1234:
603:"prohibits the defendants from making misrepresentations regarding their academic journals and conferences, including that specific persons are editors of their journals or have agreed to participate in their conferences. It also prohibits the defendants from falsely representing that their journals engage in peer review, that their journals are included in any academic journal indexing service or any measurement of the extent to which their journals are cited. It also requires that the defendants clearly and conspicuously disclose all costs associated with submitting or publishing articles in their journals."
52:
40:
866:
334:
one is to be denied a written, retainable copy of the GPL. In 1996, the FTC instituted the
Funeral Rule Offenders Program (FROP), under which "funeral homes make a voluntary payment to the U.S. Treasury or appropriate state fund for an amount less than what would likely be sought if the Commission authorized filing a lawsuit for civil penalties. In addition, the funeral homes participate in the NFDA compliance program, which includes a review of the price lists, on-site training of the staff, and follow-up testing and certification on compliance with the
1903:
503:, Inc. The FTC alleged the deal would suppress competitors from accessing future content/games developed by Activision once the deal goes through. The FTC dropped its lawsuit on July 20, 2023. Microsoft had to restructure its deal to appease UK regulators. Microsoft reneged on promises it made in court filings by laying off 1900 employees in January 2024, signaling that it did not plan to let Activision Blizzard remain as independent as it had promised and leading the FTC to continue to appeal the decision.
760:
919:
817:
1997:
1445:
587:
were never scheduled to appear in order to attract registrants" and that attendees "spend hundreds or thousands of dollars on registration fees and travel costs to attend these scientific conferences." Manuscripts are also sometimes held hostage, with OMICS refusing to allow submissions to be withdrawn and thereby preventing resubmission to another journal for consideration. Library scientist
1790:
1344:
1095:
1728:, including the appointment of receivers, monitors, the imposition of asset freezes to guard against the spoliation of funds, immediate access to business premises to preserve evidence, and other relief including financial disclosures and expedited discovery. In numerous cases, the FTC employs this authority to combat serious consumer deception or fraud. Additionally, the FTC has
1983:
4069:
1743:. The FTC serves as a federal repository for individual consumer complaints regarding identity theft. Even though the FTC does not resolve individual complaints, it does use the aggregated information to determine where federal action might be taken. The complaint form is available online or by phone (1-877-ID-THEFT).
687:
In
November 2011, the FTC filed a lawsuit alleging that the proposed acquisition of Rockford by OSF would drive up prices for general acute-care inpatient services as OSF would face only one competitor (SwedishAmerican health system) in the Rockford area and would have a market share of 64%. Later in
398:
in April 2024. The agency estimates 30 million workers are bound by these clauses and only excludes senior executives from the ban on enforcing non-competes. The agency believes that this will allow workers to find better working conditions and pay, since switching companies, on average, provides the
1915:
In its Dot Com
Disclosures guide, the FTC said that "disclosures that are required to prevent deception or to provide consumers material information about a transaction must be presented clearly and conspicuously." The FTC suggested a number of different factors that would help determine whether the
1898:
A misleading omission occurs when information is not disclosed to correct reasonable consumer expectations. Second, the
Commission examines the practice from the perspective of a reasonable consumer being targeted by the practice. Finally the representation or omission must be a material one—that is
640:
the FTC alleged that
Gateway committed unfair and deceptive trade practices by making retroactive changes to its privacy policy without informing customers and by violating its own privacy policy by selling customer information when it had said it would not. Gateway settled the complaint by entering
586:
The complaint alleges that the defendants have been "deceiving academics and researchers about the nature of its publications and hiding publication fees ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars". It additionally notes that "OMICS regularly advertises conferences featuring academic experts who
333:
requires funeral homes to provide all customers (and potential customers) with a
General Price List (GPL), specifically outlining goods and services in the funeral industry, as defined by the FTC, and a listing of their prices. By law, the GPL must be presented on request to all individuals, and no
675:
to overturn an order by the FTC to the company to unwind its 2010 acquisition of St. Luke's hospital were unsuccessful. The FTC claimed that the acquisition would hurt consumers through higher premiums because insurance companies would be required to pay more. In
December 2011, an administrative
286:
Though the initial bill did not pass, the questions of trusts and antitrust dominated the 1912 election. Most political party platforms in 1912 endorsed the establishment of a federal trade commission with its regulatory powers placed in the hands of an administrative board, as an alternative to
658:
In 2011, the FTC successfully challenged in court the $ 195 million acquisition of
Palmyra Medical Center by Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital. The FTC alleged that the transaction would create a monopoly as it would "reduce competition significantly and allow the combined Phoebe/Palmyra to raise
649:
In addition to prospective analysis of the effects of mergers and acquisitions, the FTC has recently resorted to retrospective analysis and monitoring of consolidated hospitals. Thus, it also uses retroactive data to demonstrate that some hospital mergers and acquisitions are hurting consumers,
1260:
The Bureau of
Consumer Protection's mandate is to protect consumers against unfair or deceptive acts or practices in commerce. With the written consent of the commission, Bureau attorneys enforce federal laws related to consumer affairs and rules promulgated by the FTC. Its functions include
407:
on July 23, 2024. On August 20, 2024, a federal court in Texas overturned the FTC's ban on non-compete agreements, which was originally scheduled to take effect on
September 4, 2024. U.S. District Judge Ada Brown said the FTC did not have the authority to issue the ban, which she said was
621:, the FTC alleged that a research software program provided by Sears was deceptive because it collected information about nearly all online behavior, a fact that was only disclosed in legalese, buried within the end user license agreement. The FTC secured a consent decree in the case.
559:, and violated the FTC's Business Opportunity Rule in preventing a fair consumer evaluation of the business. This was one of the first definitive actions taken by any regulator against a company engaging in transaction laundering, where almost US$ 6 million were processed illicitly.
1843:
562:
In December 2018, two defendants, Nikolas Mihilli and Dynasty Merchants, LLC, settled with the FTC. They were banned from processing credit card transactions, though the initial monetary judgment of $ 5.8 million was suspended due to the defendant's inability to pay.
