining the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Education Reforms during the Indian New Deal (1933–1945)."
3679:
3458:
3425:
556:
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345:
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2419:
978:
Office of Trust Services: works with tribes and individual American Indians and Alaska Natives in the management of their trust lands, assets, and resources.
875:
541:
521:
1941:
1910:
958:
Office of Indian Services: operates the BIA's general assistance, disaster relief, Indian child welfare, tribal government, Indian self-determination, and
794:
3719:
2947:
1215:
370:
1170:
2525:
2445:
3823:
3501:
3391:
3190:
Osburn, Katherine M. B. " 'To build up the morals of the tribe': Southern Ute women's sexual behavior and the Office of Indian Affairs, 1895-1932."
350:
183:
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4209:
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866:
859:
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566:
315:
119:
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2196:
889:, the committee oversaw trade and treaty relations with various indigenous peoples, until the establishment of the Bureau of Indian Affairs by
824:
365:
2849:
2813:
2731:
4105:
4030:
4006:
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2752:
2276:
1219:
836:
724:
643:
631:
601:
506:
3687:
3556:
739:
355:
3045:
The Indian: America's Unfinished Business. Report of the Commission on the Rights, Liberties, and Responsibilities of the American Indian
3994:
3655:
3511:
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1920:
855:
287:
943:, the BIA is headed by a bureau director who reports to the assistant secretary for Indian affairs. The current assistant secretary is
4214:
4042:
2921:
4164:
3759:
3623:
3471:
3453:
3333:
2896:
2770:
2151:
1967:
1156:
616:
340:
3173:
Nankano, Yumiko. "The Campaign for Civilization or Removal: Thomas L. McKenney and Federal Indian Affairs in the Formative Years"
3711:
3270:
2486:
John Sanchez, et al. "Rhetorical Exclusion: The Government's Case Against American Indian Activists, AIM, and Leonard Peltier."
1152:
1146:
959:
719:
262:
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1936:
1476:
828:
787:
106:
2374:
Philip Worchel, Philip G. Hester and Philip S. Kopala, "Collective Protest and Legitimacy of Authority: Theory and Research,"
4148:
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1997:
1273:
1092:
890:
759:
684:
679:
626:
481:
2692:
2674:
2656:
1314:
65:
53:
3122:
Lambert, Valerie. "The big black box of Indian country: The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the federal-Indian relationship."
3982:
3521:
1603:
1265:
1249:
1242:
749:
744:
729:
704:
330:
2503:
Provide Grants to Ensure Full and Fair Participation in Certain Decision making Processes at the Bureau of Indian Affairs
1102:. He appointed McKenney as the first head of the office, which went by several names. McKenney preferred to call it the "
4169:
4024:
3863:
3572:
3516:
2470:
1946:
1289:
714:
709:
699:
694:
2961:
874:—the only other agency under the Assistant Secretary for Indian affairs—while health care is the responsibility of the
4179:
3964:
3158:
1482:
1025:
951:
832:
754:
689:
536:
2601:"Cobell vs. Salazar Lawsuit". doi.gov/tribes/special-trustee.cfm. Office of Special Trustee, n.d. Web. April 24, 2011
2390:
1075:
The government licensed traders to have some control in Indian territories and gain a share of the lucrative trade.
3599:
3443:
3178:
1579:
1115:
1041:
871:
780:
768:
2423:
3958:
3885:
3743:
3496:
3448:
1930:
1133:. In 1849 Indian Affairs was transferred to the newly established U.S. Department of the Interior. In 1869,
734:
638:
511:
466:
4012:
3988:
3815:
3481:
1957:
1925:
1470:
1323:
1223:
1198:
471:
1734:
2788:
4159:
3970:
1639:
1591:
1458:
1056:
placed Native American relations within the newly formed War Department. By 1806 the Congress had created a
2449:
972:
4174:
4077:
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3831:
3735:
3671:
3631:
3404:
1790:
1651:
1530:
1099:
1084:
936:
928:
546:
267:
129:
2814:"John O. Crow Named Acting Commissioner of Indian Affairs and Member of Advisory Board on Indian Affairs"
1829:
1615:
1036:
were appointed among the early commissioners to negotiate treaties with Native Americans to obtain their
3922:
3839:
3615:
3476:
3349:
1867:
1728:
1597:
1567:
1549:
1381:
1293:
1238:
1178:
magazine, published by the Office of Indian Affairs, predecessor agency to the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
879:
277:
3249:
3153:
McCarthy, Robert. "The Bureau of Indian Affairs and the federal trust obligation to American Indians."
1803:
1764:
1746:
1689:
1645:
1633:
1417:
1201: (AIM) worried the U.S. government; the FBI responded both overtly and covertly (by creating
3329:
3280:
3212:
3060:
Champagne, Duane. "Organizational change and conflict: A case study of the Bureau of Indian Affairs."
