48:
340:
All five of the
American presidents from 1965 to 1985 were unwilling to jeopardize the USāMarcos relationship, mainly because they felt a need to protect and retain the bases in order to project power in Asia and the Asia-Pacific. Marcos managed to hold on to power for 21 years despite Martial Law and the many human rights violations perpetuated by his administration, and the negative international press that came with it all, by manipulating the U.S. military's dependence on the bases.
422:
113:
715:
663:
385:
just as events in distant Camps
Aguinaldo and Crame played out. Clark Air Base played a more direct role when the Ferdinand Marcos and a party of about 80 family members and close associates were brought there after fleeing MalacaƱang Palace, and were eventually brought into an exile location in Honolulu, Hawaii made available to them by the US.
995:
757:
While the end of the US Bases Treaty marked an end to permanent bases, and supposedly the end of permanent US military presence in the
Philippines, the Philippines and the United States later signed a number of agreements for the purpose of facilitating bilateral military cooperation between the two
384:
played out in
February 1986. Camp John Hay played a minor role in the local People Power protests in Baguio City because the protesters there were receiving news from the Armed Forces Radio and Television Network station attached to the camp. This enabled the protesters to adapt their protest tactics
339:
By the time
Ferdinand Marcos was inaugurated as the Tenth President of the Philippines on December 30, 1965, the bases agreement between the Philippines and the US was nearly two decades old, and the continued presence of the bases helped shape the tone of the relationship between the two countries.
854:
released a statement saying, "The
Department is committed to accelerate the implementation of the Edca by concluding infrastructure enhancement and repair projects, developing new infrastructure projects at existing Edca locations, and exploring new locations that will build a more credible mutual
361:
In 1979, the
Military Bases Agreement was substantially altered in many areas in direct response to growing Filipino popular criticism. A Philippine commander was designated at each base but the US retained operational command over US.facilities located there, substantially reducing areas directly
745:
A dispute arose over toxic waste contamination in Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base as soon as the US government turned over the bases to the
Philippine government. At the time, U.S. government and United Nations reports confirming serious contamination at 46 locations in the two bases had come
434:
From 1988 to 1992, the US government and
Philippine government worked to renegotiate the terms of an extension of the military bases at Subic and Clark, because the 1947 bases agreement was due to expire. One bone of contention on the part of the negotiators was the amount of money that the US
701:
indigenous peoples who lived in the land, at a time when they were already facing pressures from the incursions of civilian lowlanders. None of these indigenous peoples were properly compensated at the time the bases were established, and they remain marginalized and unable to return to their
780:
On April 28, 2014, the
Philippines and the US signed the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA), effective for a period of ten years and thereafter, unless terminated by either party by giving one year's written notice. This allowed US forces and contractors to operate out of "agreed
908:, which together host three of the bases, expressed dismay at the agreement, stating they had not been consulted on the sites and did not want their provinces to pay too much for the infrastructure improvements or become potential targets of Chinese or North Korean nuclear attack.
2119:"EXCHANGE OF NOTES CONSTITUTING AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA RELATING TO THE TRANSFER BY THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES OF THE MARIVELES QUARANTINE RESERVATION (STATION)"
487:
On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate rejected renewal of the bases agreement by a slim margin. The vote resulted in 11 senators in favor of extending the treaty, and 12 senators in favor of suppressing it. The Anti-Bases Coalition, founded by senators
637:
Despite further efforts by the Aquino administration to salvage the treaty, the two sides could not reach a new agreement. As a result, the Philippine Government informed the US on December 6, 1991, that it would have one year to complete withdrawal.
1657:
Cunanan, Jose. (1982-1983) The Impact of the United States Military Bases on the Negritos (Aetas): Victims of Beneficiaries. Aghamtao: Journal of the Ugnayang Pang-Aghamtao, Inc. (UGAT) / Anthropological Association of the Philippines. Volume 5-6.
650:. Subic Bay Naval Base was deactivated in 1992. These were the two largest US military bases in the Philippines at the time, and other US bases were deactivated in this same time period, ending the US military presence in the Philippines.
1360:
2155:
152:, a military bases agreement between the Philippines and the US entered into force. That agreement was to remain in force for 99 years and granted the right to retain the use of the following bases, with some restrictions:
496:
led the call to end American military presence in the country. At the time of the vote, the retired senator TaƱada stood up on his wheelchair to rapturous applause shouting, "Mabuhay!" or "Long live the Philippines."