1192:
676:
judge upheld the FTC's decision, noting that the behavior of ProMedica health system and St. Luke's was indeed anticompetitive. The court ordered ProMedica to divest St. Luke's to a buyer that would be approved by the FTC within 180 days of the date of the order.
538:, which prohibits improper monopolization of a market. The FTC accused Meta of buying up its competitors to stifle competition which reduced the range of services available to consumers and by creating fewer social media platforms for advertisers to target.
1881:
Courts have identified three main factors that must be considered in consumer unfairness cases: (1) whether the practice injures consumers; (2) whether the practice violates established public policy; and (3) whether it is unethical or unscrupulous.
2432:
And though some conservatives have railed against the dominance of Big Tech, Project 2025 also suggests that a second Trump administration could abolish the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which currently has the power to enforce antitrust
298:, Morgan reintroduced a slightly amended version of his bill during the April 1913 special session. The national debate culminated in Wilson's signing of the FTC Act on September 26, 1914, with additional tightening of regulations in the
341:
In the mid-1990s, the FTC launched the fraud sweeps concept where the agency and its federal, state, and local partners filed simultaneous legal actions against multiple telemarketing fraud targets. The first sweeps operation was
1233:
1894:
cases. First, "there must be a representation, omission or practice that is likely to mislead the consumer." In the case of omissions, the Commission considers the implied representations understood by the consumer.
399:
biggest pay raises. It also allows workers to leave abusive work environments and can prevent some doctors from having to leave medicine once they leave a practice. The ban was put on hold by U.S. District Judge
1710:. FTC investigations may pertain to a single company or an entire industry. If the results of the investigation reveal unlawful conduct, the FTC may seek voluntary compliance by the offending business through a
1272:
Under the FTC Act, the commission has the authority, in most cases, to bring its actions in federal court through its own attorneys. In some consumer protection matters, the FTC appears with, or supports, the
1285:
The Bureau of Economics was established to support the Bureau of Competition and Consumer Protection by providing expert knowledge related to the economic impacts of the FTC's legislation and operation.
3547:"In the Matter of Phoebe Putney Health System, Inc., Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital, Inc., Phoebe North, Inc., HCA Inc., Palmyra Park Hospital, Inc., and Hospital Authority of Albany-Dougherty County"
1226:, and investigation into other non-merger business practices that may impair competition. Such non-merger practices include horizontal restraints, involving agreements between direct competitors, and
1870:
trade practices. The statute declares that "unfair methods of competition in or affecting commerce, and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce, are hereby declared unlawful."
4302:
313:
in 1903. The FTC could additionally challenge "unfair methods of competition" and enforce the Clayton Act's more specific prohibitions against certain price discrimination, vertical arrangements,
473:
The FTC is proposing a rule that would ensure the cancellation process of subscription services is easier than the process of signing up. It also targeted airlines and credit card companies over
1847:
1769:
and Department of Justice also empowers third-party enforcer-firms to engage in some regulatory oversight, e.g. the FTC requires other energy companies to audit offshore oil platform operators.
1844:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
2143:
1507:
1199:
4037:
1873:
Unfairness and deception towards consumers represent two distinct areas of FTC enforcement and authority. The FTC also has authority over unfair methods of competition between businesses.
3711:
492:
1714:, file an administrative complaint, or initiate federal litigation. During the course of regulatory activities, the FTC is authorized to collect records, but not on-site inspections.
1261:
investigations, enforcement actions, and consumer and business education. Areas of principal concern for this bureau are: advertising and marketing, financial products and practices,
596:
408:"unreasonably overbroad without a reasonable explanation." Victoria Graham, an FTC spokeswoman responded to the ruling by stating "We are seriously considering a potential appeal..."
1218:
The Bureau of Competition is the division of the FTC charged with elimination and prevention of "anticompetitive" business practices. It accomplishes this through the enforcement of
201:
2815:
189:
1846:
1196:
1321:
The FTC also maintains an academic in residence program, inviting leading legal scholars to join the FTC for a year as a Senior Policy Advisor. The role has been held by
1717:
Traditionally an administrative complaint is heard in front of an independent administrative law judge (ALJ) with FTC staff acting as prosecutors. The case is reviewed
4307:
4297:
617:
529:
235:
et seq. Over time, the FTC has been delegated with the enforcement of additional business regulation statutes and has promulgated a number of regulations (codified in
3814:
2675:
2294:
1249:
697:
555:
scheme on the request of the FTC, namely "Money Now Funding"/"Cash4Businesses". The FTC alleged that the defendants misrepresented potential earnings, violated the
2572:
1766:
650:
particularly in terms of higher prices. Here are some recent examples of the FTC's success in blocking or unwinding of hospital consolidations or affiliations:
583:. This action, partly in response to ongoing pressure from the academic community, is the first action taken by the FTC against an academic journal publisher.
3119:
452:
279:
in May 1911, the first version of a bill to establish a commission to regulate interstate trade was introduced on January 25, 1912, by Oklahoma congressman
2011:
1266:
659:
prices for general acute-care hospital services charged to commercial health plans, substantially harming patients and local employers and employees". The
236:
2100:
3149:
2497:
1698:
The FTC investigates issues raised by reports from consumers and businesses, pre-merger notification filings, congressional inquiries, or reports in the
1354:
3865:
1298:
The FTC generally selects its Chief Technologist from among computer science academics and noted practitioners. The role has previously been filled by
3573:
2694:
1685:
3762:
3598:
3546:
3238:
2051:
1747:
395:
291:
3509:
3353:
1195:
2031:
1845:
104:
3207:
3093:
2382:
2062:
719:. In practice, this means that two commissioners are of the opposition party. However, three members of the FTC throughout its history have been
2732:
3327:
2471:
716:
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into a consent decree with the FTC that required it to surrender some profits and placed restrictions upon Gateway for the following 20 years.