1836:
1777:
1518:
1411:
1405:
3607:
1888:
1658:
1543:
1452:
1432:
1399:
1119:
3258:
Sutton, I. "Indian Country and the Law: Land Tenure, Tribal Sovereignty, and the States," ch. 36 in
2860:
2824:
1722:
1585:
1446:
4115:
3591:
3229:
1962:
1707:
1506:
1423:
1209:
663:
653:
272:
3541:
2347:
1561:
1387:
4154:
4135:
3940:
3928:
3916:
3910:
3877:
3421:
3340:
3113:
A Century of Dishonor: A Sketch of the U. S. Government's Dealings with Some of the Indian Tribes
3008:
2576:
2047:
1393:
1375:
1335:
1069:
1019:
909:
844:
611:
596:
237:
3106:
3038:
1114:
The BIA's goal to protect domestic and dependent nations, was reaffirmed by the 1831 court case
900:
The BIA's mission and mandate historically reflected the U.S. government's prevailing policy of
2182:
924:
4130:
3855:
3767:
3639:
3080:
3070:
Danziger Jr, Edmund J. "The Indian Office During The Civil War: Impotence in Indian Affairs."
3034:
2941:
2925:
2272:
2268:
1823:
1784:
1555:
1087:
system left a vacuum within the U.S. government regarding Native American relations. The
1029:
886:
501:
419:
375:
229:
3169:
3065:
1098:, who created the agency as a division within his department, without authorization from the
3344:
3084:
3052:
Federal Fathers and Mothers: A Social History of the United States Indian Service, 1869–1933
1816:
1627:
1609:
998:
was the first Native American to be appointed as Commissioner of Indian affairs (1869–1871).
940:
658:
586:
414:
292:
252:
3360:
17:
4142:
3871:
3791:
3695:
3663:
2710:
2505:. Washington D.C.: Washington D.C. United States Government Printing Office. pp. 1–3.
2394:
1902:
1810:
1771:
1701:
1670:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1253:
1095:
1037:
893:
257:
221:
1993:
3148:
3116:
2344:
Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928
4199:
3976:
3647:
3239:
1797:
1664:
1494:
1464:
840:
551:
389:
320:
3290:
2976:"Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary - Indian Affairs Bryan Newland | Indian Affairs"
2850:"Nash Nominated as Commissioner of Indian Affairs; Crow Appointed Deputy Commissioner"
1896:
4236:
4204:
4189:
3807:
3307:
3055:
2261:
1852:
1536:
1524:
1369:
1134:
1053:
1033:
995:
944:
606:
282:
160:
3195:
2753:"Interior Picks Two for Key BIA, BIE Leadership Jobs – Indian Country Media Network"
2197:"Congress tasks a federal watchdog to examine Indian Affairs' troubled tribal jails"
4018:
1952:
1846:
1740:
1683:
1310:
1292:
funding cuts of $ 800 million, which particularly affected the already-underfunded
1269:
476:
31:
4222:
United States Congressional Joint Special Committee on Conditions of Indian Tribes
3354:
2611:
2234:
912:
and peer-to-peer relationships between tribal governments and federal government.
30:"Indian Office" redirects here. For the former British government department, see
2962:"Kiowa citizen John Tahsuda set to join Bureau of Indian Affairs leadership team"
2220:
1137:
was the first Native American to be appointed as commissioner of Indian affairs.
4120:
3412:
1758:
1573:
1318:
3012:
1002:
4194:
3138:
3127:
3000:
1878:
1676:
1621:
1264:
The BIA was implicated in supporting controversial tribal presidents, notably
1202:
1006:
967:
648:
1268:, who was charged with being authoritarian; using tribal funds for a private
3946:
3934:
3183:
Officer, James E. "The Bureau of Indian affairs since 1945: an assessment."
847:
843:, and administering and managing over 55,700,000 acres (225,000 km) of
591:
531:
2577:"FEDERATION OF INDIAN SERVICE EMPLOYEES - AFT - AFL/CIO, Local 4524 - Home"
2235:"From War to Self-Determination: a history of the Bureau of Indian Affairs"
991:
3103:
A history of the Bureau of Indian Affairs and its activities among Indians
2387:
2330:
A History of The Bureau of Indian Affairs And Its Activities Among Indians
2297:
A History of the Bureau of Indian affairs and Its Activities Among Indians
2185:: "The meeting will be held at 1849 C Street, NW, Main Interior Building,"
1752:
1205:
and other programs) to suppress possible uprisings among native peoples.
1194:
491:
2283:
in 1806, an Office of Indian Trade was created within the War Department
3497:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Insular and International Affairs
3226:
The Great Father: The United States Government and the American Indians
2789:"Director of Bureau of Indian Affairs Darryl LaCounte | Indian Affairs"
2771:"Secretary Zinke Names Bryan Rice Director of Bureau of Indian Affairs"
2332:. San Francisco, California: R & E Research Associates. p. 59.
904:
of native peoples and the annexation of their land; beginning with the
621:
3236:
Indian Affairs and the Administrative State in the Nineteenth Century
2317:. New York: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 174–196.