362:
under US control. The issue of compensation was also addressed for the first time with the US agreeing to pay $ 500 million for a five-year period. This increased to $ 900 million in 1983 for the next five years.
2160:
326:
95:
unanimously approved Joint Resolution No. 4, which authorized the President of the Philippines to enter into negotiations for the establishment of such bases. At that time, the Philippine islands were still
2127:"EXCHANGE OF NOTES CONSTITUTING AN AGREEMENT AMENDING ARTICLE XXIX OF THE AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING MILITARY BASES OF 14 MARCH 1947"
1482:
226:
That agreement also specified that the Philippine government would permit the US, upon notice, to use such of the following bases as the US determined that to be required by military necessity:
1643:, UP Press, 1998 (note: Agnes Bailen was a former UP Department of Political Science senior lecturer); "Book Reviews", the Philippine Collegian, November 23, 1998; and LibraryLink.org, 2004
1782:
951:
Manila #2 Cemetery was disinterred and moved to the American Graves Registration Service (AGRS) mausoleum at Nichols Field beginning in the fall of 1947 and continuing through July 1948.
1344:
759:
693:
The establishment of the US bases, particularly of Fort Stotsenberg, Clark Airfield, Subic Bay, and John Hay, frequently resulted in the displacement and disenfranchisement of the
1292:
435:
government would pay to the Philippine government for the lease and use of the bases, but the bases had also become a political liability for the Aquino government, with the
1407:
858:
On February 2, 2023, four additional locations of military bases were designated under the EDCA. On April 3, 2023, the locations of the four new EDCA sites were announced:
71:
narrowly rejected a new treaty which would have allowed some of the bases to continue for another ten years. This article summarizes the collective history of those bases.
2165:
2150:
2145:
1543:"U.S. Reaches Accord With Manila, Will Leave Clark Air Base : Philippines: Volcano causes abandonment of field. But Americans will keep Subic Naval Base for 10 years"
1710:
1568:
1959:
1322:
851:
31:
47:
356:
1923:
781:
locations" defined as "facilities and areas that are provided by the Government of the Philippines through the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP)".
1893:
795:
On March 19, 2016, the Philippines and the United States government agreed on 5 locations of military bases for the American troops under the EDCA:
917:
192:
Subic Bay, Northwest Shore Naval Base, Zambales Province, and the existing Naval reservation at Olongapo and the existing Baguio Naval Reservation;
1774:
1381:
Shalom, Stephen R. (1990) Clark and Subic: Projecting US Power into the Gulf. Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies. Vol 5 No 3.
1849:
775:
763:
749:
Various Philippine administrations have sought to get the US government to take responsibility for the cleanup of the wastes, but to no avail.
97:
1867:
1148:
1090:
142:
1574:
441:
noting that "many Filipinos denounce the bases as an affront to Philippine sovereignty, remnants of American paternalism and colonialism."
2020:
1941:
1509:
1228:
1430:
922:
646:
On November 26, 1991, the US government formally turned Clark over to the Philippine government, which transformed the airfield into
1582:
1276:
932:
355:
and the economic strain caused by the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis and Marcos' debt-driven spending in the leadup to
1399:
397:
784:
In April 2015, the United States government asked for access to eight bases in the Philippines, including the formerly American
105:
101:
1702:
1685:
1673:
85:
1827:
1751:
1805:
244:
59:
United States military bases were established in the Philippines on the basis of a treaty signed after the conclusion of
2099:
927:
528:
401:
647:
198:
92:
1314:
1967:
461:
445:
872:
799:
475:, proposing the clean-up and turn over of Clark to the Philippine government in 1992, and extending the lease of
465:
301:
274:
In 1958, the US relinquished the Manila Military Port area, the only remaining American military installation in
80:
On June 29, 1944, with WW-II still underway in both the European and Pacific theatres, a Joint Resolution of the
68:
996:"Statement: President Roosevelt upon signing S. J. Resolutions Nos. 93 and 94, June 29, 1944"date=June 29, 1944"
1901:
1315:"The End of an Era ā Handholding Ferdinand Marcos in Exile ā Association for Diplomatic Studies & Training"
1024:"AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONCERNING MILITARY BASES"
973:
381:
373:
280:
In 1966, the Rusk-Ramos Agreement shortened base leaseholds from 99 to 25 years, terminated US control over
149:
64:
2021:"The Advent, Evolution Termination of the 1947MBA and Its Influences to Philippine Military Foreign Policy"
1990:
343:
The US Bases became a political issue in the Philippines during the late 1960s, which saw a resurgence of
1382:
1542:
607:
587:
558:
457:
204:
Bagobantay Transmitter Area, Quezon City, and associated radio receiving and control sites, Manila Area;
1456:
425:
A Marine color guard stands at attention during the deactivation ceremony for Naval station, Subic Bay.