251:
3404:
276:
3599:"OSF Healthcare System Abandons Plans to Buy Rockford in Light of FTC Lawsuit; FTC Dismisses its Complaint Seeking to Block the Transaction"
2915:
2026:
988:
216:
2624:
3436:
3021:
3468:
3263:
2523:
1245:
515:
as policy and to look to take action against companies that limit the type of repair work that can be done at independent repair shops.
4077:
3046:
2713:
1412:
1159:
239:). The broad statutory authority granted to the FTC provides it with more surveillance and monitoring abilities than it actually uses.
3962:
2967:
2036:
1859:
660:
361:
355:
228:
1384:
1131:
4292:
4277:
4105:
3839:
1829:
1654:
1178:
1014:
Shortly after the U.S. Senate confirmed Lina Khan as a commissioner, President Biden tapped her to serve as chair of the commission.
272:
219:, signed in response to the 19th-century monopolistic trust crisis. Since its inception, the FTC has enforced the provisions of the
205:
114:
1811:
1804:
1116:
1109:
975:
931:
888:
884:
878:
829:
775:
310:
4120:
MacLean, Elizabeth Kimball (July 2007). "Joseph E. Davies: The Wisconsin Idea and the Origins of the Federal Trade Commission".
2870:
1391:
1138:
4287:
2056:
3379:
2310:
FTC Announces Results of Compliance Testing of Over 300 Funeral Homes in the Second Year of the Funeral Rule Offenders Program
1492:
4244:
3574:"Administrative Law Judge Upholds FTC's Complaint Against Ohio Hospital Deal, Orders ProMedica to Divest St. Luke's Hospital"
2266:
2046:
1369:
1017:
The FTC Act allows commissioners to remain in their position after their term expires until a replacement has been appointed.
708:
243:
1295:
The FTC maintains an Office of Technology Research and Investigation to assist it in technology-related enforcement actions.
1230:, involving agreements among businesses at different levels in the same industry (such as suppliers and commercial buyers).
51:
39:
2355:
2210:
1210:
The FTC has three main bureaus: the Bureau of Competition, the Bureau of Consumer Protection, and the Bureau of Economics.
242:
The FTC is composed of five commissioners, who each serve seven-year terms. Members of the commission are nominated by the
3072:
2796:
2282:
2278:
1988:
1678:
1597:
1398:
1145:
556:
220:
2312:
2841:
2329:
2079:
636:
4087:
458:
In March 2024, the FTC released a report that found higher profit margins as a driver of inflation for grocery prices.
2777:
947:
436:
369:
of the FTC Act, amended in 1973, to seek equitable relief in courts; it had the power to seek only injunctive relief.
350:
224:
193:
2546:
2449:
1721:
by the full FTC commission which then may be appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals and finally to the Supreme Court.
1380:
1127:
2598:
707:
The commission is headed by five commissioners, who each serve seven-year terms. Commissioners are nominated by the
3652:
3127:
1526:
1461:
1274:
534:
In December 2020 the FTC sued Meta (formally known as Facebook) for anticompetitive conduct under Section 2 of the
1800:
1105:
455:, arguing it would drive up grocery and pharmacy prices, worsen service, and lower wages and working conditions.
2995:
1732:
power to address concerns regarding industry-wide practices. Rules promulgated under this authority are known as
2941:
1902:
865:
4282:
1671:
1035:
314:
2758:
2657:
432:
The FTC has pursued lawsuits against companies to lower drug prices, including for insulin and for inhalers.
2889:
1890:
In a letter to the Chairman of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, the FTC defined the elements of
1571:
1069:
983:
720:
572:
461:
In August 2024, it announced it would be probing grocery prices to look for anti-competitive behavior and
306:
91:
2021:
1659:
580:
535:
299:
4149:
Winerman, Marc (2003). "The Origins of the FTC: Concentration, Cooperation, Control, and Competition".
3516:
3297:
1405:
1152:
918:
2002:
1759:
1614:
1609:
1497:
1043:
724:
712:
552:
440:
280:
247:
4231:
2125:
3788:
3411:
1326:
1262:
1227:
1039:
592:
500:
197:
1746:
The FTC has been involved in the oversight of the online advertising industry and its practice of
759:
283:. He would make the first speech on the House floor advocating its creation on February 21, 1912.
4196:
4137:
3627:
2246:
2238:
2068:
2016:
1633:
1555:
1299:
968:
942:
576:
3815:"Professor Tim Wu Named Advisor to Federal Trade Commission on Consumer Protection, Competition"
3443:
3150:"Two Defendants Settle Allegations in 'Money Now Funding' Credit Card Charge Laundering Scheme"
4258:
3660:
3475:
3298:"Case No. 2:16-cv-02022 – Complaint for Permanent Injunction and Other Equitable Relief"
2632:
2416:
2230:
1703:
1619:
1604:
1487:
1475:
1031:
936:
822:
816:
400:
4235:
4188:
4129:
3242:
3212:
3175:
2222:
1725:
1711:
1628:
1582:
1578:
1480:
1238:
787:
783:
486:
254:. One member of the body serves as FTC Chair at the President's pleasure, with Commissioner
17:
4262:
4179:
Davis, G. Cullom (1962). "The Transformation of the Federal Trade Commission, 1914–1929".
2408:
2316:
1587:
1566:
1512:
1436:
1361:
1315:
1050:
924:
898:
893:
845:
840:
792:
607:
OMICS was found guilty and required to pay $ 50 million in a historic settlement in 2019.
512:
404:
3915:
3892:
3685:
2211:"The Federal Trade Commission: The Development of the Law which led to its Establishment"
2187:
4038:".com Disclosures: How to Make Effective Disclosures in Digital Advertising, March 2013"
3686:"15 U.S. Code § 41 - Federal Trade Commission established; membership; vacancies; seal"
2625:"'She's going to prevail': FTC head Lina Khan is fighting for an anti-monopoly America"
1740:
1535:
1517:
1311:
1077:
688:
2012, OSF announced that it had abandoned its plans to acquire Rockford Health System.