561:
2407:
Like a Hurricane: The Indian Movement from Alcatraz to Wounded Knee,
1358:
Commissioners and assistant secretaries of Indian Affairs include:
3355:
Broken Promises: Evaluating the Native American Health Care System
3185:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1222:
with the AIM took over the BIA building, the culmination of their
1169:
1064:" within the War Department, who was charged with maintaining the
1024:
Agencies related to Native Americans originated in 1775, when the
1001:
990:
923:
3895:
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving Indian tribes
3246:
Office of Indian Affairs: History, Activities, and Organization,
3166:
The Problem of Indian Administration, Studies in Administration,
2633:
2100:
196:
Bureau of Trust Funds Administration, Bureau of Indian Education
3545:
3364:
2125:
2022:
2017:
2015:
1216:
The occupation of BIA headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972
2612:"From War to Self-Determination: the Bureau of Indian Affairs"
2518:"Sequestration Grounds Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs"
1257:
1212:, BIA police were involved in political actions such as:
2364:. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 23–41.
1072:
from 1816 until the abolition of the factory system in 1822.
2299:. San Francisco, California: R & E Research. p. 43.
1539:, the only Native American to hold the position before 1960s
172:
Jerry Gidner, Director, Bureau of Trust Funds Administration
2048:
Federal Register, Volume 83, Number 141 dated July 23, 2018
3776:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
3168:(John Hopkins, 1928), 898 pp; a major scholarly overview;
2075:
1208:
As a branch of the U.S. government with personnel on
2657:"Martin Confirms Terry Virden As BIA Deputy Commissioner"
1309:
The Bureau of Indian Affairs has been sued four times in
3175:
Bulletin of the Faculty of Humanities, Seikei University
1715:
Assistant Secretaries of the Interior for Indian Affairs
3321:
2165:
208:
4037:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
4001:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
3357:
by the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, September 2004
2580:
1973:
Outline of United States federal Indian law and policy
1106:", whereas the current name was preferred by Calhoun.
906:
Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act
39:
Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
2126:"Indian Health Service | Indian Health Service (IHS)"
3848:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
3728:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
3482:
Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement
1166:
Reform and reorganization (mid to late 20th century)
4098:
4058:
4049:
Cherokee Nation Truth in Advertising for Native Art
3903:
3704:
Federal Power Commission v. Tuscarora Indian Nation
3583:
3089:
Tribes, Treaties, & Constitutional Tribulations
2693:"Assistant Secretary Announces W. Patrick Ragsdale"
2471:"American Indian Rights Activist Vernon Bellecourt"
2388:
The COINTELPRO PAPERS – Chapter 7: COINTELPRO – AIM
1994:
The Bureau of Indian Affairs: FY2021 Appropriations
1014:
Early US agencies and legislation: Intercourse Acts
203:
189:
179:
166:
Darryl LaCounte, Director, Bureau of Indian Affairs
153:
145:
137:
125:
115:
98:
80:
75:
3350:Background information about the Cobell Litigation
2260:
1916:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
1326:and claim tens of millions of dollars in damages.
1218:: On November 3, 1972, a group of around 500
169:Tony Dearman, Director, Bureau of Indian Education
2076:"Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) | Indian Affairs"
1066:United States Government Fur Trade Factory System
3800:Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. Holyfield
2675:"Anderson Names Brian Pogue as New BIA Director"
4126:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
1232:could set the tribes back 50 to 100 years.
3680:United States v. Santa Fe Pacific Railroad Co.
3459:Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement
3155:Brigham Young University Journal of Public Law
3135:PoLAR: Political and Legal Anthropology Review
2634:"U.S. government departments and offices, etc"
3557:
3376:
2183:Identified as the Main Interior Building here
1860:Assistant to the Secretary for Indian Affairs
1129:In 1832 Congress established the position of
908:of 1975, the BIA has increasingly emphasized
788:
8:
3784:South Carolina v. Catawba Indian Tribe, Inc.
3062:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
2488:American Indian Culture and Research Journal
876:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
46:
3248:Service Monograph 48 (Johns Hopkins, 1927)
1942:Confederate States Bureau of Indian Affairs
1911:Title 25 of the Code of Federal Regulations
1288:In 2013 the Bureau was greatly affected by
1028:created a trio of Indian-related agencies.
3720:McClanahan v. Arizona State Tax Commission
3564:
3550:
3542:
3512:Central Utah Project Completion Act Office
3383:
3369:
3361:
3330:"Records of the Bureau of Indian Affairs "
3054:(U of North Carolina Press, 2011) 368 pp.
3043:Brophy, William A., and Aberle, Sophie D.
795:
781:
216:
3262:ed. G. M. Bakken (U Oklahoma Press, 2000)
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
1949:, state equivalents of the federal Bureau
1350:accordance with treaties signed by both.
70:Flag of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
58:Seal of the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs
3392:United States Department of the Interior
3304:Documents of United States Indian Policy
3119:highly critical and widely read in 1880s
3101:Jackson, Curtis E. and Marcia J. Galli.