316:. With this agreement, the leasehold termination date changed from 2046 to 1991, with renewal options.
52:
The American flag is lowered and Philippine flag is raised during turnover of Naval Station Subic Bay.
2067:
1250:
785:
538:
476:
407:
The US Bases in the Philippines, particularly Clark and Subic, became major staging areas during the
344:
2126:
2118:
1156:
1023:
421:
348:
332:
235:
112:
1621:
1514:
1127:
1009:
901:
893:
602:
67:
by the US. The bases established under that treaty were discontinued in 1991 and 1992, after the
622:
2087:
1743:
1578:
1519:
1352:
1284:
1220:
1119:
1086:
577:
493:
437:
117:
746:
out. But the U.S. government determined that it was not legally responsible for the cleanup.
2079:
2035:
1659:
1111:
523:
513:
168:
134:
121:
17:
1674:
https://nordis.net/2021/09/26/article/opinion/the-baguio-carino-house-and-toppling-marcos/
1487:
819:
563:
548:
543:
183:
An Army Communication System with the deletion of all stations in the Port of Manila Area.
133:
On October 20, 1944, the Commonwealth government returned to the Philippines as President
2114:
1924:"US allots $ 66.5 million for construction of facilities in 3 Edca sites for 2023 ā DND"
1179:
882:
862:
843:
839:
829:
789:
617:
597:
582:
553:
518:
489:
449:
396:
administration sent F-4 fighter jets from Clark to "buzz" the planes being used by the
393:
389:
285:
162:
1638:
1037:
714:
662:
351:
protests of January to March 1970, alongside the deployment of Filipino troops to the
284:, and limited US military holdings to a few minor installations and four major bases:
2139:
809:
698:
612:
592:
347:, especially among students. The presence of the bases became rallying points in the
309:
293:
177:
138:
2083:
380:
The US Bases in the Philippines ended up playing various roles as the civilian-led
60:
2047:
1735:
833:
694:
627:
572:
352:
125:
81:
1064:
2091:
1747:
1356:
1288:
1123:
1180:"IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines"
533:
250:
Puerto Princesa Army and Navy Air Base, including Navy Section Base and Ai;
186:
United States Armed Forces Cemetery No. 2, San Francisco del Monte, Rizal.
1942:"U.S., Philippines Add Four More Sites to EDCA Military Basing Agreement"
813:
408:
305:
289:
281:
1775:"Decades later, U.S. military pollution in Philippines linked to deaths"
1625:
1609:
1131:
1012:. Office of the historian, U.S. Department of State. December 23, 1946.
905:
866:
803:
2048:"UNITED STATES-PHILIPPINES BASES ACREEM4ENTS PROSPECT FOR ITS RENEWAL"
1383:
https://www.journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/kasarinlan/article/view/1002
1010:"The Ambassador in the Philippines (McNutt) to the Secretary of State"
174:
Mariveles Military Reservation, POL Terminal and Training Area, Bataan
1483:"U.S. Says Mt. Pinatubo Has Ended Clark Field'S Attraction as a Base"
886:
753:
PhilippinesāUnited States military cooperation after the bases treaty
471:
In July 1991, the negotiators agreed on a draft agreement titled the
313:
297:
275:
2039:
1703:"A Statement on the Toxic Contamination of Former US Military Bases"
1221:"Debt, deprivation and spoils of dictatorship | 31 years of amnesia"
1115:
1850:"Philippines Orders U.S. to Leave Strategic Navy Base at Subic Bay"
189:
Leyte-Samar Naval Base including shore installations and air bases;
1991:"With an Eye on China, Philippines Moves Closer to U.S. Interests"
1204:
Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines".
453:
420:
327:
Military history of the Philippines during the Marcos dictatorship
111:
1570:
Philippine Labour Migration: Critical Dimensions of Public Policy
876:
823:
464:
civilian personnel and their dependents from Clark Air Base and
2156:
Installations of the United States Air Force in the Philippines
2068:"Securing the U.S.-Philippine military bases agreement of 1947"
1641:
A Review of The Odyssey of Lorenzo M. TaƱada by Agnes G. Bailen
709:
657:
88:
to acquire bases for the mutual protection of the Philippines.