295:
209:
118:
3966:
4271:
4163:
4141:
3866:"FTC Names Latanya Sweeney as Chief Technologist; Andrea Matwyshyn as Policy Advisor"
3293:
2890:"Biden wants to free you from all those subscriptions you meant to cancel but didn't"
2250:
1624:
1592:
1307:
1303:
1248:. However, while the FTC is responsible for civil enforcement of antitrust laws, the
871:
835:
588:
462:
2916:"Microsoft completes Activision Blizzard acquisition, Call of Duty now part of Xbox"
200:. The FTC shares jurisdiction over federal civil antitrust law enforcement with the
4008:
3981:
3937:
1773:
1751:
1638:
1551:
1502:
1073:
1058:
796:
443:, consolidation and other factors. It looks likely to sue as early as August 2024.
421:
373:
335:
330:
326:
4249:
4240:
2164:
1724:
Under the FTC Act, the federal courts retain their traditional authority to issue
1444:
365:
2359:
3331:
2073:
2041:
1863:
1789:
1561:
1343:
1094:
232:
3239:"U.S. government agency sues publisher, charging it with deceiving researchers"
2309:
2188:"The Missing Regulatory State: Monitoring Businesses in an Age of Surveillance"
1265:, privacy and identity protection, etc. The bureau also is responsible for the
1080:(served from 1984 to 1998), and Pamela Jones Harbour (served from 2003 to 2009)
4253:
4133:
2333:
1978:
1729:
1699:
1054:
3664:
2636:
2420:
2234:
287:
functions previously and necessarily exercised so slowly through the courts.
3653:"Biden taps big tech critic Lina Khan to chair the Federal Trade Commission"
3510:"What hospital executives should be considering in mergers and acquisitions"
2972:
2797:"FTC, states challenge Kroger's $ 25 billion grocery merger with Albertsons"
1891:
1540:
1470:
1252:
has the power to bring both civil and criminal action in antitrust matters.
1219:
1062:
765:
496:
474:
255:
147:
2498:"POLITICO Pro: Judge sides with FTC in second challenge to non-compete ban"
1065:(served since 2021); Khan is the first Asian-American to serve as FTC Chair
3712:"Breaking down barriers: Recruiting and promoting Black antitrust lawyers"
2144:"Ten Years of the Best Places to Work in the Federal Government® Rankings"
1982:
3208:"Federal Trade Commission begins to crack down on 'predatory' publishers"
3094:"What is transaction laundering and what is the Industry doing about it?"
1466:
681:
329:
industry in order to protect consumers from deceptive practices. The FTC
1945:
whether the advertisement is so lengthy that the disclosure needs to be
571:
In 2016, the FTC launched action against the academic journal publisher
435:
In 2024, it released an interim report on its 2-year investigation into
4200:
2472:"New federal rule would bar 'noncompete' agreements for most employees"
2386:
2242:
1916:
information was "clear and conspicuous" including but not limited to:
1755:
3022:"FTC v. Facebook: Social Media Giant Sued for Anticompetitive Conduct"
2942:"The FTC isn't too happy with Microsoft's Activision Blizzard layoffs"
2778:"Grocery price gouging to feature prominently in Harris economic plan"
2695:"Amneal, US FTC win order removing Teva inhaler patents from FDA list"
1546:
1322:
1223:
654:
Phoebe Putney Memorial Hospital and Palmyra Medical Center in Georgia
417:
4192:
3628:"Independent commissioners have shaped key FTC decisions – FTCWatch"
3380:"Hyderabad-Based OMICS Fined $ 50 Million for 'Deceptive Practices'"
2226:
359:, the Court found unanimously that the FTC did not have power under
250:
confirmation, and no more than three FTC members can be of the same
1952:
whether disclosures in audio messages are presented in an adequate
346:
in July 1995 which cracked down on 100 business opportunity scams.
192:
whose principal mission is the enforcement of civil (non-criminal)
3354:"FTC Halts the Deceptive Practices of Academic Journal Publishers"
2842:"Federal Trade Commission to probe stubbornly high grocery prices"
1901:
1841:
1707:
1232:
1190:
403:
on July 3, 2024, but then upheld on appeal by U.S. District Judge
2573:"FTC Ban on Worker Noncompete Deals Blocked by Federal Judge (2)"
2383:"U.S. Supreme Court curbs FTC's power to recoup ill-gotten gains"
3176:"FTC sues OMICS group: Are predatory publishers' days numbered?"
672:
491:
In 2023, the FTC authorized an administrative complaint against
4223:
2676:"US FTC to sue drug middlemen over insulin prices, source says"
4062:
3840:"Professor Paul Ohm Named Advisor to Federal Trade Commission"
2759:"Feds poised to sue pharmacy gatekeepers over high drug costs"
2658:"Feds poised to sue pharmacy gatekeepers over high drug costs"
1783:
1337:
1088:
2733:"Big Pharmacy-Benefit Managers Increase Drug Costs, FTC Says"
2714:"Explainer: Why are US pharmacy benefit managers under fire?"
1739:
One of the Federal Trade Commission's other major focuses is
3737:
2996:"U.S. and States Say Facebook Illegally Crushed Competition"
2968:"FTC pledges to fight unlawful right to repair restrictions"
2524:"FTC Gets Win on Noncompete Ban After Loss in Another Court"
1443:
3893:"Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era"
1906:
Federal Trade Commission entrance doorway in Washington, DC
2409:"What Project 2025 Means for Big Tech … and Everyone Else"
2126:"H.R.2882 - Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2024"
3328:"Federal Trade Commission Targeting Predatory Publishers"
2330:"Federal Trade Commission Funeral Rule - 16 CFR Part 453"
1776:, which set forth standards for environmental marketing.
1204:
How to File a Complaint with the Federal Trade Commission
439:, many of which it accuses of raising drug prices due to
3916:"The New Gatekeepers: Private Firms as Public Enforcers"
3120:"FTC Targets Transaction Laundering In Landmark Lawsuit"
1772:
In 2013, the FTC issued a comprehensive revision of its
671:
Similarly, court attempts by ProMedica health system in
376:
suggested that an administration could abolish the FTC.