184:United States Department of the Interior
163:, Assistant Secretary for Indian Affairs
4258:Government agencies established in 1824
4253:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
4073:Federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
3487:United States Fish and Wildlife Service
2516:Gale Courey Toensing (March 27, 2013).
1984:
1354:Commissioners and assistant secretaries
1245:occupied land for more than two months.
1079:Bureau of Indian Affairs (1824–present)
1009:, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, 1913.
671:
578:
458:
427:
388:
302:
244:
228:
120:Federal Government of the United States
4243:United States Bureau of Indian Affairs
2946:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2939:
1315:Federation of Indian Service Employees
133:1849 C Street, NW Washington, DC 20240
45:
4007:American Indian Religious Freedom Act
3824:Idaho v. Coeur d'Alene Tribe of Idaho
3577:Native Americans in the United States
3047:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1966).
2308:
2306:
2178:1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240
1992:Tana Fitzpatrick (February 4, 2021).
1362:Heads of the Bureau of Indian Affairs
831:. It is responsible for implementing
7:
3688:Tee-Hit-Ton Indians v. United States
3468:Bureau of Trust Funds Administration
2549:"The Sequester Hits the Reservation"
2259:Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009).
1866:February 7, 1973 – December 4, 1973
3995:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
3656:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
3507:Office of Natural Resources Revenue
2823:. February 10, 1961. Archived from
2376:The Journal of Conflict Resolution,
1921:Administration for Native Americans
446:United Nations Declaration (UNDRIP)
3031:South Carolina Historical Magazine
2547:Editorial Board (March 20, 2013).
2362:Native Americans and Public Policy
2263:Atlas of the North American Indian
1048:Office of Indian Trade (1806–1822)
25:
4165:National Indian Gaming Commission
3760:Merrion v. Jicarilla Apache Tribe
3624:New York ex rel. Cutler v. Dibble
3522:National Invasive Species Council
3472:National Indian Gaming Commission
3454:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
3260:Law in the Western United States,
2614:. Americansc.org.uk. May 25, 2011
2195:Hegyi, Nate (December 23, 2022).
1968:National Indian Gaming Commission
1313:overtime lawsuits brought by the
1193:With the rise of American Indian
1157:Carlisle Indian Industrial School
1091:was formed on March 11, 1824, by
37:For the Canadian department, see
3712:Menominee Tribe v. United States
3530:
3426:Deputy Secretary of the Interior
3219:Atlas of American Indian Affairs
3202:The Rights of Indians and Tribes
2859:. August 1, 1961. Archived from
2500:Congress, United States (2003).
1895:
1881:
1241:of 1973, where activists at the
1147:American Indian boarding schools
960:Indian Reservation Roads Program
236:
64:
52:
3919:(1790,1793,1796,1799,1802,1834)
3492:United States Geological Survey
2405:Paul Smith and Robert Warrior,
2267:. Infobase Publishing. p.
1937:Bureau of Indian Affairs Police
1842:2017–2018 John Tahsuda (acting)
1439:Commissioners of Indian Affairs
107:United States Department of War
4149:In the Courts of the Conqueror
3752:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
3211:(1988), for secondary schools
2409:New York: The New Press, 1996.
1998:Congressional Research Service
1274:Guardians of the Oglala Nation
1131:Commissioner of Indian Affairs
1058:Superintendent of Indian Trade
1:
4263:United States public land law
4248:Indigenous affairs ministries
4031:Native American Languages Act
2757:indiancountrymedianetwork.com
2579:. Ief.aft.org. Archived from
2348:online evaluation of the book
2315:Sixty Years of Indian Affairs
2313:Harmon, George Dewey (1941).
2239:American Resources on the Net
1256:was convicted of killing two
1243:Pine Ridge Indian Reservation
931:, the department headquarters
4170:Native American civil rights
4025:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
3864:Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl
3517:Indian Arts and Crafts Board
3267:The Bureau of Indian Affairs
3209:The Bureau of Indian Affairs
3204:(Southern Illinois UP, 2002)
2448:. Maquah.net. Archived from
2422:. Maquah.net. Archived from
2101:"Education | Indian Affairs"
1947:Commission of Indian Affairs
1933:, during American Revolution
1182:The bureau was renamed from
4185:Recognition of sacred sites
4180:Native American Rights Fund
4085:Federally recognized tribes
3965:Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act
3221:(U of Nebraska Press, 1990)
3033:2004 105(3): 170–97.
2054:. RetrievedOctober 5, 2018.
2023:"About Us | Indian Affairs"
1483:George Washington Manypenny
1110:The Removal Era (1830–1850)
1026:Second Continental Congress
952:federally recognized tribes
451:GRATK Anti-Biopiracy Treaty
18:US Bureau of Indian Affairs
4279:
4043:Indian Arts and Crafts Act
3600:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
3444:Bureau of Indian Education
3192:Journal of Women's history
3145:The Indian and His Problem
2655:Secretary, Office of the.