207:
Tarumpitao Point (Loran Master Transmitter Station), Palawan;
1614:
Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints
1603:
1601:
1868:"US seeks access to Philippine bases as part of Asia pivot"
2161:
Installations of the United States Navy in the Philippines
2100:"LOOK BACK: When the Senate said 'no' to US bases renewal"
1083:
America's boy: a century of colonialism in the Philippines
1894:"U.S., Philippines announce five military bases for EDCA"
1660:
http://116.50.242.171/PSSC/index.php/agt01/issue/view/198
1065:"U.S. BASES IN THE PHILIPPINES: A FOREIGN POLICY PARADOX"
404:- an action that effectively caused the coup to collapse.
1345:"MANILA TURNS BACK COUP BID WITH HELP OF U.S. AIR POWER"
1319:
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training adst.org
1143:
1141:
1106:
Kessler, Richard J. (1986). "Marcos and the Americans".
998:. Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines.
210:
Talampulan Island, Coast Guard No. 354 (Loran), Palawan;
195:
Tawi Tawi Naval Anchorage and small adjacent land areas;
1730:
1728:
1431:"Recounting US military's last days in the Philippines"
1038:"U.S. Casualties and Burials at Cabanatuan POW Camp #1"
758:
countries. The most significant of these have been the
726:
674:
1697:
1695:
1686:"Aeta folk face road bumps on way back to tribal land"
452:, which had been heavily damaged by ash emissions and
1400:"Philippine Senate Votes to Reject U.S. Base Renewal"
978:
Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies
1457:"After 89 Years, U.S. Lowers Flag at Clark Air Vase"
1394:
1392:
1390:
792:, as well as locations in Luzon, Cebu, and Palawan.
1989:Wee, Sui-Lee; Elemia, Camille (February 20, 2023).
1277:"REAGAN AND THE PHILIPPINES: Setting Marcos Adrift"
1153:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
760:
PhilippinesāUnited States Visiting Forces Agreement
40:
1251:"EDSA '86 up north: The day Baguio turned yellow"
1026:. U.S. Supreme Court elibrary. December 19, 1947.
178:Camp John Hay Leave and Recreation Center, Baguio
2102:. Senate of the Philippines. September 16, 2016.
1653:
1651:
654:Impact on Ibaloi and Aeta indigenous communities
199:CaƱacao-Sangley Point Navy Base, Cavite Province
2129:. U.S. Department of State. September 16, 1966.
1669:
1667:
1610:"The Historic Senate Vote of 16 September 1991"
1149:"A History of the Philippine Political Protest"
448:in June 1991, the US decided to abandon nearby
2053:. United States Air Force Air University. 1988
1707:Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines
1639:Acosta, Abraham Rey Montecillo. "Super Lolo",
27:American military bases following World War II
1040:. U.S. Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency. n.d
8:
1085:(1st American ed.). New York: H. Holt.
762:which came into effect in May 1999; and the
483:Extension Rejection by the Philippine Senate
368:During and after the People Power Revolution
32:United States naval bases in the Philippines
473:Treaty of Friendship, Peace and Cooperation
216:Castillejos, Coast Guard No, 356, Zambales.
770:The Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
37:
2166:1992 disestablishments in the Philippines
2151:Military installations of the Philippines
2146:United States military in the Philippines
1450:
1448:
1059:
1057:
1055:
392:translated into military action when the
150:US racognition of Philippine independence
706:Leftover toxic wastes in Subic and Clark
499:
1773:Tritten, Travis J. (February 2, 2010).
1070:. U.S. Army War College. March 1, 1991.
964:
944:
256:Tawi Tawi Naval Base, Sulu Archipelago;
1848:Sanger, David E. (December 28, 1991).
1806:"US Embassy rejects Clark toxic waste"
776:Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
766:which came into effect in April 2014.
764:Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement
213:Naule Point (Loran Station), Zambales;
65:recognition of Philippine independence
41:United States bases in the Philippines
1736:"US Leaves Toxins At Subic Navy Base"
430:Renegotiation and proposed new treaty
388:US support for the new government of
232:Mactan Island Army and Navy Air Base;
137:returned to the Philippines with the
7:
2072:Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars
2019:Ryan, Richard; Villegas, C. (2022).