215:
The FTC was established in 1914 with the passage of the
4216:
2269:, Federal Trade Commission, 90th Anniversary Symposium.
1365:
667:
ProMedica health system and St. Luke's hospital in Ohio
511:
In July 2021, the FTC voted unanimously to enforce the
4032:
4030:
4028:
4026:
2450:"U.S. bans non-compete agreements for nearly all jobs"
1244:
The FTC shares enforcement of antitrust laws with the
715:. No more than three commissioners can be of the same
162:
2816:"FTC calls out profits as a driver of grocery prices"
551:
In September 2013, a federal court closed an elusive
4303:
Independent agencies of the United States government
4162:
MacIntyre, A. Everette; Volhard, Joachim J. (1970).
3976:
3974:
680:
OSF healthcare system and Rockford Health System in
4003:
4001:
3999:
3982:"FTC Policy Statement on Unfairness, Dec. 17, 1980"
3738:"What to watch at Lina Khan's confirmation hearing"
3073:"Case 2:13-cv-01583-ROS Document 95 Filed 09/13/13"
2871:"US targets surging grocery prices in latest probe"
1237:Apex Building, built in 1938 (FTC headquarters) in
591:has described OMICS as among the most egregious of
227:statute, as well as the provisions of the FTC Act,
169:
157:
140:
132:
124:
110:
100:
84:
66:
61:
4009:"FTC Policy Statement on Deception, Oct. 14, 1983"
2547:"Federal judge throws out U.S. ban on noncompetes"
1971:However, the "key is the overall net impression."
1938:whether items in other parts of the advertisement
190:independent agency of the United States government
3763:"Office of Technology Research and Investigation"
3292:Shonka, David C.; Rusu, Ioana; Ashe, Gregory A.;
1780:Unfair or deceptive practices affecting consumers
663:on February 19, 2013, ruled in favor of the FTC.
305:The new FTC would absorb the staff and duties of
3622:
3620:
1866:grants the FTC power to investigate and prevent
618:In the Matter of Sears Holdings Management Corp.
530:Federal Trade Commission v. Meta Platforms, Inc.
3047:"FTC Halts Elusive Business Opportunity Scheme"
2994:Kang, Cecilia; Isaac, Mike (December 9, 2020).
2267:A Brief History of the Federal Trade Commission
1956:and visual disclosures appear for a sufficient
1858:Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act,
1250:Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice
698:List of members of the Federal Trade Commission
3201:
3199:
3197:
1924:of the disclosure in an advertisement and its
1899:one that would have changed consumer behavior.
271:Following the Supreme Court decisions against
4122:Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era
2319:, Federal Trade Commission, February 25, 1998
1679:
8:
4243:of the Code of Federal Regulations from the
3568:
3566:
3564:
1370:introducing citations to additional sources
32:
3576:. Federal Trade Commission. January 5, 2012
2332:. Ftc.gov. October 24, 2008. Archived from
1750:for some time. In 2011 the FTC proposed a "
1267:United States National Do Not Call Registry
595:. In November 2017, a federal court in the
237:Title 16 of the Code of Federal Regulations
3549:. Federal Trade Commission. April 20, 2011
2262:
2260:
1963:whether the language of the disclosure is
1686:
1672:
1432:
729:
50:
4106:Learn how and when to remove this message
3541:
3539:
3537:
3232:
3230:
1830:Learn how and when to remove this message
1647:Enforcement authorities and organizations
1179:Learn how and when to remove this message
451:In February 2024, the FTC challenged the
4181:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
3469:"Gateway Decision and Order, Sept. 2004"
2358:. Ftc.gov. July 18, 1995. Archived from
2052:FTC regulation of behavioral advertising
2012:Children's Online Privacy Protection Act
1360:Relevant discussion may be found on the
599:granted a preliminary injunction that:
547:Money Now Funding / Cash4Businesses case
258:having served as chair since June 2021.
202:Department of Justice Antitrust Division
4308:Organizations based in Washington, D.C.
4298:Government agencies established in 1914
3326:Bailey, Jonathan (September 12, 2016).
3026:Harvard Journal of Law & Technology
2599:"Judge Blocks F.T.C.'s Noncompete Rule"
2470:Rugaber, Christopher (April 23, 2024).
2305:
2303:
2092:
1754:" mechanism to allow Internet users to
1646:
1525:
1453:
1435:
325:In 1984, the FTC began to regulate the
105:Federal government of the United States
3593:
3591:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3498:
3496:
3296:; Welsh, Blaine T. (August 25, 2016).
3287:
3285:
2940:Carpenter, Nicole (February 7, 2024).
2776:Hill, Meredith Lee (August 14, 2024).
2356:"Business Opportunity Scam "Epidemic""
1810:Please improve this section by adding
1702:. These issues include, for instance,
1115:Please improve this article by adding
294:decided in favor of the Democrats and
31:
3206:Straumsheim, Carl (August 29, 2016).
2864:
2862:
2465:
2463:
2443:
2441:
2165:"Federal Trade Commission: A History"
645:Activities in the healthcare industry
204:. The agency is headquartered in the
7:
3126:. September 13, 2017. Archived from
2407:Elliott, Vittoria (August 1, 2024).
2063:Humphrey's Executor v. United States
2027:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau
989:University of Virginia School of Law
723:, with the most recent independent,
56:Flag of the Federal Trade Commission
44:Seal of the Federal Trade Commission
3938:"FTC Issues Revised "Green Guides""
2496:Niedzwiadek, Nick (July 23, 2024).
2381:Hurley, Lawrence (April 22, 2021).
394:The FTC ruled to ban virtually all
309:, previously established under the
3736:Birnbaum, Emily (April 21, 2021).
3237:McCook, Alison (August 26, 2016).
2731:Whyte, Liz Essley (July 9, 2024).
2712:Aboulenein, Ahmed (July 9, 2024).