2168:. Bureau of Indian Affairs
1580:John DeWitt Clinton Atkins
1144:
1116:Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
1042:American Revolutionary War
1017:
872:Bureau of Indian Education
829:Department of the Interior
303:Governmental organizations
105:Office of Indian Affairs,
36:
29:
3959:Indian Reorganization Act
3886:Oklahoma v. Castro-Huerta
3744:United States v. Antelope
3528:
3449:Bureau of Land Management
3434:
3417:Secretary of the Interior
3398:
3124:American Indian Quarterly
1931:British Indian Department
910:tribal self-determination
860:Secretary of the Interior
639:Indigenous decolonization
459:NGOs and political groups
63:
51:
4111:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4013:Indian Child Welfare Act
3816:South Dakota v. Bourland
3439:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3341:Bureau of Indian Affairs
3287:Journal of the Southwest
3228:(Abridged Edition 1986)
3161:, comprehensive overview
3096:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2857:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2821:Bureau of Indian Affairs
2328:Jackson, Curtis (1977).
2295:Jackson, Curtis (1997).
1958:Indian Claims Commission
1926:American Indian Movement
1324:Fair Labor Standards Act
1224:Trail of Broken Treaties
1199:American Indian Movement
1188:Bureau of Indian Affairs
1184:Office of Indian Affairs
1141:Assimilation (1890–1930)
1089:Bureau of Indian Affairs
835:and policies related to
809:Bureau of Indian Affairs
472:Amazon Conservation Team
149:$ 2.159 billion (FY2021)
47:Bureau of Indian Affairs
4160:Long Walk of the Navajo
4090:State recognized tribes
3989:Indian Civil Rights Act
3502:Office of the Solicitor
3302:Francis P. Prucha, ed.
3164:Meriam, Lewis, et al.,
2446:"Stop bandwidth theft!"
2420:"Stop bandwidth theft!"
2360:Lyden, Fremont (1992).
1592:Thomas Jefferson Morgan
1459:Thomas Hartley Crawford
1068:. The post was held by
852:U.S. federal government
86:; 200 years ago
4175:Native American gaming
4078:Legal status of Hawaii
3953:Indian Citizenship Act
3832:Idaho v. United States
3736:Bryan v. Itasca County
3672:Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock
3632:Standing Bear v. Crook
3405:Main Interior Building
3289:61.4 (2019): 821–862.
3277:American Indian policy
3137:40.2 (2017): 278–294.
3126:40.4 (2016): 333–363.
2393:July 23, 2008, at the
2149:Article I, Section 8,
1817:Donald "Del" Laverdure
1531:Nathaniel Green Taylor
1179:
1100:United States Congress
1062:Office of Indian Trade
1010:
999:
975:, and Law Enforcement.
954:through four offices:
937:Main Interior Building
932:
929:Main Interior Building
823:), is a United States
547:Survival International
428:International Treaties
130:Main Interior Building
3983:Indian Relocation Act
3840:United States v. Lara
3616:Fellows v. Blacksmith
3477:National Park Service
3464:Bureau of Reclamation
3234:Rockwell, Stephen J.
2346:(1995) pp 12-16; see
2342:David Wallace Adams,
2130:Indian Health Service
1568:Rowland E. Trowbridge
1550:Edward Parmelee Smith
1294:Indian Health Service
1239:Wounded Knee Incident
1173:
1083:The abolition of the
1005:
994:
973:Indian Police Academy
950:The BIA oversees 574
941:Washington, D.C.
935:Headquartered in the
927:
880:Indian Health Service
278:Traditional knowledge
263:Intellectual property
3608:Worcester v. Georgia
3275:Taylor, Theodore W.
3265:Taylor, Theodore W.
3244:Schmeckebier, L. F.
3187:436.1 (1978): 61–72.
3072:South Dakota History
3050:Cahill, Cathleen D.
2718:cherokeeobserver.org
2522:Indian Country Today
2490:, 23(2) (1999): 31+.
1889:United States portal
1652:William R. Zimmerman
1604:William Arthur Jones
1120:Worcester v. Georgia
288:Water and sanitation
27:US government agency
4155:Indian reservations
4116:Cherokee Commission
3592:Johnson v. McIntosh
3224:Prucha, Francis P.
3217:Prucha, Francis P.
3194:9.3 (1997): 10–27.
3157:19 (2004): 1–160+.
3111:Jackson, Helen H.
2902:on February 2, 2018
2777:. October 16, 2017.
2378:18 (1) 1974): 37–54
2052:Library of Congress
1963:Indian reservations
1830:Lawrence S. Roberts
1616:Robert G. Valentine
1507:Alfred B. Greenwood
1250:Pine Ridge shootout
1210:Indian reservations
902:forced assimilation
865:The BIA works with
664:Uncontacted peoples
654:Settler colonialism
84:March 11, 1824
48:
4215:Self-determination
4210:Tribal sovereignty
4136:Eagle-bone whistle
3929:Indian Removal Act
3917:Nonintercourse Act
3911:Blood quantum laws
3878:McGirt v. Oklahoma
3422:Laura Daniel-Davis
3336:. August 15, 2016.