1874:. Australia. Reuters. April 25, 2015
1713:from the original on August 11, 2023
1575:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies
1363:from the original on August 27, 2017
1325:from the original on October 3, 2023
148:On March 26, 1947, following on the
2066:Shalom, Stephen R. (July 5, 2019).
1785:from the original on April 13, 2024
1481:Branigin, William (July 15, 1991).
1410:from the original on March 19, 2018
1206:DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05
918:PhilippinesāUnited States relations
1754:from the original on April 5, 2023
1275:Karnow, Stanley (March 19, 1989).
1231:from the original on June 26, 2017
923:United States military deployments
460:of all non-essential military and
145:to liberate the Philippines began.
25:
1960:"Palace unveils 4 new EDCA sites"
1567:Lucero Gonzalez, Joaquin (1998).
1541:Broder, John M. (July 18, 1991).
1455:Drogin, Bob (November 27, 1991).
1187:Journal of Philippine Development
1081:Hamilton-Paterson, James (1999).
933:CIA activities in the Philippines
850:In November 2022, the Philippine
1900:. March 19, 2016. Archived from
1295:from the original on May 8, 2023
713:
661:
398:Reform the Armed Forces Movement
46:
1966:. April 3, 2023. Archived from
1804:Aravilla, Jose; Calica, Aurea.
1178:Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992).
417:Final years of the bases treaty
102:Commonwealth of the Philippines
2084:10.1080/14672715.1990.10413097
1429:Olson, Wyatt (June 29, 2013).
852:Department of National Defense
357:the 1969 presidential campaign
321:During the Marcos dictatorship
163:Clark Field Air Base, Pampanga
86:President of the United States
1:
241:Aircraft Service Warning Net;
1645:, retrieved on: July 9, 2007
1608:Simbulan, Roland G. (2020).
928:Naval Air Station Cubi Point
402:1989 Philippine coup attempt
648:Clark International Airport
93:Congress of the Philippines
18:US Bases in the Philippines
2182:
773:
569:
510:
462:U.S. Department of Defense
446:eruption of Mount Pinatubo
371:
330:
324:
292:, two main naval bases at
169:Fort Stotsenberg, Pampanga
100:and the government of the
29:
1928:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1828:"US-Philippine army deal"
1740:Christian Science Monitor
892:Naval Base Camilo Osias (
800:Antonio Bautista Air Base
479:by the US for ten years.
466:U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay
247:, San Fernando, La Union;
69:Senate of the Philippines
45:
972:Salonga, Jovito (1991).
506:Voted against extending
1510:"Operation Fiery Vigil"
458:An emergency evacuation
382:People Power revolution
374:People Power revolution
253:Warning Sites, Palawan;
236:Florida Blanca Air Base
1406:. September 16, 1991.
873:Camp Melchor Dela Cruz
702:historic lands today.
426:
269:During the postwar era
259:Aparri Naval Air Base.
129:
104:was seated in the US,
91:On July 28, 1945, the
2117:(December 18, 1947).
1872:Sydney Morning Herald
820:Benito Ebuen Air Base
608:Aquilino Pimentel Jr.
588:Teofisto Guingona Jr.
559:Leticia Ramos Shahani
424:
115:
1930:. November 15, 2022.
1522:on February 19, 2002
786:Subic Bay Naval Base
642:Closure and turnover
477:Subic Bay Naval Base
345:Filipino nationalism
302:Subic Bay Naval Base
143:Philippines campaign
128:on October 20, 1944.
124:, and staff land at
1948:. February 2, 2023.
1433:. Stars and Stripes
1351:. January 1, 2024.
1225:The Philippine Star
349:First Quarter Storm
333:First Quarter Storm
308:, and recreational
2028:The Research Probe
1995:The New York Times
1854:The New York Times
1515:GlobalSecurity.org
1404:The New York Times
1281:The New York Times
894:Santa Ana, Cagayan
855:defense posture".
725:. You can help by
673:. You can help by
603:Orlando S. Mercado
427:
400:forces during the
130:
1904:on March 22, 2016
1779:Stars and Stripes
1547:Los Angeles Times
1461:Los Angeles Times
1092:978-0-8050-6118-5
900:The governors of
743:
742:
691:
690:
635:
634:
578:Juan Ponce Enrile
539:John Henry OsmeƱa
438:Los Angeles Times
118:Douglas MacArthur
98:occupied by Japan
57:
56:
16:(Redirected from
2173:
2130:
2122:
2103:
2095:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2043:
2025:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:on April 3, 2023
1956:
1950:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1688:. June 15, 2021.