2597:Kaye, Danielle (August 20, 2024).
2037:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
2032:Consumer Product Safety Commission
356:AMG Capital Management, LLC v. FTC
25:
3690:LII / Legal Information Institute
2888:Narea, Nicole (August 13, 2024).
2795:Sisco, Josh (February 26, 2024).
2693:Brittain, Blake (June 10, 2024).
2295:Platform of the Progressive Party
2283:Democratic Party Platform of 1912
2279:Republican Party Platform of 1912
2215:American Political Science Review
2186:Van Loo, Rory (October 1, 2019).
1655:International Competition Network
206:Federal Trade Commission Building
115:Federal Trade Commission Building
4067:
3891:Van Loo, Rory (August 1, 2018).
3515:. DHG Healthcare. Archived from
2914:Warren, Tom (October 13, 2023).
2814:Burns, Tobias (March 29, 2024).
1995:
1981:
1788:
1353:relies largely or entirely on a
1342:
1093:
1061:(served from 2018 to 2021), and
917:
889:Georgetown University Law Center
885:Center on Privacy and Technology
864:
815:
758:
666:
597:Court for the District of Nevada
524:Meta antitrust acquisitions case
311:Department of Commerce and Labor
38:
3914:Van Loo, Rory (April 1, 2020).
2966:Kelly, Makena (July 21, 2021).
2623:Jones, Callum (March 9, 2024).
1767:Environmental Protection Agency
1325:in 2011, Paul Ohm in 2012, and
27:United States government agency
4164:"The Federal Trade Commission"
3020:Mobbs, Brent (March 9, 2021).
2869:Godoy, Jody (August 1, 2024).
2840:Suter, Tara (August 2, 2024).
2522:Wise, Justin (July 23, 2024).
2448:Hsu, Andrea (April 23, 2024).
2047:FTC Fair Information Practices
1928:to the claim it is qualifying,
1660:List of competition regulators
980:Solicitor general of Virginia
1:
4090:and help improve the section.
2757:Sisco, Josh (July 10, 2024).
2101:"FTC Agency Financial Report"
1989:Business and economics portal
1812:secondary or tertiary sources
1256:Bureau of Consumer Protection
1117:secondary or tertiary sources
1026:As of 2021, there have been:
948:University of Utah Law School
727:, serving from 2003 to 2009.
557:National Do Not Call Register
416:The FTC successfully blocked
2080:United States v. Google Inc.
1076:(served from 1961 to 1970),
1057:(served from 1991 to 1994),
1042:(served from 1997 to 2004),
1038:(served from 1962 to 1964),
1022:Backgrounds of commissioners
637:In re Gateway Learning Corp.
217:Federal Trade Commission Act
4252:volumes 1-128 archive from
3098:Payments Cards & Mobile
2167:. Ftc.gov. January 18, 2012
567:OMICS Publishing Group case
390:Banning non-compete clauses
351:United States Supreme Court
18:US Federal Trade Commission
4324:
3307:. Federal Trade Commission
2502:subscriber.politicopro.com
1527:Anti-competitive practices
1493:Herfindahl–Hirschman index
1462:History of competition law
1381:"Federal Trade Commission"
1275:U.S. Department of Justice
1128:"Federal Trade Commission"
1046:(served from 2003 to 2009)
703:Current members of the FTC
695:
527:
484:
317:, and stock acquisitions.
292:1912 presidential election
4168:Boston College Law Review
4134:10.1017/S1537781400002097
3789:"FTC Chief Technologists"
2285:, June 25, 1912; USCB.edu
1967:to the intended audience.
1911:Dot Com Disclosures guide
1877:Definitions of unfairness
1765:The FTC, along with the
1222:laws, review of proposed
834:Legal advisor to Senator
738:
721:without party affiliation
469:Junk fees and high prices
437:pharmacy benefit managers
315:interlocking directorates
174:
136:$ 425.7 million (FY 2024)
49:
37:
4293:Consumer rights agencies
4278:Federal Trade Commission
4259:Federal Trade Commission
4232:Federal Trade Commission
3870:Federal Trade Commission
3793:Federal Trade Commission
3767:Federal Trade Commission
3603:Federal Trade Commission
3358:Federal Trade Commission
3268:Federal Trade Commission
3154:Federal Trade Commission
3051:Federal Trade Commission
2209:Fayne, James A. (1915).
1886:Definitions of deception
1036:A. Leon Higginbotham Jr.
465:at chain supermarkets.
453:Kroger-Albertsons merger
182:Federal Trade Commission
33:Federal Trade Commission
3334:– Plagiarism Blog
396:non-competes nationwide
72:; 109 years ago
70:September 26, 1914
4288:Competition regulators
2315:June 29, 2007, at the
2297:, August 7, 1912; PBS.
2057:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act
1907:
1855:
1799:relies excessively on
1572:Occupational licensing
1448:
1241:
1207:
1104:relies excessively on
984:University of Virginia
605:
573:OMICS Publishing Group
307:Bureau of Corporations
92:Bureau of Corporations
4151:Antitrust Law Journal
3716:mlexmarketinsight.com
2192:Vanderbilt Law Review
2022:Competition regulator
1905:
1850:
1447:
1246:Department of Justice
1236:
1214:Bureau of Competition
1202:
1072:to serve on the FTC:
1053:to serve on the FTC:
1034:to serve on the FTC:
711:and confirmed by the
630:Gateway Learning case
601:
581:predatory conferences
441:conflicts of interest
300:Clayton Antitrust Act
196:and the promotion of
4224:Report fraud website
3053:. September 26, 2013
2151:bestplacestowork.org
2003:United States portal
1942:from the disclosure,
1760:behavioral targeting
1748:behavioral targeting
1615:Occupational closure
1610:Dividing territories
1598:Essential facilities
1498:Market concentration
1366:improve this article
1044:Pamela Jones Harbour
725:Pamela Jones Harbour
593:predatory publishers
553:business opportunity
542:Obama administration
519:Trump administration
385:Biden administration
281:Dick Thompson Morgan
3920:Virginia Law Review
3897:Faculty Scholarship
3872:. November 18, 2013
3522:on January 24, 2017
3481:on October 23, 2004
3449:on October 23, 2004
3360:. November 22, 2017
3182:. September 2, 2016
3156:. December 10, 2018
3130:on February 9, 2019
2737:Wall Street Journal
2571:Mekelburg, Madlin.