3269:(Routledge, 2019)
3200:Pevar, Stephen L.
3094:Fixico, Donald L.
3081:Deloria, Jr., Vine
2583:on August 19, 2009
2556:The New York Times
2477:, October 14, 2007
1868:Marvin L. Franklin
1729:William E. Hallett
1598:Daniel M. Browning
1382:Samuel S. Hamilton
1376:Thomas L. McKenney
1336:Cobell vs. Salazar
1180:
1070:Thomas L. McKenney
1054:U.S. Congress
1020:Nonintercourse Act
1011:
1000:
933:
867:tribal governments
612:Discovery doctrine
597:Civilizing mission
415:BBNJ ABS Committee
4230:
4229:
4131:Eagle feather law
4065:State recognition
3856:Cobell v. Salazar
3768:Solem v. Bartlett
3640:Ex parte Crow Dog
3539:
3538:
3334:National Archives
3207:Porter, Frank W.
3177:No.48 (2013) 85+
3074:5 (1974): 52–72.
2893:indianaffairs.gov
2528:on April 20, 2013
2278:978-0-8160-6858-6
2152:U.S. Constitution
1824:Kevin K. Washburn
1804:George T. Skibine
1765:James H. McDivitt
1747:Eddie Frank Brown
1690:Robert L. Bennett
1646:William A. Brophy
1634:Charles J. Rhoads
1544:Francis A. Walker
1418:Weldon Loudermilk
1305:Employee overtime
1135:Ely Samuel Parker
1030:Benjamin Franklin
887:Benjamin Franklin
856:indigenous tribes
815:), also known as
805:
804:
659:Truth commissions
587:Aboriginal titles
502:Cultural Survival
420:Indigenous Caucus
230:Indigenous rights
215:
214:
154:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
4270:
4106:Aboriginal title
3923:Civilization Act
3859:(D.C. Cir. 2009)
3566:
3559:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3362:
3345:Federal Register
3337:
3325:
3324:
3322:Official website
3255:1978. 7814288).
3098:(ABC-CLIO, 2012)
3085:David E. Wilkins
3017:
3016:
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2988:
2986:
2972:
2966:
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2958:
2952:
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2945:
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2935:
2933:
2924:. Archived from
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2895:. Archived from
2890:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2866:on March 4, 2016
2865:
2854:
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2840:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2830:on June 10, 2014
2829:
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2513:
2507:
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2497:
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2478:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2452:on June 14, 2011
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2426:on June 14, 2011
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2019:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1989:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1891:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1837:Michael S. Black
1778:Aurene M. Martin
1735:Kenneth L. Smith
1628:Charles H. Burke
1610:Francis E. Leupp
1519:Dennis N. Cooley
1412:Michael S. Black
1406:Jerold L. Gidner
1220:American Indians
1153:boarding schools
1093:Secretary of War
891:Secretary of War
837:Native Americans
797:
790:
783:
771:
725:Papua New Guinea
253:Ancestral domain
240:
217:
211:
99:Preceding agency
94:
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4143:Hunting license
4094:
4063:
4054:
3971:Nationality Act
3899:
3872:Sharp v. Murphy
3792:Hodel v. Irving
3696:Williams v. Lee
3664:Talton v. Mayes
3579:
3570:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3430:
3394:
3389:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3306:(3rd ed. 2000)
3299:
3297:Primary sources
3026:
3024:Further reading
3021:
3020:
3013:j.ctv2cw0sp9.54
2999:
2998:
2994:
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2929:
2928:on May 13, 2017
2922:"Archived copy"
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2475:Washington Post
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2395:Wayback Machine
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2003:
2001:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1903:Politics portal
1901:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1880:
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1872:
1862:
1857:
1811:Larry Echo Hawk
1772:Neal A. McCaleb
1717:
1712:
1708:Benjamin Reifel
1702:Morris Thompson
1671:Glenn L. Emmons
1659:John R. Nichols
1513:William P. Dole
1501:James W. Denver
1489:James W. Denver
1453:Carey A. Harris
1441:
1433:Darryl LaCounte
1428:
1400:Patrick Rasdale
1364:
1356:
1347:
1332:
1307:
1302:
1282:
1254:Leonard Peltier
1176:Indians at Work
1168:
1149:
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1112:
1096:John C. Calhoun
1081:
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989:
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894:John C. Calhoun
801:
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644:Inhabited lands
258:Cultural rights
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76:Agency overview
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1473:
1467:
1465:William Medill
1461:
1455:
1449:
1447:Elbert Herring
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1352:
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1343:
1331:
1328:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1281:
1278:
1262:
1261:
1246:
1234:
1233:
1167:
1164:
1155:, such as the
1145:Main article:
1142:
1139:
1111:
1108:
1080:
1077:
1049:
1046:
1018:Main article:
1015:
1012:
988:
985:
984:
983:
979:
976:
963:
921:
918:
841:Alaska Natives
825:federal agency
817:Indian Affairs
803:
802:
800:
799:
792:
785:
777:
774:
773:
765:
764:
763:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
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732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
674:
673:
669:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
635:
634:
624:
619:
617:Discrimination
614:
609:
604:
602:Climate change
599:
594:
589:
581:
580:
576:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
559:
554:
552:The Red Nation
549:
544:
539:
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529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
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479:
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443:
438:
430:
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394:
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390:United Nations
386:
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384:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
321:Arctic Council
318:
313:
305:
304:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
285:
280:
275:
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265:
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242:
241:
233:
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226:
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213:
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205:
201:
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198:
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190:Child agencies
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
174:
173:
170:
167:
164:
157:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
141:4,569 (FY2020)
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
117:
113:
112:
110:
109:
102:
100:
96:
95:
82:
78:
77:
73:
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69:
61:
60:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4275:
4264:
4261:
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4244:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4223:
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4213:
4212:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4205:Treaty rights
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:Seminole Wars
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
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4161:
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4026:
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4008:
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3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
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3834:
3833:
3829:
3826:
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3818:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3808:Duro v. Reina
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3789:
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3778:
3777:
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3327:
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3318:
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3313:
3309:
3305:
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3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3268:
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3261:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3143:Leupp, F. E.