1682:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1620:(3/4): 135ā285.
1605:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1518:. Archived from
1506:
1500:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1396:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1219:Diola, Camille.
1216:
1210:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1194:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1155:. Archived from
1145:
1136:
1135:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1000:
999:
992:
986:
985:
969:
952:
949:
738:
735:
717:
710:
686:
683:
665:
658:
524:Neptali Gonzales
514:Heherson Alvarez
500:
50:
38:
21:
2181:
2180:
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723:needs expansion
708:
687:
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671:needs expansion
656:
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623:Wigberto TaƱada
564:Mamintal Tamano
549:Santanina Rasul
544:Vicente Paterno
529:Ernesto Herrera
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75:Establishment
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36:
33:
19:
2133:
2075:
2071:
2055:. Retrieved
2031:
2027:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1968:the original
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:the original
1897:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1871:
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1831:. Retrieved
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
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1756:. Retrieved
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1706:
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1590:September 2,
1588:. Retrieved
1569:
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1550:. Retrieved
1546:
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1524:. Retrieved
1520:the original
1513:
1504:
1492:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1460:
1435:. Retrieved
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1403:
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1365:. Retrieved
1348:
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1327:. Retrieved
1318:
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1280:
1270:
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1254:
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1233:. Retrieved
1224:
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1163:December 10,
1161:. Retrieved
1157:the original
1152:
1107:
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1042:. Retrieved
1032:
1018:
1004:
990:
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436:
433:
245:Camp Wallace
120:, President
61:World War II
58:
35:
2078:(4): 3ā12.
1414:January 29,
834:Nueva Ecija
628:Victor Ziga
353:Vietnam War
238:, Pampanga;
126:Palo, Leyte
82:US Congress
2140:Categories
959:References
734:April 2024
682:April 2024
444:After the
372:See also:
331:See also:
141:as the US
30:See also:
2092:0007-4810
2000:April 15,
1946:USNI News
1908:March 21,
1833:April 13,
1811:April 13,
1789:April 13,
1758:April 13,
1748:0882-7729
1717:April 13,
1552:March 12,
1526:April 13,
1494:April 13,
1466:March 12,
1357:0190-8286
1289:0362-4331
1260:March 17,
1124:0015-7228
534:Joey Lina
2057:April 7,
1974:April 3,
1783:Archived
1752:Archived
1711:Archived
1626:45171901
1437:June 13,
1408:Archived
1367:April 9,
1361:Archived
1329:April 9,
1323:Archived
1299:April 9,
1293:Archived
1229:Archived
1208:: 3, 19.
1044:April 7,
912:See also
814:Pampanga
468:ensued.
409:Gulf War
306:Zambales
290:Pampanga
282:Olongapo
116:General
106:in exile
63:and the
1255:Rappler
1132:1148755
906:Cagayan
902:Isabela
867:Palawan
804:Palawan
456:flows.
2090:
1878:May 5,
1746:
1624:
1581:
1355:
1287:
1235:May 2,
1130:
1122:
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699:Ibaloi
314:Baguio
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122:OsmeƱa
2051:(PDF)
2034:(1).
2024:(PDF)
1622:JSTOR
1193:(35).
1183:(PDF)
1128:JSTOR
1068:(PDF)
974:"No!"
939:Notes
454:lahar
2088:ISSN
2059:2024
2002:2023
1976:2023
1910:2016
1880:2015
1835:2024
1813:2024
1791:2024
1760:2024
1744:ISSN
1719:2024
1592:2014
1579:ISBN
1554:2011
1528:2024
1496:2024
1468:2011
1439:2017
1416:2018
1369:2024
1353:ISSN
1331:2024
1301:2024
1285:ISSN
1262:2021
1237:2018
1165:2018
1120:ISSN
1087:ISBN
1046:2014
984:(4).
904:and
824:Cebu
697:and
695:Aeta
492:and
300:and
2080:doi
2036:doi
1191:XIX
1112:doi
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312:in
304:in
296:in
288:in
2142::
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2070:.
2030:.
2026:.
1993:.
1962:.
1944:.
1926:.
1896:.
1870:.
1852:.
1781:.
1777:.
1750:.
1742:.
1738:.
1727:^
1709:.
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732:(
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680:(
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201:.
180:;
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165:;
108:.
20:)
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