1706:and other forms of
1327:Andrea M. Matwyshyn
1281:Bureau of Economics
1263:telemarketing fraud
1228:vertical restraints
1040:Mozelle W. Thompson
625:Bush administration
611:Sears Holdings case
501:Activision Blizzard
380:Notable recent work
302:three weeks later.
198:consumer protection
34:
3305:Case 2:16-cv-02022
3000:The New York Times
2603:The New York Times
2069:Information broker
2017:Competition policy
1954:volume and cadence
1940:distract attention
1935:of the disclosure,
1908:
1856:
1852:Endorsement Guides
1634:Regulatory capture
1449:
1300:Steven K. Bellovin
1242:
1208:
1001:September 26, 2030
969:Andrew N. Ferguson
960:September 26, 2025
943:University of Utah
911:September 26, 2026
858:September 26, 2029
809:September 26, 2024
577:predatory journals
412:Chip manufacturers
4116:
4115:
4108:
3944:. October 1, 2012
3632:www.mlexwatch.com
3405:"Sears Complaint"
3294:Bogden, Daniel G.
3264:"OMICS Group Inc"
2362:on March 10, 2007
2281:, June 18, 1912;
1848:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1704:false advertising
1696:
1695:
1625:Misuse of patents
1620:Predatory pricing
1605:Exclusive dealing
1488:Barriers to entry
1476:Coercive monopoly
1431:
1430:
1416:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1163:
1032:African-Americans
1006:
1005:
937:Solicitor general
823:Rebecca Slaughter
742:Prior experience
477:and high prices.
344:Project Telesweep
178:
177:
16:(Redirected from
4315:
4241:16 CFR Chapter I
4236:Federal Register
4220:
4219:
4217:Official website
4204:
4175:
4158:
4145:
4111:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4091:
4086:Please read the
4082:may need cleanup
4071:
4070:
4063:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4005:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3978:
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3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3934:
3928:
3927:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3819:law.columbia.edu
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3785:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3769:. August 5, 2015
3759:
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3673:
3671:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3605:. April 13, 2012
3595:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3570:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3543:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3474:. Archived from
3473:
3465:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3442:. Archived from
3441:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3410:. Archived from
3409:
3401:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3302:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3243:Retraction Watch
3234:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3213:Inside Higher Ed
3203:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3100:. March 15, 2018
3090:
3084:
3083:
3077:
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3063:
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3058:
3043:
3037:
3036:
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3032:
3017:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2985:
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2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2952:
2937:
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2928:
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2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2866:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2746:– via MSN.
2745:
2743:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2682:. July 10, 2024.
2672:
2666:
2665:
2664:. July 10, 2024.
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2429:
2427:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:on July 24, 2012
2326:
2320:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2206:
2200:
2199:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2148:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1986:
1985:
1849:
1835:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1792:
1784:
1726:equitable relief
1688:
1681:
1674:
1579:Product bundling
1481:Natural monopoly
1433:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1415:
1374:
1346:
1338:
1201:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1121:
1097:
1089:
1002:
997:
961:
956:
921:
912:
907:
883:Director of the
868:
859:
854:
819:
810:
805:
784:Williams College
762:
753:
730:
487:FTC v. Microsoft
481:Microsoft merger
420:from purchasing
368:
277:American Tobacco
165:
141:Agency executive
85:Preceding agency
80:
78:
73:
54:
42:
35:
21:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4312:
4283:Corporate crime
4268:
4267:
4263:USAspending.gov
4215:
4214:
4211:
4193:10.2307/1902564
4178:
4161:
4148:
4119:
4112:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4085:
4078:Further reading
4072:
4068:
4061:
4059:Further reading
4056:
4046:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4007:
4006:
3997:
3987:
3985:
3980:
3979:
3972:
3967:§ 45(a)(1)
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3890:
3889:
3885:
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3873:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3823:
3821:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3772:
3770:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3746:
3744:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3720:
3718:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3694:
3692:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3657:Washington Post
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3535:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3420:
3418:
3417:on June 5, 2009
3414:
3407:
3403:
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3398:
3388:
3386:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3291:
3290:
3283:
3273:
3271:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3228:
3218:
3216:
3205:
3204:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3118:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2965:
2964:
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2939:
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2913:
2912:
2908:
2898:
2896:
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2741:
2739:
2730:
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2725:
2711:
2710:
2706:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2656:
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2622:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2595:
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2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2526:. Bloomberg Law
2521:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2480:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2425:
2423:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2317:Wayback Machine
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2227:10.2307/1945762
2208:
2207:
2203:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2170:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2001:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1913:
1888:
1879:
1842:
1836:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1809:
1805:primary sources
1793:
1782:
1692:
1588:Refusal to deal
1567:Tacit collusion
1513:Relevant market
1437:Competition law
1427:
1421:
1418:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1347:
1336:
1316:Latanya Sweeney
1292:
1283:
1258:
1216:
1191:
1185:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1110:primary sources
1098:
1087:
1051:Asian-Americans
1024:
1000:
995:
959:
954:
925:Melissa Holyoak
910:
905:
899:Yale Law School
894:Harvard College
857:
852:
846:Yale Law School
841:Yale University
808:
803:
793:Yale Law School
751:
717:political party
705:
700:
694:
685:
669:
656:
647:
632:
627:
613:
579:and organizing
569:
549:
544:
532:
526:
521:
513:right to repair
509:
507:Right to repair
489:
483:
471:
449:
430:
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405:Kelley B. Hodge
392:
387:
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360:
323:
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246:and subject to
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128:1,123 (FY 2021)
117:
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62:Agency overview
57:
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28:
23:
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11:
5:
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4209:External links
4207:
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4187:(3): 437–455.