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:online review
3053:
3049:
3046:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2993:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2898:
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2887:
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2878:
2862:
2858:
2851:
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2826:
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2815:
2809:
2806:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2720:. April 2008.
2719:
2712:
2711:"News report"
2706:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2670:
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2607:
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2572:
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2557:
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2399:
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2331:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2233:Henson, C.L.
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2202:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2012:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1853:Bryan Newland
1851:2021–present
1850:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1786:
1785:Dave Anderson
1782:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1556:John Q. Smith
1553:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:Ely S. Parker
1534:
1532:
1528:
1526:
1525:Lewis V. Bogy
1522:
1520:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1472:
1471:Orlando Brown
1468:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1431:2018–present
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:Bryan C. Rice
1421:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:William Clark
1367:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:sequestration
1286:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:Indian Office
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1052:In 1789, the
1047:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:Patrick Henry
1031:
1027:
1021:
1013:
1008:
1004:
997:
996:Ely S. Parker
993:
986:
980:
977:
974:
969:
964:
961:
957:
956:
955:
953:
948:
946:
945:Bryan Newland
942:
938:
930:
926:
919:
917:
913:
911:
907:
903:
898:
895:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
873:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:held in trust
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:
772:
767:
766:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
633:
630:
629:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
607:Co-governance
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
570:
569:
565:
564:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
464:
463:
462:
457:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
432:
431:
426:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
396:
395:
391:
387:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
294:
291:
290:
289:
286:
284:
283:Treaty rights
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
250:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
234:
231:
227:
223:
219:
218:
210:
206:
202:
195:
194:
192:
188:
185:
182:
180:Parent agency
178:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:Bryan Newland
159:
158:
156:
152:
148:
146:Annual budget
144:
140:
136:
131:
128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
108:
104:
103:
101:
97:
83:
79:
74:
67:
62:
55:
50:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4147:
4110:
4019:Diminishment
3884:
3876:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3710:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3678:
3670:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3438:
3403:
3303:
3286:
3276:
3266:
3259:
3245:
3235:
3225:
3218:
3208:
3201:
3191:
3184:
3174:
3165:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3123:
3112:
3102:
3095:
3088:
3071:
3064:7.3 (1983).
3061:
3051:
3044:
3030:
3004:
2995:
2983:. Retrieved
2979:
2970:
2956:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2916:
2904:. Retrieved
2897:the original
2892:
2880:
2868:. Retrieved
2861:the original
2856:
2844:
2832:. Retrieved
2825:the original
2820:
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2792:
2783:
2774:
2765:
2756:
2747:
2738:
2726:
2717:
2705:
2696:
2687:
2678:
2669:
2660:
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2636:. Rulers.org
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:the original
2521:
2511:
2501:
2495:
2487:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:the original
2440:
2428:. Retrieved
2424:the original
2414:
2406:
2401:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2361:
2355:
2343:
2338:
2329:
2323:
2314:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2262:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2238:
2228:
2221:"Who We Are"
2216:
2206:December 24,
2204:. Retrieved
2200:
2190:
2177:
2170:. Retrieved
2160:
2150:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
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2085:December 12,
2083:. Retrieved
2079:
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2042:
2032:December 12,
2030:. Retrieved
2026:
2002:. Retrieved
1987:
1953:Indian agent
1847:Tara Sweeney
1741:Ross Swimmer
1684:Philleo Nash
1677:John O. Crow
1640:John Collier
1562:Ezra A. Hayt
1388:Terry Virden
1357:
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1330:Trust assets
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477:Amazon Watch
325:
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116:Jurisdiction
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32:India Office
4121:Dawes Rolls
3904:Legislation
3413:Deb Haaland
2552:(Editorial)
2135:December 4,
2110:December 4,
2000:. p. 1
1759:Kevin Gover
1753:Ada E. Deer
1694:1969–1972
1574:Hiram Price
1394:Brian Pogue
1272:force, the
1266:Dick Wilson
1252:(for which
1040:during the
827:within the
740:Philippines
720:New Zealand
392:initiatives
268:Land rights
4237:Categories
4195:Survivance
3941:Curtis Act
1996:(Report).