4176:
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4128:(3): 248–284.
4114:
4113:
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3963:15 U.S.C.
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3846:. May 21, 2012
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2014:
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1965:understandable
1961:
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1878:
1875:
1860:15 U.S.C.
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1741:identity theft
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1536:Monopolization
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1518:Merger control
1515:
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1505:
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1495:
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1478:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1454:Basic concepts
1451:
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1429:
1428:
1364:. Please help
1350:
1348:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1331:
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1319:
1312:Ashkan Soltani
1296:
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1215:
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1206:, from the FTC
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1078:Mary Azcuenaga
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780:Legal scholar
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628:
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575:for producing
568:
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528:Main article:
525:
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485:Main article:
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321:Recent history
319:
296:Woodrow Wilson
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229:15 U.S.C.
210:Washington, DC
176:
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172:
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159:
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26:
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14:
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4:
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4281:
4279:
4276:
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4273:
4264:
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4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:FTC Decisions
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4177:
4174:(4): 723–783.
4173:
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4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4118:
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4107:
4099:
4089:
4088:editing guide
4083:
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4010:
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3858:
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3841:
3835:
3832:
3820:
3816:
3810:
3807:
3795:. May 1, 2018
3794:
3790:
3784:
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3768:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3747:September 11,
3743:
3739:
3732:
3729:
3721:September 11,
3717:
3713:
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3703:
3695:September 19,
3691:
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3648:
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3637:September 11,
3633:
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3333:
3329:
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3306:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3270:. May 1, 2018
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3209:
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3181:
3177:
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3168:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3129:
3125:
3124:EverCompliant
3121:
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2689:
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2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2577:Bloomberg Law
2574:
2567:
2564:
2552:
2548:
2545:Hsu, Andrea.
2541:
2538:
2525:
2518:
2515:
2503:
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2466:
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2212:
2205:
2202:
2197:
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2189:
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2166:
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2152:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2131:
2127:
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2118:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2087:
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2077:
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2065:
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2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1893:
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1883:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1813:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1797:This section
1795:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1712:consent order
1709:
1705:
1701:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1666:
1661:
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1651:
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1645:
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1635:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1593:Group boycott
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:Formation of
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1425:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383: –
1382:
1378:
1377:Find sources:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1355:single source
1351:This section
1349:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:Edward Felten
1305:
1304:Lorrie Cranor
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1290:Other offices
1289:
1287:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1213:
1211:
1205:
1183:
1180:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130: –
1129:
1125:
1124:Find sources:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:This article
1100:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1064:
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1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1010:
999:
996:April 2, 2024
994:
992:
990:
985:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
970:
967:
965:
964:
958:
953:
951:
949:
944:
941:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
926:
923:
920:
916:
915:
909:
904:
902:
900:
895:
892:
890:
886:
882:
880:
877:
875:
873:
872:Alvaro Bedoya
870:
867:
863:
862:
856:
851:
849:
847:
842:
839:
837:
836:Chuck Schumer
833:
831:
828:
826:
824:
821:
818:
814:
813:
807:
804:June 15, 2021
802:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
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767:
764:
761:
757:
756:
750:
747:
744:
741:
735:
732:
731:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
702:
699:
691:
689:
683:
679:
677:
674:
664:
662:
661:Supreme Court
653:
651:
644:
642:
639:
638:
629:
624:
622:
620:
619:
610:
608:
604:
600:
598:
594:
590:
589:Jeffrey Beall
584:
582:
578:
574:
566:
564:
560:
558:
554:
546:
541:
539:
537:
531:
523:
518:
516:
514:
506:
504:
502:
498:
494:
488:
480:
478:
476:
468:
466:
464:
463:price gouging
459:
456:
454:
446:
444:
442:
438:
433:
427:
425:
423:
419:
411:
409:
406:
402:
397:
389:
384:
379:
377:
375:
370:
367:
363:
358:
357:
352:
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345:
339:
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332:
328:
320:
318:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
288:
284:
282:
278:
274:
267:Early history
266:
261:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:antitrust law
191:
187:
183:
173:
168:
164:
160:
156:
150:, Chairperson
149:
146:
145:
143:
139:
135:
133:Annual budget
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
93:
90:
89:
87:
83:
69:
65:
60:
53:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4184:
4180:
4171:
4167:
4154:
4150:
4125:
4121:
4102:
4093:
4081:
4045:. Retrieved
4013:. Retrieved
3986:. Retrieved
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3941:
3932:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3876:November 28,
3874:. Retrieved
3869:
3860:
3850:November 28,
3848:. Retrieved
3844:Colorado Law
3843:
3834:
3824:November 28,
3822:. Retrieved
3818:
3809:
3799:November 28,
3797:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:
3773:November 28,
3771:. Retrieved
3766:
3757:
3745:. Retrieved
3741:
3731:
3719:. Retrieved
3715:
3710:LexisNexis.
3705:
3693:. Retrieved
3689:
3680:
3668:. Retrieved
3656:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3631:
3609:November 16,
3607:. Retrieved
3602:
3580:November 16,
3578:. Retrieved
3553:November 16,
3551:. Retrieved
3526:November 16,
3524:. Retrieved
3517:the original
3483:. Retrieved
3476:the original
3463:
3451:. Retrieved
3444:the original
3431:
3419:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3399:
3387:. Retrieved
3383:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3357:
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3304:
3272:. Retrieved
3267:
3258:
3246:. Retrieved
3217:. Retrieved
3211:
3184:. Retrieved
3179:
3170:
3158:. Retrieved
3153:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3128:the original
3123:
3114:
3102:. Retrieved
3097:
3088:
3079:
3067:
3055:. Retrieved
3050:
3041:
3029:. Retrieved
3025:
3015:
3003:. Retrieved
2999:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2971:
2961:
2949:. Retrieved
2945:
2935:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:
2909:
2897:. Retrieved
2893:
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