1979:References
1845:2018–2021
1828:2016–2017
1822:2012–2015
1809:2009–2012
1802:2008–2009
1796:2007–2008
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1669:1953–1961
1663:1950–1953
1657:1949–1950
1650:1948–1949
1644:1945–1948
1638:1933–1945
1632:1929–1933
1626:1921–1929
1622:Cato Sells
1620:1913–1921
1614:1909–1913
1608:1905–1909
1602:1897–1904
1596:1893–1897
1590:1889–1893
1584:1888–1889
1578:1885–1888
1572:1881–1885
1566:1880–1881
1560:1877–1880
1554:1875–1877
1548:1873–1875
1542:1871–1872
1535:1869–1871
1529:1867–1869
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1517:1865–1866
1511:1861–1865
1505:1859–1861
1499:1858–1859
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1475:1850–1853
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1463:1845–1849
1457:1838–1845
1451:1836–1838
1445:1832–1836
1422:2017–2018
1416:2016–2017
1410:2010–2016
1404:2007–2010
1398:2005–2007
1392:2004–2005
1386:2002–2004
1380:1830–1831
1374:1824–1830
1368:1822–1824
1203:COINTELPRO
1038:neutrality
1007:Cato Sells
649:Indigenism
293:Protection
91:1824-03-11
3947:Burke Act
3935:Dawes Act
3424:, Acting
3039:0038-3082
3005:jstor.org
2561:March 28,
2532:March 28,
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1791:Jim Cason
1248:The 1975
1190:in 1947.
760:Venezuela
685:Australia
680:Argentina
672:Countries
592:Biopiracy
532:Land Back
138:Employees
3584:Case law
2985:June 30,
2942:cite web
2870:July 30,
2834:July 30,
2798:June 30,
2391:Archived
2201:NPR News
2172:June 23,
2004:July 19,
1875:See also
1839:(acting)
1832:(acting)
1819:(acting)
1806:(acting)
1793:(acting)
1780:(acting)
1767:(acting)
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1260:agents).
1195:activism
770:Category
750:Tanzania
745:Suriname
730:Paraguay
705:Malaysia
627:Genocide
568:more ...
492:CONAECDA
410:WIPO IGC
400:9 August
273:Language
222:a series
220:Part of
4099:Related
4060:Federal
3343:in the
3291:excerpt
3279:(1983)
3238:(2010)
3196:excerpt
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2932:May 11,
2793:bia.gov
2775:doi.gov
2739:bia.gov
2697:doi.gov
2679:doi.gov
2661:doi.gov
2640:June 8,
2618:June 8,
2587:June 8,
2456:June 8,
2430:June 8,
2105:bia.gov
2080:bia.gov
2027:bia.gov
1345:Mission
1085:factory
987:History
850:by the
715:Namibia
700:Finland
695:Denmark
622:Ecocide
441:ILO 169
436:ILO 107
209:bia.gov
204:Website
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4051:(2008)
4045:(1990)
4039:(1990)
4033:(1990)
4027:(1988)
4021:(1984)
4015:(1978)
4009:(1978)
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3997:(1971)
3991:(1968)
3985:(1956)
3979:(1953)
3973:(1940)
3967:(1936)
3961:(1934)
3955:(1924)
3949:(1906)
3943:(1898)
3937:(1887)
3931:(1830)
3925:(1819)
3889:(2022)
3881:(2020)
3867:(2013)
3851:(2005)
3843:(2004)
3835:(2001)
3827:(1997)
3819:(1993)
3811:(1990)
3803:(1989)
3795:(1987)
3787:(1986)
3779:(1985)
3771:(1984)
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3747:(1977)
3739:(1976)
3731:(1974)
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3699:(1959)
3691:(1955)
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3659:(1896)
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3603:(1831)
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3573:Rights
3308:online
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968:police
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710:Mexico
690:Brazil
579:Issues
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497:CONAIE
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381:UNPFII
336:CIRNAC
245:Rights
81:Formed
3009:JSTOR
2900:(PDF)
2889:(PDF)
2864:(PDF)
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2817:(PDF)
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1675:1961
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1319:union
1174:1940
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487:COICA
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346:FUNAI
311:ACHPR
3035:ISSN
2987:2021
2948:link
2934:2017
2908:2018
2872:2015
2836:2015
2800:2021
2642:2012
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2246:2016
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